usmagroundschool.files.wordpress.com · Web viewRegina F Parker Created Date 02/24/2014 13:40:00 Last modified by Regina F Parker Company United States Army

Aviation Club Navigation Jeppesen Chapter 9

Chapter 9Navigation

Section A- Pilotage and Dead Reckoning1. Line of Position (LOP) – line of possible positions, one of which is the airplane’s actual

positiona. Fix – intersection of two different lines of position. Establishes your position

2. Pilotage- navigating by visual landmarksa. Checkpoints – landmarks to guide you in your course

3. Dead Reckoning – based on calculations of time, speed, distance, and direction4. Leg – a segment of a cross-country flight5. Isogonic Line – gives local magnetic variation. Dashed magenta lines. ‘west is best (+),

east is least (-)’ 6. Magnetic Course = True Course +/- Magnetic Variation7. Magnetic Heading = Magnetic Course corrected for Wind8. Compass Heading = Magnetic Heading corrected for Compass Deviation 9. VFR Cruising Altitude Rule

a. Applies if > 3000 feet AGLb. VFR aircraft on magnetic course 0-179˚ must fly at odd thousand-foot altitudes

plus 500 feet MSL (e.g. 3500 ft MSL, 5500 ft MSL, etc.)c. VFR aircraft on magnetic course 180-359˚ must fly at even thousands plus 500

feet MSL (e.g. 4500 ft MSL, 6500 ft MSL, etc.)10. Fuel Requirements

a. Day VFR flights must carry enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing, and to fly after that for an additional 30 minutes

b. Night VFR flights must carry a reserve of 45 extra minutes11. Flight Plan

a. A request that the FSS initiate a search for you if they have not heard from you by a certain time

b. Includes destination, route of flight, arrival time, number of people aboard the plane

c. Activate the plan once your are airborned. Close the Flight Plan with the nearest FSS or other FAA facility upon landinge. Lost Procedures

i. 121.5 MHz emergencyii. 5 Cs Climb, Communicate, Confess, Comply, Conserve

Section B- VOR Navigation1. VOR = Very high frequency omnidirectional range 2. More than 1000 VORs in service3. Very High Frequency (VHF) 108.00-117.95 MHz4. Line of Sight5. Transmit Radials in all directions6. Types

a. VOR – course guidanceb. VOR/DME– course guidance and distance information


c. TVOR – Terminal VOR, located on an airport, designed to be used within 25 nm and below 12000 feet AGL

d. LVOR – Low altitude VOR, up to 40 nm from station, between 1000-18000 feet AGL

e. HVOR- High altitude VOR, 40 nm up to 14500 feet, and 100 nm between 14500 and 18000 feet

7. How to Usea. The Course Direction Indicator (CDI) is designed to point toward your desired

course. i. Scale underneath CDI needle shows how far you are off course, with each

dot representing a deviation of 2 degreesb. When the CDI needle is centered with a TO indication, the radial you are on is the

reciprocal of the course set by the OBS. c. To determine which course takes you to a VOR from a specific location on a

sectional chart, plot the course and note where it intersects the VOR compass rosed. As you reach a VOR station and fly over it, the TO indication disappears and is

replaced briefly by any one of a variety of indications, depending on your equipment. (e.g. red/white barber pole)

i. This area over station in which TO-FROM indicator changes is called the “cone of confusion”

e. Trackingi. Maintain your selected course by keeping the CDI needle centered.

ii. Use technique called ‘bracketing’ to stay on course. Apply wind correction.

Section C- ADF Navigation1. ADF = Automatic Direction Finder2. NDBs = Nondirectional Radio Beacons

a. Low/medium frequency (L/MF) signals 190 kHz to 535 kHzb. NOT line of sight c. ‘Homing’ to the stationd. Limitations

i. Thunderstorm Effectii. Precipitation Static

iii. Terrain Effectiv. Shoreline Effect

Section D- Advanced Navigation1. Global Positioning System (GPS) – space-based radio positioning, navigation, and time-

transfer system developed and maintained by the DoDa. 24 total satellitesb. Minimum of 5 satellites always in viewc. Minimum of 4 satellites needed to pinpoint three-dimensional fixd. Standard Error = 15 meters


FAA Flight Exam Questionshttp://www.webexams.com/exam/browse?exam=150 [Check: H346]http://www.Exams4Pilots.org [Check: H981, H983, H987, H989]

1. Which cruising altitude is appropriate for a VFR flight on a magnetic course of 135˚?A. Even thousandsB. Even thousands plus 500 feetC. Odd thousands plus 500 feet

