Violence and Modernity: War 1. Modernising war 2. Large-scale state violence within its own borders = terror 3. Mass violence in absence of overall state control = civil war (peoples war; revolutionary war) 4. Violence of minorities aiming to overthrow the state = terrorism 5. Low-level repressive state violence = civil violence NB Webers definition of the state as the body holding a monopoly of organised violence Typologies of Violence 1. Violence between states = war The problem to be considered Enlightenment expectations were that reason and science would succeed in building a harmonious, non-violent society Voltaire Essay on War Later in 19 th C Socialists like the Duc de St. Simon trade and communications (railways) would so integrate the world that conflict would be impossible Also Marx and the ideal state of Communism The terrible reckoning of violence French revolutionary terror c20,000 deaths Napoleonic wars 1.8 million French and allies (inc 600,000 civilians) 1.5 million allied forces (Britain, Russia, Austria, Spain, Italy, Prussia Total 3.3 million Deaths by category (France and allies) 371,000 killed in action 800,000 killed by disease, primarily in the disastrous invasion of Russia 600,000 civilians 65,000 French allies (mainly Poles fighting for independence lost in 1795) Total: 1,800,000 French and allies (mostly Germans and Poles) dead in action, disease and missing War deaths Crimean War (1854-6) c. 600,000 American Civil War (1861-5) 750,000 (620,000 trad) World War 1 ( ) - 9m to 15m (6m missing)(6m civilians) Russian Civil War ( ) 10m Spanish Civil War (1936-9) c. 500,000 World War 2 ( ) m dead (inc 27m USSR; 0.25m USA; 0.5m Britain) Deaths in recent wars Vietnam ( ): The South c 1m dead (inc 58,000 US troops); The North 600,000 military total of 2m 4m for war Gulf War 1 Kuwait (1990-1) 190 coalition troops killed in action (189 died in accidents and friendly fire); 25,000 Iraqi civilians and soldiers Gulf War 2 Iraq (March-May 2003) 172 coalition troops killed c.200,000 involved 30,000 Iraqi troops and civilians killed) Afghan Wars (15,000 Soviet military: 75,000 plus Mujaheddin; maybe ) 0.6 to 1.0m civilians ?? (3,162 coalition dead; 15,000 civilians; Taliban unknown) Why have wars expanded? 1. Technology weapons derived from industry An army marches on its stomach Napoleon 2. Logistics organisation 3. Soldiers recruitment, conscription 4. Money = ever-larger tax revenues = modern state prerequisite for mass warfare (+ ideology esp. Nationalism) Military revolution - technology 1750 muskets (accuracy 100/150 yards; 5 rounds per minute) - Cannon shot and some crude shells = wars of mobility (cavalry) and close quarters fighting - bayonets, swords, daggers Musket 18 th.c; Indian Cannon 1799 Military revolution - technology Begins to change in early 19 th C C 1850 rifle (rifling in barrel) increases accuracy to 500 yards. Bullet magazines and rapid re-loading increase frequency of firing true rifle Gatling gun hand-cranked machine gun; Maxim gun automatic 100s of rounds per minute Military revolution - technology Second half of nineteenth century Dynamite and high explosive (chemical industry) Internal combustion engine railways Steel - e.g. armour plating of ships Leads to - dreadnoughts at sea long range artillery (20 miles by WW1) high-explosive shell. Obliterate anything exposed so Warfare becomes defensive trenches (American CW and Russo-Japanese War as prototypes of First World War) (mortars yds define distance of trenches) Schlieffen Plan Russian Attack on East Prussia The Western Front Battle of the Somme 1916 Thiepval Military revolution - technology From WW1 to WW2 Aircraft airships (derived from hot-air balloons) failure cf gas - biplanes/triplanes spotting; bombing; dogfights (NB first flight 17 Dec 1903 120 ft; 12 seconds (7 mph) alt 10 ft.) Tanks (diesel engines) to break through trenches Blitzkrieg (lightning war) = blitzkrieg massive concentration of power at a small point punch hole in defence pour through using mobile infantry, spread out and attack from behind Blitzkrieg Volkhov Jan 1942 Mass bombing Guernica 1937 c. 1000; Coventry 1940 c in two raids; Dresden (Feb 1945) c. 25,000; Tokyo (1945) 75,000 + Nuclear bombs - Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Aug 1945) 100,00 each Guernica 1937 Broadgate, Coventry 16 November 1940 Dresden Feb 1945 