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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/victory-as-a-coin-type-by-alfred-r-bellinger-and-marjorie-alkins-berlincourt 1/89
. E L L I N G R
K I NS E R L I N CO U R T
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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E S R V E D Y
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
G R MAN
N .G U C ST AD T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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T S AN D MO N O G R A H S
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S
eatiseson sub ectsrelating
y medalsanddecorations.
N CO M M T T E
E L L I NG R Ch ai rma n
.B U TTR E Y R .
O TT
STA F
S S R d it or
L S O N A ss oc ia te d it or
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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C T E S
GS 21
4
A T S 65
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/victory-as-a-coin-type-by-alfred-r-bellinger-and-marjorie-alkins-berlincourt 7/89
C T E S
ientcoinswaspartly anaesthetic
hoosingadesignwhichwouldade-
c e itwasalsopartlyamatterof
mbolism.Thesymbolmighthave
s likethetortoiseofA egina ora
headofAthenawhichappearsat
imes.Sometimesthesymboldis-
ofits particularoccasion some-
nd itc ontinuestoappealtodie-sinkers
msothat itlongoutlastsits ori-
mestohaveconnotations uite
g.Suchasymbolisthatof victory
tretc hesf romtheendof thesi th
esi thc enturyaf terChrist and
ikebec omes attheend aChristian
paperinthe aleGraduateSchoolbyDr.
rlinc ourt in1951. tsinitialpurposewastodiscover
eranceof theV ic toryof theRomanSenatewhic h
artinthe religiouscontroversyofthefourth
vedtobeanune pectedlyelusive uestionbut
theredalargeamountofinformationaboutthe
whichshepresentedasahistoryof thetype.There
tionsbothofformandofcontentin theinter-
aphsforillustrationhavebeencollectedto
escriptions. twouldnotbeeasy nowtosayhow
tispreciselyasshe wroteit.Sinceithasnot been
withhersinceherleavingNewH aven may
tedherpresentopinions andshecannotbe
mayhaveintroduced.B uttheworkisessenti-
tefulforherpermissiontomakethisuseof it.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
rsintheHomeric epic andismen-
yHesiod owesthesignific anc e
espec ially inH ellenistic andR oman
mythologynortoliterature butto
o d T h eo g on y p p. 8 f . N i ke i s i de n -
allas theTitan andSty , beinga
tosandB ia. Shewasnotc onsideredan-
eotherO lympiandeitiesnorwere
her.Conse uentlyherrealmean-
romvasesandcoinsthanfrom
mightbeeitherwarlikeor peaceful
substantivevikncanbe usedeitherfor
mofrivalry. romtheartistic
esclearthatsheisnot originally
butthebearerofit. Sheisnotdepicted
anbecompanionorattributeof
howereidentif ied asitwere w ith
then thatNikewouldbeassociated
gspecialorhighestprowessin war
ycloselyboundto Z eusandAthena.
herconnectionwiththehighestgods
d ofZ eusinthegreat cultstatue
ranceinthevasepaintingdepicting
e headofZ eusissufficientillus-
closeassociationofNike with
however bec onnec tedw ithotherv ic -
fore ample D emeter A phrodite
ertimes whensheisreferredtoasthedaughter
surethatsheisregardedasA thena-Nike.
eo ra ny co nt es t: l ia d I I , 4 9 X X I I I , 6 56 6 6 .
, 2 6 l at o a ws 6 41 A . n t he g am es : Th uc yd id es V I ,
mi an I , 1 , V I I V I ) 2 2 V I V ) 6 0. B a cc hy li de s B e rg k
favorablyonthechorus.
TheSculptureandSc ulptorsof theGreeks NewHaven
. .
em V , 4 9 I o .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e ontus ” orA phroditeStratonikos.
eresymbolof victorywithno
shelaterbecomesanindividualdi-
es suchasthewreathandpalm.
ermesand ris themessengersof the
orders maybecarriedwiththe
keasa cointype P L AT , ) is
. C . wheresheisc ertainly intended
hegames. Thef igureisshownwith
gtoruntothelef t inc onformityw ith
rdepic tingflight. Thec hiton ”
gsinasemi-circlebetweenthefeet
atueof thistypewouldre uire.
E rk l rungeinigenim ahreinsidlic henR uss-
werke Compte-renduedelaCommissionimp riale
a n n e 8 7 7 S t . e t er s bo u rg 1 8 80 p p . 24 6 — 2 62 .
V I I I , p . 3 4 .
TheTempleCoinsofO lympia Cambridge 1921.
a V I I I , X , X I . H e g i ve s p p. 1 3 , f iv e re as on s
O lympiaratherthanto lis. Hisargumentsand
m er D i e l g e ls t al t en d e r At h en a u nd N i ke a u f M n -
pp. 1 50esp. 24f . believesthatNikeoriginallybelonged
sculptorAchermosisallegedtohave madethe
ony . R aubitsc hek D edicationsf romtheAthe-
dge 949 pp. 484-487.
pp. 62 64discussesthedevelopmentof thef lying
ementthatthiswas theonlyattitudebywhic h
atthisprimitiveage ismistaken asthec on-
how.
stion whichSeltmandoesnotpursue ofwhether
m anactualstatuarymodel.Thereisnothing
ughitisnotnec essary noonec ouldassumeamodel
ontheobverse andmodelsinreliefwouldhave
onassupport. nanyevent latermodifications
die-sinkersemancipatedthemselvesfromthe
wasone.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
disthe wreathwithwhichthevictor
ngs e c eptthattheyaremore
ethoseof theeagleontheobverse w ith
ec ondaries andc overtse pressedby
lddivision.H erdraperyisdrawn
ether sheisaveryattractive
sfac torydesign asc heme asMiss
is ac onvention highlydec orative
utadmirablyservingitspurpose.
the right sometimestotheleft
ntiallythesame throughoutthe
is figureistheoneon anelec-
C y i c u s P L A T , 2 o f a wi n ge d
withheadturnedback. nher
hwhic histheregularsignofCy i-
ributesbywhichshemaybeidentified.
eenwellsays A narc haic c oin and
.C.500.Thefigurecanscarcelyre-
tionisinconsistentwithsuch anat-
tentiontorelatedsub ec tsonvases
ureon coinsattributedtoMallus
londoesnothesitatetocallitNik
esitf romthef iguref romMalluswhose
A T , ) , ” a nd w h om h e d ec l in e s to
esonitsrelationtothestatuef romDelos
geofCy ic us ondon 1887 reprintedf romNC
42 1 4 2 .
e t c. l . X V I , 7 . T hi s i s il l us t ra t ed i n st e ad o f t he s t il l
O - 2 c a .5 2 0 4 8 5 B . C . b e c au s e it i s s o mu c h cl e ar e r.
ngsisdatedbyH illca.485 425B .C.H eisdubious
s whichheretainsw itha uestionmarkout
yof mhoof -B lumer ibid. pp. c v iif .
g re c u e s et r om ai ne s a rt I , V o l . , a ri s 1 90 7
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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ns. However usthisargumentmay
epositionsatCy ic usandMallusis
suggeststhattheformer aswellas
chmoreaffectedbyorientalinfluence
. tisnotoriouslydif f iculttodatethe
aststudentof theseries urtReg-
rouptowhichour typebelongsfalls
andthereseemstobenoattemptat
nthatofGreenwood. tispossible
ic enepiec eisearlierthanthef irst
tishardlytoberegardedasthean-
eries.Asidefromthedifferenceof
ic us whateveritsinspiration isa
d diverseseries givingnoinfor-
thegoddessandsuggestingnosuch
at betweenNikeandthegames.
anatomyofthe5thcenturyled
gof thef igureatO lympia P L A T ,
however meantanabandonmentof
essingflight.ThisyoungerNikemay
ightingbuthardlyas speeding
matterofnogreatconcerntothe
rthesymbolwasnowsowellestablished
dnotobscureits meaning.The
s st a nd i ng a t r es t P L A T , 5 ,
ct o r s w r ea t h P L A T , 6 , s e a t ed
d P L A T , 7 a n d se a te d h ol d in g a
T , 8 , t h is b e in g t h e mo s t fa mo u s t he
ostperfectofthe Nikesofthis
naperiodwhic hSeltmandates on
s4 1 42 B . C . Theprev iousreverse
b el on gi ng t ot he s er ie s da te d 45 2 4 2 B . C . i s
ngtype andmeritsadetailed
ringalongchitonandpeploswrapped
G o ld s ch a t v o n r i nk i po ” Z f A 19 1 p . 5 n . 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
feetisseatedrightonas uare
herhead fac ingslightly isbent
tsitwithher lefthand herelbow
herrighthand hangingdown she
s.As Seltmansuggests heratti-
mpatiblew iththenatureof theO lym-
edescribedasmourning.Sincethereis
dnaturalistictreatment itisa
posethattheartist ishereindi-
ofGreeceatthe beginningofthe
sisthee tremeofvariation andit
hef igure c harmingasitis would
sNikee c eptforthec onnec tionw ith
ec essors. A nd indeed alltheposes
somearchai ingimitationsof it have
eofthewings.Thesebecomepurely
onalatall.Spreadwingson an
mheavenisaprettyfancy spread
n astonemaybestill apretty
ologicalabsurdity.Thefactthat
whatgreat freedomthedie-sinker
b ec t andhowmuc hmightbe
nsofdesign.
eralsub ect however iskept
nditisinterestingasrelatingnottothe
in buttoitsrecipient. V ic tory is
a butbyZ eus andv ictory isbe-
butontheindividualcontestants
heotherassociatedtypes— Z eus
erboltandtheeagle—e presstheaugust
holy place butNikeisa hopeand
ntwhomadehis waytothegreat
ds.
assosatisfactoryachoiceforthis
das atypeelsewhereinGreecepro-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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stead sheappearsinSicilyw ithare-
meaning.TheconnectionofSi-
wellknown. ndeed thesuggestion
velopmentofthe gamesfroma
elebrationwaslargelydueto them.
ecordedasearlyas themiddleof
of thatgreatcityhadshowntheir
yselectingachariotas thetype
boutthetimeof thefirstappear-
shewasintroducedontheSyracusan
n g ei t he r t he c ha r io t ee r P L A T I , )
T I , 2 . T h e c on n ec t io n w it h t he O l y m -
ye pressed. B utNikeismodified
meaning. nplaceoftherunning
ontalwhosewingsareeitherabove
I , 1 or b ot ha bo ve P L A T I , 2 . O n
t h e f i gu r e is n e ar l y up r ig h t P L A T I ,
thatof thealightingNikeofO lympia
. T he o t he r p os e h o we v er i s m uc h co mm o ne r .
sforthedesignas awhole butthe
ikeso satisfactory. twasnot
hcenturythat theremarkable
T h e W e st e rn G r ee ks p p . 9 f .
edatedbystylec a. 510-485B . C . wehavenoway
lympiaareearlier butthelogicofthe types
e thattheindependentfigurewastheoriginal
acusetheadaptation.Thedatingandarrange-
sthatof ric hB oehringer D ieM n envon
929. Weneednotassumeanypartic ularinc identtoac -
nceinSic ily butSeltman GreekCoins p. 74
espeaksof af ly ingNike whoseintroduc tionis
he archaichorrorvacuiratherthantoany
addei L aV ittoriainvolo ” taliaNumismatic a
c h1950 , p. 18 suggeststhattheinspirationforc oin
tingsofwhichthepicturesonvasesare minor
elihoodofhistheory hecitesinterestingparallels
talflyingNikesoftheSicilian coins.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
s convertedthefigure bycareful
fdrapery intoasatisfactoryre-
L A T I I , 6 .
