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Escalation of troops in-country – 1960’s
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
U.S. Troops
Anti- War Demonstrations
Democratic Convention
Chicago, 1968
Student Protestors
Univ. of CA -Berkeley, 1968
Anti-War Demonstrations
May 4, 1970
National Guard called
4 students shot dead – 2 were not protesters
11 students wounded
Kent State University
Jackson State UniversityAn all-black college
May 10, 1970
2 dead; 12 wounded
Living Room WarVietnam was America’s first media
war.
From 1968-1975, media had unlimited access to military personnel and targets.
The media covered the protests and riots more than the military troops in harms way.
Living Room WarDue to the amount of video sent back
to the US, Americans got photos of the carnage and consequences.
This led to a decline in American morale and support of the war.
Paris Peace Accords, 1973Cease fire would begin Jan 27, 1973.
1.US troops and non-Vietnamese soldiers would leave South Vietnam.
2. SV, Viet Cong to decide on the type of government they want.
3.US POWs would be released.
4. Goal was re-unification of Vietnam
End of the WarLast American troops left South Vietnam on March 29, 1973
1975: North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam.
Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City
The Costs1. 3,000,000 Vietnamese killed2. 58,000 Americans killed; 300,000
wounded3. Under-funding of Great Society
programs4. $150,000,000,000 in U.S. spending5. U.S. morale, self-confidence, trust
of government, decimated
War Powers Act, 1973President must notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying military force
President must withdraw forces unless he gains Congressional approval within 90 days
And in the end…
If we have to fight, we
will fight. You will kill
ten of our men and we will kill one of yours, and in the end it will be you who tires of it.
Ho Chi Ho Chi Minh:Minh:
Lessons for Future Presidents
Wars must be of short duration.1.Wars must yield few American
casualties.2.Restrict media access to battlefields.3.Develop and maintain Congressional
and public support.4.Set clear, winnable goals.5.Set deadline for troop withdrawals.
Interesting Facts Average age of a Vietnam soldier was 22, not 19 as
is widely believed. There were 9 million active duty military during the
active war years of 1964-1973. 2 million served in Vietnam.
Only one-third of all soldiers who served were drafted.
91% of Vietnam vets are glad they served; 74% would do it again, even knowing the outcome.
As of January, 2004, there are still 1,875 soldiers still unaccounted for (MIA)
In the 1995 Census, 9 million Americans claimed to be Vietnam vets; however, in the 2000 Census, the actual survivor number is just over 1 million! So much for being baby-killers!