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Equality
Match Columns:
Column I Column I
(i) Equality (a) Dalit writer
(ii) Omprakash Valmiki (b) Start of midday meal scheme
(iii) Year 2001 Article 15
Answer: i - c, ii - a, iii – b
≡ CHAPTERS Geography
History Equality
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Healthcare
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State Government
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Boys & Girls
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Women Empowerment
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Mass Media
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Advertising
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Markets
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Shirt Market
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Tawa Matsya
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Fill in the blanks:
_________ changed the course of American history with one defiant act.
Answer: Rosa Parks The Dalit writer who described his experiences on inequality in his autobiography
is _____
Answer: Omprakash Valmiki One of the more common forms of inequality in India is the ____.
Answer: Caste system The _________ scheme is one of the steps taken by the government to reduce
inequality.
Answer: Midday meal
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Rosa Parks was an _____a. Indianb. Americanc. Africand. African-American
Answer: (d) African-American2. Universal adult franchise means every adult has a right to vote irrespective of
his/hera. Educational backgroundb. Economic backgroundc. Religiond. All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above3. The basis/bases for inequality is/ are ______
a. Genderb. Economic statusc. Religiond. All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above4. The mid-day meal scheme was first implemented in the state of ____a. Keralab. Tamil Naduc. Maharashtrad. Madhya Pradesh
Answer: (b) Tamil Nadu5. Who is the father of the Indian Constitution?a. Mahatma Gandhib. Jawahar lal Nehruc. B.R. Ambedkard. A. B. Bajpayee
Answer: (c) B.R. Ambedkar
Equality
Short Answer Type Questions
What is universal adult franchise?
Answer: Universal adult franchise is a very important aspect of democracy. It means that all adults (those who are 18 and above) have the right to vote irrespective of their social and economic backgrounds.
What is the condition of the African-Americans despite legislations to stop inequality?
Answer: In spite of legislations to ensure equality, the African-American continued to be extremely poor and could afford to attend only the government schools which were lacking in facilities and well-qualified teachers.
≡ CHAPTERS Geography
History Equality
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Healthcare
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State Government
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Boys & Girls
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Women Empowerment
ooooo
Mass Media
oooooo
Advertising
ooo
ooo
Markets
ooooo
Shirt Market
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Tawa Matsya
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What is the challenge of democracy?
Answer: No country can be described as being completely democratic. There are many communities and individuals persistently pushing for greater recognition of equality in existing and new issues.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Define dignity.
Answer: Dignity refers to the thinking of oneself and others as worthy of respect.2. What is the civil rights movement?
Answer: It is the movement that began in the 1950s in which the African-Americans demanded equal rights and an end to racial discrimination.
3. What do you mean by Constitution?
Answer: This is a document that lays down the basic rules and regulations for the people and the government in the country to follow.
4. What are the ways in which the government implements the equality concept?
Answer: Through the laws and through the government programmes/schemes.5. What is the major factor that would help in reducing/eliminating inequality?
Answer: The change in the mindset and attitude of the people where nobody considers the other person as inferior; is the basic requirement for reducing/eliminating equality.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Describe the benefits of the midday meal.
Answer: The following are the benefits of the midday meal scheme:o Increased attendance in schools: More and more students have started
enrolling and attending school because of this scheme.o Uninterrupted work for mothers: previously the mothers had to leave their
work and attend to/ feed their kids when they came home for lunch but after this scheme was implemented there is no need for them to do so.
o Reduction in caste prejudices: children from all castes and classes sit together and eat their meal, and in many cases dalit women are employed to cook the meal.
o Better concentration in studies: when the poor students are not hungry, they can concentrate and study better in the school.
2. Describe the provisions in the Indian Constitution regarding recognition of equality.
Answer: Regarding equality, the following are the provisions in the Constitution:o Equality before law: Every person right from the President of the country
to a daily wager; have to obey the same law.o No discrimination based on caste, class, religion, gender, race, place of
birth.o Equal access to public place: All people have equal right on public places
and amenities like playgrounds, markets, shops, roads, wells etc.o Abolition of untouchability.
