`vIqvZ I wRnv` KvRjv, ivRkvnx-6204 nv.dv.ev. cKvkbv-14

1 1 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

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2 2 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

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welq c„ôv 1. `vIqvZ I wRnv` 4

2. Av‡›`vj‡bi msw¶ß BwZe„Ë 8

3. wech©‡qi KviY 10

4. nv`x‡Qi wKZve mg~‡ni AvMgb 11

5. wZbwU hyM 14

6. AÜKv‡i Av‡jv �� 16

7. wbKU AZx‡Zi K‡qKRb gyRvwn` 18

8. gyw³i GKB c_ 23

9. `vIqv‡Zi wZbwU —i 24

10. `vC-i Rb¨ Acwinvh© GKwU `vwqZ¡ 26

11. nK I evwZj cš’x‡ì PviwU —i 27

12. `vIqvZ bv weRq mvab? 28

13. wRnv` 30

14. Dcmsnvi 38

Rxe‡bi †P‡q `xß g„Zz ZLwb Rvwb

knx`x i‡³ †n‡m I‡V h‡e wh‡›`Mvbx

4 4 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

�� `vIqvZ I wRnv`

[1991 mv‡ji 25†k GwcÖj e„n¯úwZevi ivRkvnx gnvbMixi DcK‡É bI`vcvov Avj-gviKvhyj Bmjvgx Avm-mvjvdxi `w¶Y cvk¦© ’ gq`v‡b* AbywôZ Ôevsjv‡`k Avn‡jnv`xQ hyemsNÕ-Gi `yÕw`be¨vcx 2q RvZxq m‡¤§jb I ZvejxMx BR‡Zgvq msMV‡bi cªwZôvZv I (ZrKvjxb) †K›`ªxq Dc‡`óv I myax cwil‡ì gvbbxq Avgxi Rbve gynv¤§v` Avmv`yj−vn Avj-Mvwje cÖ Ë D‡Øvabx fvlY]

Avmmvjv-gy AvjvqKzg Iqv ingvZzj−v-wn Iqv evivKv-Zzû bvngv`yû Iqv byQvj−x ÔAvjv ivm~wjwnj Kvixg

Ôevsjv‡`k Avn‡jnv`xQ hyemsNÕ-Gi RvZxq m‡¤§jb 1991 I ZvejxMx BR‡Zgvi m¤§vwbZ mfvcwZ, D‡Øvabx Abyôv‡b Dcw ’Z Ijvgv‡q †Kivg, myaxgÊjx, †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj nÕ‡Z AvMZ fvB I fwMbxMY Ges Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vj‡bi AvMvgx w`‡bi fwel¨r Zi“Y Kg©x I mv_xe„›`! 1980 mv‡ji 5 I 6B GwcÖj Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx kni XvKv‡Z AbywôZ Avn‡jnv`xQ hyems‡Ni 1g Av‡jvob m„wóKvix HwZnvwmK RvZxq m‡¤§j‡bi `xN© GMvi eQi c‡i evsjv‡`‡ki me©vwaK Avn‡jnv`xQ Aay wlZ †hjv ivRkvnx kn‡ii DcK‡É AvR‡Ki Af~Zc~e© m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ nÕ‡Z †c‡i Avgiv me©cÖ_‡g Avj−vn&i ïKwiqv Ávcb K‡i ewj ÔAvjnvg`ywjj−vnÕ| GB ’v‡bB 1355 mv‡ji 28†k dvj¸b †gvZv‡eK 1949 mv‡ji 12B gvP© kwbevi ÔwbwLj e½ I Avmvg RgCq‡Z Avn‡jnv`xQÕ-Gi 1g Kbdv‡iÝ AbywôZ n‡qwQj|1 †mw`b †mB Kbdv‡iÝ Abyôv‡bi †ghev‡bi ¸i“`vwqZ¡ * eZ©gv‡b D³ ¯’v‡bi Dci w`‡q ivRkvnx gnvbMix bI`vcvov evBcvm (AvgPZ¡i) moK

wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q -cÖKvkK| 1. M„nxZ: Gm‡ZKevwjqv KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb Rbve Avãyj nvgx‡ì wjwLZ AwffvlY Ges

ÔAvn‡jnv`xm cwiwPwZÕ c„t 44 I 110; D³ AwffvlY †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, H w`b Kv‡q‡` Avhg †gvnv¤§v` Avjx wRbœvn&i (1876-1948L„t) bvgvbymv‡i bI`vcvovi bvg ÔwRbœvn bMiÕ ivLv nq| eZ©gv‡b D³ ¯’v‡b nvgx`cyi bI`vcvov cvBjU ¯‹zj, Mvj©m ¯‹zj I bI`vcvov evRvi Rv‡g gmwR` ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|

5 5 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb bI`vcvov GjvKvi Avn‡jnv`xQ RbMY| AvRI Ôevsjv‡`k Avn‡jnv`xQ hyems‡NÕi 2q RvZxq m‡¤§jb I ZvejxMx BR‡Zgvi †ghev‡bi gnvb `vwqZ¡ Kuv‡a wb‡q ivRkvnx I bI`vcvov GjvKvi fvBMY Zuv‡ì cyiv‡bv HwZn¨ eRvq †i‡L‡Qb- GRb¨ Zuv‡ì‡K RvbvB AmsL¨ gyeviKev`| Avj−vn cvK †hb Avgv‡ì mK‡ji GB Lv‡jQ Øxbx wL`gZ Keyj K‡ib Ges BnKvj I ciKv‡j m‡e©vËg Rvhv cÖ vb K‡ib-Avgxb!!

eÜzMY! D‡Øvabx fvl‡Yi ïi“‡Z Avwg kª×vi mv‡_ ¯§iY KiwQ evsjv‡`k AÂ‡j Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vj‡b †Rvqvi m„wóKvix L„óxq Ebwesk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gvaŸ© nÕ‡Z kZel© e¨vcx cwiPvwjZ wRnv` Av‡›`vj‡bi gnvb †bZ…e„›`‡K| Avwg ¯§iY Kwi m¤¢eZt 1822 mv‡j n‡¾i md‡i evsjv‡`k AÂ‡j c`vc©YKvix BwZnv‡mi Agi bvqK mvBwq` Avng` †eªjfx (1201-1246wnt/1786-1831L„t) I kvn BmgvCj knx` (1193-1246wnt/1779-1831L„t)-Gi wbKU †_‡K Av‡›`vj‡bi `vwqZ¡ jvfKvix gnvb msMVK PuvcvB beveM‡Äi cvKv bvivqYcy‡ii K…wZ mš—vb enigcyi †R‡ji exi K‡q`x idx †gvj−v‡K I Zuvi cuvPRb gyRvwn` kvMwi`, cyÎ †gŠt Avgxi“Ïxb bvivqYcyix, †gŠt Avmxi“Ïxb bvivqYcyix, †gŠt Avãyj Kixg evmy‡ècyix, †gŠt Avãyj KzÏ~m †gvj−vUzjx I †gŠt Be&ivnxg gÊj w`jvjcyix cÖgyL Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vj‡bi gnvb c~e©m~ix‡ì‡K| Avwg kª×vi mv‡_ ¯§iY Kwi wRnv` Av‡›`vj‡bi wØZxq c‡e©i exi †mbvcwZ cvUbvi gvIjvbv Gbv‡qZ Avjx‡K (1207-1274wnt/1792-1858L„t), whwb `yÕev‡i cªvq GKhyM a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki mvZ¶xiv, h‡kvi, Lyjbv Ges we —xY© e‡i›`ª AÂ‡j I cwðg e‡½i 24 ciMbv I gvj`n AÂ‡j e¨vcK `vIqvZ I wRnv‡ì cÖPvi Pvwj‡q wkiK I we`ÔAvZ Aay wlZ AÎ GjvKvmg~‡n †n`vqv‡Zi Av‡jv †R¡‡j wQ‡jb| huvi DËim~ix wnmv‡e cieZ©xKv‡j Avgxi“j gyRvwn`xb Avgxi Avãyj−vn&i (1278-1320wnt/1862-1902L„t) wb‡`©kµ‡g Kzwgj−vi eywoPs Dc‡hjvi cvi“qviv MÖv‡gi gyRvwn` mš—vb gvIjvbv AvKivg Avjx Lvb (1855-1937L„t) eZ©gvb cvwK —vb I AvdMvb mxgvš— AÂ‡ji g~j gyRvwn` †K›`ª ÔAvmgv —Õ nÕ‡Z ivRkvnxi `yqvix‡Z G‡m 1900 L„óv‡ã wRnv‡ì Ab¨Zg †K›`ª M‡o †Zv‡jb, hv AvR‡Ki m‡¤§jb ’j nÕ‡Z gvÎ wZb gvBj DËi-cwð‡g Aew ’Z|

6 6 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

Avgiv ¯§iY Kie gvIjvbv Gbv‡qZ Avjxi Ab¨Zg Ljxdv mcyiv wgquvcvovi ¯bvgab¨ †bZv Svey mi`vi I Sv¸ mi`vi bvgK cÖfvekvjx `yÕfvB‡K| huv‡ì cÖ‡Póvq ivRkvnx‡Z 36 RvwZi wn›`y mevB gymjgvb n‡q hvq Ges ivRkvnx kn‡i Avn‡jnv`xQ RbM‡Yi msL¨vMwiôZv AwR©Z nq| huvi cyÎ gvIjvbv Mvhx gybxi“Ïx‡bi Avg‡j eZ©gvb mcyiv miKvix nvDwRs G‡ó‡Ui `Ljxfy³ 24 weNv Rwgi Dc‡i weivU gvìvmv ebvg gyRvwn` †Uªwbs I wiµzwUs †m›Uvi cªwZwôZ n‡qwQj| huv‡ì cÖwZwôZ Rv‡g gmwR`wU GLb ivRkvnx K¨v›Ub‡g‡›Ui Af¨š—‡i cwiZ¨³ gmwR` wnmv‡e eZ©gvb Av‡Q|2 Avgiv ¯§iY Kie wgquv bvhxi ûmvBb †`njfxi (1220-1320wnt/1805-1902L„t) KxwZ©gvb QvÎ ivRkvnxi Rvwgiv †K‡›`ªi cÖwZôvZv gvIjvbv KvivgvZzj−vn I ZrcyÎ gvIjvbv gynv¤§v` I Zuv‡ì mg-mvgwqK hgybv cv‡ii †gŠjfx Gjvnx eL&k kixdcyix (Rvgvjcyi), †gŠjfx †bÔgvZzj−vn ea©gvbx (Pvcov, evNgviv, ivRkvnx), †gŠjfx BmnvK †`ŠjZcyix (Kzwóqv), †gŠjfx Avmxi“Ïxb b`xqvfx (gvj`n) cÖgyL Ijvgv‡q †Kivg‡K, huv‡ì AK¬vš— cwikªg Ges `vIqvZ I Zvejx‡Mi d‡j e„nËi ivRkvnxi we —xY© GjvKvq Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vjb †hvi`vi nq I AMwYZ gvbyl cweÎ KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ Abyhvqx Rxeb Movq DØy× nb, dvwjj−v-wnj nvg& | GQvovI ¯§iY Kwi evsjvi MÖv‡g-M‡Äi Rvbv-ARvbv AmsL¨ gyRvwn`, Mvhx I knx`vb‡K, huv‡ì Rvb I gv‡ji AZzjbxq Z¨v‡Mi d‡jB G‡`‡k cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q wb‡f©Rvj Bmjv‡gi G gnvb Av‡›`vjb| AZtci Avgiv kª×v wb‡e`b Kie ÔAvn‡jnv`xQ hyems‡NÕi GKKv‡ji Zi“Y QvÎ Kg©x XvKvi mv¾v`yj Kixg I UvsMvB‡ji Aveyj Kv‡mg-Gi cÖwZ| 1980 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m Keic~Rvi wei“‡× Ôhyems‡NÕi wgwQj wb‡q hvIqvi mgq Kei c~Rvix‡ì nvgjvq XvKvi ivRc‡_ hv‡ì cÖ_g i³ Mwo‡qwQj| Avgiv kª×v RvbvB Kzwgj−vi ÔAvn‡jnv`xQ hyems‡NÕi †mB Zi“Y wZbwU fvB‡K3, 1989 mv‡ji †kl w`‡K hviv Pµvš—Kvix‡ì nvgjvq wcô

2. 1992 mv‡ji cª_g w`‡K †f‡½ †djv n‡q‡Q| hvi AbwZ`~‡i gvbbxq †jLK-Gi D‡`¨v‡M

Zuvi msMVb KZ©„K 1994 mv‡j Avjxkvb mcyiv wgquvcvov Avn‡jnv`xQ Rv‡g gmwR` cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q -cªKvkK|

3. dqhyj Bmjvg ( †MvqvjRyi, KvbvBNvU, wm‡jU), i“¯—g Avjx (RMrcyi, Kzwgj−v), Avãyj Kexi (ˆf‡liKzU, Kzwgj−v)| NUbv¯’j: †èxØvi Dc‡hjvaxb ˆf‡liKzU cÖvBgvix ¯‹z‡ji