ablefreedomwithwhichthetype
lysymbolismisclearandconsistent.
lympia preparedtoof ferherwreath
rhemaybe. Sheisshownintheactof
umph:thatofthechariotfrom
stherebymademorepointedand
dnotassumethatthecoinswere
tSyracusanvictoryoranyspecial
suf f icientthatsomeSyrac usanc hariot
eSicilianlordspresumedto borrow
eanad unc tof theirown.
sewasverypromptlyfollowedby
eontiniandGelawhocopyhertype
s.Amoreinterestingcaseisthat
a. ntheearly5thc enturytheywere
yrantA na ilas. Weknowthatit
citiescoinsshowingahareanda
gmentofAristotle preservedinthe
V , 7 5 t e ll s u s th a t An a i l as o f R h e g iu m
yforthefirst time andhaving
rsattheO lympic games putboth
coinsofR hegium.Thisvictory
480 whichissuitablestylistically.
thesametypesasRhegium butthe
edaNike aftertheSyracusan
I , 4 w h i ch t h e t a li a n ci t y ne v er d i d
5 .
wthesameoriginand meaning but
arsonan earlycoinofAcragas
6 . H e r e t h e un g ai n ly a t ti t ud e i s no t u nl i ke t h at
dis morelikelytohavebeende-
d e se e D u n b ab i n o p . ci t . p p . 8 7 3 9 8
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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thoseof O lympia.B utthesigni-
Nikehas noapparentconnection
orsheisnowusedasanad unc tnot
buttothecrabwhichis thenormal
urseitisnotimpossiblethatthere
yinthe gamesherecelebratedin
buttheeffectcertainlyisto give
edmeaningandtoseemfor thefirst
toapartic ularevent buttoaparti-
fferentthingfromherappearance
hasalreadybeenpointedout she
t tothecontests.
oddessunderanunprecedented
saman-headedbull representing
beneathhimaf ish above aheron
gnifyingthemarshesthroughwhich
Theearliestreverseis anoriginal
t to d e pi c t fl i gh t P L A T I , 7 . T h e
ight herwingsfillingthespace
heldstiffly beforeher.Thelower
ontalbranchwhic hsheholdsinher
ell.Theinscriptionrunsaround
eattitude isvariedona litraof
. C . wherethegoddessisshowntothe
spreadbeforeherandbehind w ith
L A T I I , 1 . S h e se e ms t o b ea r
thoughthesmallscalemakesit
andsoftenedversionisfoundon
oseobverseisa poorcopyof
fA rethusa Nikehashereaf illet
no ob ectinthefieldbeforeher
2 .
orythatthecrabwasthe cantingdeviceofthe
in uestionby . ac roi , R evuebelgedeNumis-
p .5 I I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
Catanastaterisusedbothwith the
cessor aNikestridingtothe left
a te I I , ) w h i ch c o nt i nu e s to b e t he
nH ieroofSyracusedrovethein-
edthetown snametoA etnaandintro-
dessmayhavebeenderivedfrom
mpia thoughherappearanceis
lusionof f lightisc reated. nstead
to meetthevictor.B utsheand
ndCamarinawouldseemto be
rsfromtheirparticulartowns
ned asatSyrac use tothec ele-
evenifitwerethe mostsplendid.
eirfilletsand palmsareofferedto
umphed.Aretheythentheim-
oddessofO lympia orhavetheya
withherowntownThedevelop-
f Catanaisclearevidencethat
ovethebackofthe bullsometimes
kethatovertheSyracusanchariot
i th a w r ea t h P L A T I I , 4 . H e r e
hatof theNikeunderthecrabof
cific.Coupledwiththegoddesson the
ndforetellsthatthefavorof Nike
Shehas becomeagoddesswhose
arplaceispermanent andwe
eis trueofCamarina.
ovationoccursatCatana.The
man-headedbullissometimes
neelingattitude butnottouc hing
athemustbec onsidered likeher an
roughtheair.Nowtheimport-
s madesufficientlyclearbythe
etypeonthesucceedingcoinsof
M o n et e gr ec he d el la S ic il ia l . X , 1 2 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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then mayperformthefunctionof
tisnot nownearlysoclearthat
elyemissariesofZ eus. tlooks
werebestowingvictoryaswellas
nofNikehasgrownmoregeneral
ed thecoinageofSicilybecame
Nike likeallothertypes wasaf fec ted
magination.Therearenobetter
tspecimensofearlyand late
ethanthe D emareteionof
I I , 5 , a nd t he s er ie s of d ec ad ra ch ms
ethedefeatoftheAtheniansin41
I I , 6 . W i t h ou t e mb a rk i ng o n t he b a rr e n di s -
erits wemayrec ogni ethatthe
increasedtheinterestofthe
nowdrawnwithgreatc are. tdoes
thathersignificancehasincreased.
hasbec omesoc onventionali edasto
hileNikehaddisappearedfrom
ardtheendofthe firstphaseofthe
21B . C . shec ontinuedtoac company
hetendencytomaintainasuc-
whichisanimportantelementin
arriedthisonethrougha periodwhen
gamesinthe eloponneseis
ableto serveforthegameswhich
ed.Thereisnopoint whichmarks
nwiththeO lympiangames socon-
kesimplyac uired byc onstantre-
lfunctionwhichmakesherasso-
sasappropriateas herconnection
c ulare perimentationwhic he -
nturythroughthe firsthalfof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
subsidiarytothetypeis wide-
nedchariot inwhichgalloping
walkingones isconfinedtoSicily
coinsof Acragas Camarina
Gela H imera eontini butnotafter
anormus Selinus ThermaeHimerensis
1925 no. 214 . Thesee hibitmany
therto therightorto theleft
rto theleft sometimesshecrowns
thecharioteer sometimesshe
ndsometimesafillet sometimes
arioteerbuthandingthewreath
Messanasheisabouttoputthef illet
whilesheoffersawreathto him
A T V , 1 . A m or e e t r em e va r ia t io n wa s
onat Syracuse.Thegoddess
eadsofthe twonearhorsesonthe
elebratedfacingheadforobverse
poseshowsherstandingon thereins
a P L A T V , 2 .
aryingdegreesofartisticeffec-
ifytheearlieridea ofNike.R eal
however.AtSyracusetheartist
ewithanastonishingdisplayof
ikeflyingoverthe chariotholdsnow
tatabletbearingthenameof vaine-
A T V , ) . O b v i ou s ly h er o r ig i na l f un c ti o n
n.Alessstartlinguse ofthetablet
hereitappearsabovethechariotwith
inthisc aseNikeherself isthe
echariotagainatGelawhenher
akenbyaneagle thate uivalent
A T V , 4 . i na ll y a t Ca ma ri na N ik e
oteer butthisis nownomortal
se l f P L A T V , 5 . n t h e il l -d e fi n ed
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ebearer ofvictoryisreturning
Nikeasattachedtothe com-
event alreadynoticedinCatana
Sicily.The man-headedbull
of NaplesiscrownedbyNikein
cilianonesthoughthere isa
P L A T V , 6 . O n a 4 t h c en t ur y c oi n
aNikeisshownc rowningthehero
V , 7 a n d o n o ne o f a bo u t th e s am e t im e
l ie s o ve r t he c i ty s l i on P L A T V , 8 .
omewhatdifferentfromtheearlier
numberofsymbolsusedto accom-
andthoughsheisrelatedtoitinaway
raniumofH eraclea thecaduceus
eliaarenot itisbynomeans
relythemintmagistrate ssign like
organicpartofthe type.Thatshe
e ssymbolonlaterc oinsis of
isstrikinglyillustratedby goldof
onwherethelittlegoddessisplacedina
forsheisabouttobetrampledbythe
A T V , 1 .
herhand thec onnec tionisc loser.
rthageisa horse ortheheador
nerallycombinedwithapalmtree.
f lyingabovethehorse oritsfore-
a fi l le t P L A T V , 2 ) o r i n f r on t o f
h or s e P L A T V , 4 . T h is l i ke t h e
ontinuationofthedoctrineofCatana
possessionof thecity.
eryinterestingbut abnormal
msofTerinain taly whichis
kesofSicilyand isaffected
ypesonly. Thef irstissue ofabout
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
c uriousproblem forthestandingf igureon
s yetheridentityis innodoubt
s be si de h er P L A T V , 5 . T hi s ha s o f
tionsofNikeApterosatAthens and
anancientcultofwinglessvictory
rovableandnotparticularlylikely
teimportancetous foraf terthis
stsreplacedthefigurewitha maiden
A T V , 6 - 8 . T h re e o th e r pi e ce s o f th e f ir s t
tilabout450B . C . areinthreedif ferent
wreathandbranch theseconda
L A T V , 6 , t h e th i rd a w r ea t h al o ne
inthefoldsof herchiton.Theseare
e asisthesingle branchinthe
dersister andReglingisdoubtless
three unnamedfiguresarealso
medivinity.B utthereis nosug-
e erciseherfunction.Thereare
sanyprospectofwar atthisperiod.
etownis bareenough andwould
ectthebrilliancetowhichthecoins
vebeensomelocalmeaningwhich
mafaciesignificanceoftheobverse
n generaltothenymphTerina
theobverse.Thiscloseconnection
isemphasi edonthesucceeding
ydownto thesackingofTerina
e ri n a B e r li n 1 9 06 i s a n e h a us t iv e s tu d y of t h e
dse uencetheregivenareadoptedhere.
