The modern day staff is made up of 5 lines and 4 spaces. They are named from the bottom to the top.

12345

1234

The first seven letters of the alphabet are used to name pitches (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G).

The treble or G cleftells us the music will be higher.

The bass clef or F cleftells us the music will be lower.

E G B D FF A C E

A C E GG B D F A

do re mi fa sol la ti do

SOLFEGE

OCTAVE: two pitches that are the same syllable or letter, 8 notes apart.

whole note4 beats soundtoe-wah-wah-wah

half note2 beats soundtoe-wah

quarter note1 beat soundtah

eighth note (single)1/2 beat of soundtah/tee

44

44

44

44

two eighth notes beamed together

dotted half note= 3 beats sound= toe-wah-wah

3

eighth note triplets- three eighth notes that together= 1 beat sound (each eighth note is equal in value 1/3 of a beat)= tah,tay,too

whole rest4 beats silence(rest-rest-rest-rest)

half rest2 beats silence(rest-rest)

quarter rest1 beat silence(rest)

eighth rest 1/2 beat of silence(rest/rest)

44

44

44

44

Tempo= the speed of the music(tempo is measured in beats per minute by a metronome)

40 60 66 76 108 120 168 200

largobroad, veryslow & dignified

larghettoa little faster than largo

adagioslow

andantemoving along, walking pace

moderatomoderate speed

allegroquick, lively & bright, cheerful

prestovery quick

ritardando getting slower

accelerando getting faster

Dynamics= the volume or how loud/soft the music is

pianissimo (pp)

piano (p)

mezzopiano (mp)

mezzoforte (mf)

forte (f)

fortissimo (ff) very loud

loud

medium loud

medium soft

soft

very softcrescendogradually louder

decrescendo or diminuendogradually softer

Articulation= the attack, suspension, and decay of the note

.>-legato

smooth & connected;full value

tonguedstart note with

tongue;normal

accentedstress or emphasis;

strong

staccatoshort, separated

2= two beats per measure4= quarter note receives the beat

3= 3 beats per measure4= quarter note receives the beat

6= 6 beats per measure8= eighth note receives the beat

time signaturestwo numbers stacked on top of each other found at the beginning of the staffafter the clef sign and key signature

4= the top #= number of beats per measure4= bottom #= note value that receives the beat

4= 4 beats per measure4= quarter note receives the beat

= common time= same as 4 4

= flat= lowers pitch 1/2 step

= sharp= raises pitch 1/2 step

= natural = cancels a sharp or flat

E

E

D

D

24

time signature

treble clef

key signaturemeasure= the information between the bar lines

one measure repeat

bar line breath/phrase mark

'

fermata= hold longer

double bar line= end of music

tie= same pitch;add values together

repeat sign=play again

INSTRUMENT FAMILIES

Woodwinds- any instrument in which the air is blown across a surface where the air hits splits and vibrateso Flute

o Oboe

o Clarinet

o Saxophone

o Bassoon

o Bass clarinet

o Recorder

o Piccolo

o English horn

Brass- any instrument that requires the lips to vibrate into a mouthpiece to create the soundo trumpet

o trombone

o French horn

o Euphonium/Baritone

o Tuba

o Sousaphone

Percussion- any instrument that you must strike, shake or scrape to create the vibrationso Snare drum

o Bass drum

o Cymbals

o Xylophone/ marimba

o Timpani

o Bongos

o Guiro

o Maracas

Strings- any instrument where the strings vibrate by bowing, plucking, or strummingo Violin

o Viola

o Cello

o String bass

o Acoustic guitar

o Harp

o Mandolin

o Ukulele

o Electric guitar

o Electric bass

VOCAL CLASSIFICATIONSVocals refer to the singing voice and are classified into the following: male/female, child adult, and young/old

Voices are also classified into soprano, alto, tenor, and bass (from highest to lowest) according to their range.

Good Vocal Technique: good posture (what you do with your body to prepare- sitting up straight and tall or standing straight and tall), air support, clear tone (articulating words), maintaining the correct pitch

COMPOSERSWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1792)

Salszburg, Austria Musical family- could play piano @ 4 and toured with sister and father at 6 Classical Played piano, harpsichord, and violin Wrote hundreds of pieces of music including: 16 operas, 41 symphonies, 25

masses, etc. Eine Klein Nachtmusik, Requiem

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

Rohrau, Austria Non-musical family- moved at age 6 to relatives house not to see family again Sturm und Drang, Classical, and popular music style Played piano, harpsichord, violin, and sung Prankster in life and music Wrote more music than any other composer of his time Sym. No. 101 “Clock”, Sym. No. 94 “Surprise”

Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Bonn, Germany Father was musical taught his son about music

Classical and Romantic Played piano, violin, cello Started going deaf in his 20’s Wrote lots of music for piano and for other instruments that wasn’t as common at

the time Sym. No. 5, Moonlight Sonata

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Born in Germany Musical style- Baroque Played: organ violin, viola, and harpsichord He became an orphan; both parents died when he was 10 years old Lived with Johann Christoph Bach Wrote much of his music for the church Married twice and had 20 children Musical pieces: “Musical Offering,” “Well-Tempered Clavier,” “Toccata and Fugue in

D minor,” and “Brandenburg Concertos”

ANTONIO LUCIO VIVALDI (1678-1741) Italian Style-Baroque Had asthma, so played the violin Studied to become a priest Because of red hair, was nicknamed “Il Prete Roso” or “The Red Priest” Worked at an orphanage for 30 years Music considered playful Famous music “Le Quattro Stagioni” (The Four Seasons) Funeral took place at St. Stephens Cathedral where a young Haydn was singing in

the choir

MUSIC VOCABULARY Steady beat- a constant pulse or beat in the music with the same amount of silence

between each beat. | | | | | | Pattern- information that is repeated the same way over again, so you can predict

what is coming next. Strong & weak beat- the tendency of the music to have stronger emphasis on some

beats and less on others. It helps to create meter in music (4) |…|… (3) |..|.. (2) |.|.

Patriotic music- music that shows love for one’s own country. Form- the overall patterns found in a piece of music: call/response,

question/answer, verse/refrain, ABA, ABAC, etc. Melody- the main tune of a piece of music; it’s how you know what the song is Folk music- music that is about regular people, their lives, villages, families, and

celebrations. It is usually an oral tradition (learned by ear). Rhythm- the movement of the music within the steady beat. Solo- only one person singing or playing an instrument. Unison- more than one person singing or playing the same part. Harmony- the singing or playing of two or more different pitches at the same time. Ostinato- a repeated rhythmic or melodic accompaniment. Composer- a person who writes music. Conductor- a person who leads or directs the ensemble.