7 7 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

nq| dqhyj bv‡gi 15 eQ‡ii Zi“Y fvBwUi gjØvi w`‡q Kzjy Kzjy †e‡M i³ cªevwnZ nq Ges nvmcvZv‡j 26 NÈv AÁvb †_‡K mv¶vr g„Zy i †Kvj †_‡K wd‡i Av‡m| Ggwbfv‡e MZ `yÕeQ‡i Ajm gw —®‹ †bZv‡ì Øviv AcgvwbZ I wewfbœgyLx wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb ev AvRI n‡”Qb, A_P Amxg â‡h©i mv‡_ Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q hv‡”Qb, ÔAvn‡jnv`xQ hyems‡NÕi †mB mKj Kgx© I Dc‡`óv fvB‡ì cÖwZ iBj Avgv‡ì AKzÉ kª×v I AK…wÎg †`vÔAv| we‡kl K‡i mv‡eK †K›`ªxq Dc‡`óv I AvR‡Ki cÖavb AwZw_ fvB Avãyj gZxb mvjvdxi K_v ej‡Z Avgv‡ì KÉ i“× n‡q Av‡m, huv‡K GB me Z_vKw_Z †bZv‡ì loh‡š¿ gvÎ wZb NÈvi miKvix †bvwU‡k evsjv‡`k Qvo‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq|4 Avj−vn cvK †hb Avgv‡ì mKj cÖKvi Z¨vM I Kzievbxi DËg Rvhv BnKvj I ciKv‡j `vb K‡ib-Avgxb! cwi‡k‡l Avgiv abëv` Rvbvw”Q †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖvš— nÕ‡Z AvMZ ÔAvn‡jnv`xQ hyemsNÕ I ÔAvn‡jnv`xQ gwnjv ms ’vÕi Av‡›`vjb cvMj fvB-‡evb I Zv‡ì ïfvKvsLx gyie&weqvb I Ab¨vb¨ myax gÊjx‡K Ges kª‡×q Ijvgv‡q †Kivg‡K, huv‡ì ¯Ztù~Z© AvMg‡b ivRkvnx gnvbMixi Rbc` Av‡jvwoZ I Av‡gvw`Z n‡q‡Q Ges evsjv‡`‡k Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vj‡b bZzb †Rvqv‡ii ïf m~Pbv N‡U‡Q|

†n Avj−vn! Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K fvB I †ev‡bi wbt¯v_© Øxbx wL`gZ hv †KejgvÎ †Zvgvi mš‘wói Rb¨ wb‡ew`Z n‡q‡Q, Zywg Zv Keyj Ki Ges BnKvj I ciKv‡j Rvhv‡q Lv‡qi AvZv Ki- Avgxb! Bqv ieŸvj ÔAvjvgxb!!

m¤§y‡L, 1989 mv‡ji †kl w`‡K| Giv ZLb RMrcyi gvìvmvi QvÎ I hyems‡Ni ÔKg©xÕ wQj| D³ ¯’v‡b Zviv gvIjvbv Avey Zv‡ni ea©gvbxi Rvjmvq Iqvh kyb‡Z G‡mwQj|

4. Avãyj gZxb mvjvdx (1954-2010 L„t) mE`x miKv‡ii Aax‡b PvKzixiZ gveEQ wnmv‡e 1jv Rvbyqvix 1980 nÕ‡Z 2iv RyjvB 1989 ch©š— 9 eQi 7 gvm 2 w`b evsjv‡`‡k Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| GB mgq wZwb Ôevsjv‡`k RgCq‡Z Avn‡jnv`xmÕ-Gi †K› ªxq IqvwK©s KwgwUi m`m¨ Ges Ôevsjv‡`k Avn‡jnv`xQ hyems‡NiÕ †K› ªxq Dc‡`óv cwil‡ì m`m¨ wQ‡jb| Zuvi Rb¥¯’vb fvi‡Zi cwðg e‡½i cwðg w`bvRcyi †hjvi KiY`xwN _vbvi Aš—M©Z fyj&Kx MÖv‡g| evsjv‡`k †_‡K wd‡i wM‡q wenv‡ii wKlvYMÄ kn‡ii DcK‡É LvMov GjvKvq †Q‡j I †g‡q‡ì Rb¨ wekvj `yÕwU wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb Ges mgvR Kj¨v‡Y e¨vcK Ae`vb iv‡Lb| 2010 mv‡ji 16B Rvbyqvix kwbevi wKlvYM‡Ä wbRevox‡Z wZwb 56 eQi eq‡m B‡š—Kvj K‡ib Ges wbR MÖvg fyjKx‡Z mgvwnZ nb| = ªt gvwmK AvZ-ZvnixK, ivRkvnx 13/5 msL¨v, †deª“qvixÕ10|

8 8 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

Av‡›`vj‡bi msw¶ß BwZe„Ë eÜzMY!

wn›`y ’v‡b Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g AvMgb N‡U‡Q cÖavbZt `yÕfv‡e| GK- Avie ewYK I Ijvgv‡q Øx‡bi `vIqv‡Zi gva¨‡g Ges `yB- Qvnvev‡q †Kivg I Zv‡eC‡b Ghv‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ mk ¿ wRnv‡ì gva¨‡g|

f~ga¨mvMi nÕ‡Z Avie mvMi n‡q e‡½vcmvM‡ii eyK wP‡i Av›`vgvb ØxccyÄ AwZµg K‡i Avie ewYKMY my ~i Pxb‡`‡k evwYR¨ Ki‡Zb| Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi ci me©cÖ_g Zv‡ì gva¨‡g GB `xN© mgy ª c‡_i Kz‡j Kz‡j Aew ’Z evwYR¨ †K›`ª mg~‡n Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi I cÖmvi N‡U| Zv‡ì A‡b‡K Gme ’v‡b weevn eÜ‡b Ave× nb Ges †KD †KD ’vqx emwZ ’vcb K‡i Rxeb

AwZevwnZ K‡ib| B‡›`v‡bwkqvi gkjv‡K›`ª gvjv°v, mygvÎv, Rvfv cÖf„wZ AÂ‡j Avie ewYK‡ì hvZvqvZ wQj Lye †ekx| ejv P‡j gvjv°v †K›`ª †_‡KB Bmjvg Avie ewYK‡ì gva¨‡g mg — `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvq Qwo‡q c‡o| AÎ AÂ‡ji †eŠ×iv Bmjv‡gi †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡q `‡j `‡j gymjgvb n‡q hvq| d‡j †Kvbiƒc mvgwiK Awfhvb QvovB B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv I wdwjcvB‡bi wg›`vbuvI cÖf„wZ GjvKvq Bmjvg weRq jvf K‡i| eZ©gv‡b B‡›`v‡bwkqv c„w_exi me©e„nr gymwjg ivóª| G AÂ‡ji gymjgvbMY Ôkv‡dCÕ e‡j L¨vZ| Z‡e Zv‡ì‡K ÔAvn‡jnv`xQÕ ejvB †kªq| GKB hvÎvc‡_ Avie ewYKMY gv‡S-g‡a¨ PÆMÖvg e›`‡iI Avm‡Zb| hv ZLbKvi w`‡b †Zgb †Kvb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e›ì wQj bv| RvnvR Wywei Kvi‡Y ev Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y Zviv PÆMÖvg GjvKvq wb‡R‡ì ga¨Kvi wbe©vwPZ myjZv‡bi Øviv ¯kvwmZ wKQy GjvKvI m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| GLbI PÆMÖvg AÂ‡ji eû †jv‡Ki †Pnvivi m‡½ Avie‡ì †Pnvivi A‡bK mv`„k¨ cwijw¶Z nq| H GjvKvi †jvK‡ì fvlvq Aviex dvm©x k‡ãi AvwaK¨, Av‡jg-Ijvgvi msL¨vwaK¨, bvix‡ì Kov c`©vcÖ_v BZ¨vw` Zv‡ì cÖvPxb Avie i‡³i wQ‡U‡duvUv ¯fve wnmv‡e a‡i †bIqv hvq| gy —vìv‡K nv‡Kg nv`xQ MÖ‡š’i5 eY©bvg‡Z wn‡›ì (evsjvi) kvmK ivn&gx es‡ki R‰bK ivRv Avie‡`‡k †klbexi AvMg‡bi msev‡` Lykx n‡q Avie ewYK‡ì gva¨‡g ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-Gi ìev‡i GK Kjm Av`v )��( Dc‡XŠKb wnmv‡e cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| Avj−vn&i ivm~j (Qvt) Lykx n‡q Zv wb‡R †L‡qwQ‡jb Ges Qvnvev‡q †Kiv‡gi g‡a¨ UzKiv UzKiv 5. gy —vìv‡K nv‡Kg 4/135 c„t; Avj-BK¡ yQ Qvgxb c„t 24; w_wmm c„t 425 UxKv-2|

9 9 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

K‡i eÈb K‡iwQ‡jbÕ| A‡bK weØvb eZ©gvb K·evRvi †Rjvi ivgy Dc‡hjv‡K cÖvPxb ivn&gx ivRv‡ì ¯§„wZevnx GjvKv e‡j m¤¢vebv e¨³ K‡i _v‡Kb|

cvwK —v‡bi wmÜz cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx KivPx‡K †hgb Avgiv Dcgnv‡`kxq wePv‡i Ôeveyj BmjvgÕ ev Bmjv‡gi Øvi ewj| †hgbfv‡e g°v †_‡K gynvwÏQM‡Yi AvMgb I AeZiY ’j wnmv‡e `w¶Y fvi‡Zi ¸RivU‡K Ôeve g°vÕ ev g°vi Øvi ejv nq, †Zgwbfv‡e Avgiv e‡½vcmvMi ZxieZ©x PÆMÖvg e›ì‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Ôeveyj BmjvgÕ ev Bmjv‡gi Øvi ej‡Z cvwi|

eÜzMY!

Avie ewYK‡ì gva¨‡g I Zuv‡ì mv‡_ wewfbœ mg‡q AvMZ Ijvgv‡q Øx‡bi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g †h Bmjvg cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj Zv wQj Awewgkª I wb‡f©Rvj Bmjvg| †mLv‡b †Kvb wki&K I we`ÔAvZ wQj bv, wQj bv evwZj ivq I wK¡qv‡mi QovQwo, wQj bv †Kvbiƒc gvhnvex `jv`wj, wQj bv †Kvb ZixK¡v I cxi gyix`xi fvMvfvwM| cÖwZwU ag©xq e¨vcv‡iB Zuviv mivmwi nv`xQ †_‡K mgvavb Zvjvk Kivi †Póv Ki‡Zb| hvi cÖfve Avgiv AvRI fyj‡Z cvwiwb| GLbI †Kvb e ‘i mÜvb bv †c‡j Avgiv ewj ÔwRwbmwUi nw`m cvIqv †Mj bvÕ| m¤¢eZt cÖwZ‡ekx B‡›`v‡bwkqv I gvj‡qwkqvi †eŠ×‡ì `‡j `‡j Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi cÖfv‡e A_ev ’vbxq wn›`y eªvþY‡ì wbôzi AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô n‡q Ges cvkvcvwk Bmjv‡gi weij mv‡gï evYx I gymjgvb‡ì PwiÎ gvay‡h© gy» n‡q evsjv‡`‡ki msL¨vMwiô †eŠ× RbmvaviY `‡j `‡j Bmjvg MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| d‡j BLwZqvi“Ïxb gynv¤§v` web eLwZqvi wLjRx KZ©„K 602 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1206 L„óv‡ã AZ¨vPvix eªvþY ivRv j²Y †m‡bi KvQ †_‡K ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv wQwb‡q †bIqvi mgq evsjv‡`‡k AMwYZ gymjgvb‡ì emevm wQj, wQj Bmjv‡gi c‡¶ e¨vcK MY mg_©b|

GB mvgwiK I ivR‰bwZK weR‡qi d‡j GZ`Â‡j gymwjg RbmsL¨v e„w× cvK ev bv cvK Zv‡ì AvK¡x`v I Avg‡j NU‡Z ïi“ Kij GK e¨vcK I my ~i cÖmvix wech©q, hv B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z N‡Uwb, N‡Uwb AmsL¨ gynvwÏ‡Qi AvMg‡b ab¨ ¸RivU, gvjvevi Z_v `w¶Y fvi‡Zi gymjgvb‡ì AvK¡x`v I Avg‡j| Avgiv G¶‡Y †m wel‡q wKQyUv Av‡jvKcvZ Kie|

10 10 `vIqvZ I wRnv`

wech©‡qi KviY : 602 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1206 L„óv‡ã AvdMvb we‡RZv wknveyÏxb gynv¤§v` †Nvix (1186-1206 L„t) KZ…©K w`j−x Rq I GKB mg‡q Zuvi ZyK©x †Mvjvg I †mbvcwZ BLwZqvi“Ïxb gynv¤§v` web eLwZqvi wLjRx KZ©„K evsjv R‡qi d‡j DËi I c~e© fvi‡Zi wekvj GjvKvq gymjgvb‡ì mvgwiK I ivR‰bwZK weRqvwfhvb ïi“ nq| eLwZqvi wLjRxmn Dcgnv‡`‡k †h mKj we‡RZv mvgwiK †bZvi AvMgb N‡U, Zvu‡ì g‡a¨ AvjßMxb, mey³Mxb, KzZzeyÏxb AvB‡eK, BjZzZ&wgk cÖgyL mK‡jB wQ‡jb bI gymwjg Abvie ZzK©x †Mvjvg I gvhnv‡ei w`K w`‡q ÔnvbvdxÕ| cieZ©x‡Z bI gymwjg †gvMj kvmKivI wQ‡jb ZzK©x‡ìB GKwU kvLv| Guiv we‡RZv nÕ‡jI Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z bgybv wQ‡jb bv| Zuv‡ì kvmb eë ’vI Bmjvgx wQj bv| Zuv‡ì m‡½ Avmv fvM¨v‡šlx cxi-dKxi‡ì Z¨vMx PwiÎ I Awfbe cÖPvi †KŠk‡j G‡`‡ki eû‡jvK gymjgvb n‡q hvq| wKš‘ Gme we‡RZv‡ì Ges Zuv‡ì AbymiYxq Q~dx I ì‡ek‡ì gva¨‡g †h Bmjvg G †`‡k cÖPvwiZ nq, Zv wQj g~j Aviexq Bmjvg nÕ‡Z A‡bK `~‡i| GLv‡b ivq I wK¡qv‡mi evovevwo wQj, wQj cxic~Rv, Keic~Rv mn bvbvwea wkiK I we`ÔAv‡Zi QovQwo| Av‡jg‡ì cÖPvwiZ we`ÔAv‡Z nvmvbvn&i my‡hv‡M GLv‡b AbycÖ‡ek N‡U cÖwZ‡ekx wn›`y I †eŠ× ms¯‹…wZi eû wKQy Abyôvb Bmjv‡gi †jevm cwiavb K‡i| d‡j eLwZqvi wLjRxi mvgwiK weR‡qi cªvq †cŠ‡b 600 eQi c~e© †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki gymjgvb †h g~j I Awewgkª Aviexq Bmjv‡g Af¨ — wQj, Zv †_‡K Zviv µ‡gB `~‡i m‡i †h‡Z _v‡K Ges Q~dx‡ì I kvmK‡ì Pvjy Kiv weK…Z Bmjvg‡K h_v_© Bmjvg fve‡Z ïi“ K‡i| hwÌ e¨wZµg †m hy‡MI wQj, G hy‡MI Av‡Q|

