The town
China was partly destroyed when Chinese
forces invaded Vietnam in early 1979 The Vietnamese preserve the ruins as testimony
to what they call Chinese aggression
he Vietnam memori l
ill Washil1gtoll D C
was dedicated ill November 1982
was dedicated ill November 1982
 
struggle
  Ion  
an/Ia B  
auth   ~ awaiting
PhILIppine
land
S
roughout
Co y t e
southern part o Vietnam work in an area
defoliated by American herbicides during
the
in the area
war
the embalmed
the few
 
A re-education camp in southern Vietnam for former Saigo government officers
arrested after the war More than 5 political prisoners remain in
such camps
and
hunger.
Peasants at a cooperative the government euphemism for a collective farm in
southern Vietnam. The Communist auth rities were compelled to reverse the
collectivizatioll
programs
 
Young Vietnamese in Ho Chi Minh City continue to defy  socialist transformation.
nr
T-shirt is either a remnant from the American period or a new copy, and the
motor
scooters
are
fueled by black-market gasoline.
 rile mall/urs alld mores o the old regime corltilll/e   Ho Chi Minh City, formerly
Saigol/, despite
the omllll4llist
offsprirlg ofa   and a
Phnompenh
the Cambodian Commu-
have beer slaughtered
an attack against the Citadel irl Hanoi.
 
f 11 (1.1 killed as seen here, by lIIercetwries fighth/JZ Jor the Vietrlamese   December
Ilf i
A oll/w  
drille
late eighteenth century.
court oj
Indian than Vietnamese
II,III{CIII /I Y who
traveled
  1/1 .11 ideo. Zraphs.
early
tyrant.
l t j/ cqueHtly acted without
1I, I rel/ce 10 gOllernment
 111 1
execution by the
Vietnamese o Father
Borie a Catholic
missionary Relatillely jew
European priests were
up religious jerllor.
 
  nengraving of the Mekong made by a French exploratory expedition sian folklore
held that the river represented a sacred serpent that wound its way down from Tibet
into Southeast   sia
o
the steps
of  ngkorWat the great Cambodian temple The group believed that the Mekong
was a waterway to China and would thus serve  s a major trade route bu it was not
always navigable and thus poorfor trade
 
supported by Vietnamese auxiliaries, distinguishable by their bare
  , t, The fleeing forces   left) are Chinese who have invaded Vietnam to profit from the
/I II )S,
persuaded the French to
launch an attack against
industrial growth.
iI/dependence against Chirla in the third centllry  
Defeated
at
a
sacred
figure.
 
The economy of Vietnam like that of all Southeast Asia is based on the cultivation of
rice a
technique learned from the Chinese Crowing ri requires two factors: manual
labor alld water both plentifUl in Vietrlam
labor alld water both plentifUl in Vietrlam
 
  ,
front   their luxurious  Jilla   the
/ rly twel llierh
cerl/ury. The mall is wearillg his French decoratio l and Western
shoes.
Ilis wife s /ems firl,< ernails dl l/ott Iter  ,({amiliarity with mam/(/I
lahor.
 
A Vietnamese nationalist cartoon of the early 1930s depicts peasants routing French
colonial troops.   he peasants
mandarins, capitalists, and big landlords
Vietnamese prisoners being held in stocks after  n attempt to subvert a French army
garrison.   his plot, uncovered in 1907, led to the execution of several Vietnamese
nationalists and the incarceration ofmany others.
 
congress
in December 1920. It was here that the Communists broke away to form their own
party and
 
other
Communist
agents
in
their colonies The scene
ing in a local
operation
was
highly
successfttI
Ho Chi Minh addresses an audience in aris in
  946 prior to his departure
from the
 rench capital following the breakdown   negotiations. Behind him is Admiral
Thierry d Argenlieu
 
u.s. Office
jungles oj northern
 
  roundupof Vietnamese nationalists  y French troops in Saigon in late   945 he
city was torn by rioting  s Vietnamese nationalists tried
to
establishing colonial rule
Chi Minh agreed
to the return
of the French army to Hanoi in 1946 Troops are seen here re-entering the city. The
welcoming crowd was composed mostly   French residents
/946 as they moved to install their new government in northern Vietnam Ho Chi
Millil  l/ Id his followers organized various associatiorls-including this youth group
 
with General Leclerc  left)
and Jean Sainteny, a
gather momentum. The
right Pham Van Dong
religious sect founded in
the Mekong delta. Like
most religious cults in
Vietnam the Hoa Hao
rapidly developed into a
private army that operated
mainly for the benefit
religious sect with armed
troops of the organization.
them Jesus Buddha and
  The Light  h t  ailed
No Chi Mi h and his 1 1 l ~ f ommand pl mlitl the battle
of
Dienbienphu in their
jun.f Ie headquarters.
  t r(( IIt is Ge eral Vo Nguyetl Giap, commander oflhe
Viet ,;,,1, Jorces.
Frellc to be
where the
with
te1H1is.
war mOlH/ted to more tlla1l
  billioll.
Tassigny tile daslli g
FretlCh morale after
major advantage when
weapons and other assis-
tance directly Here he
  renchand their Vietnam-
ese auxiliaries Though
 
 he  ren h commmJder in IndochifJa meral   e JriNavarre {right} with a deputy
Major  meral Rene CogllY. Navarre s plan to pursue the Vietmi lh forces in the
hinterland led him to deploy French units in the remote northeastem valley of
Die lbienphu near the border of Laos.
 
  brokenhearted wom ,.
With the Vietminh shelling them from the hazy hills   the distm ce the French forces
at  ienbienphu tried to survive
itl
 Earthquake MeGoon,
killed at Dicllbiwphu. He
 /lid his copilot, Wallace
Hllfard, were shot down
jlyillg
Dienbietlplw. The
airstrip
The two mm had met se-
cretly beforehand and aid
tlement oj the war.
si ce the war agaimt the
French broke  tl jll
fcontaillingJ) Commlmism