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Paper 2: Challenges in the Human EnvironmentSection B: The changing economic world
Economic futures in the UK
How has the economy of the UK changed?
Types of employment:Write in the correct definition. You will gain more from this exercise if you write it out – the point is you need to remember this for your examination rather than just getting it done so you don’t get detention.
Primary industry Secondary industry Tertiary industry Quaternary industry
High level skills and education – pharmaceutical developer
Extracting materials from the ground – farming/agriculture
Taking the raw material and making it into something else – industry
Providing a service to people – solicitor
Describe how the industrial structure of the UK has changed (the types of work people do) from 1841 to 2011. Hint: Describe changes in each sector – include increase/decrease/fluctuate, rate of change, use numbers.
Primary industry changes
Secondary industry changes
Tertiary industry changes
Quaternary industry changes
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These pie charts show the UK’s changing employment structure. Compare the use of pie charts with the line graph you have described above. Which is easier to read and why?
I think the pie charts/line graph is a better way of showing the UK’s changing employment structure because…..
Why has the economy of the UK changed?
Globalisation: How has this changed the UK economy?Identify the positives and negatives of globalisation on the UK economy. Use colour or symbols.
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De-industrialisationUnscramble the words:This is the decline of a country’s traditional (M N A U F C A T R I U N G) _______________________industry due to the exhaustion of raw (M T E A R A I L S) _______________________, loss of (M R K A T E S) _________________ and competition from NEEs.
Impact of deindustrialisation on the UK economy
Use the information on the map below to answer these questions:Where did the shipbuilding industry move to?Why was the steel industry affected by the loss of the shipbuilding industry?How were the chemical and coal industries linked?Why are there no coal mines left in the North East of England?
Negative multiplier effect of de-industrialisationAdd the following labels to the diagram below:shops leave money more decline
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Look at the more detailed diagram showing the negative multiplier effect. Follow the information through and write down/highlight one example of how de-industrialisation can have an impact on area.
How has the government responded to de-industrialisation?
Government response ExampleImprovements to transport infrastructure to encourage economic growth
Encouraging foreign investment from large transnational companies.
Regional development agencies in areas of de-industrialisation.
Complete the table above using these statements: (no need to write out the website addresses)Watch the YouTube clips.
Japanese car manufacturer Nissan opened a car plant near Sunderland (northeast UK) in 1986. It now employs 7000 people.
London Docklands Development Corporation (1981-98)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2THOiPFvZmcEmployment has changed from secondary (manufacturing) to tertiary/quaternary.
London Crossrail https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S36fHqXWKdwHS2 – high-speed rail connectionshttps://www.theguardian.com/uk/video/2013/jan/28/hs2-high-speed-rail-promotional-video
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Post industrial economy
Below is the Clark Fisher model. Use the model to explain the employment structure of a post industrial economy.Hint: Employment structure means the type of jobs people do.
A post industrial economy has….
Post Industrial London (used in Section A Urban Issues and Challenges)
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/nov/27/tech-city-digital-startups-shoreditch
Click on the link above and find out how the economy around Shoreditch’s Old Street roundabout has changed.a) Explain why it is called Silicon
Roundabout.
b) Name two businesses found here
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Development of information technology
The use of IT has transformed the way that people live and work. It is one of the main reasons why the UK has moved to a post-industrial economy.
Computers allow large amounts of data to beThe internet enables people to communicate with each otherTechnology continues to develop at aMany people can access the internet using theirComplete the table above using these statements:smart phones and tablets. rapid pace (e.g. high speed
broadband)stored and accessed very quickly.
instantly across the world.
IT developments have affected the UK in a number of ways:
Internet access enables people to
Many new businesses are directly involved with IT, manufacturing hard ware andThe IT sector employs over
The UK is one of the world’s leading digital economies, attracting business and investment fromComplete the table above using these statements:1.3 million people. abroad. work from home. designing software.
Service industries and finance (includes banking, insurance, securities dealing and fund management)
Why has the UK developed into a major global financial centre?
Facts about London: ExamplesGood transport connections (road, rail and airports):
Highly skilled workforce – many world renowned universities
London is a centre for media and communication networks , legal and medical facilities, culture, entertainment and tourism.Between the two other major financial centres:
Complete the table above using these statements:BBC, Harley Street and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
Heathrow and Gatwick airports in London
Universities of Oxford and Cambridge
New York, USA and Tokyo, Japan.
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Business parks
Business parks are purpose built areas of offices and warehouses.