`w¶Y fviZxq DcK‚j I B‡›`v‡bwkqv Øxccy‡Ä Bmjv‡gi weK…wZ Kg wQj| c¶vš—‡i w`j−x nÕ‡Z evsjv ch©š— wekvj DËi I c~e©fviZxq GjvKvq cÖavbZt ZyK©x, AvdMvb I †gvMj kvm‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv I Zv‡ì Avg‡j gvhnvex Av‡jg‡ì `ytLRbK Aby viZv, Bmjvgx wk¶v wm‡jev‡m KziAv‡bi Zvdmxi I Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi e`‡j gvhnvex wdK¡n, gvb‡ZK-dvjmvdv, Bj‡g Kvjvg Z_v ZK©kv ¿ I gvÔK~jv‡Zi †KZvemg~n wm‡jevmfy³ KiY, miKvix PvKzix‡Z nvbvdx wdK¡‡n `¶Zv AR©‡bi kZv©‡ivc I Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡jg‡ì msL¨víZvi Kvi‡Y KziAvb I nv`x‡Qi wb‡f©Rvj Bmjvg kvwãK A‡_©B mvaviY RbM‡Yi bvMv‡ji evB‡i †_‡K hvq


ejv P‡j| Øv`k kZvãx wnRix‡Z kvn AwjDj−vn gynvwÏQ †`njfx (1114-1176 wnt/1703-1762 L„t)-Gi mgqKvj ch©š— KziAv‡bi ZiRgv Ô¸bv‡n KexivÕ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nÕZ| AvR †_‡K †cŠ‡b `yÕk eQi Av‡M kvn Avãyj Avhxh gynvwÏQ †`njfx (1159-1239 wnt/1747-1824 L„t)-Gi gvìvmvq †mB mg‡q gvÎ `yÕLvbv eyLvix kixd wQj| hvi wQbœcÎ mg~n cvV`v‡bi mgq QvÎ‡ì wbK‡U mieivn Kiv Kiv nÕZ| AZtci cvV`vb †k‡l Rgv †bIqv nÕZ| w`j−xi †h gvìvmv inxwgqvn wQj ZrKvjxb fvi‡Zi †kªô Bmjvgx wk¶v‡K›`ª, Zvi Ae ’v hw` GB nq, ZvnÕ‡j fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi Ae ’v †Kgb wQj Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| fvi‡Zi gymjgv‡biv wK Kvi‡Y nv`x‡Qi Bjg †_‡K `~‡i wQj, wb‡gœi mgqwPÎ Øviv wKQyUv Abyaveb Kiv hv‡e| nv`x‡Qi wKZvemg~‡ni AvMgb : 1. nv`x‡Qi wKZve mg~‡ni g‡a¨ fvi‡Z me©cÖ_g †h wKZv‡ei AvMgb N‡U, Zvi bvg Ôgvkv‡iKzj Avb&IqviÕ| Bgvg ivwhDÏxb nvmvb web gynv¤§v` QvMvbx jv‡nvix (577-650 wnt/1181-1252 L„t) KZ©„K Qnxn eyLvix I gymwjg nÕ‡Z PqbK…Z 2253 wU K¡Ijx nv`x‡Qi GB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© msKjbwU mßg kZvãx wnRixi gaëZ©x mg‡q w`j−x‡Z Av‡m| wbhvgyÏxb AvDwjqv (634-725wnt/1236-1325L„t) GB msKjbwU gyL ’ K‡ib| Aóg kZvãx wnRix‡Z gynv¤§v` ZzMj‡Ki mg‡q (725-752wnt/1235-1352L„t) w`j−x‡Z GB msKjbwUi gvÎ GKwU Kwc gIRy wQj|

2. Qnxn eyLvix I gymwjg : mßg kZvãx wnRixi †kl w`‡K me©cÖ_g Avj−vgv kvidzÏxb Avey ZvIqvgv eyLvix (g„t 700/1300L„t) KZ…©K evsjv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb ivRavbx †mvbviMuv‡q Avbv nq| wZwbB me©cÖ_g DËi-c~e© fviZxq AÂ‡j eyLvix I gymwj‡gi ìm †`b Ges `xN© 22 eQi hveZ †mvbviMuvI wek¦we`¨vj‡q K¡v-jvj−vû I K¡v-jvi ivm~‡ji Awgq myav cvb Kwi‡q evsjv, wenvi I Avkcv‡ki AMwYZ Ávbwccvmy gvbyl‡K cweÎ KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ Abyhvqx Rxeb Movq DØy× K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zz i c‡i evi fu~Bqv‡ì ivRZ¡Kvj(900-945/1492-1538L„t) ch©š— cÖvq AvovBkZ ermi †mvbviMuvI Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi gviKvh ev †K›`ª wnmv‡e cÖwm× wQj| GB mgq evsjvi myjZvb AvjvDÏxb ûmvBb kvn (900-924/1493-1518L„t)


evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlKZv Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Bj‡g KziAvb I Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi c„ô‡cvlK wnmv‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| wZwb 907 wnRixi 1jv ivgvhvb †gvZv‡eK 1502 L„óv‡ãi gvP© gv‡m gvj`n †hjvi †MŠo I cvÊyqv‡Z eo ai‡bi `yÕwU gvìvmv Kv‡qg K‡ib Ges wm‡jev‡m Bj‡g nv`xQ‡K Aek¨cvV¨ K‡i †`b| ivRavbx GKWvjvi (eZ©gv‡b fvi‡Zi cwðg w`bvRcyi AÂ‡j) Rb¨ eyLvix wZb L‡Ê msKjb K‡ib| wewfbœ †`k †_‡K gynvwÏQMY‡K wZwb ivRavbx GKWvjv‡Z mg‡eZ K‡ib| Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ GB c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ Zuv‡K mgmvgwqK `w¶Y fvi‡Zi ¸RivU iv‡Rï gyhvddikvnx mvjZ¡vbv‡Zi (863-980wnt/1458-1572L„t) m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq|

hvB †nvK gynvwÏQ kvidzÏxb Avey ZvIqvgv I Zuvi cieZ©x nv`xQ wccvmy QvÎ I kvmK‡ì cª‡Póvq evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl cybivq Zv‡ì nviv‡bv HwZn¨ Z_v nv`xQ Abyhvqx Avg‡ji Rvhev wd‡i cvq| GRb¨B h_v_©fv‡e ejv P‡j †h, DËi I c~e©fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Qnxnvq‡bi cª_g wk¶v`vZv wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k mwZ¨B GKwU †MŠieab¨ †`k| dvwjj−v-wnj nvg& |

3. gvQvexn : Bgvg gywnDm mybœvn Avey gynv¤§v` ûmv‡qb web gvmÔE` Avj-evMvfx (g„t 516wnt) msKwjZ ÔgvQvexûm mybœvnÕ 8g kZvãx wnRixi ga¨fv‡M wn›`y ’v‡b Av‡m|

4. wgkKvZ : Agwbfv‡e Bgvg gynv¤§v` web Avãyj−vn Avj-LZ¡xe Zve‡ihx (g„t 739wnt) m¤úvw`Z ÔwgkKvZzj gvQvexnÕ 9g kZvãx wnRixi cÖ_g w`‡K †RŠbcyi KzZzeLvbvq Av‡m|

5. mybv‡b AvievÔAvn : bvmvC, Avey vE`, wZiwghx, Beby gvRvn Ges mybv‡b evqnvK¡x, gy —vìv‡K nv‡Kg cÖf„wZ nv`xQ MÖš’ 9g kZvãx wnRix‡Z wenv‡ii L¨vZbvgv gbxlx †mvbviMuvI wek¦we`¨vj‡qi K…wZ QvÎ I kvidzÏxb Avey ZvIqvgvi RvgvZv Avj−vgv kvidzÏxb Avngv` web Bqvn&Bqv gybxix (661-782wnt/1260-1381L„t) †nRvh †_‡K Avwb‡q †bb|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq eySv †Mj †h, 7g kZvãx nÕ‡Z 9g kZvãx wnRix mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨B DËi I c~e©fvi‡Z me©cÖ_g cÖPwjZ nv`xQ MÖš’ mg~‡ni AvMgb N‡U| wKš‘ Qvcvi eë ’v bv _vKvq, miKvix PvKzix‡Z Gm‡ei †Kvb cª‡qvRb bv nIqvq, wk¶vi wm‡jev‡m Zvdmxi I nv`xQ bv _vKvq Ges Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡jg‡ì msL¨víZv I m‡e©vcwi ivR‰bwZK Aby viZvi


Kvi‡Y GZ`Â‡ji gymjgvbMY KziAvb I nv`x‡Qi g~j Bmjvg nÕ‡Z A‡bK `~‡i P‡j hvq| Gme MÖš’vejxi `yÕGKwU n —wjwLZ Kwc we‡kl we‡kl Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡jg‡ì wbK‡UB gvÎ cvIqv †hZ, hv wQj mvavi‡Yi bvMv‡ji evB‡i| d‡j ÔccyjviÕ (Popular) I †iIqvRx Bmjvg‡KB gvbyl cªK…Z Bmjvg fve‡Z Af¨ — n‡q c‡o Ges Gi we‡ivax wKQy †`L‡jB Zvi wei“‡× Lÿn — n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| †hgb weL¨vZ mvaK I gvkv‡iKzj AvbIqvi nv`xQ MÖ‡š’i nv‡dh kvqL wbhvgyÏxb AvDwjqv (634-725wnt/1236-1325L„t) hLb myjZvb wMqvQyÏxb ZzMj‡Ki mg‡q (1320-1325L„t) w`j−xi †miv Av‡jg‡ì m‡½ GKwU gvmAvjvq nv`xQ Øviv RIqve w`‡Z _v‡Kb, ZLb Zviv cwi®‹vi e‡j †`b †h,

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ÔH †`‡ki gymjgvb KZ¶Y wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i, †h †`‡k GKRb e¨w³i ivq‡K nv`x‡Qi Dc‡i AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv n‡q _v‡K?Õ AvjvDÏxb wLjRxi mg‡q (695-715wnt/1296-1316L„t) L¨vZbvgv wgmix gynvwÏQ kvgmyÏxb ZzK© nv`x‡Qi wKZve mg~n wb‡q fvi‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIqvbv K‡ib| wKš‘ gyjZv‡b G‡m Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h, AvjvDÏxb wLjRx Qvjv‡Z Af¨ — bb Ges Zuvi kvmbvax‡b fviZxq Bmjvgx wk¶vi wm‡jev‡m Bj‡g nv`xQ‡K ev` w`‡q †mªd nvbvdx wdK¡n Pvjy ivLv n‡q‡Q| wZwb `ytL K‡i AvjvDÏxb wLjRx‡K GKwU wPwV cvwV‡q gyjZvb †_‡K wgm‡i wd‡i †M‡jb| H mg‡q fvi‡Zi 46 Rb †miv Av‡j‡gi g‡a¨ kvgmyÏxb Bqvn&Bqv (g„t 747wnt/1346L„t) bvgK gvÎ GKRb Av‡j‡gi g‡a¨ Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ wKQyUv AvMÖn wQj| kvn AwjDj−vn †`njfx (1114-1176wnt/1703-1762L„t) hLb KziAv‡bi cÖ_g dvimx ZiRgv Ôdvrûi ingvbÕ †j‡Lb, ZLb w`j−xi Av‡jgiv KziAvb weK…wZi ayqv Zz‡j Zuv‡K nZ¨vi lohš¿


K‡ib| kvqL wbhvgyÏxb AvDwjqv I kvn AwjDj−vn&i wei“‡× ivq I gvhnvecš’x Av‡jg‡ì †h `ytmvnm Avgiv †`‡LwQ, Zv †Kej †m hy‡Mi Rb¨B mxgve× bq, AvRI huviv evsjv‡`k mn wewfbœ †`‡k KziAvb I Qnxn nv`x‡Qi wfwË‡Z Bmjvgx AvBb I kvmb eë ’v Kv‡q‡gi cÖ‡Póvq iZ Av‡Qb, Zuv‡ì wei“‡× Bmjv‡gi bv‡g GB `yó cÖK…wZi Av‡jgiv I Zv‡ì AÜf³iv me‡P‡q eo evav n‡q Av‡Q|

wZbwU hyM Dcgvnv‡`‡k Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vjb‡K Avgiv wZbwU cÖavb hy‡M wef³ Ki‡Z cvwi: cªv_wgK hyM (23-375wnt), Ae¶q hyM (375-1114wnt) I AvaywbK hyM (1114wnt †_‡K eZ©gvb hyM ch©š—)|

