Unit 6 Vocabulary: Define the following vocabulary terms:

RNA

messenger RNA

ribosomal RNA

transfer RNA

Transcription

RNA polymerase

Promoters

Introns

Exons

Polypeptides

Genetic code

Codon

Translation

Anticodon

Gene expression

Mutations

Point mutations

Frameshift mutations

Mutagens

Polyploidy

Operon

operators

RNA interference

Differentiation

Homeotic genes

Homeobox genes

Hox genes

13.1 RNA (362-365)

The Role of RNA1. Complete the table to contrast the structures of DNA and RNA

Sugar Number of Strands BasesDNARNA

a. ______________ b. _______________ c. ______________

3. The master plan of a building shows how to build and place important parts of a building, such as walls, pipes and electrical outlets. On the building site, workers use copies of the master plan called blueprints to show them what to do. The master plan is kept in the office. Explain how mRNA works like a blueprint in constructing proteins. ______________________________________________________________________

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For questions 4-10, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

4. The process of using DNA to produce complementary RNA molecules is called ______________________.

5. The sequence of ______________ in mRNA complements the sequence in the DNA template.

6. In eukaryotes, RNA is formed in the ___________________ and then travels to the ___________________.

7. The enzyme ___________________________ binds to DNA during transcription.

8. RNA polymerase binds to regions of DNA called ___________________, which are “start” signals for transcription.

9. _________________ are portions of RNA that are cut out and discarded.

10. _______________ are spliced together to make the final mRNA.

13.2 RIBOSOMES and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (366-371)

The Genetic Code Use the diagram to answer Questions 1-7

1. What are the words along the outside of the circle?_________________________________________

2. What can you find by reading this diagram from the inside out?_________________________________________

3. For which amino acid is AAA a codon?_________________________________________

4. What is the codon for tryptophan?

_________________________________________

5. For which amino acid is GGA a codon?_________________________________________

6. What is the codon for alanine? _____________________________

7. What are the three other codons for alanine? __________________________________________________

8. What is the codon used to start protein synthesis? ____________________

Translation

Use the diagram to answer Questions 1-10.

9. What is the anticodon for leucine? _________

10. What is the codon for leucine? _________

11. List the amino acids in the order they wouldappear in the polypeptide coded for by this mRNA_________________________________________

12. What is the difference between transcription and translation? ___________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Complete the table to describe the steps in protein synthesis

Step DescriptionBeginning of translation

Assembly of polypeptides

Completing the polypeptide

14. Describe the role of rRNA during translation

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

The Molecular Basis of Heredity For questions 15-19, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left

________ 15. The instructions for assembling proteins are contained in the

a. genetics b. ribosomes c. exons d. introns

_______16. The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from

a. RNA to protein to DNA b. DNA to protein to RNAc. protein to DNA to RNA d. DNA to RNA to protein

_______17. An exception to the central dogma isa. the infection of a virus by a bacteriophageb. the ability of some viruses to transfer information from RNA to DNAc. the expression of different genes during different stages of developmentd. the translation of the codon into the anticodon of tRNA

_______18. The way in which DNA, RNA, and protein are all involved in putting the genetic information into action in living cells is calleda. translation b. transcription c. gene expression d. viral transfer

_______19. All organisms are mostly the same ina. the proteins they make on their ribosomes.b. how their proteins catalyze chemical reactions.c. the size of their genes.d. the molecular biology of their genes.

20. Whether the organism is a pea plant or a human being, the information in the DNA of the cell’s nucleus

directs synthesis of protein in the cytoplasm. Why, then, are pea plants and human beings so different?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

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13.3 MUTATION (372-376)

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13.4 GENE REGULATION & EXPRESSION (377-383)

1. How do prokaryotes conserve energy? __________________________________________________________________________________________2. How do DNA-binding proteins in prokaryotes regulate genes? __________________________________________________________________________________________3. What is an operon? __________________________________________________________________________________________4. What is in the lac operon in E. coli?__________________________________________________________________________________________5. What is the function of the genes in the lac operon of E. coli?__________________________________________________________________________________________6. What turns the lac operon off?__________________________________________________________________________________________7. How does a repressor protein turn off the lac operon?__________________________________________________________________________________________8. How does lactose turn on the lac operon?__________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Complete the table to describe the role of each regulatory region or molecule in the operation of the lac operon

Regulatory Region or Molecule What It Does

Repressor protein

Operator

RNA polymerase

Lactose

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

10. In what two ways is gene regulation in eukaryotes different from gene regulation in prokaryotes?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

11. What is a TATA box? What does a TATA box do?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. What are transcription factors and what do they do?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

13. Explain how gene regulation makes cell specialization possible.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

14. What is microRNA and how is it related to mRNA?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

15. Explain how the process of RNA interference works.

___________________________________________________________________________  

___________________________________________________________________________  

Genetic Control of Development ____ 16. As an embryo develops, different sets of genes are regulated by

A. mRNA & lac repressors B. operons and operators C. transcription factors and repressors D. promoters & operators

____ 17. The process through which cells become specialized in structure and function isA. transcription. B. gene expression. C. differentiation. D. RNA interference.

____ 18. Homeotic genes areA. regulator genes that bind to operons in prokaryotes.B. master control genes that regulate organs that develop in specific parts of the body.C. parts of the silencing complex that regulates gene action through RNA interference.D. base sequences complementary to sequences in microRNA.

_______ 19. What role do homebox genes play in cell differentiation? A. The code for transcription factors that activate other genes important in cell

development and differentiation B. They block certain gene expression C. They cut double-stranded loops into microRNA D. They attach to a cluster of proteins to form a silencing complex, which binds to and

destroys certain RNA

_______ 20. In flies, the group of homeobox genes that determines the identities of each segment of a fly’s body is the group known as

A. silencing complexes B. promoters C. operators D. hox genes

_______ 21. Clusters of Hox genes are found inA. flies only B. flies and frogs only C. plants only D. nearly all animals

_______ 22. The “switches” that trigger particular patterns of development and differentiation in cells and tissues are

A. mRNA molecules B. master control genes C. silencing complexes D. dicer enzymes

_______ 23. Metamorphosis isA. a series of transformations from one life stage to anotherB. the master switch that triggers development and differentiationC. the product of interactions among homeotic genesD. the process by which genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

24. Environmental factors can influence gene expression. Fill in the table below to show how organisms respond to conditions in their environment

Environmental Factor Influencing Gene Expression

How the Organism Responds

E. coli with limited food supplyNutrient availability

A tadpole in a drying pond

25. Many research studies have shown that different species may possess some of the exact same genes but show vastly different traits. How can that happen?__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

18. The diagram below shows a normal gene sequence and three mutual sequences of a segmentof DNA