The M4 corridor is home to hi-tech industries (e.g. Microsoft, Vodaphone, Sony). It is estimated that the M4 corridor produces 8% of the UK’s economic output (the same as Birmingham and Manchester combined)!
Add these labels to complete the explanations for why the M4 corridor attracts hi-tech industries:M4 cheaper countryside world universities
Google and Vodaphone have moved from the M4 corridor to London (maybe Silicon Roundabour in Shoreditch). They have a young workforce who see urban living asThere are more similar companies in London to
This is the second generation of hi-tech industry and they require lessComplete the table above using these statements to explain why these TNCs have moved to London:space than the first generation did. more attractive. swap ideas with.
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Cambridge Science Park
Read the information below to complete these questions:
How many technology and biotechnology companies are now based there?What motorway is it close to?How far from London is it?Abcam is a successful biotech company that started in Cambridge Science Park. Give two facts about the successes of this business.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cambridge as a location for industry?Organise the statements below into advantages/disadvantages. You will gain more from this exercise if you write it out – the point is you need to remember this for your examination rather than just getting it done so you don’t get detention.
Advantages Disadvantages
Good transport links including the M11 motorway to London and Stansted Airport.
The city is overcrowded and congested, making it difficult to drive or park.
Graduates from university provide a highly educated workforce.
Road and rail routes need to be improved to speed up connections to other cities apart from London.
There are good links between colleges and industry, helping to develop new business ideas.
There are few traditional industries to complete for space so rents are low.
House prices are high and still rising, making it expensive to live there.
The city offers a good quality of life, with plenty of shops and open spaces.
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Use the map on the next page to draw a sketch map to show the location of Cambridge Science Park (grid square 4661):You must include: M11, A10, A14, Cambridge Science Park and Cambridge city centre. Use a pencil. Watch this if you are unsure how to draw a sketch map:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbLd9xgNgQQ
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Use the map above to complete this table:Watch this if you cannot remember how to find 6 figure grid references:https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_3250369451&feature=iv&src_vid=AJVxgWttUdY&v=N0uwalsS1ag
Grid reference What is found at this grid reference
Explanation – why would this mean companies would choose Cambridge as a location for their business?
452589
487585
480623
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Impacts of the car industry on the physical environment
More than 1.5 million cars are made in the UK every year, mostly by foreign owned TNCs such as Nissan, Honda and BMW.
Add the following headings to these environmental impacts of the car industry:
Disposal Fuel consumption (use)
Manufacture Resources Air pollution
Most cars run on petrol or diesel which are both obtained from oil. This can cause many environmental problems. Drilling for, shipping and refining of oil can cause oil spills and endanger ecosystems.
Cars consume a lot of energy before they are driven. Manufacturing a car uses as much energy as it will consume in its lifetime on the road.Cars are made from a range of resources including steel, rubber, glass and plastics. Manufacturing and transporting these resources uses energy.
Burning petrol and diesel produces carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. The particulates released also cause respiratory (breathing) problems .
At the end of their life cars end up in scrap heaps.Some components of cars are hard to recycle (plastics) and acids from old car batteries can leak into the environment.
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How can the car industry be made more envi ronmentally sustainable?
What does this diagram show us about CO2 emissions from cars in the UK?
Action by Nissan This is sustainable because…..Use your own ideas – how do these things mean our actions today will have less impact on future generations?
19,000 solar panels and 10 wind turbines save the equivalent of 3,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide annually (the equivalent of 31,374 vehicles a year).The solar farm was developed and installed within the loop of Nissan’s vehicle test track in SunderlandThis is a quote from Nissan: “Renewable energy is fundamental to Nissan’s vision for the future”.
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Has the car industry been successful in reducing the impacts on the physical environment and becoming more sustainable?
How the car industry has become more sustainable Describe what the graph shows (use numbers and describe the rate of change)Explain how this shows the car industry has become more sustainable.
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The North–South divide. Watch this YouTube clip: http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/gcsen/EW_UK_North_South_divide.php
The North-South divide refers to real or imagined cultural and economic differences between:
The South of England = South East, Greater London, the South West and parts of Eastern England
The North of England = Yorkshire, the Humber, the North East and the North West and the rest of the UK.
Use the map below and complete the table to give evidence that there is a North-South divide in the UK.
Measure Describe the inequalities between the North and SouthDo the maths to show the difference if possible.
Government spending per personLife expectancyAverage house pricesUnemployment
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Look at the regions in the table below. Complete the key and then colour in each region the correct colour:Key
Part of the NorthPart of the South
Use information from the table above to complete this table:Measure Describe the inequalities between the North and South
Include numbers/differencesAverage payPoverty
Do these maps support North-South divide? Give evidence from the map to support your opinion.Are there any anomalies (areas that go against your main opinion)?