1. cÖv_wgK ev ¯Y©hyM : hv 23 wnRix †_‡K 375 wnRix (643-985L„t) ch©š— e¨vß| GB hy‡M DgvBqv †Ljvd‡Zi †kl (132wnt/750L„t) ch©š— wewfbœ mg‡q 18 ev 25 Rb Qvnvexmn 245 Rb Zv‡eC I Zv‡e Zv‡eC wn›`y ’v‡b AvMgb K‡ib| me©‡kl Qvnvex wmbvb web mvjvgvn Avj-ûhvjx 48 nÕ‡Z 53 wnRix ch©š— `v‡g‡®‹i DgvBqv Ljxdvi c¶ nÕ‡Z wmÜzi MfY©i wQ‡jb| wZwb †ejywP —v‡b kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib| nv‡dh Beby KvQxi (701-774wnt) e‡jb,

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6. Beby KvQxi, Avj-we`vqvn Iqvb wbnvqvn 9/93 c„t ÔmgiK›` weRqÕ Aby‡”Q`|


gymwjg GjvKv ågY †k‡l 375 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 985 L„óv‡ã hLb fviZe‡l©i ZrKvjxb Bmjvgx ivRavbx eZ©gvb KivPxi mwbœKUeZ©x wmÜzi gvbQ~iv‡Z G‡jb, ZLb †mLvbKvi gymjgvb‡ì ÔgvhnveÕ eY©bv cÖm‡½ wZwb ¯xq ågYMÖ‡š’ e‡jb,

:D�=�E2�� $F��%�G� ��$H$��I*�� C ÔAvKQvi“ûg AvQnv-ey nv`xwQbÕ A_©vr ÔZv‡ì AwaKvsk Awaevmx nÕ‡jb Avn‡jnv`xQÕ|7 ejv Avek¨K †h, gvK¡‡`mx wb‡R wQ‡jb ÔnvbvdxÕ| ïay wmÜz ev fviZel© bq, H mgq c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg GjvKv‡ZI Avn‡jnv`xQ RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨ wQj| †hgb Biv‡Ki L¨vZbvgv HwZnvwmK Avey gvbQ~i Avãyj K¡vwni evM`v`x (g„t 429 wnt) gvK¡‡`mxi cÖvq 50 ermi c‡i ZrKvjxb Bmjvgx `ywbqvq Avn‡jnv`xQM‡Yi Ae ’vb m¤ú‡K© e‡jb,

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7. AvnmvbyZ ZvK¡vmxg 481 c„t|

8. wKZvey DQ~wjÏxb 1/317 c„t|


2. Ae¶q hyM : 375 wnRix nÕ‡Z 1114 wnRix (985-1703L„t) ch©š— cÖvq †mvqv 7 kZ ermi ch©š— e¨ß| GB hy‡M Bj‡g nv`xQ I Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vj‡bi Dc‡i †b‡g Av‡m AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb I ivR‰bwZK Aby viZvi GK `xN© wefxwlKvc~Y© Mvp Agvwbkv| 375 wnRixi ci ciB wmÜzi gvbQ~ivi kvmb ¶gZv Avn‡jnv`xQ‡ì wbKU nÕ‡Z KÆi wnsmyK BmgvCjx kxÔAviv wQwb‡q †bq| Zviv gyjZv‡bi Rv‡g gmwR` eÜ K‡i †`q| mg — mybœx ag©xq cÖwZôvb aŸsm K‡i †`q| gynvwÏQMY‡K wmÜz †_‡K †ei K‡i †`q| Bj‡g nv`xQ wk¶vi Rb¨ †`‡ki evB‡i g°v, g`xbv cÖf„wZ ’v‡b hvIqv wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i| hwÌ cieZ©x‡Z gynv¤§v` †Nvix GB GjvKv Rq K‡ib I Zuvi cÖwZwbwa bvQxi“Ïxb †KvevPv GB GjvKv kvmb K‡ib| wKš‘ Aóg kZvãx wnRixi gaëZ©x mgq ch©š— GLv‡b BmgvCjx mvgvi“ kxÔAv‡ì AvwacZ¨ eRvq wQj|

Ab¨w`‡K 602 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1206 Lªxóv‡ã AvdMvb †bZv gyÔBh&hyÏxb Ii‡d wknveyÏxb gynv¤§v` †Nvixi gva¨‡g w`j−x‡Z I eLwZqvi wLjRxi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k ÔAvnjyi ivqÕ nvbvdx kvmb Kv‡qg nq| hv‡ì nv`xQ we‡Øl I gvhnve cÖxwZi K_v Avgiv BwZc~‡e© †`‡L G‡mwQ| ZLb †_‡KB wmÜz nÕ‡Z evsjv ch©š— KLbI ZzK©x KLbI Mhbex, KLbI AvdMvb I KL‡bv †gvMj‡ì Øviv Dcgnv‡`k kvwmZ nq Ges g~j Aviexq Bmjvgx kvmb †_‡K Dcgnv‡`k wPiewÂZ nq| d‡j GKw`‡K ivR‰bwZK Aby viZv, Ab¨w`‡K ZvK¡jx`cš’x Av‡jg‡ì msKxY©Zv, Rbmvavi‡Yi AÁZv I Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡jg‡ì ¯íZvi Kvi‡Y Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vjb fviZe‡l© w —wgZ n‡q c‡o| Zey GB me©e¨vcx AÜKv‡ii g‡aÏ Avj−vn cvK Zuvi Awewgkª Øxb‡K wKQy msL¨K nv`xQcš’x Av‡jg I kvmK‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvq euvwP‡q iv‡Lb|

AÜKv‡i Av‡jv : Ae¶q hy‡M cuvPRb Q~dx gynvwÏ‡Qi gva¨‡g Dcgnv‡`‡k Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vj‡bi cvuPwU cÖavb †K›`ª cwiPvwjZ nq| (1) kvqL wbhvgyÏxb AvDwjqv gynv¤§` web Avngv` web ÔAvjx (634-725wnt/1236-1325L„t) w`j−x‡Z (2) mvBwq` evnvDÏxb hvKvwiqv (578-666 wnt/1180- 1267 L„t) gyjZv‡b (3) Avgxi Kexi mvBwq` ÔAvjx Beby wknve nvgv`vbx (714-786wnt/1314-1385L„t) Kvk¥x‡i (4) gynvwÏQ kvidzÏxb Avey ZvIqvgv eyLvix (g„t 700 wnt/1300 L„t) evsjv‡`‡ki †mvbviMuv‡q Ges (5) Zuvi KxwZ©gvb QvÎ I RvgvZv gvL`~gyj gyj&K kvidzÏxb Avngv` web


Bqvn&Bqv gybxix (661-782 wnt/1263-1381 L„t) wenv‡i ÔgybxiÕ bvgK ’v‡b| Aek¨ kvqL Avngv` mviwn›`x ÔgyRvwÏ‡` Avj‡d QvbxÕ (971-1034

wnt/1564-1624 L„t)-†KI Avgiv G KvZv‡i kvwgj Ki‡Z cvwi|

GQvovI `vw¶YvZ¨, ¸RivU, gvjIqv, Lv‡›`k, wmÜz, jv‡nvi, Suvwm, Kvj&cx, AvMÖv, jv‡¶èŠ, †RŠbcyi cÖf„wZ ’v‡b Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi †K›`ª wQj|

Ae¶q hy‡M †h mKj gnvb kvmK Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡iwQ‡jb, Zuviv nÕ‡jb, (1) myjZvb gvng~ Mhbex (g„t 421wnt/1030L„t), whwb nvbvdx gvhnve Z¨vM K‡i ÔAvn‡jnv`xQÕ nb Ges 392 wnRix‡Z jv‡nvi Rq K‡i Mhbex kvmb Kv‡qg K‡ib| AZtci 443 wnRix‡Z kxÔAv‡ì nv‡Z Mhbex kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U| (2) `vw¶Yv‡Zï evngbx kvmK myjZvb gvng~ kvn (780-799wnt/1378-1397L„t), myjZvb dx‡ivh kvn, myjZvb Avngv` kvn whwb ÔAwj‡q evngbxÕ bv‡g L¨vZ wQ‡jb cÖgyL nv`xQf³ kvmK‡ì hyM P‡j 886 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1481 L„óvã ch©š— 103 ermi e¨vcx| AZtci (3) cvk¦©eZ©x ¸Riv‡Ui gyhvddikvnx myjZvbMY Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi c„ô‡cvlKZvq L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| hwÌ †gvMj ev`kvn ûgvq~b (941-42/1534-35L„t) 13 gvm e¨vcx ¸RivU Ae‡iva K‡i ivLvi d‡j ÔKvb&hyj D¤§v‡jiÕ ¯bvgab¨ msKjK gynvwÏQ ÔAvjx gyËvKx †RŠbcyix (g„t 975wnt/1567L„t) I gynvwÏQ Avãyj−vn wmÜx (g„t 993wnt/1585L„t)-Gi b¨vq L¨vZbvgv gynvwÏQMY ¸RivU †Q‡o †nRvh P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ nb| hvB †nvK gyhvddikvnx mvjZ¡vbv‡Zi cÖwZôvZv myjZvb gvng~ †eMinv (863-917/1458-1511L„t) I Zvui cieZ©x myjZvb‡ì D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZvi Kvi‡Y Avie †`k nÕ‡Z eû gynvwÏQ ¸Riv‡U AvMgb K‡ib| d‡j 980 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1572 L„óvã ch©š— 114 ermi e¨vcx †mLv‡b Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vjb †hvi`vi _v‡K| GB mgq ¸RivU‡K Ôeve g°vÕ ev Ôg°vi ØviÕ ejv nÕZ| (4) `w¶Y fvi‡Zi evngbx I gyhvddikvnx hy‡Mi mgmvgwqK evsjv‡`‡kI Avj−vn cvK Zuvi GK kvmK ev›`v‡K Bj‡g nv`x‡Qi c„ô‡cvlK wnmv‡e Keyj K‡ib| wZwb nÕ‡jb evsjvi myjZvb AvjvDÏxb ûmv‡qb kvn web mvBwq` Avkivd gv°x (900-924wnt/1493-1518L„t), huvi m¤ú‡K© BwZc~‡e© Avgiv Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i G‡mwQ|


3. AvaywbK hyM : 1114 wnRix nÕ‡Z eZ©gvb mgq Kvj ch©š—| Dc‡iv‡j−wLZ gynvwÏQ I kvmK‡ì D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZvi d‡j Ae¶q hy‡M Dcgnv‡`‡k Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vj‡bi `xcwkLv wbey wbey K‡i nÕ‡jI R¡jwQj| Ae‡k‡l Øv`k kZvãx wnRix‡Z G‡m Avj−vn cv‡Ki LvQ †g‡nievYx‡Z dvZvIqv AvjgMxixi Ab¨Zg msKjK w`j−xi weL¨vZ gvìvmv inxwgqvi cÖwZôvZv Avj−vgv Avãyi inx‡gi Ji‡m Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jb Dcgnv‡`‡k Avn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vj‡b bxie wec−e m„wóKvix wek¦weL¨vZ Av‡jg Ôû¾vZyj−vwnj evwjMvn&Õi Agi †jLK kvn AwjDj−vn gynvwÏQ †`njfx (1114-1176wnt/1703-1762L„t)| Zuvi kvwYZ hyw³ I ¶yiavi †jLbx RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ wbi‡c¶fv‡e Qnxn nv`xQ Abymi‡Yi Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó K‡i| Zuvi c‡i Z`xq ¯bvgab¨ Pvi cyÎ kvn Avãyj Avhxh, kvn Avãyj Kv‡ì, kvn Avãyj MYx I kvn idxDÏx‡bi wk¶v¸‡Y I Zuv‡ì c‡i AwjDj−vn cwiev‡ii †MŠieiZœ gyRvwn‡` wgj−vZ kvn BmgvCj web kvn Avãyj MYx (1193-1246wnt/1779-1831L„t) cwiPvwjZ ÔwRnv` Av‡›`vj‡bÕi gva¨‡g mviv fviZe‡l© GKwU mvgvwRK wec−‡ei m~ÎcvZ N‡U, hv Dcgnv‡`‡ki wewfbœ cÖv‡š— eZ©gv‡b emevm iZ cÖvq 5 †KvwU Avn‡jnv`xQ RbMY †mB Av`wk©K †Rvqv‡iiB dmj ejv P‡j| G †Rvqv‡i KLbI KLbI fvUv Avm‡jI †mªvZ KLbI †_‡g hvqwb| AvRI eû fvMëvb e¨w³ ZvK¡jx‡ì gvqveÜb wQbœ K‡i cweÎ KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ Abyhvqx Rxeb Movi kc_ wb‡q ÔAvn‡jnv`xQÕ n‡”Qb, dvwjj−v-wnj nvg& | †h Avn‡jnv`xQ‡ì i‡³-gvs‡m, Aw ’ I g¾vq evjv‡KvU, euv‡ki wKj−v, cvÄZvi, wmËvbv, gyj&Kv, Av‡¤jv, Avmgv —, PvgviKv›` I Av›`vgv‡bi i³v³ ¯§„wZ mg~n, †Rj-hyjyg, duvwm, m¤úwË ev‡hqvd&Z, hve¾xeb Kviv`Ê, Øxcvš—i I Kvjvcvwbi AeY©bxq wbh©vZb, Mvhx I knx`x i‡³i Agwjb Qvc mg~n AvRI fv¯i n‡q Av‡Q|

wbKU AZx‡Zi K‡qKRb ¯§iYxq gyRvwn` (1) mxgv‡š—i ÔAvmgv —Õ †K‡›`ªi †UªwbscÖvß gyRvwn` cvebv †ngv‡qZcy‡ii Mvhx gvIjvbv Avãyj Iqv‡n` mvjvdx, whwb ÔivnvZzj−vnÕ QÙbv‡g D³ †K‡›`ª Ae ’vb Ki‡Zb| MZ 1972 mv‡ji 6B Rvbyqvix cvebvq wbR evox‡Z g„Zz eiY K‡ib| (2) gvj`‡ni Kvi‡evbvi Mvhx gvIjvbv Avãyj Iqvn&nve mvjvdx Ii‡d Ôg~mv KgvÊviÕ MZ 1989 mv‡j VvKziMuvI †hjvi ivYxks‰K‡ji w`‡nvU MÖv‡g g„Zz eiY K‡ib| whwb Avgxi ingvZzj−vn&i