A th en ia n Co in n gr av er s in t al y ” N C 18 8 ,
easonableto supposethatthisearliestcoinshows
thecitygoddess suchasisevidentlater.W e
e re ma r k of a u sa n ia s I I I , 1 5 7 w h o e p l a i ns
artisticindicationofthereluctanceofthe
iketoleaveAthens.
h a s co l le c te d a ll o f i t in t o pp . – 5 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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. C . Withonee c eptionthef igures
ntheir wreaths buttheyusually
poseshardly suggestthebearer
withwingsspreadonbothsides
, d o es i n de e d re c al l t he O l y m pi a n Ni k e se a te d
T , 6 , b u t o th e rs w h et h er s t an d in g o r
a r a s t he y f re u e nt l y ar e P L A T V ,
playfulnessaboutthem uiteoutof
onceptionofV ictory.Manyofthe
A T V , 8 a l i tt l e bi r d pe r ch e d on t h e
nnerwhichsuggestsherhumanity
oratleasta diversionofherdi-
thelatestO lympianNike. Regling s
e aconflationofdivinepersons
sis stronglysupportedbyonecoin
s winglesswhilealittleNikeflies
er P L A T V , 9 . T h is i s t he i d ea
the crownedbullsofCatanaand
ahaveonlycarriedit onestep
medaspecialrelationbetween
uallyidentifiedthetwo.
erhapstheclearestdemonstration
eartistthroughthe 5thand4th
upposethatitwas thedie-sinkers
thedeviceofpresentingtheircity
erselfbut thedeviceonceestab-
dgreatlatitudeinmodifyingit and
siwhodeservedsuchconfidence.
oustothe influenceofother
r is o n of L A T S , 6 V , 7 . T hi s
erinaistheonlyone whichdisplays
cethestandinggoddessofthefirst
fartists signaturesatTerina notpertinenthere
eationofsty leseeR egling op. c it. pp. 2 60
n d H . Ga eb le r T er in a ” N om is ma 1 90 7 , p p. 1 4 2 2 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
6 , a n d on e c an h a rd l y do u bt t h at t h e
amodelfor thatfromTerina.B ut
v ishly followed anditisanisolated
eedomoftheartist isthemostim-
heappearanceofNikeintheperiod
dealing. H ewas uitec ompetent
sdesign andifhesometimes
ariotsofGelaand eontinic opied
asfromchoiceandneitherfrom
rcompulsionfromhigherauthor-
msofNike otherthanthosepop-
nehasonlytorecall thevariety
deof thetempleofAthena-Nike
twemustnote pec teverysc ulp-
tref lectiononthecoins. H ere
atypedoesappearnotc onnec tedw ith
tmentswithwhichwehavebeen
sis theuni uegoldpieceofAby-
y 4 t h ce n tu r y P L A T V , o s h ow -
m thatsheisabout tosacrifice.
conceptionoftheartistorwhether
roupwecannottell.Thereis a
Nikeisslay ingabull reappearing
s buttheonlyotheroc c urrenceof
Sualc unitipimonetalidellaV ittoriaderivatida
t a li a N um i sm at i ca N o . 2 M an t ua e b . 19 5 0 , p . I ,
onthatmostofthe typeswhichdonotderivefrom
ndSamothracearereflectionsoftheAthena-
encytoseecopyingineverysimilaritycomes
ofthetalentandthe functionofthedie-sinker.
keinvase paintingwhichpresentsmuchtoo
here. aul napp NikeinderV asenmalerei T -
th NikeSac rif ic ingaB ull ” ournalofH ellenic
86 , pp. 275 285 pointsoutthatthekneelingpositionof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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a g ol d s ta t er o f a m ps a cu s P L A T V ,
i nl y a d ir e ct c o py m a de a b ou t 8 0 B . C .
ctiveoneandperhapsweshouldbe
twithoutpressingthesymbolism
victimisanobviouslyappropriate
y tohavethesacrificeperformed
mbolicellipsis veryunlikethefrank
eNikeof O lympia.Theremay
calconditionswhichmadeitall plain
buttheprec isemeaningislosttous.
ever thatthepurelydec orativeelement
satTerinaandmay uitepossibly
sitan aspectofthisthatNikenow
whereasatAbydusandin the
8
eof ampsacus P L AT V , 12
newmotifaltogether.Sofar the
inthecoinswe haveconsidered
othe smalleranimal andsuggeststhatthecoin
esonwhic haramisshownratherthanabull may
ofwhichthe bullisa latermodification.Smith
ervedappearanceofthegroup isonthebalu-
temple butthisis probablyaR omanrestora-
Catalogueof theA c ropolisMuseum Cambridge
.
r e t t , A n U n e d it e d Go l d St a te r o f a mp s ak o s ”
7 . T he w h ol e o f th e g ol d c oi n ag e o f a mp s ac u s is
theA meric an ournalofNumismatics5
L a mp s ak o s: t h e Go l d St a te r s S i l v er a n d B r o n e
theB ritishMuseumCataloguethattheNikeofTerina
tisc ertainthatshegenerallydoesso anditseems
uc himportancewouldbesub ec ttotheartist s
presentedas verylightandtransparentand
coinitwouldbecomeinvisible.Atleast there
enthemaidenof the ampsacuscoinandthe
eAthena-Nikebalustrade.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
ughithasbeenweakenedandgene-
eplac edbyanythingrec ogni ably
e c eptionstothisrule. O narare
Nikeisshownwithalargeround
, 1 . T h is a p pe a rs t o b e th e f ir s t nu m is m at i c
ectofNikewhichlaterbecomes
ustbec onfessed however thatsinc e
tthesametime asthedrachmof
ne d P L A T I I , 2 i t i nt r od u ce s t he
andperhapsothere amplesof
yhavehadamilitarymeaningwhich
sonto suspect.We arehelpedto
rybylate5th centurylitraeand
P L A T V I , 2 o n wh ic h Ni ke n am ed
esanaphlaston.Sinceitwascustom-
entattachedtothesternofa war
gnofvictory scholarsareagreed
hlastonsignifiesanavalvictory.
cidewhatvictorywouldbecele-
urybyH imera.We knowfrom
thatshe oinedGylippus.Shewashis
aswaitingto makehiswayinto
mwithacontingentandfurnishedarms
ater whensheattemptedto
theywereambushedbytheSicels
sandcutto pieces.Thefinaldefeat
efore wouldbeanobv iousc auseof
whenitisrememberedthatCamarina
se i n 4 1 T h uc y di d es V I I , 5 8 i t i s
esweresaying intheirownway
egreatissue ofdecadrachms and
a N um or u m V e t er u m , p . 2 1 , s u pp o se s t ha t t he
. C . isintended butthec oinc annotbesoearly .
planationfortheyouthridingagoatontheobverse
eanylaterattempttoidentifyhim.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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reforthefirsttime unmistakable
r.
rlikesignificancehasbeenat-
erofCy icusshowingNikekneel-
ston w iththec ity sregulartunny
T V I , ) . T h er e i s di f fe r en c e am o ng t h e
andc onse uently astoitsmean-
theguessesofearlierwriters we
well whothinksitmayhavebeen
hevictoryofAlcibiadesoverthe
sin410. This ” saysMr. Green-
efirstinstancewhereNikeappearson
ctoryinwar.O nthecoinsofother
obe uptothisdateandonwards
derandtheDiadoc hi thegoddessof
nestB abelonendorsesthis udgment ”
herdatesthat havebeensug-
75since4 oseemstohimtooearly forthe
w ithoutc ommittinghimself toanyspec if ic
einhisClass I I , whic hhedates
use c ludingthelatersuggestions. inally
esheropinionthatthestaterisof fourthc ent-
scommemoratesthevictoryof
usovertheSpartansof fCnidusin
hsvariationof thedate thereisunani-
valvictoryisintended.W ehave
nedthatthe Nikeontheeastpedimentof the
mpiamaycommemoratea5thcenturymilitaryvic-
SelectionofGreekHistoric al nsc riptions O x ford
p .4 f . n o. 65 p p. 4 6 I 4 8.
geofCy ic us pp. 74f .
I , V o l . I , a ri s 1 91 0 pp .1 42 f .
g un g vo n y i ko s ” N o mi sm a V I I , p . 1 2 n o . 15 4
GreekandR omanCoins ” Transac tionsof the
tic Congress ondon 19 8 p. 24.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
thatitisnotthef irstinstanceof this
ampsacus P L AT V , 12 gold
scertainlyclearenoughforshe is
farmsto thetopofwhichshe is
heearliergoddess sheisnudetothe
sinteresthasobviouslybeen uiteas
onastosymbolism.Atthesame
atshedoes notrefertoa specific
Theeventhasnotbeenidentified ”
lations wouldplac eitabout 55.
hen themilitary func tionofNike
hersymbolism wasalready
es.
o i n N C V I 1 8 4 ] p . 1 5 6 H . . B o r r e ll s a ys o n ly
nterestingcoinisseena victoryerectingatrophy
somevictorybywhichthepeopleof ampsacus
efitorinwhichits citi enshadparticipatedand
nativecity. Thesingleknownspecimenwas
ellc ommentsonthefac tthatthegoldof ampsac us
hat city thoughitisnot confinedtoSyria
sed . D oubtlessthiswidedispersionof thegold
the tendencytomaketheirapparentconnection
atetotheirintrinsicbeauty.
G ol d S ta t er s S i lv e r an d B r o n e C o in a ge s ” A N
8
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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GS
dertheGreatopensa newepoch
TheNikewhichappearsonthe
nnovationtoMacedonianissues
4 , w i l l b e di s cu s se d i n my f o rt h co mi n g s s ay s
ndertheGreat.
ofgreatimportanceforourpresent
liphaddisplayedaheadof Apollo
eityand amemorialofhisown
dapersonalone. NikeistoA le -
ariothadbeento hisfather.The
eofthistype isunprecedented.
ehadwidenedasit spreadfrom
taly whereherinc reasinggeneral-
mmemorateanykindofvictory
letelyabstractattribute always
ntosome specificevent. tistrue
ticulartemporaryassociationwith
deityorsomemintmagistrate and
asionallyappearsunderAle ander.
pearsonA le ander sc oinsembodiesa
fornowshehasbecomeoneof his
ndbelongstohim presentednot
rticularvictory buttosignifythe
hesetout forhimself.Theaudacious
fulfilled anditwasproperthat
coffinshouldhavebeendecorated
agoldenNike.
i n e Go l ds t at e r Al e a n de r s de s G ro e n Z f M 1 92 2 p .
. S ee a ls o L A T V I , 5 a t et ra dr ac hm o fT ar su s.
I I , 2 6 6.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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e
anceofgoodgeneralsbutnone
ellowsthathecouldbeconsidered
dtheambiguousindicationsgiven
eathbedshowedthatthere was
couldbe concentratedeitherhis
ontinuedpowerofhisfamily. t
attherewasnolackof individual
ers buttheiruneasycompromise
hilipandhisposthumousson
ualsovereignsprovedthathis
powertobechallengedbyany of
irewasstillhis asthevictoryhad
nsareevidence thesametypeswere
t h e l eg e nd B A X I A Q X A A E A NA O Y
gson ustaswellas thedeadcon-
etypeswereuniversallyknownand
onalcurrencywhichmightbe
uedwithoutraisingthedangerous
msof conflictinggenerals.Supported
ro andthecultthatwasbeginning
nuationoutlastedthelife ofthe
aslateas280B . C . atetradrachm
portstobethe issueofhisfather.
I I , however raisedaproblem.Though
mongtheMacedoniansoldiery
oftherestofthe worldcannever
ofA le ander sson. f theimperial
der snameitwouldc ertainlymake
ferior. O ntheotherhandifdifferent
hilipitwouldsuggesta mostunde-
eco-rulers.Thesolutionwasto
but onsomeofthec oins replac ethe
thatof hilip. twasanatural
n o . 15 0 . Al e a n de r s ta t er s a ls o a re f o un d a ft e r 0 0 B . C .
na g es o f D e m e tr i us o l io r ec t es O x f o rd 1 9 27 p . 25 n o .1 9 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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btlessacceptedbytheciti enry
t inthec aseofNike itreally
thec oinagewasthatofA le ander s
successors.Nofortuneandno
hilipcouldentitlehimtolayc laimto
mebesideher isappropriateatall
orerunnerhadmadeherthee -
I occurredin 17B .C. thatofAle -
B . C . W i t h t he i r vi o le n t re m ov a l pe r is h ed a l l
ityofthe empireforthelegitimate
orswerelefttoworkout theiropposed
ngeofconditionsispresentlyapparent
whohadalreadyreplac edtheheadof
c hmswithaheadofA le anderin
nowchangedhisreversetypesas
lverf irstA thena romac hos and
old aprow thena uadrigaofele-
lelikethatonthesilver. O neissueof the
e r 1 B . C . " a n d o n co i ns f r om
08and 04B . C . thefamiliarNike
f tolemy. Thise periment in
ac tic eof hilip I I wastakenup
e butw ith tolemyitwasofbrief
keisabandoned nevertoreappear
f gypt. Thatland therefore has
ehistoryof heruseasa type.
os c f . A gnesB aldw inB rett A thenaA lk idemos
V 1 95 0 , p p. 55 7 2.