Use this website to help you if you are struggling with the task above.http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/gcsen/EW_UK_North_South_divide.php
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What strategies can be used to reduce the inequalities between the North and South?
Assisted areasThe UK government have identified areas that need special help to provide money for new businesses.
To what extent does the map below support the idea of a North-South divide in the UK?
Use the scale below to help you answer ‘to what extent’. Use evidence from the map in your answer.
The map does/does not suggest a North-South divide because….
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Lots of evidence of a North South divide (there are more assisted areas in the North than South)
Little evidence of a North-South divide (assisted areas are equal between the North and South)
What strategies can be used to reduce the inequalities between the North and South?Money has been invested in transport improvements (you will investigate this more in the next section)
Improvements to the M62 and the proposed new HS2.
Circle the M62 on the map below:
What strategies can be used to reduce the inequalities between the North and South? Unscramble the letters to complete the sentences:Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)
Identify business needs in a local area and encourage companies to invest so jobs will be created which will boost the local economy. This is called the(P S O I I T V E) _____________ multiplier effect.
Enterprise Zones Establish new (B S U I E N S S E S) ____________________________ in areas where there were none. Government does this by ensuring superfast (B D A R O B N A D) _________________, giving allowances for machinery and buildings, making regulations simpler to (S E P E D) _________________ up the process of new businesses opening.
What strategies can be used to reduce the inequalities between the North and South?
The Northern Powerhousehttp://www.coolgeography.co.uk/gcsen/EW_UK_North_South_divide.phpUse the website above to answer these questions:
What’s the motto of the Northern Powerhouse? Hint: look for the quote marks “ “.What regional core cities does the Northern Powerhouse aim to link together?Why do they want to link these urban areas?Give the three main ways they are going to try and achieve equality between the North and South.Give two reasons why some people are against the Northern Powerhouse idea.
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The place of the UK in the wider world. Links through trade, culture, transport, and electronic communication
TRADEWhich countries are the UK’s main trading partners?Main trading partners for exportsMain trading partners for imports
How does this table make it easy to see which countries are our main trading partners?
Why do we trade with so many European countries? Use your own knowledge and ideas for this.
Transport
The flight routes from Heathrow on the map below reflect the parts of the world with which the UK has the most links. Choose at least one destination and suggest a reason for it being one of the most popular routes from Heathrow airport.
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CultureCulture is used to describe the values and beliefs of a society or group of people. It’s about what makes a society special. The global importance of the English language has given the UK strong cultural links with many parts of the world. Pretty much wherever you travel you will hears music, read books and watch films from the UK.
Use the following link to complete the table below:https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/top-tv-exports-british-shows-4663729
British TV programme Non-UK country where it is popular
Electronic communication
99% of all internet traffic passes along a multi-billion-dollar network of submarine high-power cables. Electronic communication is a vital part of the global economy and fast reliable connections are essential.
Identify the main concentrations of cables (where there are a lot of cables) – circle/highlight their locations on the map.
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The UK’s economic and political links with the European Union (EU)
Describe the distribution of countries that belonged to the EU:
Description of distribution:
Before 2000By 2004By 2007By 2013
How many countries make up the European Union?
Complete this key and then highlight each point on the diagram below:Positive effects of the EU on the UKNegative effects of the EU on the UK
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The UK’s economic and political links with the Commonwealth
The British Empire once covered about 1/3 of the world’s land surface. It was described as ‘the Empire on which the sun never sets’ because it was always daytime somewhere in the Empire. Since many countries became independent from the British Empire the UK became a member of the Commonwealth.
Facts about the Commonwealth: 53 countries that mostly used to be part of the UK colony (so English is a common language) Voluntary group Home to 2.2 billion people The Commonwealth Games are held every 4 years (The 2014 games were held in Glasgow) The main benefit is cooperation between countries. It promotes democracy, good government, human rights and trade between members. Afghanistan was suspended twice when under military rule and Zimbabwe for many years for violent
elections. Migration from Commonwealth countries to the UK was encouraged after World War 2 to fill gaps in the
workforce.
Complete this table using the map below. You might need to remind yourselves of the NEEs (Hint: BRICs and MINTs – find them in your book or Google them)
Commonwealth HICs Commonwealth NEEs Commonwealth LICs
Describe the distribution of the Commonwealth countries (e.g. Evenly distributed? Clusters? Types of countries?)
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