(1921-1949L„t) wb‡`©kµ‡g Bs‡iR eojvU‡K nZ¨vi cwiKíbv wb‡q Avmgv — †K›`ª nÕ‡Z w`j−x hvIqvi c‡_ cvÄv‡ei ivRavbx Ag„Zm‡i †cuŠ‡Q hLb ïb‡jb †h, GLvbKvi ¯Y©gw›`‡ii cy‡ivwnZ wkL¸i“ Ck¦i wms cweÎ KziAv‡bi Dc‡i cv †i‡L e³…Zv K‡i, ZLb wZwb I Zuvi PviRb mv_x h‡kv‡ii Mvhx Avãyi ikx`, XvKvi Mvhx AvjxgyÏxb I Aci `yÕRb AevsMvjx gyRvwn` me©cÖ_g GB kqZvbUv‡K LZg Kivi wm×vš— †bb Ges cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK Mvhx gvIjvbv Avãyj Iqvn&nve wb‡RB QÙ‡e‡k wM‡q Ck¦i wms‡qi gv_v †K‡U Av‡bb e‡j kÖ“wZ Av‡Q| wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi GB †mvbvjx ¯§„wZ †ivgš’‡bi mgq Mvhx Qv‡ne bvwK cÖvqB ej‡Zb, ÔAvgvi Avgjbvgvq wKQyB †bB Ck¦i wms‡qi Lyb QvovÕ|

Ag„Zmi nÕ‡Z w`j−x Avmvi ci Zuviv ïb‡jb ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-†K we`ªƒcKvix ÔisMxjv im~jÕ eB‡qi ¸gbvg †jLK-Gi cÖavb c„ô‡cvlK ¯vgx kª×vb›` (1855-1926L„t) w`j−x Avm‡Qb| Avevi cªwZÁv wb‡jb h‡kv‡ii Mvhx Avãyi ikx`| `y ©vš— mvnm wb‡q GKvB kª×vb‡›ì K‡¶ Xy‡K †mLv‡bB Zv‡K †kl K‡i w`‡q Lykx g‡b iv —vq †ewi‡q G‡jb| kª×vb‡›ì Avi`vjx Zv‡K cywj‡k awi‡q †`q| w`j−xi gymjgv‡biv Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Kv‡Q wM‡q ej‡jb Avgiv Avãyi ikx`‡K Zvi Ih‡b †mvbv w`‡q Lwi` K‡i wbe, I‡K gyw³ w`b| g¨vwR‡÷ªU ej‡jb, ÔI‡K ïay GUzKy ej‡Z ejyb †h, gv‡ii K_v Avgvi g‡b †bBÕ| wKš‘ bv, RvbœvZ cvMj Avãyi ikx` Ø¨_©nxb fvlvq e‡j w`‡jb,

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gyRvwn`‡K webvk‡Z© gyw³ †`b| †h Mvhx gvIjvbv gyRvwn` nÕ‡jb ivRkvnx bInvUvi Rbve gKeyj †Pqvig¨v‡bi Avcb wcZvgn (`v`v)|

(3) ÔAvmgv —Õ †K‡›`ªi Ôeox RvgvÔAv‡Zi wh¤§v`viÕ KgvÊvi ivRkvnx evMgvivi Mvhx gvIjvbv Av‡bvqvi“Ïxb whwb ÔAvãyj nvBÕ QÙbv‡g †K‡›`ª _vK‡Zb I cieZ©x‡Z ÔAvãyj nvB Av‡bvqvixÕ bv‡g wbR‡`‡k cwiwPZ nb, wZwb †Zv gvÎ MZ 1990 mv‡ji 23†k wW‡m¤i Zvwi‡L wbR MÖvg †ki‡Kv‡j †kl wbtkvm Z¨vM Ki‡jb| (Bbœv wjj−v-wn Iqv Bbœv BjvB‡n iv-‡RÔEb)| (4) ivRkvnx KvKbnv‡Ui wbKUeZ©x cuvPMvwQqvi Mvhx Avãyj RveŸvi, whwb wb‡Ri I A‡bï †Ìqv Puv`v mn †gvU 60,000/= UvKv wb‡q wRnv‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ mxgv‡š— cvwo w`‡qwQ‡jb, Avi †`‡k †d‡ibwb| ÔAvmgv —Õ †K‡›`ªB wZwb g„Zy eiY K‡ib| (5) ivRkvnxi evMgvivi Zv‡ni“Ïxb Mvhx, whwb Avgxi †bÔgvZzj−vn knx` nIqvi ci Zuvi cyÎ eiKZzj−vn‡K Avmgv — †K‡›`ª bvevjK Ae ’vq †`Lvïbv Ki‡Zb| (6) ivRkvnx †Mv`vMvoxi LvwRivMvwZ MÖv‡gi Mvhx gvIjvbv Avãym †mvenvb mcwiev‡i wRnv‡` P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges `xN© bq ermi Avmgv — †K‡›`ª Ae ’vb K‡i †`‡k wd‡i G‡m gviv hvb| (7) e¸ov †mv›`vevox †K‡›`ªi knx` dK¡xi gvng~ -Gi bvg A‡b‡KB Rv‡bb| †mv›`vevox gvìvmvi cv‡k¦© Aew ’Z ÔgyRvwn` Kei ’vbÕ AvRI Zuv‡ì weMZ Z¨vM I KzievYxi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q, †hLv‡b bqRb gyRvwn‡ì Kei i‡q‡Q| (8) e¸ovi KuvUvevwoqvi †ejvj Mvhx wQ‡jb ¯qs ÔAvmgv —Õ gyRvwn` †K‡›`ª Avgxi †bÔgvZzj−vn&i (1915-1921L„t) †`ni¶x| whwb gvÎ wKQyw`b c~‡e© gviv †M‡jb|9 (9) mvZ¶xivi ¯bvgab¨ Mvhx gvL`~g †nvmvBb Ii‡d Ôgv¾©yg †nv‡mbÕ eëüZ 1200 MÖvg Ih‡bi Zvgvi Ôe`bvÕ GL‡bv wRnv‡ì ¯§„wZ wb‡q Avgv‡ì mvg‡b gIRy Av‡Q| e„wUk digv‡bi gva¨‡g e¨vcKfv‡e Iqvn&nvex aicvK‡oi wnwo‡Ki g‡aÏ Mvhx gvL`~g †nvmv‡qb `ye©vi mvnm wb‡q wkqvj‡Kv‡Ui GK gmwR‡` ivdÔDj Bqv`v‡qb K‡i QvjvZ Av`vq K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j mv‡_ mv‡_B wZwb †MÖdZvi n‡q hvb| D‡j−L¨ †h, †mhyy‡M Qvjv‡Z ivdÔDj Bqv`v‡qb wQj ÔIqvn&nexÕ aivi Rb¨ GKwU DrK…ó cÖgvY| AZtci h_vixwZ wePv‡i Zuvi duvwm nq| wKš‘ A‡jŠwKKfv‡e duvwmi `wo wZb wZbevi wQ‡o †M‡j Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ªU fq †c‡q Zuv‡K †Q‡o †`b| Mvhx gvL`~g †nvmv‡qb Zuvi GKgvÎ m¤j

9. m¤¢eZt 1981 mv‡j wbR MÖv‡g B‡š—Kvj K‡ib|


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Ô†Zvgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K †MvÎ nÕ‡Z †Kb GKUv `j †ewi‡q AvmQ bv Øx‡bi Ávb nvwQj Kivi Rb¨? AZtci wd‡i wM‡q Zviv Zv‡ì KIg‡K Rvnvbœv‡gi fq †`Lv‡e hv‡Z Zviv mveavb n‡q hvqÕ (ZvIevn 9/122)|

eZ©gvb hy‡M Ab¨vq-AwePvi mgv‡R Pigfv‡e e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i‡Q| b¨vqbxwZ gyL _ye‡o c‡o‡Q| `ybx©wZ eyKUvb K‡i GwM‡q hv‡”Q| GgZve ’vq gvbyl‡K Avj−vn&i c‡_ `vIqvZ †Ìqv cÖ‡Z¨K gywgb-gymjgv‡bi Dci Ôdi‡h Av‡qbÕ e‡j g‡b Kwi| whwb †hLv‡b †h Ae ’vq _vKzb, me©ve ’vq `vIqv‡Zi dih Av`vq Ki‡Z n‡e| evc-fvB‡qiv Zv‡ì Kg© ’‡j, †Q‡j-†g‡qiv Zv‡ì wk¶v½‡b, gv-†ev‡biv Zv‡ì msmvi Rxe‡b ¯ ¯ MÊxi g‡a¨ `vIqv‡Zi KvR Ki‡eb| wbR M„n‡K Bmjvg we‡ivax mKj AccÖfve †_‡K gy³ ivL‡eb| N‡i ing‡Zi †d‡ikZv hv‡Z me© v hvZvqvZ K‡i, Zvi cwi‡ek ˆZwi ivL‡eb|

`vÔC-i Rb¨ Acwinvh© GKwU `vwqZ¡ Avj−vn&i c‡_i `vÔC ev gyevwj−‡Mi Acwinvh© `vwqZ¡ GZUzKz †h, wZwb Zvi †kªvZv‡ì Rb¨ wcÖqe ‘ wba©viY K‡i w`‡eb, Zviv Avj−vn&‡K ÔAwjÕ ev AwffveK wnmv‡e MÖnY Ki‡eb, bv Z¡vM~Z-‡K? hw` Avj−vn&‡K AwffveK wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡ib Z‡e †h KvR Ki‡j wZwb Lykx nb, †h †Kvb wKQyi wewbg‡q ZvB-B K‡i †h‡Z n‡e| Zvi Rxe‡bi mKj Kg©PvÂj¨ Avj−vn&i fv‡jvevmv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB cwiPvwjZ n‡e| GBfv‡e wcÖqe ‘ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gB Avm‡e Rxeb I mgv‡Ri cwieZ©b| Avm‡e KvswLZ mgvR wec−e| D³ g‡g© wb‡gœv³ AvqvZ `yÕwU Abyaveb Ki“b| Avj−vn e‡jb,

�a �]��*��_ R�� =9E�� E�} ��&��b $E�,Q�� / 9R�)*�� 3�� &=�� *l �#��r�� /�c$=�� E�V�� Z��W��3�7 �P��$5*�� V*M$#*�� a �N��'� �U� ��+�� 0�� 3�Z�� 4��C 0� QR�� =�Xr�� #$��/L� ��$+$-��{$= ��/ ��3�4S?�� _ �#Q��8 �=�Xr�� $�� $�$H$�� #��r��$�

�#$-��{$=��$+�U ��/ �#Q��8 ��_ ��3�4S? �W��|�� $F��%�G� �8�&�� $H ��+ ��$E��xC) P�V��~�wC~�o(C

ÔØx‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb hei`w — †bB| åóZv †_‡K †n`vqvZ ¯úó n‡q †M‡Q| G¶‡Y †h e¨w³ Z¡vM~Z‡K A¯xKvi K‡i Avj−vn&i Dc‡i Cgvb Avb‡jv, †m


e¨w³ gheyZ iwk aviY Kij, hv wQbœ nevi bq; Avj−vn me©‡kªvZv I me©ÁÕ| ÔAvj−vn gywgb‡ì GKgvÎ AwffveK| Zv‡ì‡K wZwb AÜKvi nÕ‡Z Av‡jvi c‡_ †ei K‡i G‡b‡Qb| c¶vš—‡i hviv Kv‡di, Zv‡ì AwffveKe„›` nÕj Z¡vM~Z mg~n| hviv Zv‡ì‡K Av‡jv †_‡K AÜKv‡ii c‡_ wb‡q hvq| Iiv Rvnvbœv‡gi Awaevmx, †hLv‡b Zviv ’vqx evwk›`v n‡eÕ (evK¡vivn 2/256-57)| AZtci kªeY Ki“b ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-Gi evYx-

�� :T�U� �d��} �d��}�� d�#$Z�8 �4G � A�4� �4Z� :�a $��/�c$= ��$E�� &7�� #�� &Y�� A��_ ��/ &��]�E�� ]�E�� s�&�� 5�3�-� ��−�A�4� h`7/� �

Ô†Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ †KD gywgb n‡e bv, hZ¶Y bv Avwg Zvi wbK‡U Zvi wcZv-gvZv, mš—vbvw` I mKj gvby‡li †P‡q wcÖqZi neÕ|12

nK I evwZj cš’x‡ì PviwU —i nK I evwZj cš’x‡ì g‡a¨ mvaviYZt PviwU —i †`Lv hvq| (1) whwb nK ey‡Sb wKš‘ nK Abyhvqx Avg‡j AjmZv K‡ib (2) whwb nK ey‡Sb I nK Abyhvqx Avgj K‡ib| wKš‘ nK-Gi `vIqvZ w`‡Z AjmZv K‡ib (3) whwb nK ey‡Sb, †m Abyhvqx Avgj K‡ib, nK-Gi `vIqvZ †`b, wKš‘ nK-Gi Rb¨ wRnv` Kievi mrmvnm †bB (4) whwb nK ey‡Sb, †m Abyhvqx Avgj K‡ib, nK-Gi `vIqvZ †`b Ges †h †Kvb g~‡j¨ nK cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Rvb-gvj wb‡q wRnv` K‡ib|�

evwZj cš’x‡ì g‡aÏ Dc‡iv³ PviwU —i i‡q‡Q|

G¶‡Y Avj−vn&i c‡_ `vÔCi `vwqZ¡ n‡e GB †h, wZwb GKRb evwZjcš’x‡K ïi“‡Z 1g —‡ii nKcš’x nevi `vIqvZ w`‡eb| AZtci ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡K 4_© —‡i DbœxZ Kivi †Póv wb‡eb| GRb¨ †hme Kó I gyQxe‡Zi m¤§yLxb nÕ‡Z n‡e, Zv Zv‡K Avj−vn&i mš‘wói ¯v‡_© nvwmgy‡L eiY K‡i †bevi Dc‡`k w`‡eb| mvgvb¨ GKRb bvix ev cyi“‡li fvjevmv cvIqvi Rb¨ gvbyl †hLv‡b me© Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mLv‡b Avj−vn&i fvjevmv cvIqvi Rb¨ Zv‡K Aek¨B me©vwaK Z¨vM ¯xKv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ ‘Z _vK‡Z n‡e| 12. gyËvdvK¡ AvjvBn, wgkKvZ nv/7|


`vIqvZ bv weRq mvab?