N o ui o uo r ra t o p r r ou s T v T r oM s ua o v A th e ns
p. 9 no. 6 l. I , 16.
p . I f . n o s. 6 1 6 4 l . I I , 2 5 . O mi ss io n of t he
tesadatebefore 06B . C .
sfurnishedbyalittlebron eofC leopatraV I I
1B . C . w ithamostinappropriateNike. Svoronos
I , 20 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
tolemy snewreverseswereap-
. C . , a n u np r ec e de n te d N ik e u i te u n re -
wasstruckbyAgathoclesof
tehisvictoryovertheCarthaginians
I , 6 . T h is g o dd e ss l i ke t h e kn e el i ng
P L A T V , 1 2 i s n ud e t o th e w ai s t an d
othetopofatrophy. twouldbe
coinwasinfluencedbythe earlier
ethattheearlier everfounditsway
remarkedthatthisgoldandsilver
reverydifferentfromtheearlier
romthecontemporarycurrency
tforissuesofSeleucus f romSusaand
presentlyconsidered.W hateverits
ianissuesharesw iththe ampsac ene
hedecorativeelementis uiteas
.
orsilveris agolddidrachmof
ayoungheadinelephant ssk inheaddress
thereverse aw ingedA thena armed
P L A T W I , 7 . T h i s i s n oa b st r ac t
mac hos orA lk idemos imitatedf rom
lemy . Thestrik ingsimilarityof the
nectionofAgathocleswiththe
lsoplaceshiminthe successionto
whichmaywellhavebeenhisam-
ovetousofhonor.Arthur .
eocc asionforthisc oinwastheperiod
emy sof f icerduringtheA fric an
eswasleftwithoutarivaland
hepositionof aD iadochuson
Sic iliaNumismatic a. DieGrundlagendesgriec hi-
au f Si ci l ie n e ip i g 1 9 2 5 l . 2 , 7 .
icilianNumismatic s ” NC1894 pp. 2 7 242.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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hec onstantaimofA gathocles a
shhispositionamongtheMacedonian
wingin theirfootstepsthathetook
r 05B . C . Themostinteresting
pefor usisthat theadditionof
thenagivesthesamek indofc onflation
whichwehavealreadymet at
scommonintheR omanempire.
tolemywasthefirsttobreak
ander independentpathswere
meofhisrivalsalso.There are
anceforusin theearlyhistory
3 0 5 B . C . an d O I B . C . T he f o rm e r is t h e
okthetitle ofking Cassanderin
usinThrace Antigonusandhisson
eleuc usinB aby lonia and tolemyin
wehavealreadydealt Cassanderdoes
ysadheredto thetypesandname
esamec anbesaidofA ntigonus but
nterestingthoughephemeralvari-
etriuswonagreatnavalv ic toryover
yprusandin thatyearAntigonus
neaontheO rontestoserveasthe
thefirsttetradrachmissuedfrom
inotherrespectsindistinguishable y
holdsnotaneaglebutalittleNike
on h i s he a d P L A T V I , 8 . T hi s i s
greatstatueofZ eusatO lympia
ntotheowl onthedidrachmasapossible re-
ctuallylaybehindthefantasticaccountinD io-
, f . ofA gathoc leslettinglooseow lsinthefac eof the
ncouragehissoldiersat thebattleofTunis
dmilc ar.
o . 1 w i th t h e br i ll i an t d em on s tr a ti o n p p . 84 8 9 t h at
ecoinsofAntigonusthoughtheyneverbearhis
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
reproduc tiononaR omancoin andit
cethat Antigonusgottheideaof
hisson sgreataccomplishmentin
theseas. tmustbeadmittedthat
pissomewhatobscure. fZ eusbe
dNikehisagentwhyis healsothe
ytheproblemwassettledtothe satis-
lympiaandAntigonusadopted
ess. nanycasehisnaturalcon-
lfatonc e andhissubse uenttetra-
kethosefromallhisother mints
e handofZ eus.
tremestepofannouncinghis
once. romhisnewlyfounded
-the-Tigrisheputout goldpieceswith
th e i ns c ri p ti o n B A X I A Q X X E A Y -
ornotthiswaslaterthanthe tolemaic gold
inguishedbytheuseof theroyal
remainedthedeviceof Seleucus
llhismints. tisalsotobedistin-
nventionusedinthe nameof
eakc hildwhoseonlyhopelay inthe
theissuerisnowasuccessful
abylonbecamethestartingpoint
ghtw ith usticefeelthatv ic torywas
about 0 B . C . headopted atthe
NicephoruswhichAntigonushadin-
ptureandSc ulptorsof theGreeks f ig. 607.
gonusdisposesofthe suggestionofB abelon
C V ) t h at i t w as S e le u cu s w ho s e t up a t D a p h ne b y
heidianZ eusofO lympia againstthetestimonyof
X X I I , 1 , 1 t h a t i t wa s An t io c hu s V . B a b el o n s
ssumptionthat thetypewithNikewasfirst
. 1.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Newellsuggeststhat takenincon-
esofbron eappearingatthesame
aybeconsideredasreferringto
he ast. ikethec oinofA nti-
dliketheelectrumof ampsac usand
s V , 1 2 V I , ) N i ke i s he re u se d to s ig ni fy
bstractbut somespecificmilitary
dateofcapitalimportanceis
t th e b at t le o f p s us A n ti g on u s an d D e m e -
eatcoalitionoftheirrivalsand
simachususedthisoccasiontocopy
ndputhis ownnameonthegold
e. Seleuc usmayhavebeeninf luenc ed
Nikeonthe handofZ eusatSe-
herinthatpositiononhisf irsttetra-
ieriaandA ntioc h. B uthec ele-
strikingfashion. romthemintsof
esse tentSusa heissuednewtypes
itofhimselfontheobverseand on
n g a wr e at h o n a tr o ph y P L A T V I I ,
th oc le s c oi n P L A T V I , 6 i s to o
fwehadto supposethatSeleucus
os .1 f .
o ya l G re e k o r tr a it C o in s N e w o r k 1 9 7 p . 2 1 .
S M p p. 89 9 .
, n o s . 0 0- 0 2 p p . 15 4 1 59 . W hy s ho ul d th e ty pe b e
motefromthe victory sitnotbecausehe was
of Greekarmstoonearhome nSyriahis
erfectlyclearproofof hispowerandwhathad
sneighborsthatthepowerhad beenboughtat
c edonianlives The asthadnosuc hsuscepti-
herethecelebrationof psuswaspairedwithhis
nadrivinganelephantchariot referringtoreal
ories andSeleucusistherebydisplayedascon-
ofhisempire.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
masterstheremotenessofSyra-
lty.B utitis clearnowthattypes
ts buttheselectionofofficials
withmeaningratherthanwith
cificconnectionbetweenthecourts
us buttheSyracusanwascertainly
nwiththeH ellenistickingsinthe
beenac uaintedw ithhisc oins. twas
cidedthathistypeshouldbeimi-
whichdecreedthattheimitations
Susaand ersepolis. Wec annot
mentwasresponsibleforthemodi-
stingthoughnot itwouldseem of
ce. oronething thegoddessis
ngnudeto thewaist foranother
teadof hammerandnail.B oth
todirectrelation withtheNikeof
dthing insteadofgreavesattac hedat
kthereisnowa shootwithleaves
gehasameaningitesc apesusnow.
edifferenc eine ec utionwasbeyond
ol.Thestifffoldsof thedraperyshow
moreimportantstill therevisedpose
e insteadofthealmostfrontal
keproducedbytheright armhanging
etthedisplayofwings torightand
t producesananatomicalim-
eucusdidaswellto keephistypefrom
moreaccomplishedartistsofthe
onewhomadeuseof thebattleof
eemthatD emetriushadmuc htoc ele-
w ithhislife. B uttherewasonec ir-
eryimportantforhimtokeep
fhisantagonists. H isfather sbid
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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hthavefaileddisastrously but
dthesea.Thoughthevictoryof
astitseffectswerenot diminished.
dtheconservatismofAntigonusand
bletypes ofanti uity
, 2 . t s f ir s t ap p ea r an c ei s l i ke l y to h a ve b e en a t
alamisinCyprus butTarsus Mile-
ppliedthesetetradrachmsuntil
ontrolof thosec ities andbetween
aandAmphipolisc ontinuedtostrike
mphatichisdefianceofthosewho
D emetriustransferredNiketothe
hefashionof herwings hercloth-
esareallliketheNikeofA le ander.
ustonthepointofalightingononeof
inherrighthandalongstraighttrumpet
toannouncethevictorywon.The
reverseofthe tetradrachmforms
ent.AgainstthevictorofSalamisand
howoulddaretoc ontend The
e i al l y th e d is c us s io n o f th i s ty p e p p . 2 3 8 .
p. 5 3 8arguesstrongly forthev iewthattheship
ssels theac rostoliumtornaway. f itwerenotfor
riousnotchedappearanceofthestolosone
ethattheship wasD emetrius ownandthatthe
gtheattack sinceweknowthattrumpetswere
o s e at S a la mi s D i o d o ru s X X , 5 1 2 . B u t w e k n ow
sed toannounceavictory—though knowof
valv ic tory . C f . theartic le Tuba byA . Reinac h
uit sgrec uesetromainesV , pp. 522 528espec ially
lationofthistype withtheNikeofSamothracein
c ussed doesnotc onc ernushere. tisnowapparently
hestatueistoo latetohavebeena monument
areissueofgoldwiththesameobverse Newell
I , 12 issuedsimultaneouslyw iththef irstSalamistetra-
omac hostothelef t e ac tly reversingthef igure
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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C.thecitiescontinuedtostrikethem
e. Thus though ysimac hushad
ersistedinthecountryhe hadruled
beenforgotten.
whosef inalfortuneitwastoc on-
mac hus diedav iolentdeathhimself
thegreatgroupthathad been
er. fwec onsidertheiruseofNike
atsomethingoftheessential
stratedinthisminorfashion:
nalityandimaginationwhichled
whathe hadreceivedwithout
tolemy sfar-sightedembrac ingofa
oughtaboutanentirebreakwith
usconservatismofAntigonusintent
dvantageofappearingAle ander s
innovationofhisson D emetrius
himselftoreplacethevictoryof
ofhisown f inally thec alc ulating
sand ysimachuslookingfora
esstheimportanceoftraditionand
ethenewagewhichtheyintended
wasas greatinhisfortunesas
ehadbeenasgreatinhisambitionandhis
swastheonlyonewhosedescendants
eir coinsbut beforedealing
toreturntoSicily.Thesuccessor
as whoheldthepowerf rom288to
familiarSyracusandeviceonhis
onwhichNike isdrivingagallop-
I I , 6 . H i er o I 2 74 2 16 B . C. u s ed th e
es e ck e l . 2 4 ) , a n d Ni k e wi t h a
uadrigaforhissilverandthatofhis
A T V I I , 7 . B u t b e t we e n th e se i n st a nc e s of
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
andevicecomestheperiodfrom
yrrhus theadventurouswanderer
oil findingthathiscampaign
South talywasprogressingless
e wasdivertedbytheopportunity
Siciliansinawar againstCarthage.
esof hiscareer theconceptionwas
ce butthespiritin whichhe
yprovedtobetoobiga taskfor
truckforhimat Syracusebearing
iantranslationof theNikeof
T S V I I , 8 9 V I I I , 1 . t was in two de-
varietiesofNike onewithone
y theotherwithbothwings
gawreathandtrophy.B othhave
nlikethesobrietyofA le ander s
eannouncementofaspecialtitle to
ander dif feringonly inthefac t
trictedbothintimeandspace.
yrrhuswasamightyfigureand this
on uerorwouldprobablynothave
manywhowatchedhisrevolutionary
ent. tisonlyaf tertheevent when
tionbetweenhisambitionsandhis
ate assertionofaclaimtovictory
onceit.