3. Describe the struggle for equality faced by the African-Americans initially.
Answer: In the United States of America, the African-Americans whose ancestors were slaves who were brought over from Africa, had faced lot of discrimination and unequal treatment. One of the discriminatory practices they faced in their daily life was that they had to offer their seat in the bus whenever any white person wished to sit. One of the cases of such discrimination and resultant agitation is as follows:Rosa Parks was an African –American. After a hard day at work she was
travelling by bus. She refused to offer her seat to a white man. Her refusal to offer her seat in the bus to a white man on 1 December 1955 started a huge agitation against the unequal treatment meted out to the African-Americans.
Equality
NCERT Solution:
In a democracy why is universal adult franchise important?
Answer: A democratic government is the government of people. It should be fairly elected by the people. Every adult citizen should have the right to elect his/her representative through popular vote. Universal adult franchise gives equal voting rights to every adult citizen and does not discriminate on the basic of any social or economic factor. Hence, universal adult franchise is important for a true democracy.
Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which this Article addresses inequality?
Answer: The two ways in which Article 15 addresses inequality are as follows:
a. It prevents discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, etc.b. It allows access to public places for all citizens irrespective of religion, caste, gender,
economic status, etc.
In what ways was Omprakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansaris?
Answer: Both Ompraksh Valmiki and the Ansaris had to face discrimination because of a particular social section in which they were born. Both had to suffer an attack on their dignity.
What do you understand by the term “all persons are equal before the law”? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer: This means that nobody is above the law. The same law applies in the same sense to every individual. Since in a democracy where the leaders are the elected representatives of the people (as opposed to dictatorship or the practice where the legal heir rules), equality before law is very important.
The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society. The government has to provide free education
and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools, etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps.
Fig Ref: NCERT textbookLook at the photograph and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building more accessible for him? How would his being carried down the stairs affect his dignity as well as his safety?
Answer: In this case, the above law is not being implemented. There is no ramp in the building which can enable a wheelchair bound person to safely access the facilities in the building. There should be a proper ramp so that a disabled person can access the facilities without getting a helping hand from someone.
It may look appealing that the body is being carried down the stairs. The security personnel may appear like good human beings. But this must have hurt the dignity of the boy. Moreover, there is always a risk of the body getting injured in the process.
Healthcare
Match Columns
Column I Column I
(i) Health (a) Registered Medical Practitioner
(ii) RMP (b) Prone to illness
(iii) Lack of ventilation (c) Free from anxiety
Answer: i - c, ii - a, iii – b
Fill in the blanks:
1. _________ is the full form of OPD.
Answer: Out patient department2. The government must safeguard the _____ of every person.
Answer: Right to life3. Foreigners who come to this country specifically for medical treatment are called
____.
Answer: Medical tourists4. _____ is an activity/service that is organized with profit motive.
Answer: Private
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Communicable diseases are spread through _____a. Waterb. Foodc. Aird. All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above2. Public means an activity or servicea. Meant for all people in the countryb. Mainly organized by the governmentc. Meant only for the poor peopled. Both a and b
Answer: (d) Both a and b3. In 1996, the ______ government passed some major changes regarding healtha. Maharashtrab. Keralac. Andhra Pradeshd. Haryana
Answer: (b) Kerala4. PHC stands for ____a. Preventable health centreb. Primary health centre
c. Primary health councild. Poor’s health centre
Answer: (b) Primary health centre
Healthcare
Short Answer Type Questions
How can we improve the overall health condition of the people in India?
Answer: The government has to take steps to improve the healthcare services especially aiming at the poor and underprivileged sections of the society. Improvement in the basic amenities and social conditions of the people will go a long way in improving their health conditions.
Describe the health – finance struggle faced by the poor in India.
Answer: For those who are poor, every illness causes a lot of anxiety and stress because they have to borrow money/sell their possessions for paying their medical bills. They also tend to fall ill repeatedly because of malnourishment and lack of basic health and sanitation facilities.
Write briefly about health.
Answer: Being healthy means much more than having no disease. It includes removing the factors that contribute to ill health like accumulation of stagnant water in the surroundings, lack of basic sanitation facilities, dirty surroundings, polluted air etc. It also includes good mental health.
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1. Define public health service.
Answer: Public health service is a chain of health centres and hospitals run by the government.