Øx‡bi `vIqvZ bv Øx‡bi weRq mvab, †Kvb&wU gywg‡bi Dc‡i dih G wb‡q A‡bK mgq Z‡K©i m„wó nq | A_P gywg‡bi Dc‡i dih `vwqZ¡ nÕj `vIqvZ †Ìqv, Ab¨ wKQy bq| †n`vqvZ `vb ev `ywbqv‡Z weRq `vb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Avj−vn&i B”Qvaxb| hw` Avgv‡ì `vIqvZ Avj−vn&i wbK‡U Keyj n‡q hvq ZvnÕ‡j wZwb G `vIqv‡Zi wewbg‡q `ywbqv‡ZB Øx‡bi weRq `vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| bB‡j Av‡Liv‡Zi weRq I Rvnvbœvg †_‡K gyw³i wel‡q †Zv Avj−vn&i Iqv`v i‡q‡QB|

Avj−vn e‡jb,

��/�� $��'2&�� ra�_ ��2�/ �E2�� 2�=�(�5*��( ��2�l�%*��C Ômvnvh¨ †KejgvÎ gnv cÖZvcvwšZ I gnvÁvbx Avj−vn&i c¶ †_‡KB Av‡mÕ (Av‡j Bgivb 3/126)|

Ab¨Î wZwb Gikv` K‡ib, *��_ &=$��$'�� 0� �� Y2�� 2�l�� C Ôhw` Avj−vn

†Zvgv‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡ib, ZvnÕ‡j †KDB †Zvgv‡ì Dc‡i Rqjvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e bvÕ (Av‡j-Bgivb 3/160)|

G¶‡Y hw` Øx‡bi weRq mvab‡K Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~Pxi Aš—f©y³ K‡i †bIqv nq, Z‡e †mLv‡b B”Qvq ev Awb”Qvq wZbwU gvivZ¥K ¶wZi AvksKv i‡q‡Q| (1) `vIqvZ‡K Avj−vn&i cm›`bxq evbvevi cÖ‡Póvq fvUv co‡e (2) Øx‡bi weRq mva‡bi w`‡KB `„wó wbe× n‡e I `vIqv‡Zi KvR ¶wZMÖ — n‡e (3) Avj−vn bv Ki“b hw` `ywbqvex weRq bv Av‡m, ZvnÕ‡j `vÔCi g‡a¨ nZvkv I ˆbivk¨ †`Lv w`‡e| cwi‡k‡l nqZev †m nK¡-Gi `vIqvZ †_‡KB gyL wdwi‡q wb‡e| Aek¨ Bmjv‡gi mvwe©K weRq mva‡bi j¶¨ wb‡qB `vÔC-†K KvR K‡i †h‡Z n‡e Ges †mB g~j j¶¨ AR©‡bi c‡_B Zv‡K `vIqvZ w`‡q †h‡Z n‡e| Avj−vn e‡jb,

�#$H �t�Xr�� Z�8� $A��#$Z�8 �E$+*�� =�B�� 9h�%*�� $]��+*?$�� 4�� =9E�� A<4�� #�� ]�� #��O$3*�� 6) �'��g(−� �


ÔwZwb Zuvi ivm~j‡K †n`vqvZ I mZ¨ Øxb mn †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z Ab¨vb¨ Øxb mg~‡ni Dc‡i Zv Rqjvf K‡i| hwÌ gykwiKiv GUv Acm›` K‡iÕ (Qd 61/9)|

GB weRq cÖv_wgKfv‡e Aek¨B AvK¡x`vMZ Ges AvgjMZ weRq, hv‡K AvaywbK cwifvlvq mvs¯‹…wZK weRq ejv n‡q _v‡K| c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ mKj ag© I gZv`k© Aek¨B Bmjv‡gi wbK‡U civwRZ G‡Z †KvbB m‡›`n †bB| AZtci c„w_ex‡Z Ggb †Kvb gvwUi Ni ev SzcwoI _vK‡e bv †hLv‡b Bmjv‡gi `vIqvZ cÖ‡ek Ki‡e bv| nq Zviv Bmjvg Keyj K‡i m¤§vwbZ n‡e, bq Bmjv‡gi AvbyMZ¨ ¯xKv‡i eva¨ n‡e| †hgb wb‡gœv³ nv`x‡Q ewY©Z n‡q‡Q,

��B��E*V�3*��3�Z $A&U� �#$Z�8�d �� Gr4� 0� ��4��A ��Zr4�� #�V�=�d: �a ��V��= ��4�� +�� 8!"� $q�� :8�E�/ �a�� :�� ra�_ $A�4�x�B� 0� �.�3�4�� N��Z�� 9(�5�� =�(��:( �� <d�@ ��@:� �&/�_

�5$=$�$HQ( 0� ��$+�4�5�K�� / ��+�4�H� �� $+S��X$= �=�E��$#�� +�� $AS4�� $��=9E�� #�l�� $q*4�} 6�� C ]��8 EC

wgK¡ v` web AvmIqv` (ivt) e‡jb, wZwb ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-†K ej‡Z ï‡b‡Qb †h, Ôf~c„‡ô Ggb †Kvb gvwUi Ni ev Zuvey _vK‡e bv, †hLv‡b Avj−vn Bmjv‡gi evYx †cuŠ‡Q w`‡eb bv- m¤§vbxi N‡i m¤§v‡bi mv‡_ Ges Am¤§vbxi N‡i Am¤§v‡bi mv‡_| Avj−vn hv‡ì‡K m¤§vwbZ Ki‡eb, Zv‡ì‡K †¯”Qvq Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi †hvM¨ K‡i w`‡eb| Avi hv‡ì‡K wZwb Am¤§vwbZ Ki‡eb, Zviv (wRwhqv `v‡b) Bmjv‡gi ek¨Zv ¯xKv‡i eva¨ n‡e| Avwg ejjvg, ZvnÕ‡j †Zv Øxb c~Y©iƒ‡c Avj−vn&i Rb¨ n‡q hv‡eÕ (A_©vr mKj Øx‡bi Dc‡i Bmjvg weRq jvf Ki‡e)|13 GB nv`x‡Q wek¦e¨vcx Bmjv‡gi ivR‰bwZK weR‡qi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q| GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K `vÔC‡K AvK¡x`v I Avg‡j DËg bgybv nÕ‡Z n‡e hvi Øviv Agymwjg‡ì ü`q Rq Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| ivR‰bwZK weRq jvf Kivi Rb¨ hv Avewk¨K c~e©kZ©|

13. Avngv`, mb` Qnxn, wgkKvZ-Avjevbx nv/42; wmjwmjv Qnxnvn nv/3|


wRnv`*

Rvnvbœv‡gi KwVb Avhve nÕ‡Z euvPvi wØZxq kZ© nÕj ÔwRnv`Õ| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,

��= ��+Q=� �=�Xr�� #$��/L� *��H ��lS�$B� ��4�� :P�8��K�b ��K��$b��l ��/ :F��X�� :� C �#$��/�c$b�� #$Z�8��A�� $E�H��K$b�� R�� Z�� l��#�/�J�� l�� U� �� @��l�� x ��l�� *��_

��$7�� #$3�4�5�b��C) �'��ez Cee(C Ô†n wek¦vmxMY! Avwg wK †Zvgv‡ì Ggb GKwU eëmv‡qi K_v e‡j †è bv- hv †Zvgv‡ì‡K gg©vwš—K Avhve nÕ‡Z gyw³ †`‡e? †Zvgiv Avj−vn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji Dc‡i Cgvb Avb‡e Ges †Zvgv‡ì gvj I Rvb Øviv Avj−vn&i iv —vq wRnv` Ki‡e| GUvB †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ DËg c_, hw` †Zvgiv eySÕ (Qd 61/10-11)|

Avj−vn&‡K Lykx Kivi Rb¨ Kzdix kw³i wei“‡× gywg‡bi mKj cÖ‡Póv wb‡qvwRZ Kiv‡K kixÔAv‡Zi cwifvlvq ÔwRnv`Õ e‡j| Ab¨ A‡_© ¯xq bd‡mi wei“‡×, kqZv‡bi wei“‡× Ges gykwiK-gybvwdK I dv‡mK‡ì wei“‡× Rvb-gvj I hevb w`‡q jovB Kiv‡K ÔwRnv`Õ e‡j| Avj−vn e‡jb,

��= ��+Q=� QR��&�� E�H��- �8�r �l*�� V��$3*�� *��4*�� +��4�� $H��*J�/�� $�&��+�- �T*|�� '�3*��$�−) .�#7��of(C� �

Ô†n bex! Avcwb wRnv` Ki“b Kv‡di I gybvwdK‡ì wei“‡× Ges Zv‡ì Dc‡i K‡Vvi †nŠb| Zv‡ì wVKvbv Rvnvbœvg| †mUv KZB bv g›` wVKvbvÕ (ZvIevn 9/73, Zvnixg 66/9)|

(K) bd‡mi wei“‡× wRnv‡ì cÖwµqv : bd&m KjywlZ nq I Av‡Liv‡Zi wPš—v †_‡K `~‡i mwi‡q †bq Ggb me� e ‘ev`x mvwnZ¨, cÎ-cwÎKv, cÖPvi gva¨g, Av‡jvPbv gRwjm, K¬ve, mwgwZ, `j I msMVb cÖf„wZ nÕ‡Z Ges

* GRb¨ gvwmK ÔAvZ-ZvnixKÕ-Gi Ôì‡m KziAvbÕ Kjv‡g cÖKvwkZ ÔwRnv` I wK¡ZvjÕ wbeÜwU cvV Ki“b (5g el© 3q msL¨v wW‡m¤i 2001)|- cÖKvkK|


Bmjv‡gi bv‡g mKj wkiKx I we`ÔAvZcš’x msMVb nÕ‡Z wb‡R‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges ˆ`wbK †`‡ni †LvivK †RvMv‡bvi b¨vq iƒ‡ni Cgvbx †LvivK †RvMv‡Z n‡e| me© v Øxbx Av‡jvPbv, Øxbx Avgj I cÖwk¶Y Ges Øxbx cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ DVvemvi gva¨‡g iƒn‡K Zvhv ivL‡Z n‡e| Avj−vn e‡jb,

��G�� W��* �U ��/ �=�Xr�� #$��E�=�� $+&��8 �P��E�)*�� 9R�O�5*�� $E=��$=�� $A�+�-�� a�� $E�5�b �\�� $+�� =��$b$E �=��. �P��%*�� UQE�� a�� $b ��/ ��*4� *�� $A��*4�} �� U��*��@ ��&b�� $]��#�H �� $]$��/� ��i$��C) �+l��~n(C� �

Ô(†n bex!) Avcwb wb‡R‡K Hme †jvK‡ì m‡½ â‡h©i mv‡_ a‡i ivLyb, hviv Wv‡K Zv‡ì cÖfy‡K mKv‡j I mÜ¨vq; Zviv Kvgbv K‡i †KejgvÎ Avj−vn&i †Pnviv| Avcwb Zv‡ì †_‡K `„wó wdwi‡q wb‡eb bv| Avcwb wK `ywbqvex Rxe‡bi †RŠjym Pvb? Avcwb H e¨w³i AbymiY Ki‡eb bv hvi Aš—i Avgv‡ì ¯§iY †_‡K Mv‡dj n‡q‡Q Ges †m cÖe„wËi Abymvix n‡q‡Q I Zvi KvRK‡g© mxgvjsNb G‡m wM‡q‡QÕ (Kvn&d 18/28)|

(L) kqZv‡bi wei“‡× wRnv‡ì cÖwµqv : Avj−vn ev Zuvi †cÖwiZ kixÔAv‡Zi †Kvb weavb m¤ú‡K© g‡bi g‡a¨ hLbB †Kvb m‡›`n DuwK gvi‡e, ZLbB Zv‡K `~‡i Quy‡o †d‡j w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb (1) Bmjv‡gi weavb mg~n Ghy‡M APj (2) Bmjvgx kixÔAv‡Zi PvB‡Z gvbe iwPZ weavb mg~n A‡bK DbœZ I Kj¨vYgq (3) nv`xQ m‡›`nhy³, KziAvbB h‡_ó (4) nv`x‡Q †Kvb Qnxn-hCd †bB, me nv`xQB mwVK (5) Bgvg-gvhnve ev cxi gvbvB h‡_ó, nv`xQ gvbvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB BZ¨vKvi kqZvbx †auvKv mg~n| wb‡Ri N‡ii Rvbvjv c‡_ †Pvi DuwK gvi‡j †hgb Avgiv Zvi wcQy avIqv Kwi, †Zgwb g‡bi Rvbvjv c‡_ cweÎ KziAvb I Qnxn nv`x‡Qi †Kvb Av‡`k ev wb‡l‡ai Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© †Kvbiƒc m‡›`nev` DuwK-SuzwK gvi‡j Zv‡KI cª_g AvNv‡Z `~‡i wb‡¶c Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡nZzK m‡›`n I hyw³ev‡ì a~gªRvj m„wóKvix AwZ eyw×gvb‡ì KvQ †_‡K Ges †e-`jxj AÜ Abymvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z n‡e| Avj−vn e‡jb,