Seleucusarenumerousbut for
atinterest.Thegold typeisfound
2 8 0 2 6 1 B . C . , ” a n d fo r A nt i oc h us I
nebron earetobeassoc iatedw ith yrrhus
edofZ eusforobverse onew ithareverseof
. R e i na c h P y r r h us e t l a Ni k d e T ar e nt e N e ap o li s
2 1 f i g. 1 , t h e ot h er w i th N i ke h o ld i ng a t h un d er b ol t b e lo w
earsalsoonc ontemporarybron esof theB ruttii
. ) .
5 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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. C . . Z e u s N i ce p ho r us p r ov e d ve r y
randcontinuedtotheend ofthe
ntchange thoughtheNikesome-
sometimestotheleft.Acomparable
yAthena arthenoswhoappears
fAle anderB alasfromAntioch
ndisf re uentlyusedbyhissuc c essors.
lasalsowasissuedfromAradusa
hesitsinmuchthesameattitude
ac husandholdsalittleNiketothe
I , 5 . T yc h e ce r ta i nl y r ep r es e nt s t he c it y i ts e lf
specialcircumstancetomakeit
ouldbeportrayedasthe granter
w tismorelikely thatthisismerely
dconventionalrecognitionofthe
sociatedvictorywithhercity-
heseriesofmunicipaltetradrachms
B . C . A bron eTyc heNic ephorushad
ochus V fromSeleucia-on-the-
eimportanceofthe city whichwasthe
issoclearthatthe townmight
rerofvictorysincethefortunesof
tsloyalty.
ofaSicilian themeisfoundona
truckatSusawhoseobversehas
on itsreverseNikedriv ingagalloping
ell spreferenc eforassigningitto
erthanA ntioc hus V theidentif ication
0 5f . 1 0 8.
e Se l eu ci d M in t o f An t io ch N e w o r k 1 9 18 p . 4 8
.
o i s d e Sy r ie p p . 7 1 f . 5 4 8 5 5 5 R . H . M c D o w e ll C oi n s
is A n n Ar b or 9 5 p p . 19 f . 4 4 .
41 2 l .X X X I , 18 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
edela uye mayhavebeenpartly
Carystusin uboeawithNikeleft
beingapparentlyaportraitofAnti-
uncertaintiesinvolvedmakeituselessto
dela uye sv iew issupportedby
headofA ntioc hus V asobverse
rse. Whatevertheproperdating
gaboutthesecoinsistheir
htheSyracusanchariotsofthe
nsplantedisnomore thana
estingtypeofNikeand atrophy
, ) w a s n ev e r re p ro d uc ed i n i ts o r ig i na l f or m
ations.Thefirstappearson three
estruc kbyA ntioc hus atSeleuc ia
I , 2 . T ho ug h th ey a re f ro m di ff er en t mi nt s t he
ustsurelyhavebeeninf luencedbytheearlier
ydif ferentitis Notonlyhasthesober
eplacedbyasentimentalfacing
egoddessof thereverse so uietand
m hasbeentransformedtoa
abelon remarkedthatshebears
anwhoiserectinga trophyon
on a ta s o f Ma c ed o n P L A T V I I I , )
othreferto thedefeatsofthe
ewhichwereimportanttriumphs
yofA ntigonuscamein277B . C . "
y in275B . C . Newell ob ec tsto
ussoearly andputsitabout
wouldbeatardyreminisc enc eofagreat
ec e p . 10 , 1 8 l .X I X , 2 .
de S yr ie p . 72 5 56 5 58 .
I I I . C AH V I I , p .10 6.
o m an R u l e i n A si a M in o r r i nc et o n 1 9 5 0 p . 7 1 1 2 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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esays thenewtypesmayhaveborne
aspecif ic implic ation. twouldbe
ureinstanceofa particularvic-
ype butatleastthere isgeneral
hanthedesignofAntigonus
kentoaccountforits strikingand
rsonthreedenominationsof
us atSeleuc ia-on-the-Tigrisc a.
A T V I I I , 4 . A lt ho ug h th e pr of il e of S e-
hasbeenreplacedby headsofthe
nthe reverseisinthe opposite
odoubtthat thisisan intentional
terntetradrachms fortheob ect
enNikeandthetrophyturns out
especimens tobeabull shead
thefirstSeleucus.Newell sug-
yhavebeentheassemblingof the
winbacktheeasternlands origi-
atorandthathis namesakere-
sanomen andanencouragement
Nikehere then hasadoublee -
onandpious hope.V eryoften
thehopeof victoryoutrunsits
pearsoptimisticallyonthecoins
eswereanythingbuttriumphant.
sheadandthepalmwhic hNikebears
gto theold.Thegoddesshas
tementshedisplayedunderAnti-
arreplicaof theoriginaltype w ith
ee pectedfromthedifferencein
wokings andfromthefactthat
isplaysthec arethatisspentona
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Type
tionforourpurposeis atype
no m in a ti o ns o f b ro n e P L A T V I I I ,
toSeleucus atSeleuc ia-on-the-
.C. withoutperfectassurance since
enticalwiththoseof Seleucia
havenotbeenrecordedfromthe
. B utthe uestionof themintisof
andtheidentityofthe kingmay
ensethesymbolismisonlythatof
e plicit. nsteadof thek ing sname
nowthe kinghimselfwhoiscrowned.
misthe same theunprecedented
onachinmilitarygarbseemsto
nandperhapsthefactthatthe type
Seleucus orbyhissucc essors
thatthereis asingleoccasionfor
however asNewellpointsout there
ailable:onewhenSeleucusdrove
ridateswhohadpreviouslyde-
theotherwhenhedrovebackhis
iera whohadtakenadvantageof
nvadeMesopotamia.Thesecond
tesoc learasthef irst butbothgive
ecisionofthisnew type:though
en whenthekinghimselftakesthe
stype then wemayclassw ith
atingaparticularvictory.
commonbutuninspired.Se-
dAle ander sgoldtypetobron e
s n am e at S us a P L A T V I I I , 6 a nd
uckatNisibislargebron esinhisown
eDiosc uriasobverse whilethe
tdifferentfigureofNikewalking
athinherrighthand apalminher
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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thesevarietieswasusedbyagreat
chs. nsomecasesNikecrownsthe
esheholdsherwreathovertheSeleucid
lyimportantvariationinher
casionssheisdrawntothe right
B ythelaterk ingsthetypeisused
f or b ro n e P L A T V I I I , 8 . n b ot h
eraltypesavailable andnever
cimportanceofNikeonAle ander s
rallyariseswhethertheseNikeshad
nsorwhethertheyhadbecomea
ecannotgiveanyclearanswer.
ucidsweresofulloffightingthat
hievedapassableimitationof a
ofthetimes issoveryfragmentary
educedfromthesilenceofthe
otdenythat aparticularNikemay
ottenbattle onemustadmitthat
ntheconvention. ore ample
eat cbatanashowingaNiketothe
riefc areerf rom 62 I 60B . C . saw
dia whichmightaccountforthe
tthepredecessorofhisissueisthat
om c batanabearingthesameNike and
I , 1 2 . T he a v ai l ab l e sp e ci m en s a re t o o mu c h wo r n to
de S yr ie p . 20 6 1 56 – 1 56 6 D e m et ri us I I , D a m as cu s
husX I I , D amasc us. Thereversalofpositionmayhave
ic ant c f . thecountermarkofD emetrius w ith
h us w i th N i ke l . A NS M N , 1 9 45 p p . 7 4 4 .
ngthatamongtheearlySeleuc idsonlySeleucus I
usethisreversewitharoyalportraitasobverse. The
heads.
surperTimarc husishardlyane c eption. Nikeis
buthisreignf rom162 160B . C . producedasingle
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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Type
materuler stypehasits political
ymbolism. A gain D emetrius I I
ef romDamasc usforfouryears
Hisw inningof thetownin96 5B . C .
f these buttheyear88 87B . C . was
thelastof themistobee plained
deviceonceadopted. inallyitmay
yofa kinglaterthanSeleucus was
oberecordedonanissue ofbigsilver.
A le anderthereisasenseof the
lity.Thisis certainlylargelythe
ofour sources.Nobodyinhis
s I I orA ntiochus V asafeeble
eraldeclineisa reality.Themon-
nlowergoals theygoverned
theirgainswereslighterandmore
smoref re uentandmorev ital. Nike
coinsbutshewashardlya goddess
orialwithouthonesty ahope
mismaticclich fromwhichthe
becomeconventional Nikewas
thepartlyHelleni edlands. There
whenherappearanceonthe coins
greateror lessertriumph but
suchoccasionsmightbeforpo-
thingtothe historyofthetype.The
esarefiguresoflittlebeautyand no
ameistrueforthegreatma ority
eitherastypeorsymbol onthe
ities.Theyarenumerous andfor
esting. Therearec ases however where
teSeleuc idMintsinA ke- tolemaisandDamascus
p p. 78 8 2 117 1 20 2 4 3 I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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isontheseries oftetradrachms
8 7 B . C. P L A T V I I I , 7 t o4 6 5
edthatthisappearanceof largersilverf rom
ucksuchambitiouspiecesbefore
edbythedestructionofherrival
mptingto supposethattheNike
ypecommemoratedthatevent
edthatherassociationwiththe
eheadadornsthisobverse hadal-
bythec oinofA le anderB alasal-
thoughtheattemptof thatk ingasallyof
swasa failure.O nwhatever
smade Nikenowbecomesthe
nearlyacentury.Theaphlaston
ht handcertainlytestifiestothe
therornot itcelebratesaparti-
ureiscarefullydrawnandat-
withtheseemlinessanddignityof
dwithsomewhatmoregrac e. B utsuc -
notnowindependentartistsnor
Theirdutywas unvaryingre-
iciallyprescribed andifthestart
totheeye beforeitreac hesitsend
ee ampleofwhatofficialdomcan
I I I , 9 . O n e ha s on ly t o re me mb er t he
kesof O lympiaandTerinatosee
e pre-Ale andrineandpost-
esymbolismwasreasonably ustified
reerofAradusmay nothavebeen
rimportanceandgeneralsuccess
her arespectabletitletoher
ellaneaNumismatic a:Cyreneto ndia New ork
l . I , 1 5 B M C ho en ici a p p. X V f . 2 – 3 5.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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Type
entsortisthatof theissueof iden-
ithradates upator 120 6 B . C .