2. Which VFR cruising altitude is acceptable for a flight on a Victor Airway with a magnetic course of 175˚? The terrain is less than 1000 feet.A. 4500 feetB. 5000 feetC. 5500 feet

3. Each person operating an aircraft at a VFR cruising altitude shall maintain an odd-thousand plus 500-foot altitude while on a A. magnetic heading of 0˚ through 179˚B. magnetic course of 0˚ through 179˚C. true course of 0˚ through 179˚

4. Refer to figure 23. Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from Sandpoint Airport (area 1) to St Maries Airport (area 4). The wind is 215˚ at 25 knots, and the true airspeed is 125 knots. A. 169˚B. 349˚C. 187˚

5. Refer to figure 23. What is the magnetic heading for a flight from Priest River Airport (area 1) to Shoshone County Airport (area 3)? The wind is from 030˚ at 12 knots and the true airspeed is 95 knots. A. 143˚B. 118˚C. 136˚

6. Refer to figure 23. Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from St Maries Airport (area 4) to Priest River Airport (area 1). The wind is from 340˚ at 10 knots and the true airspeed is 90 knots.A. 345˚B. 320˚C. 327˚

7. Refer to figure 24. Determine the magnetic heading for a flight from Allendale County Airport (area 1) to Claxton-Evans County Airport (area 2). The wind is from 090˚ at 16 knots and the true airspeed is 90 knots.


A. 208˚B. 230˚C. 212˚

8. Refer to figure 24. Determine the compass heading for a flight from Claxton-Evans County Airport (area 2) to Hampton Vanville Airport (area 1). The wind is from 280˚ at 08 knots, and the true airspeed is 85 knots. A. 033˚B. 042˚C. 038˚

9. Refer to figure 52. If more than one cruising altitude is intended, which should be entered in block 7 of the flight plant?A. Initial cruising altitudeB. Highest cruising altitudeC. Lowest cruising altitude

10. Refer to figure 52. What information should be entered in block 9 for a VFR day flight?A. The name of the airport of first intended landingB. The name of destination airport if no stopover for more than 1 hour is anticipatedC. The name of the airport where the aircraft is based

11. Refer to figure 52. What information should be entered in block 12 for a VFR day flight?A. The estimated time en route plus 30 minutesB. The estimated time en route plus 45 minutesC. The amount of usable fuel on board expressed in time

12. How should a VFR flight plan be closed at the completion of the flight at a controlled airport?A. the tower will automatically close the flight plan when the aircraft turns off the runwayB. the pilot must close the flight plan with the nearest FSS or other FAA facility upon landingC. the tower will relay the instructions to the nearest FSS when the aircraft contacts the tower for landing

13. Refer to figure 24. What is the approximate position of the aircraft if the VOR receivers indicate the 320˚ radial of Savannah VORTAC (area 3) and the 184˚ radial of Allendale VOR (area 1)?A. Town of GuytonB. Town of SpringfieldC. 3 miles east of Marlow

14. Refer to figure 24. On what course should the VOR receiver (OBS) be set to navigate direct from Hampton Varnville Airport (area 1) to Savannah VORTAC (area 3)?A. 200˚B. 183˚


C. 003˚

15. When the course deviation indicator (CDI) needle is centered during an omnireceiver check using a VOR test signal (VOT), the omnibearing selector (OBS) and TO/FROM indicator should readA. 180˚ FROM, only if the pilot is due north of the VOTB. 0˚ TO or 180˚ FROM, regardless of the pilot’s position from the VOTC. 0˚ FROM or 180˚ TO, regardless of the pilot’s position from the VOT

16. Refer to figure 30. What magnetic bearing should the pilot use to fly TO the station?A. 010˚B. 145˚C. 190˚

17. Refer to figure 30. Determine the approximate heading to intercept the 180˚ bearing TO the stationA. 040˚B. 160˚C. 220˚

18. Refer to figure 30. Which ADF indication represents the aircraft tracking TO the station with a right crosswind?A. 1B. 2C. 4

19. Refer to figure 30. What outbound bearing is the aircraft crossing?A. 030˚B. 150˚C. 180˚

20. How many Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites are required to yield a three dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and time solution?A. 5B. 4C. 6

Answer Key:1. C 6. C 11. C 16. C2. C 7. A 12. B 17. C3. B 8. B 13. B 18. C4. A 9. A 14. B 19. A5. B 10. B 15. C 20. B


Figure 23


Figure 24


Figure 52

Figure 30


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usmagroundschool.files.wordpress.com · Web viewRegina F Parker Created Date 02/24/2014 13:40:00 Last modified by Regina F Parker Company United States Army