2. What are the types of health care facilities available in India?
Answer: Public service and private health facility.3. What is a private health facility?
Answer: Private health facility is owned by an individual or company and not by the government.
4. Give the basic definition of health.
Answer: Health, in layman's terms is the ability to remain free of illnesses and injuries.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Describe the steps taken in India and Costa Rica regarding health.
Answer: Kerala: Some major changes were made by the Kerala government in 1996. The panchayats were allocated forty per cent of the state budget. This enabled the panchayats in planning and providing for their requirements well. This helped the village to make sure that proper planning was done for water, food and women’s development and education.
Costa Rica: Costa Rica is amongst the healthiest nations in South America. This could be possible because of an important decision made by the Costa Rican government. Many years ago; Costa Rica decided not to have an army. It was assumed that instead of wasting the money on armed forces, it was more important to spend that on public health, education and on other basic needs of the people.
2. Write a note on equality from health perspective.
Answer: In India, there is no equality in terms of healthcare facilities.o There are many private facilities but they are out of reach for most the
people.o Only 20% of the people can afford to pay their medical expenses.o Many villages do not have access to even basic healthcare facilities.o The number of doctors in government hospitals is not enough to take care
of the huge mass of poor people.o Women usually do not get priority in terms of medical care.
3. Write in detail about healthcare in India.
Answer: India produces the largest number of doctors every year but majority of them prefer to settle in urban areas. The government has put in place a system of hospitals at different levels; right from villages to urban centres. Doctors of various speciality are available in these hospitals. Apart from giving treatment, these hospitals also do the necessary work to prevent many epidemics.
But the number of doctors and hospital beds in government hospitals is not enough to take the load of huge number of sick people. Due to this, a person has to wait in long queues in government hospitals. Many small villages are far away from hospitals and people often have to trek for miles to reach hospital.
Apart from government hospitals, there are many private hospitals. But most of
the private hospitals are in big cities. In small cities, many doctors run their private clinics. Treatment in private hospitals is highly costly. Doctors in private hospitals often prescribe too many medicines and tests which may not be required at all.
NCERT Solution:
What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer: To provide healthcare for all, the government should take following steps: Setting up and monitoring the quality of the public health services in all areas. Proving basic amenities like clean drinking water, good infrastructure etc.
In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.
An important part of the Constitution says it is the “duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.”
Answer: Living Standard: This means the condition in which people are living. It includes the level of wealth, comfort and material goods available to people.
Public Health: The general level of health among the people can be termed as public health. Efforts at ensuring public health include various measures which are taken to provide clean drinking water, to provide basic sanitation and to provide healthcare services.
What differences do you find between private and public health services in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these.
Answer:
Facilities Cost of Services Availablity of services
Private Very high Adequate
Public Free or nominal Inadequate on of poor quality
‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.’ Explain with the help of examples.
Answer: Many diseases happen because of drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated food. Poor sanitation is responsible for most of the communicable diseases. For example; diarrhoea, jaundice, cholera, etc. happen because of contaminated food and water. Similarly, dengue and malaria happen because of living in unhygienic conditions. These diseases can be easily prevented by improvement in water and sanitation. Thus, it can be said that improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.
State Government QnA
Fill in the blanks
1. MLA stands for _____.
Answer: Member of Legislative Assembly2. ______ is a particular area from where all the voters living there choose their
representatives.
Answer: Constituency3. Majority is also called a ________.
Answer: Simple Majority4. All MLAs (from the ruling party/opposition) meet and discuss things is the
_________.
Answer: Legislative Assembly5. Each state is divided into different areas or ____.
Answer: Constituencies
Match Columns
Column I Column II
(i) Chief Minister (a) Head of State
(ii) Discussion of Issues (b) Legislature
(iii) MLAs (c) Press Conference
(iv) Governor (d) Executive
Answer: (i) - d, (ii) - c, (iii) - b, (iv) - a
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The word ‘government’ in common usage refers toa. Government departmentsb. Various ministers heading the government departmentsc. both a and bd. none of the above
Answer: (c) Both a and b2. The overall head of the government in a state is thea. Prime Ministerb. Governorc. Chief Ministerd. President
Answer: (c) Chief Minister3. ______ appoints the Chief Minister and other ministersa. Presidentb. Former Chief Ministerc. Prime Ministerd. Governor
Answer: (d) Governor4. The Chief Minister is a part of the _____a. Legislatureb. Executivec. Judiciaryd. none of the above
Answer: (b) Executive
State Government QnA
Short Answer Questions:
What is opposition?