ontusand aphlagonia:A misus
I , o , C om an a C ha ba ct a a od ic ea C a be ir a
heobversehasanaegisw ithMedusa s
erringtothesupposeddescentof
eus thereverse Niketotheright
Thegoddessisuglyandthere is
positione cepttheoddwayin
hbehindher asthoughshewere
ynotablepointaboutheris that
twiththeissuingauthorities— for
pendentvictoriesnordefeats—
ngof ontuswhotook thismeans
swithhisown. nthesameway
anempirecasesofostensiblecivic
tofthe imperialpropaganda.
n eagueshowhowentirelydevoidof
me. ntheperiodbetweenthe
e eaguebyD emetrius oliorc etes
olians 288 245B . C . , andprobably
otianresistancetotheinvadingGauls
c oinswerestruc kw ithaheadofyoung
Niketotheright SNGCopenhagen
7f . . Theobverseisusualenough H erac les
ad oftenappearedontypes.The
orthefigureis anAthenaNikeofa
Agathoclesinthe fourthcentury ”
whichshebearsproclaimher the
s butthew ingsandunhelmeted
n R e c u e il g n r a l de s M on n ai e s gr e c u e s d A s ie
a ri s 1 9 25 , C h ab ac ta : l . X I , 2 , C o ma na : l . X I ,
I I , 1 7 C ab ei ra : l .X I I , 2 1 A ma st ri s l .X V I I I ,
.X X V I , 1 2.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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remindusofthe strangefactthat
be associatedwithwarasdistin-
sof victory sheisveryrarely
interestingcombinationof
orunusual featuresinother
hwepresentlyfind.
dof oseidonontheobverse
th e re ve rs e P L A T V I I I , I ) .
ouslyof thesameseries haveashieldas
sentedaswalkingratherthan
I I I 1 2 . T he t ri de nt i n he r ha nd m ig ht
avalvictory butsincenosuch
etype couldpossiblyapply we
entis nomorethantheusual
god oseidon whosef igureappears
sof the eague. This then isthe
ceofNikeendowedwiththeattri-
utNikeherselfcreatesadifficulty.
beginningof theissue whichhasbeen
97B . C . theyearof lamininus
tCynoscephalae.Thiswouldcertainly
pe sincetheB oeotianswerethe
uttheywerefarf romenthusiastic
eldedtoRomanpressure andindeed
oughtatCynosc ephalaein hilip s
nning therefore theappearanc eof
vena dubioussatisfactiontothe
mewentonitsproprietywouldhave
btfulsincerelationswith lamini-
nthene tyear andin192B . C .
c rossedtheA egeantoGreec etheB oeo-
ntheChronologicalSe uenceof theCoinsofB oeotia
. 88 9 2 . H e a d ca l ls t h e ob v er s e Z e u s b u t o s ei d on s e em s
l .V I , .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
magainstR ome. Hisdefeatandtheir
eepatleast aportionofthem
s in 1 7 B . C . a n d wh e n R o me p r ot e st e d
up. etthenumberofmagistrates
sthatthisserieswasofconsiderable
gh indeed toac countforthewhole
aetothedissolutionofthe eague.
ableifoneassumesthatNikehad
evoidofrealsignificance.
.C.fortheserieshas recently
eyel butthisisonlyane c hange
245B . C . sawtheB oeotiansforc ed
ansasthe resultofabad defeat
oeia. A tsomedateaf ter2 9B . C . —
theye tricatedthemselvesfrom
nand oinedDemetrius I , ing
tappearanc eofNikein197B . C . would
45B . C . itwouldbealmostinc redible.
af ter2 9B . C . therewereevents
asB oeotianvictoriesbut again
placeonlyontheassumptionthat
erithad ceasedtobeappropriate:
eaning.
ellenisticcity however which
ingeniousadditiontothesym-
nsomeoftheabundantdidrachms
arasrideshis inevitabledolphin
eNikewhoc rownshim P L A T
he d e mi g od T a ra s wh o i s o f co u rs e t h e
altedtotheusualpositionofZ eusor
horand therecipientofvictory.This
butasa metaphorofthecity
fherowncreationit isapretty
or ie d eB é o ti e au I I S i c le a va nt n ot re r e a ri s 1 94 2
2 n .2 .-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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sa conceittowhichweneednot
ce. oronethingNikeis onlyone
tTarasmayhold foranother its
romthefourthcentury tothe
12-209B . C . embrac estimeswhen
ovictoriesofherown.B utitis
ntumcouldcontinuetothe end
f thatvarietyandindependence
whichroyaldominanc ehade tin-
Desc riptiveCatalogueof theCollec tionofTarentine
l a st o o nd on 1 94 7 l . X V I I I , 5 6 0.
X I f . 97 5 9 8 o.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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answhosurroundedtheH ellen-
nshadanindependentnumismatic
ere isnoGreekparallelto the
tmoftheRepublic. etc ontac tw ith
yaffec tedtheRomanstoo andshortly
establishedin theSouththefirst
rsonasilverdidrachmstruckin that
c it y o f Ta r en t um P L A T X , 2 .
ectedevenontheaesgrave arl ink The
eStructureoftheCoinageof theR omanR epublic
rk 1 95 2 p .4 9.
tlyaccumulatedaroundthe uestionofthe
lver.Thegenerallyacceptedtheorythatthe
269 B .C.hasbeenchallengedbyH aroldMat-
nsonw ithanimpressiveandstillgrow ingbody
69B .C.isthedateof strikingoftheR omano-
TheDateof theR omanDenariusandother and-
Coinage roc eedingsof theB ritishAc ademy 19 2
iana-V ic toryD idrachmsandtheD ec adrac hmsof
pp. 6 – 67 . Theresultingrev iseddatesfor uadrigatus
remuchmoreuncertain.MattinglyandR obin-
orthedenarius whichMattinglylaterbroughtdown
r ” N C 1 94 9 p . 6 6 , b u t . G . M il n e pr e fe r re d 2 05
p. 61 6 ) a nd i nk ac ce pt s2 o o p. ci t. p p. 16 5 1 . N ew
eevidenceisfurnishedbythe rincetone -
Sicily.Thecontroversydoesnotreallyconcern
rkedthatthepartof ink sargumentwhic hrelies
ningofthe NewStyletetradrachmsofAthens
ossibletomaintain MargaretThompson TheB e-
ty leCoinage ” A NSMNV , New ork 1952
emintsofR omansilverisdiscussedby
st A g e of R o m a n Co i na g e ” R S 1 9 4 5 p p . 6 5 7 7 a n d
f theRomanRepublic anCoinage ” NC1949
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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o f A ga t ho c le s P L A T V I , 6 i s
oughthisisnotmerelya copybut
composition. nplaceofthe
palmbranchtowhichV ictoryis
llet.The acte tendsbotharms
dso thatitisviewedmorefrom
perly totheleftinsteadof dis-
bilityof thef igureispreservedbythe
ndwreathtotheright withserial
nscriptiontothe leftfillthespace
satype closertotheR omanthan
thintimeandinform. A bron eof
rightholdingathunderbolt.The
ymbolisconvincinglyconnected
s. TotheTarentinedie-sinkersofhis
c reditmustgoforthesucc essfulalter-
etoeliminatethe trophywithout
yvacant. Thedesignersforthe
etohanda NikefromTarentum
esure butsuitableasabasisforthe
ersofSouth taly.Theirelimi-
thesignof the pirote ing
se butthesubstitutionofthe
cesanarrangementsufficiently
ffronttothevan uished.Alto-
beginningtoV ic tory sc areeron
aterissuedanothercoinof Syra-
so - ca l le d u a dr i ga t us P L A T X , )
thunderboltdrivinga uadrigato
it . n . 5 8 ab o ve , p . 2 1 f i g . 2 .
ontemporarytypefromTarentumdoeshavea
p. c it. f ig. 1 , mayweassumethatthisonewasstruc k
vertheR omans theotheraftertheirdefeatat
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
ictorybehindhim.Thecomposition
ecutionpoor.Thetheologyalsois
ga disappointingcontrasttothe
rlybeentheworkofa goodGreek
vestandardmuchraisedbythe
X , 4 i n tr o du ce d t o re p la ce t h e ha l f-
alsooriginatesatthemintofRomeand
nof Agathocles group.North
entedthegoddessfullyclad.She
earlyspecimensherweightisstill on
kneebent.Thegestureof crown-
attitudethanthatof thedidrachm
pewasclearandapparentlysatis-
foritpersistedforalongtime getting
reless.
fthe denariuswastheD ioscuri
ernativewasD ianadrivingabiga
nalaterc ametobereplac edbyV ic tory
5 . O f c o u rs e t hi s l i k et h e ty p e of t h e u a dr i ga t us
eek withoutbeautyorspecial
able.
riationsofthechariottype:a
dofbiga V ic toryc rowningthe
heseoccuratdifferenttimesand
eR omanprinciplesandpractice
however oneconcentrationof
r di n g to e s li e H . N e a tb y T h e B i g at u s ” A A 5 5
ic le TheRoman V irtues H arvardTheological
, 1 0 – 1 1 7 M a tt i ng l y su g ge s ts t h at t h e V i r t ue s a m o ng
a mayhavehadtheirrootsinoldRomanreligion
minentatthetimeofincreasingGreekinfluence.
manelementitdoesnotappearintheearliestR oman
er abundantev idencethatac ultofV ic tory f lour-
c f . DarembergetSaglio D ic tionnairedesA nti-
or ia p p .8 6 8 9 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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ntioningasshowingtheR oman
satthee penseoffinesse.Ade-
latesecondorearlyfirstcentury
v ingabigaofelephantsoverwhich
m 1 P L A T X , 6 . T h e el e ph a nt s a re
pturedinthebattleof anormus
eyer sanc estor . CaeciliusMetellus
harnessedtothechariotof upiter
-sinkercouldsay.
ently throughouttheRepublic but
e conventionsastocallforno
c eptions however inthetimeof
nbothcasestheR omanreverseis
insurgents.Thefirstis adenarius
oryseatedwiththeinscription
L A T X , 7 . M o mm s en i d en t if i ed t h e re v er s e
theaedic ulaofV ic toriaV irgo
derin194B . C . toc elebratehis
uredoesindeedhavetheappear-
butitmusthavebeenunder-
swell fortherearerare denarii
reverse butwiththeinscription
. A c learerc asestillisthatof thede-
depictedseatedona pileofarms
nd i ng b e hi n d P L A T X , 8 . T h is
omevic toriousinthewar again
he insurgentsonwhichthelegend
T A I A . T h is t y pe i s a pp a re n tl y
bolforthereare AthenianNew
eisararity . Thisoneisnocloserelativeof theseated
ina yetitisplausibly suggestedthatthecult
vedfromthatof theNymphsofSouth taly
o o p .c i t. p . 8 7 f i g. 7 4 5 ) .
, p . 2 5 T yp e V .
