Village to Town

8/13/2019 Village to Town

1/75

Village to Town

Hohokam, Ancestral Pue

(Anasazi), and Mogollo


2/75

HohokamThose Who Have Gone


3/75


4/75

Origins

Two Schools of Thought concerning origins Hohokam

1. They migrated into the area from NortheMexico.

2. They were descendants of local Archaichunters and gatherers.


5/75

Villages

Hohokam villages located along riversgrew corn.

sedentary villages

developed sophisticated irrigation canal

Families lived in rectangular pit houses sura courtyard.

Cluster of 4to 6dwellings

Suggests a family or kin/lineage groups.


6/75

Houses

Houses built of wattle-and-daub (Jaframework of poles covered with mand grass.

Covered with mud.

Roof - either thatch (for sloped roofsmud (for flat roofs).


7/75Jacal structure, Moon House Pueblo, Utah


8/75

Close up of

Jacal WallMoon HousePueblo,Utah


9/75Pueblo Grande, Phoenix


10/75


11/75


12/75

O'odham structure similar in design to

Hohokam pithouse (1901)


13/75

Snaketown

Located on Gila River

Estimated maximum 250acresSurrounding by farmland and smasettlements

Canals provided water for 70,000a

Estimated population 1,000to 3,000


14/75

Snaketown during excavation
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Ung8XbJGT66SzM&tbnid=7nh8Jjeyom8GgM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://archive.archaeology.org/1103/insider/phoenix_water_crisis_hohokam.html&ei=NYNlUpf4G6zc4APPxIDACg&bvm=bv.54934254,d.dmg&psig=AFQjCNFlkKCK6Q5KLygPUoK42sW0e-H15A&ust=1382470812238961


15/75

A.D.9751150Snaketown grewHousing according to status

Central plaza2installations identified as ballcourts time of excavation

The ballcourts were 60 meters long, 33

meters apart, 2.5 meters highOval shaped in plan and bowl shapedprofile with curved sides


16/75

Some archaeologists argued the un

embankments on the long sides areunsuited for ball games.

However, they correspond perfectl

Papagos dance floors used for theiVikita ceremonies into the 1930s


17/75


18/75


19/75

Casa Grande Ruins National Monum

Between 1150and 1200Hohokam began withdraw from surrounding villages into towhich became walled population centers

1300s began to build Great Houses.Casa Grande (in Phoenix) consists of the ru

multiple structures surrounded by a compoWide-scale irrigation farming

Extensive trade connections which laste

about A.D.1450
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=vM2941a1kUzH1M&tbnid=q1WA-p0lFCajrM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cagr/adhi0b.htm&ei=d4JlUuz6G9L64AOvkYGQBw&bvm=bv.54934254,d.dmg&psig=AFQjCNGyfZn9yb3bzz_XBS16_jOyXrEtgg&ust=1382470640272264


20/75
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=vM2941a1kUzH1M&tbnid=q1WA-p0lFCajrM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cagr/adhi0b.htm&ei=d4JlUuz6G9L64AOvkYGQBw&bvm=bv.54934254,d.dmg&psig=AFQjCNGyfZn9yb3bzz_XBS16_jOyXrEtgg&ust=1382470640272264


21/75

Are these great houses examplesChiefdom?

Segmentary Societies can coalesce as aChiefdom

This does not always happen

Chiefdoms are ranked or stratified socie

Hereditary Chief with religious dutiesHigh ranking warriors

Ritual Centers

Fortified towns surrounded by walls


22/75

Walls completely or partially enclosed of contiguous plazas/courtyards

Each courtyard contained 14largerectangular adobe-walled pitrooms, poassociated with several utility structure

communities characterized by relativelcompact clusters of 525adobe-wallecompounds.


23/75


24/75

Compounds grouped around a sinvery large and well-built compoun

often had some form of large comstructure, such as a platform mounGreat House.

Great Houses up to four stories,

Were probably used by the manaor religious elites.

May have also been constructed towith astronomical observations.


25/75


26/75


27/75


28/75

Santa Cruz Red-on-buff jar,Burden-carrier motifs Hohokam,Gila Bend Province,ca. A.D. 850-950Colonial Period A.D. 775 to 975

Four Mile Site,Painted Rock Reservoir,Maricopa Co., Arizona


29/75

Bell-shaped shoulder olla

with diagonal, geometricbands and scroll.A.D. 950-1150.Sedentary Period A.D.900 -1150.Southern Arizona,Hohokam;Sacaton Red-on-buff.

Examples of Hohokam Ceramics various time p


30/75

Examples of Hohokam Ceramics, various time p


31/75

Examples of Hohokam Ceramics, various time p


32/75

HohokamShell JewleryShell was from theGulf of California

Sedentary PeriodA.D. 900 -1100


33/75

Clay dog figurinesColonial Period

A.D. 500 - 900


34/75

Stone Palettes

Began as flat stonesused for mixing or

pulverizing soft paintpigments.

Later palettes mayhave not been used to

mix paint, but insteadwere used to grindhallucinogenic plants.


35/75

Ancestral Pueblo (Anasa


36/75


37/75

PUEBLO I and II

Pueblo I: 700 - 900 A.D.Pueblo II: 900 - 1150 A.D.