Answer: Opposition refers to the elected representatives who are not members of the ruling party and who play the role of questioning the government decisions and actions as well as raise new issues for consideration in the Assembly.
How is the cabinet formed?
Answer: The chief minister is elected by the MLAs of the ruling party. The chief minister then selects other people as ministers. The Governor of the state appoints the chief ministers and other ministers after the elections.
What is a constituency?
Answer: Every state is divided into a number of areas or constituencies. A particular area from where all the voters living there choose their representatives is called a constituency. This could, for example, be a panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Give examples of constituency.
Answer: A panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA.2. Define majority.
Answer: This is a situation where more than half the members of a group support a decision or idea.
3. What is Legislature?
Answer: All MLAs who gather together in the legislative assembly are called the Legislature.
4. Some MLAs have dual responsibilities. What are they?
Answer: Responsibility as an MLA and also as a minister.5. Name some government departments.
Answer: Public works, education, health and agriculture departments
Long Answer Type Questions:
1. Describe the working of the government.
Answer: The people in power like the chief minister have to take steps for solving problems of drinking water, sanitation etc. They do so through various departments.
The government can also decide to make new laws for the state for example regarding sanitation and health facilities. For instance, it may make it compulsory for the municipal corporation to ensure that there are adequate toilets in each area. The act of making new laws is made in the legislative assembly of each state. The implementation of these laws is done by the various government departments.
2. Who is an MLA?
Answer: Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are elected by the people. They represent people. Each state in India has a legislative assembly. Each state is divided into different areas called constituencies. From each constituency the people elect one representative who then becomes an MLA. These MLAs belong to different parties. A political party whose MLAs have won more than half the number of constituencies can be said to be in a majority. The political party that has majority is called the ruling party. All other parties are called the opposition. The chief minister is elected by the MLAs of the ruling party. The chief minister then selects other people as ministers. Some MLAs have dual responsibilities: as an MLA and also as a minister.
State Government
NCERT Solution
Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected?
Answer: Since a constituency is a particular area from which all the voters living there choose their representatives; an MLA is the elected representative of the people of a particular constituency. Constituency is the area represented by a particular MLA.
How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.
Answer: The chief minister (who is elected by the MLAs of the ruling party) selects other people as ministers. Some MLAs have duties as MLAs as well as ministers.
Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?
Answer: Since a democracy works on a participative basis, the members can ask questions and debate on the decisions of the ministers. All the decisions have to be approved by the members who have the main authority.
What was the problem in Patalpuram? What discussion/ action was taken by the following? Fill in the table.
Answer: In Patalpuram there was shortage of drinking water and the condition of the district hospital was pathetic. It was overflowing with patients suffering from diarrhoea.
Public Meeting: demand for bringing the health situation in control. Legislative Assembly: supply of water tankers and ORS packets and clearing
up of garbage. Press Conference: instructing collectors and the chief medical officers to take
urgent measures. Supply of drinking water to every village through tanker trucks and also steps to clear the garbage.
Chief Minister: visit to the families who have lost their near and dear ones due to illness, compensation to the families. Asking a high level committee to look into sanitation needs, and public works minister to take care of water supply to the region.
What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments?
Answer: The making of laws is done by the legislature i.e. MLAs. Implementation of these laws is done by the government departments.
Boys and Girls QnA
Match Columns
Column I Column II
(i) Girls (a) Try new tricks with bicycles
(ii) Central courtyard (b) Go to home in groups
(iii) Boys (c) Girl's school
Answer: i – b, ii – c, iii – a
Fill in the blanks:
1. _____ involves standing long hours in front of the gas stove.
Answer: Cooking2. Double burden literally means ______.
Answer: Double load3. It is mandatory for organizations having more than ___ women to have crèche
facilities.
Answer: 304. Women’s work is often _____
Answer: Devalued5. The government has set up many ____ in the villages of our country.