I , l .X C V I I I 8 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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e
easeatedfigurewithswordand
P L A T X , o . T h e co i n wa s s tr u ck
gureisusually takentobeaR omangeneral
yersisnamed O I NTO X . A sidef rom
thehypothesisthatoneof the
edtousea pictureofhimselfbeing
ndthelac kofaQ uintusof the
opertime thereispositiveevi-
otahuman.MissThompson swork
achmshasmadeit clearthatthis
ededbyonestruckbyX enokles
whic halsotheseatedf igureappears
ke. Comparisonwiththeseated
of theA etolian eague 279 168
tedif ferenc einsc aleandindatew ill
theniancoinalsoshowsa national
vinitybeR omeornotis doubtful
heyearof Q uintus whoseinclusion
stratesisthe chiefreasonfor
ec e. nanyc asetheauthorof the
ntofasimilar groupwithaseated
tory.
aidthattheimportanc eof theRoman
onortheideasbehindthem and
ublicancoinshavetheirownat-
value butnoonecan feelthat
ersareasskilfulastheir Greekpre-
nterestingevents andtheymore
ngconceptions butitis the
hichisofimportance nottheform.
sofawell-knownfigure therefore
TheNewSty leCoinageofA thens New ork
p p . 5 9 6 1 .
o Ae t ol i a l . X X X , 5 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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ec tvery little. O neinnovation how-
k:thesubstitutionofa bustof
gu r e P L A T X , 9 . T h is a p pe a rs
andwasusedbyA ugustus. Thein-
ait gaveopportunitytoshowthe
thoughwhetherthiswasactually
ispute— butthelossin dignityis
wasneveraserious competitorof
frecordingthegreatdeeds of
ertainthatV ictorywouldoccurprom-
ntseries.AstheR epublicdrew
contemporaryeventsbegantointrude
andsomeV ictoriesofthecivil
sillustrativeofthe propagandaof
hatof thegoldandsilverstruck
u ll a i n 82 8 1 B . C . p o ss i bl y i n At h en s
triumphal uadrigac rownedby
X , I ) . A l th o ug h t he g r ou p i s a di r ec t d es -
uadrigas thesignif ic anc eisentirely
ongerthe vehicleofacompeti-
himtotriumphbyitssw if tness. t
hohasalreadytriumphed moving
ebratethattriumph.Theearlier
orebeenentirelyreplaced.
stbeemphasi ed wasevidence
mportance.He claimedV ictory
sboldandsimplethanA le ander s
hisdefeatoftheSamnitesSulla
hegavethe name udiSullanae
R o m an C oi ns C hi ca go 1 96 0 , p . 67 l . X V , 1 5 1 7.
evethatthefigure wasSullaonthegrounds
eappearanceofacontemporarysceneonacoin.
tlycharacteristicofSulla.Seetheremarksof
ub li c I , p p. 4 61 f. n . .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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e
uc hmorethanc ommemorating a
twasastatementthathisvictory
isfortuneorhisvalor. nthis as
mpeyapedhischiefanda rareaureus
mphal uadriga thoughhere
es andanaddedfeatureishisyoung
hem.
c toryshouldhaveaprominentplace
usCaesar.Thetransitionbetween
erialc oinageismanifestintheuseofhis
whereno livingR omanhadever
poseddescentofthe uliangens
eneasisthereasonfortheuseof
f Ae n ea s a s a r ev e rs e t yp e P L A T X , ) .
lformofV enusV ic tri , notonly
dshield butalsoholdingaV ic tory
Theobviousanalogywiththe
Seleucidsisnoaccident. ikethe
aesarisassertingforhisfamilyaspec ial
swhobringsvictory. .Aemilius
neyerswhostruc k thisc ommontype
nisticreminiscence:Venusseated
A T X , 2 . B u t a m o r e re m ar k ab l e ty p e
m o re c om p li c at e d P L A T X , ) .
pposedthistoreferto themythof
ouldbean unparalleledrepresentation
wouldsuppose veryobsc uretothe
re planationisthatof c khelwho
e dreamofSulla reportedby
) . O n h i s w ay t o h is c on t es t w it h M ar i us
ofthemoonputtingathunderbolt
s I 2 7 f el i ci t at e m di e i u o S am n it i um T el e si n i u e
Sullaperpetualudorumcircensiumhonoravitmemo-
neSullanaeV ictoriaecelebrantur.
, p p. 46 4 4 66 I I , l .C X , 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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mtostrikehis enemies whowere
Thewingedfigureinthemiddle
boli ingthatofwhic hthedreamwas
arkablethingaboutthisis thetime
Caesarwaswellknownforthehonor
yofMarius andonewouldlittle
rominentonatypeofoneofhis
eemstobethat B ucastruckcoins
sar sdeathin4 B . C . fB abelon
turethatB uc awasthesonofM.
la itiseasyto seewhyheshould
ator sassassinationtoproclaim
ouse.
hermatters thebrief regimeofCaesar
re.H isarrangementswererevised
yhisheirin manywaysthatdo
hatisof importanc eforourdis-
f typesisnolongerthe resultof
tispartof aconcertedplanforthe
ion. A sSutherlandputsit I tisa
heveryoutsetthat A ugustus , w ith
essorsforat anyratetwocenturies
choiceofappropriatetypesas a
nceintheconductofempire.
pec tedthataftertheyearsof the
ththeirgatheringofrivalforcesand
whenthebattleof Actiumandthe
adc oncentratedpowerinasinglehand
nthecoinsto celebratewhatwas
p . 5 4 5 n o t e s a n d 2. N . B r e i te n st e in S u ll a s
o lo g ic a 19 7 p p . 18 1 1 8 6.
reatimportancehavestudiedtheAugustan
rom mperiumtoA uctoritas Cambridge 1946
ostitutional uestions andC . H. V . Sutherland
p er i al o l ic y 1 B . C . — A .D . 6 8 o n do n 1 9 5 1 d e a l in g
heimperialpropaganda. O p. c it. p. 28.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
pointofhistory.Asa matteroffact
nd15of29B . C . threev ictorieswerec ele-
n theA c tianandtheA le andrine
houldbe thethirdofthese
eresourcestotheR omanpower
ed ratherthanthesec ond whose
vedwiththatofAntonyandthe
ereweremany however—V ergil
samongthem—whorec ogni edA c -
andthetraditionhasleft uswith
thatActiumwasO ctavian svic-
venbeforethec elebrationof thetriumph
hadbeguntoshowappropriate
earetraditional:abustofV ic tory
l . , 1 a n d V i c t or y i n a bi g a B M C
V , I , 1 2 ; b u t th e ot he r th re e ar e of m or e
orywithwreathandpalmalighting
X , 4 , a f i ne g r ou p t o co m me m or a te a
esecondshowsthegoddessw ithwreath
t p. 18.
arguedthatthey orsomeofthem belongtothe
ndto taly c elebratingthev ictoriesoverSe tus
c it. pp. 49f. n. 4. Sutherland op. c it. p. 186 c on-
thismaybetrueof theCA SA R D I V I c oins
th M CA SA R shouldprobablybegivento
ts.
tionisarousedbythewordingofSutherland s
entationofthe V ictoryofSamothrace madefamous
beforebyDemetrius oliorc etes op. cit. pp. 29f .
ustus typesshouldrec alltoustheearliertypeas
ensandreproductionsareavailabletoany nu-
readilyavailableinanti uitythatamorerecent
e acopyoranadaptationofan earlierone
kasksaptly didtheemperorshaveaCabinetde
ot maytherepetitionof types theimportanceofwhich
betakenasproof thattheearlierinstanc ewasstill
e laterwasissued
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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go be P L A T X , 5 , a n d th i s ha s
fthegoldenV ictoryofTarentum
theCuria ulia " beforewhich
Theonlyrealbasisfor theidenti-
cappearanceoftheattitude butit
heoriginal mighthavebeena
mby yrrhusincelebrationofhis
80B . C . tobec ome bytheironyof
entofempirefortheR omanswhose
. Thepopularitywhichthe
some thoughdoubtful supportto
nga famousmonument.
peof Augustusisasilver
istamystic aandserpents longa
i lv e r P L A T X , 6 . T h e ad d it i on
thec istaandtheinsc riptionAS A
eminderthatthoughA siahadnotbeen
ypt herrestorationtotheempirewasan
uerorwhoseportraitappearedon
ec annotbeconsideredgreatart they
dpleasanttotheeye.
2 2. . H e ro di an V , 5 7 V I I , I , .
edbyA dolpheReinac h P yrrhusetlaNik de
191 ) , pp.19 29.Thearticleisan astonishingpiling
other.O fitsmanyingenioussuggestionsnot
we areleftwithnomoreevidencethanthat of
dianinthepassagesc ited. etH . B ulleintheartic le
osc her e ikondergriechisc henundr misc henMythologie
g 1 89 7 1 90 2 c ol s. 5 4- 5 6 c an c on cl ud e th at t he re c an b e
producetheV ictoriaoftheCuria. Thecoins
ourma orvariationsandonemightwellaskby
ceptoneasoriginaland re ecttheothersas
thefac tthatthef igureisshowntolef t toright
thatit hadastatuarymodel sincestatuesmay
s anythingthatisviewedfromthree sidesmust
onc ethatpositionistaken thedetailsc anberesolutely
o p . ci t . p . 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
nthelatercoinageof Augustusis
dbeengrantedthat honorablename
onstitutionhadbeenarrangedin
oeigncon uestbutinternalorgani-
hisattentionandforthe successof
semployed.Tensionwith arthia
owar wascomposedbydiplo-
ofhis lieutenantsagainsttheGer-
callforadvertisement. etasan
oesappear. Spanishmints beginning
erw iththeC lupeusV irtutis P L A T
aninterestingc ombination. oronething
neaththestatueof V ictoryinthe
foranothertheideasarec omplementary .
ntedto Augustus virtutis cle-
etatisc ausa anditmightbeunder-
oryofAugustuswhichhadmade
inthenewage and c onversely that
y ualitiesthathehadbeenvic-
tpoint inthetheologyofour
giftof thegodshadbeenfamiliarf rom
ssitwas alwaysassumedthat
dofthosewith suitablepowers.
eA le ander ofsuc hsurprisingpower
victorywouldalwaysbehis. B ut
ervedbymoral ualitiesaswell
ea convertingareligiousconcept
veryfamiliarinthelinesofV ergiland
cessfulstatementofa novel
notbeclassedasartisticsuccesses.
ementofthedesignandit must
n T h m e d e l A r t i m p r i al r o ma i n: l a V i c t oi r e d A u-
d a r ch o l og i e et d H i s t o ri e d e l E c ol e f ra n a i se d e R o m e
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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ts inscriptionshallmakeitclear
newiththiscirclethefigureof the
killofthe die-sinkers.Thetype
t likeagreatteatray isawkward
L A T X , 7 , b u t it i s b et t er t h an t h e
t o b e di v in g o ve r i t P L A T X , 8 .
hatofthe oldNikeflyingabove
butthenewgroupis hopelesslyun-
eproportionsismoresuccessful.