��@�_�� q�=� �8 �=�Xr�� #$�#${�=�� R�� b��=L ��J�� $+�� &7�� #$�#${�=� R�� =�E��:D �]�� &/�_�� W&��$= ��&O�� E$5*V�b �E�5�� *�<X�� / �N�#�V*�� 3��r?��C

) N�5U"�wn( C ÔhLb Zywg †jvK‡ì †`L‡e †h, Zviv Avgvi AvqvZ wb‡q Dcnvm g~jK Av‡jvPbvq wjß n‡q‡Q, ZLb `~‡i m‡i _vK‡e, †h ch©š— bv Zviv Ab¨ Av‡jvPbvq wjß nq| (Zv‡ì hyw³ev‡ì d‡j) hw` kqZvb †Zvgv‡K fywj‡q †`q, Z‡e ¯§iY nIqvi c‡iB Zzwg Avi mxgv jsNbKvix‡ì mv‡_ e‡mv bvÕ (AvbÔAvg 6/68)|

(M) Kvwdi, gykwiK, gybvwdK I dvwmK‡ì wei“‡× wRnv‡ì cÖwµqv : nvZ Øviv, Rvb Øviv, gvj Øviv I Aš—i Øviv Zv‡ì wei“‡× N‡i-evB‡i me©Î e¨vcK cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| hveZxq wkiK, we`ÔAvZ I wdm&K¡-dzR~ixi wei“‡× gywg‡bi M„n‡K †jŠn KwVb `~M© wnmv‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| gywg‡bi wPš—v-†PZbv, K_v I Kjg, Avq I DcvR©b mewKQyB me© v wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡e evwZ‡ji wei“‡× Av‡cvlnxb †hv×vi gZ| cÖ‡Z¨K MÖv‡g I gnj−vq Avj−vn&i †mbvevwnbx wnmv‡e eq¯‹ I Zi“Y‡ì GKwU RvgvÔAvZ‡K msMwVZ nÕ‡Z n‡e, hviv Avgx‡ii wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK cweÎ KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ Abyhvqx wb‡R‡ì Rxeb, cwievi I mgvR M‡o Zzj‡Z cªwZÁve× n‡eb I mgvR ms¯‹v‡i eªZx n‡eb| nK¡cš’x GB †jvK‡ì msL¨v †Kvb ’v‡b hw` wZbRbI _v‡Kb, ZeyI Zv‡ì‡K GKRb Avgx‡ii Aax‡b RvgvÔAvZe× nÕ‡Z n‡e I Bmjvgx Abykvmb †gvZv‡eK Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Z_vwc Z¡vM~Zx kw³i wbK‡U hvIqv hv‡e bv ev wek„sLj Rxeb hvcbI Kiv Pj‡e bv| ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) Gikv` K‡ib,

�� d�#$Z�8 �d��} �d��} �P��=��$H �� 0� �r4�G �a ��r4�Z�� A��4�� :�2� �U �.2�M��I�� S��%�=$�9/� ra�_ :P�� 8�J�� #$U�#�l�=��$H�E�� +��4�� B��B #� � E ]��8 6C

ÔwZb Rb †jv‡Ki RbÏ nvjvj bq †Kvb wbR©b f~wg‡Z Ae ’vb Kiv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb‡K Avgxi wb‡qvM bv Kiv ch©š—Õ|14 14. Avngv`, Avey vE`, Qnxn Rv‡gÔ QvMxi -Avjevbx nv/500; wiqvhyQ Qv‡jnxb nv/960|


Avj−vn e‡jb,

��= ��+Q=� �=�Xr�� #$��/L �#$5��i� � !� �#$5��i� �� d#$Z&�� R�� J*��/ ��l��/6 *�� $7��b �R�� :1�R�, ��QB$��$] ��_ �� #$Z&��d *��_ ��$7�� #$��/�c$b�� N�#��*�� x��6 �@�W�� x

$�� =��*J�b��C) 1��g(C

Ô†n gywgbMY! †Zvgiv AvbyMZ¨ Ki Avj−vn&i Ges AvbyMZ¨ Ki ivm~‡ji I †Zvgv‡ì ga¨Kvi Avgx‡ii| AZtci hw` †Zvgiv †Kvb wel‡q weev` Ki, ZvnÕ‡j Zv Avj−vn I ivm~‡ji w`‡K wdwi‡q `vI, hw` †Zvgiv Avj−vn I wePvi wè‡mi Dc‡i wek¦vmx n‡q _vK| GUvB †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi I cwiYwZi w`K w`‡q DËgÕ (wbmv 4/59)|

AÎ Avqv‡Z ivm~‡ji AvbyM‡Zï mv‡_ Avgx‡ii AvbyMZ¨‡K hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv ivm~‡ji g„Zy i c‡i wK¡qvgZ ch©š— ivm~‡ji †i‡L hvIqv Øxb ev —evq‡bi g~j `vwqZ¡ _vK‡e ÔAvgxiÕ‡ì Dc‡i| Z‡e Avgx‡ii AvbyMZ¨ Avj−vn I ivm~‡ji AvbyM‡Zï kZ©vaxb| G Avqv‡Z eySv hvq, Bmjvgx ivóª Kv‡qg _vK ev bv _vK gymjgvb‡ì ag©xq I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b me©ve ’vq ÔAvgxiÕ _vKv hiƒix| ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) Gikv` K‡ib,

�� E�� d�#$Z�8 $q�5�3�Z �d��} ��3$� �� 0� �r4�G �d�#�V�= ��r4�Z�� A��4�� .....�/ ��/��- �.�7��/ ��/ >.�5�� A�V$�$� �� T�� .&��4�H�C�4�/ ]��8 C

Ô†h e¨w³ gviv †Mj A_P Zvi M`©v‡b Avgx‡ii AvbyM‡Zï evqÔAvZ _vKj bv, †m Rv‡njx nvj‡Z g„Zy eiY KijÕ|15

mKj cªKvi gvÔiƒd ev kixÔAvZ Aby‡gvw`Z wel‡q Avgx‡ii wb‡`©k cvjb Kiv gvg~‡ii Rb¨ dih| †hgb ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) Gikv` K‡ib,

�� d�#$Z�8 �d��} �d��} �P��=��$H 0� �r4�G ��r4�Z�� A��4�� ..... ��/!"� ��Q= ��/��i� �E�V��U��'�� E�V�� /!"� �m�5&= ��/�� CA�4� h`7/ C

15. gymwjg, wgkKvZ nv/3674 Ô†bZ…Z¡ I wePviÕ Aa¨vq|


A_© �: Ô.... Ges †h e¨w³ Avgx‡ii AvbyMZ¨ Kij †m Avgvi AvbyMZ¨ Kij| Avi †h e¨w³ Avgx‡ii Aeva¨Zv Kij †m Avgvi Aeva¨Zv KijÕ|16�

Ab¨Î Avj−vn&i ivm~j (Qvt) Zvi D¤§Z‡K RvgvÔAvZe× Rxeb hvcb,

Avgx‡ii Av‡`k kªeYmn 5wU Av‡`k cÖ vb K‡i‡Qb|17 wZwb e‡jb, �� $E�= R�4�� .��3�K*�� ÔRvgvÔAv‡Zi Dci Avj−vn&i nvZ _v‡KÕ|18

m¤¢eZt GZ Kov ûKz‡gi Kvi‡YB Qvnvev‡q †Kivg ivm~‡ji g„Zz i ci Zuvi `vdb Kv‡h©i c~‡e©B ÔAvgxiÕ wb‡qv‡Mi cÖwZ GZ AwaK ¸i“Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb Ges †h Rb¨ ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi `vdb Kvh© wZbw`b wejw¤Z nq| Bmjvgx ivóª cÖwZwôZ _vK‡j Zvi wbe©vwPZ Avgx‡ii wbK‡U evqÔAvZ bv Ki‡j Rv‡nwjqv‡Zi g„Zy eiY Ki‡Z n‡e| GZØ¨ZxZ ag©xq DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi mKj Kv‡R †hvM¨ Avgx‡ii Aax‡b RvgvÔAvZ MVb K‡i Bmjvgx ev A‰bmjvgx mgvR ev iv‡óªi g‡a¨ Bmjvgx `vIqvZ cwiPvjbvi Acwinvh©Zv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q evKx nv`xQ¸wj‡Z|

Dc‡iv³ nv`xQ mg~‡n gymwjg D¤§vn‡K KziAvb I mybœvn&i Abykvmb †gvZv‡eK myk„sLjfv‡e mvgvwRK Rxeb cwiPvjbvi wb‡`©k cÖ vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Avgiv wek¦vm Kwi †h, cÖwZwU MÖvg ev gnj−vq hLb GK`j mrmvnmx gyRvwn` Zi“Y Avj−vn‡K ivhx-Lykx Kivi Rb¨ b¨v‡qi Av‡`k I Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZ‡iv‡a HKë× n‡eb Ges mgv‡Ri mKj Kj¨vY K‡g© wb‡R‡ì‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡eb, ZLb msL¨vq hZ KgB †nŠK bv †Kb Avj−vn&i mvnvh¨ wb‡q ZvivB Rqjvf Ki‡eb|

e ‘Ztc‡¶ GUvB nÕj ÔwRnv`Õ| Avi Gi gva¨‡gB Av‡m KvswLZ ÔmgvR wec−eÕ|

mgv‡R wPiKvj evwZjcš’xi msL¨v †ekx wQj, AvRI Av‡Q, fwel¨‡ZI _vK‡e| ZvB AwaKvsk evwZ‡ji †fvU wb‡q nK cÖwZôv Kiv wejvmx Kíbv

16. gyËvdvK¡ AvjvBn, wgkKvZ nv/3661|

17. wZiwghx, wgkKvZ nv/3694 nv‡iQ Avj-AvkÔAvix (ivt) nÕ‡Z mb` Qnxn|

18. wZiwghx, wgkKvZ nv/173; Qnxûj Rv‡gÔ nv/8065|


Qvov wKQyB bq| bexMY KL‡bvB Gc‡_ hvbwb| Zuv‡ì c_ wQj `vIqvZ I wRnv‡ì c_, bQxnZ I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai c_| bexMY mgv‡Ri msL¨vjNy nKcš’x‡ì Luy‡R †ei K‡i Zv‡ì‡K Avj−vn&i bv‡g msNe× K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì gva¨‡gB G‡mwQj mgv‡Ri Avg~j cwieZ©b| AvRI †mB c_ a‡i G‡Mv‡Z n‡e; Ab¨‡ì wkLv‡bv c_ a‡i bq|

AvaywbK ivóªxq ev mvgvwRK cÖkvmb hw` KziAvb I Qnxn nv`x‡Qi we‡ivax nq, Z‡e Zv GKwU Z¡vM~Z Qvov wKQyB bq| gywgb KL‡bvB Z¡vM~Z Øviv kvwmZ nÕ‡Z cv‡i bv| †m †Kvb Ae ’v‡ZB Z¡vM~‡Zi wbK‡U Zvi wePvi-dvqQvjvi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv (wbmv 4/60,65)| H Z¡vM~Zx mgvR eë ’v cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ gywgb‡K ZvB me© v me©vZ¥K cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z nq| GRb¨ Zv‡K me© v ivm~‡ji †`Lv‡bv c‡_ Pj‡Z nq| wKš‘ G c‡_ Kvwdi-gykwiK‡ì †P‡q gybvwdKivB me‡P‡q eo evav| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,

��@�_�� }�� $+�� #��5�b ��_ ��/ �d�(�U� 0� ��_�� #$Z&��d �q�=� �8 ��V��$3*�� QE$'�=�� W�� $E$G��BC ) 1��we(C� �

ÔhLb Zv‡ì‡K ejv nq Avj−vn hv bvwhj K‡i‡Qb Zvi w`‡K Ges ivm~‡ji w`‡K †Zvgiv wd‡i G‡mv, ZLb Avcwb gybvwdK‡ì †`L‡eb †h Zviv Avcbvi †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q wb‡e (A_©vr ZvivB cÖ_‡g c_‡iva K‡i ùvov‡e)Õ (wbmv 4/61)|

ejv evûj¨ GB ivóªxq I mvgvwRK Ackw³i wei“‡× DÌvb Ki‡Z wM‡qB Dcgnv‡`‡k m„wó n‡qwQj ˆmq` Avngv` †eªjfx (1201-1246wnt/1786-1831L„t) I Avj−vgv BmgvCj knx‡ì (1193-1246wnt/1779-1831L„t) Av‡jvob m„wóKvix ÔwRnv` Av‡›`vjbÕ, gvIjvbv ˆmq` wbQvi Avjx ZxZzgx‡ii (1197-1246wnt/1782-1831L„t) Ô†gvnv¤§v`x Av‡›`vjbÕ, nvRx kixÔAvZzj−vn&i (1196-1256wnt/1781-1840L„t) Ôdviv‡qhx Av‡›`vjbÕ cÖf„wZ| mg — †`k‡K ev mg — gymwjg mgvR‡K HKë× Kivi `yt¯cœ Zuviv †`‡Lbwb wKsev cÖwZwôZ evwZj kw³‡K DrLvZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb G Aev —e wPš—vI Zuviv K‡ibwb| `ywbqvex †bZ…Z¡ ev KZ„©Z¡ jv‡fi †gvnI Zuv‡ì wQj bv| eis †h KqRb Avj−vn&i cvMj wb‡ew`Z cÖvY fvB‡K Zuviv mv‡_ †c‡qwQ‡jb, †mB KqRb g‡`© gyRvwn`‡K wb‡q Zuviv ¯xq hy‡Mi Z¡vM~Zx


kw³i wei“‡× wRnv` †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuviv ÔAvgi wej gviƒd I bvwn Avwbj gybKviÕ-Gi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb gvÎ| djvdj Avj−vn&i nv‡Z †Q‡o w`‡qwQ‡jb| AvRI Avgiv †mUvB PvB|