Answer: Child care centres
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Women typically laboura. Inside the home onlyb. Outside the home onlyc. both inside and outside the homed. only as maid servants
Answer: (c) both inside and outside the home2. The people employed as domestic help area. womenb. young boys and girlsc. young girls onlyd. both a and b
Answer: (d) both a and b3. Many homes, particularly in ______ employ domestic workersa. Rural areasb. townsc. citiesd. both b and c
Answer: (d) both b and c4. The work women do is _____a. Not strenuous at allb. strenuousc. physically demanding
d. both b and c
Answer: (d) both b and c
Boys and Girls QnA
Short Answer Questions
What are the main features of household work?
Answer: Household work is invisible and unpaid work. It is often de-valued. It is physically demanding and very strenuous. It is also very time consuming.
How are girls and boys brought up in most of the societies?
Answer: The kind of toys given to boys is cars; bikes etc. and the ones given to girls are dolls. Girls are expected to be soft-spoken and well mannered. Boys are expected to be tough and assertive. Girls are expected to do all household work.
Write a note on the scenario in Madhya Pradesh in the 1960s.
Answer: From class VI girls and boys went to different schools. The girls’ school had a courtyard where they played in seclusion. They often went to home in groups for security reasons. The playground of the boys’ school was attached to the school. They used to idle around or try new tricks with their bicycles, after school hours.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Define identity.
Answer: It is a sense of self-awareness of who one is. A person can have many identities. For example, a person can be a girl, sister and a teacher.
2. What is the meaning of care-giving?
Answer: It refers to a range of tasks that are related to looking after and nurturing. It involves giving both physical and moral support.
3. Give examples of household work that involve bending and lifting.
Answer: Washing clothes, cleaning, sweeping and picking up loads.4. Define the term de-value.
Answer: It is a feeling that a person gets if he/she does not get recognition for the work done/effort put in by him/her.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Write a note on government’s efforts to ensure equality for women.
Answer: Equality is an important principle in our Constitution. But in reality, inequality on the basis of gender exists. The government is therefore committed to understanding the reasons for it and taking steps to solve it. For example, it understands that the responsibility of home and child-care falls on women. This therefore has an impact on whether girls can attend school, whether women can go for work or what kind of work they can take up. As a remedy to the situation, the government has therefore set up anganwadis or child-care centres in many villages in the country. It has also passed laws that make it mandatory for organizations that have more than 30 women employees, to provide crèche facilities. This helps women to take up employment outside home and girls to attend schools.
2. Write a note on growing up in Samoa.
Answer: The salient features of the Samoan society as per research reports are as under
o Children did not go to school. They learnt household work and things like how to take care of other children from older children and adults.
o As soon as babies learnt to walk; their parents/ other adults did not look after them. Both boys and girls as young as five years old looked after their siblings.
o As soon as the boys were almost nine years old, they joined the older boys in fishing and other outdoor activities like planting coconuts.
o Till they reached teenage, girls had to continue looking after children or do errands for adults. They had much more freedom once they entered teenage. After the age of around fourteen years, they went out for fishing, worked in the plantations, learnt how to weave baskets etc.
o Cooking was done in special cooking houses where boys did most of the work and girls helped with the preparations.
3. Write a note on domestic workers.
Answer: Many homes especially in urban areas, employ domestic workers. They do a lot of work including washing utensils, clothes, sweeping, mopping, cooking etc. Most of them are women, though sometimes even young boys and girls are employed for such work. The wages are low since domestic work does not have much value. But their life is very challenging. A domestic worker’s day may start as early as 5 in the morning and end at midnight! In spite of taking so much effort, the domestic workers are generally treated in a very inhumane way by their employers.
Boys and Girls
NCERT Solution
Make a list of toys and games that boys typically play and another for girls. If there is a difference between the two lists, can you think of some reasons why this is so? Does this have any relationship to the roles children have to play as adults?
Answer:
Games played by boys: cricket, football, toy cars, bows and arrows, etc. Games played by girls: dolls, kitchen set, badminton, hopscotch, etc.
The difference between the two lists is because of prejudices in the society. Most of the people do not consider girls and boys are equal. This has a deep relationship with the role which boys and girls have to assume when they grow up. Men are usually supposed to go out to earn money. Women are supposed to stay at home to take household work and to take care of children.