usreturnedfromGaulaf terreorgani ing
tly inthene tyear aportrait
ndiiofRomewithalittleV ic tory
n hi s h ea d P L A T X , O ) . T h e di s -
anon thefamiliargroupswitha
Nike butitdoesnot seemtohave
snot repeatedandthesurviving
ngstothelateryearsof Augustus:
nattitudethathad notbeenseen
heoccurson agold uinariusof
L A T X , 9 a nd m ay h av e re fe re nc e to t he
annoniaforwhichofficialcredit
hoseauspiceshefought.Sheis as
a rareintruderinanotherwise
therk indsofV ic torywereusedonthe
yw ithatrophy " threevarietiesof
obe butitwastheseatedgoddess
typeforthatdenomination.
s er v es s p ec i al m e nt i on P L A T X I ,
he astandborrowedafamouseastern
e T r i um v ir i mo n et a le s un t er A u gu s tu s ” N Z 1 9 4 6 p p .1 1 7 f.
n . 2.
n os .2 9 – 2 97 l .5 . 3 , 1 4 .
n os . 42 4 4 26 l . 9. 1 8 2 0 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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saltogetheraveryattrac tiveone. t
delyused.
essappearsonlyonthe gold
f irstyearC laudiusinventedatype
ampleofsyncretism.Afigureiden-
C A V GV STA hasthew ingsofV ic tory
s theserpentofSalus andsheveils
k e th a t of u d or P L A T X I , 4 .
utes anappropriatecreationof
asusedonbothgoldand silverand
ilesimpleV ictorywasalmost
rewereperfectlysuitableoccasions
asionofB ritain. Nero stypesof
ndarenotremarkablee c eptthat
nsishigh.Theperiod oftheCivil
wasthepric eofsurv ival—orperhaps
oducedfewnoveltiesintheideaof
lbutunderstandableattemptsto
or anotherofthecontestants
s V I C TO R I A G A B A A V G ”
T O N S 12 1V I CTO R I A M V E S AS AN . 12 2Mi no r
on eofGalba:R omeholding
h o ld i ng a a l la d iu m a n d V i t el l iu s h as
t o ry i n sc r ib i ng O B C V E S S R V o n a
P L A T X I , 5 . T h is i s a c om p li c at e d
ethingtotheV ictorywithatrophy
n o. 6 1 48 n o. 21 1 50 n o. 1 l .2 7. 5 1 7 2 5.
bolismhasbeenanaly edbyGrant P a
rsityof dinburgh ournal1949 pp. 229f f. Seealso
p. 127.
M C , l . 2 o a n dt he go ld u in ar ii l . 3 . 2 , 2 4.
5 . o I .
I .
71 nos. 61f. l. I , 1 , 1 4.
6. .
6 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
oclesandsomethingtotheclupeus
sumablythedesignerintendedto
ouldendthewar herfootisona
av ingthec iti ens. B utthesymbolism
rneeditbe. O rthodo ywasmain-
I C T O R I A A V G V S T b u t in f a ct
ov ic tory .
aspec tsof theRoman mperial
drepetitivecharacter.Thishasits
est butitmuchreducesthe
vesomethingnewtosay. nthe
sianmostoftheV ictoriesareadap-
sometimes uiterecentones. There
ctoryl.crowningtheemperor
6 w hi c h is e i th e r a de r iv a ti v e of b r on e o f S e-
A T V I I I , 5 o r a r e ma r ka b le c oi n ci d en c e. T h er e
aringtheV ictoryonacistamystica
adbeenusedon a uinariusof
P L A T X I 7 . V i c to ry t o th e le ft
h y P L A T X I , 8 i s a n ob v io u s ec h o
pe P L A T X , 4 m a d e n ov e l by
egoddessand alteringthedetails.
ote.V espasianhadnohesitation
t y pe o f h is r i va l V i t e ll i us P L A T X I I ,
esdopresentnewgroups:ononeV ic tory
legionaryeagletotheemperor ”
mthe alladium. B ut forthe
moreor lessliteralanduninspired
pes.Astimegoesontheminor
twouldbe uselesstoreviewthem
sof ad unctsorofpostureand
Grant R omanA nniversary ssues Cambridge
. 5 .6 .
.2 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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withotherfigures buttheyhave
ficanceofthegoddessand
ofartisticmerittheyhaveto
eningofthedivinepersonwhich
earlyseeninthegroupsofV ic tory
gustusthemeaningwasplain and
timportancetohim.Tiberius
notsosharplydefinedandthatofWi-
t h O B C V E S S R V s t il l l es s s o. T h er e
icitinthemselvesbutmoreambi-
omitianhasasestertiuswhich
E G R onashield. resumably
espoilstakenfromthe Germans.
o f Tr a a n V i c t or y wr i te s D A C C A , ”
V I C D A C P L A T X I I , ) , o ne is dr iv en
escribeis af terall. Thec on uest
ec orded isitanimmortalandeternal
cord orissheherself insomesense
c asion The uestionisstillmore
sof CommoduswhereVictory
holdsasty lusw ithwhichsheis
balancedonherleftknee.Shehas
butbelowher wheretheygiveevery
dentif ic ation arethewordsV I CT
X I I , 4 . t s ho ul d be r em ar ke d in p as si ng t ha t
epublicandidrachm thisseated
aconventionthatwasmain-
esforgenerations.
ein timetohaveamerelytopical
anentry inthe erialeDuranum
ry obvictoriasarabicamet
mma imam—victoriaeparthicae
o l . 72 .7 .
l .1 4 16 l .1 6.2 1 4.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
enearlierthanthe erialethereis
reistruckbySeptimiusSeverus
ventionalfigurewithwreathand
I A A R TH I C AM AX I M A P L A T X I , 9 .
efertothe actualphysicaleventand
atthefiguremustbe asymbolof
yintendedasacorrectiveisthe oc-
V I C TO R I A A T R N A o cc u rr i ng a s
phraseofverydubiousmetaphysical
rovedbyConstantine sV I C -
P E TV A . B utthedevelopmentwastheother
ommoduswefindaseriousdivorce
properfunctionona sestertiuson
e d V O D E , t h a t i s V O T S D E C N -
P T S.1 3
rationisthatforeshadowedby
thetypesw ithtwoV ic tories. The
eretheyaresimplyheraldicsup-
erianshowsthesimplestform
edSCandthemainlegendisV O TA
A T X I I , 2 . B u t t he n or ma l pu rp os e of t he s hi el d
hedec ennialor uin uennialvows
donhis behalf.SoAntoninianiof
eoccupiedwiththeimperialdate
TX whiletheenc irc linginsc riptionis
L T S X X . O n e m ig ht u rg e th at a s vi ct or y wa s
achievedandthetentocome the
st andthefuture butitseems
sinkerorthe userbotheredmuch
V i c t o ri a a r th i ca a n d ki n dr e d V i c to r ia e ” a l e Cl a s-
, 1 9 4 2 p p . 81 — I O I .
2 5 n os .1 49 f.
. 0 5 n o s. 6 47 f.
. o ff . 12 .
2 8 n o. 17 8.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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s.ThetwoV ictoriesweresimply
metricalpattern theeasiestdesign
nd.Sometimestheshieldis omit-
eopposed eitherclaspinghands
A T X I I , 5 . T h e d i sa p pe a ra n ce o f
dcanhardlybemademoreso even
numberisraised tothree.
haveanewelementtocontribute
ed:thepresenceofthe defeated.
ev e ru s i s ty p ic a l P L A T X I I , 6 :
C A s h ow s wh i ch c on t es t i s i nt e nd e d an d a t th e
captive.Sometimestherearetwo
evictimisbeingtrampledbyV ictory
ntius I , ” sometimesdragged
ommonbron esofTheodosius and
I I , 7 w he re t he i ns cr ip ti on S A V S R E l -
eekstogivethesanc tionof thegeneralwelfare
merebrutality.Theemperorfre-
ofV ictoryinthesescenesandshows
tantius whenhecallshimself
H O ST V M O r D E B E L L A TO R G N T V M B AR B A R O R V M .1 9
sthatof V ictoryguidingtheship
asontheConstantinianbron esin-
P O L I S P L A T X I I , 8 o rw it ht he
her onthebron esofConstans
P L A T X I I I , 1 o f th e se ri es i ns cr ib ed
P A R A T O . T h is l as t e a m pl e sh ow s ac om -
R I C V . , p . 10 , n os .7 99 f.
llionsallowsthemsometimesto presentmuch
ation.Numerianisshownon horsebackattack-
ne ualitybeingc ompensatedbytwoV ic tories
V . 2 p . 1 94 n o . 40 1 G n e cc h i no . 1 l a te 4 7 .
. , p . 15 6 n os . 29 4 f. p . 15 8 n o. I I . C ar au si us
n o. 5 0 .
p p. 4 76 f. n o. 2 7 .
n o s. 2 , 2 4 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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8/9/2019 Victory as a coin type / by Alfred R. Bellinger and Marjorie Alkins Berlincourt
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e
riginalpagancharacterwhichhad
edbytheissuesof thefirstChristian
sheherself isdif ferent butherethe
phoeni whosesignific anc eis
mesalabaruminstead thestandard
am whosesignificanceisnot.The
einwhichtheformergoddessis
ofanewdeitybywhomhernature
fec ted. romnowon w ithin-
sheisonlythelessercompanionof the
piremaderashe perimentswith
mismaticdesigns thefacing
metimessoportrayed— with
oldpieceof Constantinehasthe
ng holdingthefamiliarshield P L A T
. A no t he r d es i gn o f D i o c le t ia n s ho w s a V i c to r y fl y in g
vetwoemperorsenthronedtothe
I I , ) . T h is i s s om e wh a t mo r e at t ra c ti v e.
ndeditself toV alentinian andhis
ittleV ictoryisreallyabsurd
, 4 .
eriodisnotableforthegreat
typesused anditisrare thata
herearetwophenomenathatcall
sebyTheodosius ofaseparatetype
wasstruc k inallmetalsandwas
r- in -l aw u do i a P L A T X I I I , 5
yherdaughterGalla lac idiaandby
ulc heria. twastheoldseatedV ic tory
orespectssheisnew. nthef irstplac e
thoughthesimilartypeonthe gold
rvesthetraditionofshowingher
r changeismuchmoreimportant
he shieldisnownovotivedate
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
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at e r. C as t i n AN S . . .. . . . . . . . . . 3
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. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 0
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l . X X I I I , , 2 4 7 . .. . . .. . 46
c f . ibid. l. X X X , 8. A NS. 47
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c f . ibid. l. X CV I , . A NS47
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f . ibid. l. 15 20. A NS. .
l. 9 8. A NS. . . . . .
l . 9 5 A NS . .. . . .
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l. 2 , . A NS. . . .
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d l. 1 5A NS. . . . . .
. ibid. l. 6 , 6. A NS. . . .
M C m p ir e I , l . 6 7 8 .
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
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1 . o nd on .
us. B MC mpireV , l.
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. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
M C m p ir e V , l . 1 05 8 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
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e n V I I , p . 4 0 6 n o . 9. A NS . . .
i b id . p . 0 5 n o . 65 2 . AN S .
I C V , a rt 2 l . X I I , 1 5.
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
C X , p . 77 5 d . A NS . .
fT o ls t oi l . 4 1 6 1 4 0. A NS .
dus. c f . ibid. l. 5 47. A NS.
l . 5 6 1 6 2 . AN S .
a nt in e l . I , o I . AN S. .. .
l . o 6 5 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T ol s to i l . 8 1 9 2 1 .. . . . . . . . . .
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