Pueblo I


38/75

Pueblo I

Increased use above ground architectur

Rectangular rooms made of jacal.

Toward end of Pueblo I, shift from jacal rectangular masonry rooms.

Arranged as end to end blocs of rooms.

Evidence used as habitation includes hedomestic artifacts

Other special activities like food prep anmanufacture.

Larger Villages


39/75

Larger Villages

Arc shaped

Pit houses

Above ground roomblocks

Exceptionally large pithouses used as Kivas

Middens

Pueblo I Villages


40/75

Pueblo I Villages

All Villages of the Period:

Near good water sources.

Large populations, 100 or more people.

Short term occupation. Formed during

peak periods of rain, abandoned duringdrought.

Housing


41/75

Housing

Pit houses deeper, roofs level with gro

Entry through roofLarge ventilation shafts


42/75

Pit Houses

Interior layoutstill similar toBasket Maker IIIpit houses

However, noside entrypassage


43/75

Pueblo I Ceramics

Corrugated Vessels

by 850A.D.

Continued useLino Gray


44/75

White MoundBlack on White

700-900A.D.Sand tempered

Fine straight linesGeometric designs

Ki t thl


45/75

Kiatuthlanna

A.D. 850-950Stairstep Patterns ofparallel lines.

Similar to white mound.

Temper different.

Crushed ceramic sherds.

Black painted rim.


46/75

Red Mesa Black on White


47/75

Red Mesa Black on White

Late Pueblo I, earlyPueblo II

A.D. 850-1050Sand tempered

Covered with brightwhite slip.

Decoration fine whitelines, solid triangles,

spirals dots

Hunting Technology


48/75

Hunting Technology

Small arrowpoints

Cast of a tanged point

found near WallaceRuin, Montezuma,Colorado.

Pueblo I People


49/75

Pueblo I People

Begin to use a new cradle board.

New board deforms heads of infants.

Does not cause damage to mental facu

Begins new fashion style.

For awhile archeologists thought this m

a new population moving in .but research has shown it was the sampopulation with new binding techniqu

the cradle boards

P bl II A D


50/75

Pueblo II 900-1150A.D.

Drought in late Pueblo I forces peofrom the northern Colorado Plateauinto the Chaco Canyon Region.

Many Villages in the Mesa Verde reare abandoned, but region still retasome population.


51/75

By 1100, climatic conditions better, p

return to area and settle in scatterfarmsteads with a community cent

Community Centers were large buthat were used for public ceremon

M V d d W t


52/75

Mesa Verde and Water

During Pueblo II some Mesa Verdepeoples began to build waterreservoirs on the tops of the Mesa

One incorporated into Far ViewVillage on Chapin Mesa.

M V d d W t


53/75

Mesa Verde and Water

The reservoirs and ditch systems Mesa Verde were dedicated asHistoric Civil Engineering Landma

on 26September 2004

M L k F Vi


54/75

Mummy Lake/Far View

Stone-lined reservoir.approximately 90feet in diameter12feet deep.It was used to store the domestic wsupply.


55/75


56/75

Far View Reservoir/Mummy Lake

Mummy Lake/Far View


57/75

Mummy Lake/Far View

Two construction periods.

Between A.D. 900and 1100(Pueblo

And between A.D. 1100and 1300.

Filled through a gap on the west e

Mummy Lake/Far View


58/75

Mummy Lake/Far View

Possible a ditch ran from lake to caimmediately above Spruce Tree Ho

Ditch possibly used to transportirrigation water five miles betweenFar View complex and Spruce TreeHouse.


59/75


60/75

Diversion Ditch

Mummy Lake

Mesa Verde

Irrigation


61/75

Irrigation

Irrigation begins to be used durinthis period.

Check dams and terraces used forwater control, also soil conservat

Prevents topsoil from washingaway.


62/75

Pueblo II Diet


63/75

Pueblo II Diet

Crops still maize, squash and bea

Wild plants and animals supplemdiet.


64/75


65/75

Unit Pueblo" Form


66/75

Unit Pueblo Form

Great deal of architecturalstandardization across very largregions

Standardization reflected in way

individual rooms and otherarchitectural features were built.

Farmsteads consisted of:


67/75

Farmsteads consisted of:

one-story room block. a plaza area. a small, underground kiva.

Many early room blocks jacal.Later room blocks masonry.

Used both as dwelling and storagerooms.

Farmstead Housing


68/75

Pueblo II Pottery DesignsM V d R i


69/75

Mesa Verde Region


70/75

Ceramics

Corrugated warescontinue to be made

Seed Jar

Chaco Canyon, New Mexico


71/75

Local Production

Continued to makeblack on white pottery

Mineral Black-on-WhiteChaco Canyon, N.M.

T d W


72/75

Trade Wares

Extensive trade networksare developed

Ceramics from San JuanRegion of southern Utah,northern Arizona found inChaco Canyon

Abajo Black-on-Orange

Lithic TechnologyP i t t h d d h t


73/75

Points are notched and have tangs

Sh f S h


74/75

Shaft Smoother

Chaco CanyonAD 750-1150

Ground Stone Axe


75/75

Chaco Canyon , AD 1050-1100

Documents

Village to Town