Nuclear Weapons Hiroshima Nagasaki Hiroshima August 1945 Genbaku A bomb Dome Hiroshima 1945 Hiroshima 2006 Ground Zero lide 49lide 49een&v=slaNADrdPMA&NR=1een&v=slaNADrdPMA&NR=1&feature=endscreen&NR=1&feature=endscreen&NR= AA Military revolution - technology 1945 a kind of apogee military development bifurcates: 1. The hi-tech path continues producing weapons that, in many cases, can scarcely be used World War 2 and beyond Rockets Katiushas; V1; V2 missiles ICBMs - mirv Jet engines Computers and communications (12 signals exchanged at Trafalgar: 50,000 per hour in Gulf War 1) Cruise missiles; Drones 2. Asymmetric warfare- Peoples War Up to 1945 size matters the wealthiest and best equipped win. But conventional war is increasingly challenged Post-1945 in anti-colonial and anti-imperialist wars small forces have sometimes prevailed over or counter-balanced the most advanced equipment Guerilla and Revolutionary wars (Peoples Wars) China; Cuba; Latin America; Kenya; Malaya Vietnam war bicycles versus B-52 bombers Current wars in Middle East NB other components of military revolution 2. Logistics organisation 3. Soldiers recruitment, conscription 4. Money = ever-larger tax revenues = modern state prerequisite for mass warfare (+ ideology esp. Nationalism) Logistics and organisation In a modern army only around ten percent are frontline troops the rest organise, plan, maintain, transport etc. Requires a major bureaucracy to sustain it with endless skills, technical, practical and managerial Recruitment In 18 th c volunteers, mercenaries, press-gangs Napoleon institutes first nationwide conscription Levee en masse - originates in 1793 with CPS as a mass call to arms and defence (embryonic total war men called to fight, women to work in factories linked to emergence of citizenship) - institutionalised from 1797 on Rise of Modern Nation State United States Federal, State and Local Government Spending Fiscal Year 1845 GDP: $1,842.0 million(1) Amounts in $ million FedGov. XferStateLocal Total Pensions Health Care Education Defense14.4 a a Welfare Protection Transportation General Government Other Spending11.8a a Interest1a000 1a Balance0a000 0a Total Spending27.3 a a Federal Deficit-7a000 -7a Gross Public Debt15.9a a Legend: a - actual reported source: usgovernmentspending.com United States Federal, State and Local Government Spending Fiscal Year 1900 GDP: $20,567.0 million(1) Amounts in $ million FedGov. XferStateLocalTotal Pensions Health Care Education Defense331.6 a a Welfare00000 Protection Transportation General Government Other Spending256.8a a Interest40.2a a Balance0a0000 a Total Spending628.6a a Federal Deficit-41a a Gross Public Debt2,137.00a000 2,137.00a Legend: a - actual reported source: usgovernmentspending.com United States Federal, State and Local Government Spending Fiscal Year 1930 GDP: $91,200.0 million(1) Amounts in $ million FedGov. XferStateLocal Total Pensions21.2i015i48i 84.2i Health Care103.4i0196i217i 516.4i Education 22.4i-11.2i243i2,027.00i 2,281.20i Defense1, i000 1,465.30i Welfare3.5i-1i108i229i 339.5i Protection26i088i534i 648i Transportation372.9i-136.9i692i1, i2,036.10i General Government123.9i0106i339 i568.9i Other Spending899i-28.4i223i1, i2,377.60i Interest648.9i0100i573i 1,321.90i Balance269.6i0i3i10i 282.6i Total Spending3, i-177.4i1,774.00i6, i11,921.70i Federal Deficit-874.1i i Gross Public Debt16,185.30a02,450.00i14, i33,523.30i United States Federal, State and Local Government Spending Fiscal Year 1950 GDP: $293,700.0 million(1 ) Amounts in $ million FedGov. XferStateLocal Total Pensions994a0163a198a 1,355.00a Health Care963a0947a801a 2,711.00a Education2, a-369a1,358.00a5, a 9, a Defense24,239.00a000 24, a Welfare1,622.00a-1,346.00a3,583.00a1,830.00a 5,689.00a Protection88a0283a1,285.00i 1,656.00i Transportation1,122.00a-429a2,058.00a2, a5,066.00a General Government514a0317a724 a1,555.00a Other Spending6,605.00a-227a2,099.00a3, a12,197.00a Interest4,404.00a0109a349a 4,862.00a Balance1,410.00a0a-53a0a 1,357.00a Total Spending44,800.00a-2,371.00a10,864.00a17, a70,334.00a Federal Deficit1, a000 1,273.00a Gross Public Debt256, a05,285.00a18, a280,968.00a Legend: a - actual reported i - interpolated between actual reported values source: usgovernmentspending.com lide 49lide 49een&v=slaNADrdPMA&NR=1een&v=slaNADrdPMA&NR=1&feature=endscreen&NR=1&feature=endscreen&NR= AA