Avgv‡ì ü`‡qi Kvbœv nÕj G‡`‡k Bmjvg Zvi nviv‡bv HwZn¨ wd‡i cvK| evsjvi e¨w³ I mgvR Rxeb cweÎ KziAvb I Qnxn nv`x‡Qi Av‡jv‡K M‡o DVyK| hv‡jg wbiZ †nŠK, ghj~‡gi gy‡L Abvwej nvwm dy‡U DVyK| Avmyb! Avgiv Avgv‡ì e¨w³ I cvwievwiK Rxeb‡K cweÎ KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ Abyhvqx M‡o Zywj| mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ fvB‡K wbiš—i `vIqvZ I Zvejx‡Mi gva¨‡g wdwi‡q Avwb Ges †hLv‡bB _vwK Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡Î wKZve I mybœv‡Zi m‡e©v”P AMÖvwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Avj−vn&i bv‡g Rvb I gvj w`‡q me©vZ¥K wRnv‡` AeZxY© nB| Avj−vn e‡jb,

��$�� U�� x &��V�M�a ��$E�H��-�� l��#�/�J�� l�� U� �� R�� Z�� @��l�� x ��l�� *��_ ��$7�� #$3�4�5�b��C) .�#7��e(−� �

Ô†Zvgiv Zi“Y I e„× mKj Ae ’vq †ewi‡q co Ges †Zvgv‡ì gvj I Rvb Øviv Avj−vn&i iv —vq wRnv` Ki| GUvB †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ DËg cš’v, hw` †Zvgiv eySÕ (ZvIevn 9/41)| GB AvqvZ cvV K‡i Qvnvex Avey Z¡vjnv (ivt) Zuvi †Q‡j‡ì‡K ej‡jb, Avgv‡K wRnv‡` hvIqvi eë ’v K‡i `vI| hyeK †Q‡jiv ejj- Avcwb Avj−vn&i ivm~‡ji mv‡_, Zvici AveyeK‡ii mv‡_, Zvici Ig‡ii hy‡M Zuvi mv‡_ wRnv‡` wM‡q‡Qb| GLb Zuviv mevB g„Z| Avcwb wbiZ †nŠb, AvgivB Avcbvi c¶ nÕ‡Z hy‡× hve| wcZv Avey Z¡vjnv †Q‡j‡ì GB cÖ —ve A¯xKvi Ki‡jb| AZtci wZwb hy‡× wM‡q gviv †M‡jb| mvM‡i bq w`b jvk fvm‡Z fvm‡Z Ae‡k‡l GK Øx‡c wM‡q †VK‡j mv_xiv Zv‡K †mLv‡bB `vdb Ki‡jb|19

Avj−vn e‡jb,

�a t�#�7��= ��$E��V*�� / ��/�c$3*�� $�� R�� 8��&�� $E�H��K$3*�� R�� Z�� +��#�/�J�� +�� U� ��6 ��&�� 0� �=�E�H��K$3*�� +��#�/�J�� +�� U� �� 4�� =�E��V*��

19. Beby KvQxi, Zvdmxi m~iv ZIev 41|


�.�-�8�B6 r�� E�� 0� ��$%*�� &�� 0� �=�E�H��K$3*�� 4�� =�E��V*�� -� ��?��3 C) 1��g�(C

ÔA¶g e¨ZxZ M„‡n Dcweó gywgbMY mgvb bq Hme gyRvwn`M‡Yi, hviv Zv‡ì gvj I Rvb wb‡q Avj−vn&i iv —vq wRnv` K‡i| Avj−vn gyRvwn`M‡Yi m¤§vb Hme Dcweó‡ì Dc‡i e„w× K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mv‡_B Avj−vn Kj¨v‡Yi Iqv`v K‡i‡Qb| Avj−vn Dcweó‡ì Dc‡i gyRvwn`MY‡K gnvb cÖwZ`v‡b †kªôZ¡ cÖ vb K‡i‡QbÕ (wbmv 4/95)| A_©vr wRnv‡` †h‡Z AvMÖnx A¶g DcweóMY †hgb AÜ, LÄ, †ivMx cÖf„wZ Ges wRnv‡` Mgb KvixMY Df‡qi mv‡_B Kj¨v‡Yi Iqv`v i‡q‡Q|

Avj−vn&i P~ovš— †NvlYv kªeY Ki“b,

�N� ��$7�� *�� #�4$x�E�b �.&��K*�� &3�� 4�5�= 0� �=�Xr�� $E�H��-� ��l��/ ��4�5�=�� =��&'��C) ��3� dLe�~(C

Ô†Zvgiv wK †f‡eQ Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e? A_P Avj−vn GLbI cÖgvY Rvb‡Z cv‡ibwb, †K †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ mwZ¨Kv‡ii gyRvwn` I †K mwZ¨Kv‡ii `„pwPË?Õ (Av‡j Bgivb 3/142)|20

ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-†K wR‡Ám Kiv nÕj, †Kvb& wRnv` m‡e©vËg? wZwb ej‡jb, Ô†h e¨w³ gykwiK‡ì wei“‡× wRnv` K‡i Zvi gvj I Rvb ØvivÕ|21

ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) e‡jb,

0� �r4�G 9��&�� :T�U� �� d��} ��r4�Z�� A��4�� : �� l��#�/�J�� O$3*�� $E�H��- ��l�7��*�� l�� U� 6u�� B��B#� ]��8 ��%G B��Z�� /8�E�� C

Ô†Zvgiv wRnv` Ki gykwiK‡ì wei“‡× †Zvgv‡ì gvj Øviv, Rvb Øviv I hevb ØvivÕ (ÔhevbÕ A_© K_v I Kjg)|22

20. GKB g‡g© ZvIevn 16, gynv¤§v` 31|

21. Avey vE`, mb` Qnxn, wgkKvZ-Avjevbx nv/3833 ÔwRnv`Õ Aa¨vq|

22. Avey vE`, bvmvC, mb` Qnxn, wgkKvZ nv/3821|


wZwb Av‡iv Gikv` K‡ib,

�� d�#$Z�8 �d��} �d��} �P��=��$H �� 0� �r4�G ��r4�Z�� A��4�� : $(2�)�= �� &/ ��/ ��9/ :.��5$, ��4�� / $A��* �U �A�� *�9E�%$= �� :�� U 6�4�/ ]��8C

Ô†h e¨w³ gviv †Mj A_P wRnv` Kij bv wKsev Aš—‡ii g‡a¨ KLbI wRnv‡ì K_vI Avb‡jv bv; †m GK ai‡bi gybv‡dKxi nvj‡Z g„Zy eiY KijÕ|23

wZwb Gikv` K‡ib,

�� d�#$Z�8 �d��} �d��} :��'$� �� 3�� 0� �r4�G ��r42�Z�� A��4�� : �a �d��(2�b ��7&/� ��9/ >.� �u��i �/ �4�� =��H�� 9h�%*�� 4�� #�4�b��V$= �U �� b��V$= �&7�� $H� �� L $�$H$��x

�d�&-&E�� 3*��6 ]��8 B��B#�C ÔAvgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ GKUv `j _vK‡e hviv nK-Gi c‡_ msMÖvg Ki‡e| Zviv kÎ“ c‡¶i Dc‡i Rqjvf Ki‡e| Zv‡ì me©‡kl `jwU `v¾v‡ji m‡½ jovB Ki‡eÕ|24

Avj−vn Avgv‡ì‡K Zuvi †mB nKcš’x gyRvwn` `jwUi Aš—f©y³ Ki“b Ges Avgv‡ì‡K me© v `vIqvZ I wRnv‡ì g‡a¨ Rxeb AwZevwnZ Kivi ZvIdxK `vb Ki“b- Avgxb Bqv ieŸvj ÔAvjvgxb|

Dcmsnvi

1986 mv‡ji 22†k A‡±ve‡i ivRkvnx‡Z AbywôZ ÔAvn‡jnv`xQ hyems‡NÕi wZbw`b e¨vcx †K›`ªxq KvDwÝj m`m¨ m‡¤§jb D‡Øvab Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv mgvR wec−‡ei wZbwU avivi Dc‡i Av‡jvPbvi mv‡_ mv‡_ G †`‡k cÖPwjZ wZbwU gZev` m¤ú‡K© mKj‡K ûuwkqvi K‡iwQjvg| Rvwbbv weMZ †mvqv Pvi eQ‡i Avgiv G e¨vcv‡i KZUzKz G‡Mv‡Z †c‡iwQ| Z‡e MZ 1989 I 90-Gi †cŠ‡b `yÕeQ‡i Avgv‡ì Dci w`‡q Cgv‡bi †h cix¶v P‡j‡Q, Zv‡Z A‡bK mvg‡bi Kg©x wcQ‡b wM‡q‡Qb, A‡bK wcQ‡bi Kg©x mvg‡b G‡m‡Qb| †KDev wQU‡K c‡o‡Qb| mgvR wec−‡ei Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ Kg©xMY GwU‡K 23. gymwjg, wgkKvZ nv/3813 ÔwRnv`Õ Aa¨vq|

24. Avey vD`, mb` Qnxn, wgkKvZ nv/3819|


cix¶vi µvwš— Kvj wnmv‡e MY¨ K‡ib Ges mgvR cwieZ©‡bi w ’i j‡¶¨ Pjvi c‡_ G¸wj‡K GK GKwU evav ev cix¶v e‡j wek¦vm K‡ib| mgvR wec−‡ei Rb¨ Avgiv †mw`b `yÕwU welq‡K Avewk¨K c~e©kZ© wnmv‡e wba©viY K‡iwQjvg|-

1- AvK¡x`vq wec−e Avbv 2- wb‡f©Rvj ZvInx`x AvK¡x`vq wek¦vmx wb‡ew`Z cÖvY wec−ex Kg©x‡ì GKwU RvgvÔAvZ MVb Kiv| cÖ_‡gv³ welqwUi mnR mij e¨vL¨v nÕj gymwjg wnmv‡e Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi mKj w`K I wefvM †KejgvÎ Avj−vn&i weavb †gvZv‡eK n‡e, Z¡vM~‡Zi weavb Abyhvqx bq, G AvK¡x`v `„pfv‡e †cvlY Kiv| Rxe‡bi GKwU w`K Awn-i weavb †gvZv‡eK n‡e, Av‡iKwU w`K Z¡vM~Zx gZev` Abyhvqx n‡e, GB wØgyLx AvK¡x`v Wvówe‡b Quy‡o †dj‡Z n‡e| GB wb‡f©Rvj Cgvb I AvK¡x`v‡K `ywbqvex ¯v‡_©i wewbg‡q wewµ Kiv Pj‡e bv| gmwR‡` QvjvZ Av`v‡qi mg‡q †hgb Avgiv Qnxn nv`x‡Qi m‡½ †Kvb gvhnvex wdK¡‡ni Av‡cvl Kwi bv, ivRbxwZi gq`v‡b †Zgwb Avgiv cvðv‡Zï †k‡iKx MYZš¿ I Ab¨vb¨ gš¿Z‡š¿i m‡½ Av‡cvl Ki‡Z cvwi bv| Av‡cvl Ki‡Z cvwi bv A_©bxwZi gq`v‡b waK…Z cuywRev` I mgvRev‡ì mv‡_| Avgiv wb‡f©Rvj Bmjvgx ivRbxwZ PvB, ivR‰bwZK Bmjvg bq| Avgiv KziAvb I Qnxn nv`x‡Qi wb‡f©Rvj Bmjvg PvB, wgwkªZ Bmjvg bq| wewfbœ †k‡iKx I we`ÔAvZx img-†iIqv‡R Af¨ — eZ©gvb gymwjg mgvR I miKvi Bmjv‡gi †h AskUzKz cvj‡b evav †`q, †mUzKz Avgiv cvjb Kwi bv, wKsev ARynvZ w`‡q euvPevi †Póv Kwi| A_P Bmjv‡gi `vex wQj mgvR I miKv‡ii wbK‡U Avgiv Avgv‡ì ag©xq wek¦vm I AvK¡x`v‡K wewK‡q †è bv| Avgiv Avgv‡ì Øxbx I `ywbqvex Rxe‡bi Rb¨ `yÕRb ivm~j `vex Ki‡Z cvwi bv| eis Rxe‡bi mKj w`K I wefv‡Mi Rb¨ gynv¤§v` (Qvt)-†KB Avgiv Avgv‡ì GKgvÎ bex I nv-`x wnmv‡e wek¦vm Kwi| †h mgvR ev msMVb ev miKvi Avgv‡ì Bmjvgx AvK¡x`v Abyhvqx Avgj Ki‡Z evav †`q, Zvi wei“‡× me©vZ¥K wRnv‡` Rvb-gvj DrmM© KivB gymwjg Rxe‡bi P~ovš— KZ©e¨ e‡j Avgiv g‡b Kwi|

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