Consider the following statements:
a. Household work is invisible and unpaid workb. Housework is physically demanding.c. Housework is time consuming.
Write in your own words what is meant by the terms ‘invisible’, ‘physically demanding’, and ‘time consuming’? Give one example of each based on the household tasks undertaken by women in your home.
Answer: Invisible: It is a work which is noticed only when it is not done. In other words, if household work like cleaning, organizing things etc is not done properly, the house looks as if it has been hit by a hurricane.
Physically Demanding: It requires a lot of effort to do household work. Work like sweeping, mopping, washing clothes etc is very strenuous.
Time Consuming: Household work takes up a lot of time of women. It hence leaves them with very less time for leisure. Cleaning the house, attending to children etc are non-stop tasks.
Are the statements given alongside true or false? Support your answer with the use of an example
a. All societies do not think similarly about the roles that boys and girls play.
Answer: True – the roles that men and women play are not valued equally. Most of the societies devalue the role of women. In some places like Samoa it is the reverse i.e. most of the cooking (which is otherwise considered a female’s job) is done by boys. Hence no society thinks similarly about the roles boys and girls play.
b. Our society does not make distinctions between boys and girls when they are growing up.
Answer: False – Right from toys that children play with, boys and girls are treated differently. Boys are given cars and girls are given dolls to play with. Even the way of dressing and mannerisms expected of a girl and boy; are very different.
c. Women who stay at home do not work.
Answer: False – women are continuously engaged in household work with no time for leisure. If a household woman goes for strike their quantum of work would be understood by the family members.
d. The work that women do is less valued than that of men.
Answer: True – It is considered that household work comes naturally to women and hence they need not be paid for it. It is devalued.
Women Empowerment QnA
Match Columns
Column I Column I
(i) Campaigning (a) Individual and collective struggle of women
(ii) 1961 census (b) Passing of new laws
(iii) Women's movement (c) 40% literacy among boys
Answer: i – b, ii – c, iii – a
Fill in the blanks
1. The Education Survey of 2003-04 revealed that, the dropout rate from school was the highest in the ____ level.
Answer: Secondary2. The murder of young brides by the husband and in-laws due to the demand of
dowry is called ______.
Answer: Dowry death3. ____ is the act of not treating people equally or with respect.
Answer: Discrimination4. Women’s role in families where pottery, weaving, etc. were taught was of _____
nature.
Answer: Supportive
Multiple Choice Questions
Domestic violence involvesa. Physical violence onlyb. Mental violence onlyc. Violence inside the housed. All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above Different strategies have been used in the women’s movement toa. Spread awarenessb. Seek justicec. Fight discriminationd. All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above Select an example of pressure from the family and societya. Unfair teasingb. appreciationc. demands from adultsd. both a and b
Answer: (d) both a and b India has a census every ___ yearsa. 5b. 10c. 18d. 20
Answer: (b) 10
Women Empowerment QnA
Short Answer Questions
What is stereotype?
Answer: It refers to the belief that people belonging to a particular religion, community, gender, etc. have certain traits and can do only a certain type of work. For example; if a girl or a boy is told to chose a particular subject for higher studies just because of his/her gender and not interest or aptitude; it is called creating a stereotype.
Write briefly about the present scenario of schooling and education.
Answer: Many boys and girls attend school today. The literacy rate has gone up but the gap between the education levels of girls and boys still exists. The drop-out rate of girls is very high especially in rural areas. This is due to the circumstances and the attitude of the family and society wherein girls are expected to take care of the house. It is also due to inadequate facilities at school like availability of toilets etc.
Describe briefly the opportunities and expectations that existed in the society in the earlier days.
Answer: The opportunities that existed earlier were very limited. Due to the attitude of the people which was of creating a stereotype, girls and boys were expected to study different subjects. Also because of the role that women play at home and the society, certain professions like that of a nurse, are presumed to be more suited for them. And many technical and lucrative jobs like that of scientists and engineers are expected to be taken up by boys. An example of rigid expectation by family is discouraging boys from crying in front of others at an early age itself.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Arrange the following in the decreasing order of the rate of dropping out of school:(based on the census of 2001and Education Survey of 2003-04) SC/ST girls, Muslim girls, Other girls
Answer: Muslim girls > SC/ST girls > Other girls2. Define violation.
