Virginia Avenel Anderson

7/28/2019 Virginia Avenel Anderson

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Virginia Avenel Anderson


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"The unique function of the nurse isto assist the individual, sick or well,in the performance of thoseactivities contributing to health orits recovery (or to peaceful death)that he would perform unaided ifhe had the necessary strength, willor knowledge"

Virginia Avenel Henderson


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Who is she? First Lady of Nursing, The Nightingale of Modern Nursing, Modern-DayMother of Nursing, The 20th Century Florence Nightingale She was born in Kansas City, Missouri on November 30, 1897 She was the fifth of eight children and had a family history ofscholars and educators. Virginia was named for her mother's(Lucy Minor (Abbot) Henderson) native state and latereducated there at a boys school run by her grandfather. Herfather is a lawyer by profession named Atty. Daniel B.Henderson. Early education in Virginia in the community Army School of

Nursing, Washington, D.C. Graduated in 1921 at Teachers College, Columbia University (Bachelor ofScience degree completed in 1931 while Masters of Science degree in1934) Honorary doctoral degrees from the Catholic University of America, PaceUniversity, University of Rochester, University of Western Ontario, YaleUniversity


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NURSING CAREERHer writing, her presentations, her research and contacts with nurses haveprofoundly affected nursing and impacted the recipients of care by nursesthroughout the world. Henry Street Visiting Nurse Association, New York, New York (1921),

Visiting Nurse Association, Washington, D.C. (1923-1924)

She worked as an Instructor and Educational Director at Norfolk ProtestantHospital, Norfolk, Virginia (1924-1929)

She worked as an early advocate for the inclusion of psychiatric nursing inthe curriculum and served on a committee to develop such a course atEastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia (1929)

Also worked as a Supervisor and Clinical Instructor at the OutpatientDepartment at Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York (1930)

She also worked as an Instructor and Associate Professor at TeachersCollege, Columbia University, New York, where her revision of BerthaHarmer's Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing becamewidely used. (1934-1948)

She published her book, Nature of Nursing, expressed her belief about theessence of nursing and influenced the hearts and minds of those who readit.


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14 Basic Human Needs(Need Theory)


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14 Basic Human Needs(Need Theory) The importance of Hendersons theory is the patients self-

independence, she described that if the patient is assisted by differenthealth services to basically meet the 14 basic human needs, the patientsrecovery will continue to progress even after being released from thehospital.


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Metaparadigm of the theoryPerson Individual person or client is a whole, complete, independent being withbiological, sociological, and spiritual components. Henderson believed that a single person should be able toperform the 14 fundamental or basic human needs If the needs are not met the patient should require assistance toachieve health and independence or peaceful death


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14 Basic Human Needs1. Breathe normally2. Eat and drink adequately4. Move and maintain desirable postures.. Sleep and rest.

6. Select suitable clothesdress and undress.7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothingand modifying environment.8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument.9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, oropinions.11. Worship according to one's faith.12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal developmentand health and use the available health facilities

3. Eliminate body wastes


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Metaparadigm of the theoryHealth

Individuals will achieve or maintain health if they have thenecessary strength, will or knowledge (concept of independence).

Basic to human functioning which is needed inachieving the theory's needs. Promotion of health ismore important than care of the sick

It is equated with independence or ability to perform activities withoutany aid in the 14 fundamental or basic human needs.


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Metaparadigm of the theoryEnvironment

It encompasses all external conditions and influences that affectlife and development. The environment may also include individuals in relation to

families and the settings in which an individual learns uniquepattern for living There are seven essentials that must be present in theenvironment which include light, temperature, air movement,atmospheric pressure, appropriate disposal of waste, minimalquantities of injurious chemicals, and cleanliness of any surfacescoming in contact with individual. Nurses function is to alter the environment in such a way as tosupport the patient, because environment can have a positive andnegative effect to the patient


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Metaparadigm of the theoryNursing She described nursing roles in relation to patient needs instead ofcreating a general theory of nursing, she then classified the role ofthe nurse as one of the following:Substitutive, which is doing something for the patient

Supplementary, which is helping the patient do something;Complementary, which is working with the patient to dosomething.All of these roles are to help the patient become as independent aspossible. She expressed the view that a nurses role is to follow and assist withthe medical plan of care outlined by a physician and also to assumethe leadership role of planning and providing basic nursing care.Nurses are independent practitioners for providing appropriate basicnursing care, however, they should not independently diagnose anailment, prescribe medical treatment, or formulate a prognosis


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Metaparadigm of the theoryNursing The nurse attends to the holistic needs of the patient throughthe educated and emphatic attention to the 14 needs outlined byHenderson. The nurse is an independent authority on excellent

basic nursing care and also a vital aide to other practitioners inthe field of healthcare in ensuring the provision of germanemedical treatment for patients with conditions requiring it.


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Physiologic FunctionPsychologic aspects of

communicating and learning

Spiritual and Moral

Aspects

Sociologically oriented toOccupation and Recreation

Needs met/performed?

Yes No

Healthy Individuals

Degree of difficulty of client to perform

the basic needs

Unable to perform

SubstitutiveAble to perform task but

with difficulty

SupplementaryAble to do task but with

supervision

Complimentary

Attainment of Health or Peaceful Death

Client


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Diagram of the need theory

CLIENT

NURSE

Nurse-Patient

Interaction

Environment


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Assumptions Nurses care for patients until patients can care for themselves once

again.

Patients desire to return to health or a peaceful death andwill act in such a way to achieve this.

Individuals will perform activities leading to health if they have the

knowledge, capacity or will

The 14 basic needs represent nursings basic function

Nursings goal may be subsumed into the medical treatment plan.


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Strengths The principles of Hendersons theory were published in the majornursing textbooks used from the 1930s through the 1960s, and theprinciples embodied by the 14 activities are still important inevaluating nursing care in the 21st centaury. Her emphasis on basic human needs as the central focus of nursingpractice has led to further theory development regarding the needs ofthe person and how nursing can assist in meeting those needs.


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Limitations If the assumption is made that the 14 components prioritized,the relationship among the components is unclear. Assisting the individual in the dying process she contendsthat the nurse helps, but there is little explanation of whatthe nurse does. No concept of the holistic nature of human being. Lacks inter-relate of factors and the influence of nursingcare.


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THANK YOU!


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References1. Blais et al. (2002). Professional nursing practice: Concepts and

perspectives (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice

Hall.

2. DAntonioet al. (eds.). (2007). Nurses work: Issues across time

and place. New York: Springer Publishing.

3. Cora Anonuevo et al. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing.UP

Open University

4. http://www.angelfire.com/ut/virginiahenderson/concepts.html

5. George, J.B (ed.) (1995). Nursing Theories: the base forprofessional nursing practice (4th ed).Northwalk CT Appleton &

Lange
http://www.angelfire.com/ut/virginiahenderson/concepts.htmlhttp://www.angelfire.com/ut/virginiahenderson/concepts.htmlhttp://www.angelfire.com/ut/virginiahenderson/concepts.htmlhttp://www.angelfire.com/ut/virginiahenderson/concepts.html

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Virginia Avenel Anderson