Answer: It is an act of forcefully breaking the law or openly showing disrespect.3. What do you mean by the term literate?
Answer: A person is called literate when he/she can at least write his/her name.4. Define sexual harassment.
Answer: It refers to behavior (either physical or verbal) that is of sexual nature and against the wishes and dignity of a woman.
Long Answer Type Questions
What are the reasons of dropping out of school in the case of SC, ST and Muslim communities?
Answer: Following are the reasons for dropping out of school by SC/ST and Muslim communities
Lack of proper schools and teachers: In many parts of our country especially rural and poor areas proper schools and teachers who teach on a regular basis are not available.
Inaccessible: If the school is not close to people’s homes, and buses or vans are not available for transport, people will not be willing to send their girls to school.
Unaffordable: Many people are poor and unable to afford the cost of education. In such cases boys are given preference and girls are retained at home.
Discrimination: Discrimination and resultant harassment by teachers and classmates is also a reason for dropping out. An example is the Dalit writer, Omprakash Valmiki’s experience in his autobiography.
Write a note on the strategies used by the women’s movement.
Answer: Following are the strategies used in the women’s movement
Campaigning: Campaigns to oppose discrimination and seek justice were an integral part of the women’s movement.
Raising awareness: The first step in addressing any issue is to raise public awareness about it. The women’s movement did the same and spread the message through street plays, songs and public meetings.
Protesting: When any violation against women takes place, the women’s movement raises its voice against it. Some popular and effective ways of drawing public attention to injustices are public rallies and demonstrations.
Showing solidarity: Showing solidarity with other women and causes is also a part of the women’s movement. Women hold up candles to show solidarity between the people of our country and Pakistan. Every year, on August 14, many people gather at Wagah border and hold a cultural programme. Candle light vigils to protest against brutal cruelty shown to women are also very common.
What is the effect of campaigns in the women’s movement?
Answer: The impact of the campaigns is as under"
Passing of new laws: New laws have been passed as a result of the campaigns. In 2006, a law regarding domestic violence was passed. This law gave legal protection to women who faced physical and mental torture at home.
Guidelines against sexual harassment: In 1997, the Supreme Court passed guidelines to protect women from sexual harassment at workplace and within educational institutions.
Amendment in dowry laws: In the 1980s, there was a nationwide campaign against dowry deaths. Women groups spoke against the failure to take action against the people responsible for dowry deaths. They took to streets, approached courts, etc. This issue hence gained importance and became an important matter in the newspapers and in the society, hence leading to changes in the dowry laws.
Women Empowerment
NCERT Solution
How do you think stereotypes, about what women can do and cannot do affect women’s right to equality?
Answer: If there is a rigid view regarding what a woman can and cannot do, it restricts the right of a woman to have equal opportunity to explore her potential. It restricts them from nurturing and showcasing their talents and aptitude.
List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya.
Answer: Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya were ambitious women. They wanted to make an impact on the society. Ramabai could do this through the Mission she set up which is still active today. Rashsundari Devi and Rokeya went on to become writers. Rokeya’s education had an impact on the stories that she wrote which imagined places where women had the freedom to study, work and realize their dreams. Rashsundari Devi, through her own writing could give an opportunity to the entire world to know about the condition of women in those days.
‘Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education’. Re-read the last paragraph on page 62 and explain why this statement is not true.
Answer: Poor girls drop out of school due to the cost of education, family demands, lack of proper schools, teachers and transport facilities to school, etc. It is not due to their lack of interest in studies.
Can you describe two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used to raise issues? If you had to organize a struggle against stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, what method will you employ from the ones that you have read about? Why would you choose this particular method?
Answer:Protesting: In this method public rallies and demonstrations were held by women to raise their voice against violations of law affecting them.
Raising awareness: This helped in creating public awareness on women’s rights issues through street plays, songs and public meetings.
I will choose to spread the message by ‘raising awareness method’ i.e. through street plays, songs, etc. This is because through plays, song, etc. people can relate to the issue and understand it more easily than reading it in a newspaper. Since public meetings are interactive in nature, they are also an effective method of raising awareness about an issue.
