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Photovoltaics Victor Alfonso MSRE517 Feb. 25, 2014 University of San Diego MSRE Program Image Source: techhamlet.com

Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

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Page 1: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Photovoltaics

Victor AlfonsoMSRE‐517Feb. 25, 2014

University of San Diego MSRE Program

Image Source: techhamlet.com

Page 2: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics (“PV”) utilizes solar cells that act as semiconductor devices to convert sunlight into DC electricity

Images Source: solarlove.org 

Sun light is absorbed by the n‐type layer, causing electrons to disconnect from the atoms

Disconnected electrons flow to the absorber or p‐type layer

N‐type layer becomes positively charged, p‐type layer negatively charged

Electrons are forced to flow back from p‐type layer to n‐type due to p‐n junction, creating  a direct electric current

Page 3: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Image Source: http://buckscountycleanenergy.com/

DC electricity passes through an inverter where it is converted to AC

AC electricity from the inverter is sent to the main circuit breaker panel for the home

Excess electricity can be stored or sent back to grid

Photovoltaics

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Central (“String”) InvertersTypical Cost: $0.18‐$0.25/W10‐15 year warrantyModules are connected in a series The entire array is jeopardized by one module  9% shading can result in 54% array performance loss

Micro Inverters Located on each moduleTypical Cost: $0.35‐$0.45/W 20‐25 year warrantyEasily pinpoint issues (independently controlled modules)

Images Source: www.renewablegreenenergypower.com

Photovoltaics – Inverters

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Q3 ’13: 35% growth vs prior year / 420% growth vs Q3’10 Dramatic utility growth in 2 years (SDG&E: Top 4 in US in Q3’13) CA, AZ, NC, MA, NV top 5 states in US for PV installations

Graph Source: http://seia.org/

Photovoltaics – TheU.S.Market

Page 6: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Benefits of Photovoltaics

Fuel (sunlight) is free No noise or pollution

Minimal maintenance Long service lifetime (25+ years)

Modular / Expandable Transportable (in some cases)

No moving parts Excess electricity generated can be sold back to utility grid or stored

Photovoltaics – Benefits

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Challenges of Photovoltaics

Upfront costs remain high Inconsistent fuel source (dependent upon sun light exposure)

Requires cleaning and maintenance Large surface area required (inefficient)

Lack of storage capability without battery

Utility grid constraints (Hawai’i, Germany)

Photovoltaics – Challenges

Page 8: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Economics are driven by four main factors:

System cost: Component, installation and maintenance costs

Financing: Ownership, term, real interest rates

Incentives: Federal tax credit, state rebates, state and utility production incentives

System performance: Efficiency, maintenance & service, sunlight

Graph Source: http://seia.org/

Photovoltaics – Economics

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Financing Structures:

Self‐Financing  Cash Home Equity Loan (HEL), or Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC) Cash‐out mortgage refinancing (COMR)

Third Party Ownership (Private Sector) Power Purchase Agreements Solar Leases

Utility and Public Financing:  Utility Financing Public loans (credit‐enhanced and revolving loan) Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) 

Photovoltaics – Financing

Page 10: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Power Purchase Agreements: Solar Finance Company (SFC) designs/purchases/installs/maintains the system Homeowner purchases energy at a specified rate (fixed or escalations)Moving can get complicated: buy‐out (15‐20 yr. contract) or transfer to new buyer  Low availability due to local incentives and rebates needed to make pricing competitive

Solar Leases:Similar to PPAs except homeowner makes monthly lease payments (fixed or escalation); no electricity is sold

Graph Source: http://seia.org/

Photovoltaics – ThirdPartyOwned

Page 11: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Utility Loans: On‐bill Financing: Customer repays principal + int. on utility bill (tied to borrower)Metered‐Secured: Typically separate bill; loan is tied to the meter/property

Public Loans: Credit‐enhanced: 3rd party capital (bank) funds a portion of the loan, local gov.either funds the remainder or provides a credit enhancement for lender’s portion Loan loss reserves, subordinated debt, interest rate buy‐down

Revolving Loan Funds: Initially funded by appropriations or public benefit funds, provides direct loans to the homeowner that is replenished by the loan payments

PACE (Property Assessed Clean Energy): Local gov. creates special tax assessment district  Homeowners can opt‐in, thus agreeing to a senior tax lien on property in exchange for funds for approved projects

Homeowner repays via property tax payments

Image Source: http://nrel.gov/

Photovoltaics – Utility/PublicFinancing

Page 12: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Federal Incentive: 30% of installed cost as tax credit, no maxState/Utility Incentives:

Photovoltaics – Incentives

Page 13: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Image Source: solarcellcentral.com; Graph Source: solarbuzz.com 

Crystalline Silicon PV: Solar cells that are cut from either a single silicon crystal (mono) or a block of silicon that has multiple crystals (poly) 

Photovoltaics – Technology

Page 14: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Photovoltaics – TechnologyPolysilicon Module Pricing 2010 to 2013

Image Source: www.greentechmedia.com

Page 15: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Photovoltaics – TechnologyPolysilicon Module Pricing 2013 to 2017 Estimates

Image Source: www.greentechmedia.com

Page 16: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Thin‐film PV: Thin layers of amorphous silicon (a‐Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe),  copper indium gallium (CIGS) or Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSC)

Photovoltaics – Technology

Image Source: solarcellcentral.com; Graph Source: solarbuzz.com 

Page 17: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Photovoltaics – TechnologySingle junction silicon efficiency has matured, while Thin Film has considerable room for improvement:

Image Source: www.greentechmedia.com

*CdTe Thin Film

Page 18: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Mono‐crystalline

Poly‐crystalline

Amorphous (Thin Film)

CdTe (Thin Film)

CIS/CIGS(Thin Film)

Typical ModuleEfficiency

17‐22% 14‐18% 7‐9% 10‐14% 11‐13%

Best research efficiency

25.0% 20.4% 13.4% 19.6% 20.8%

Area required for1 KWp

6‐9m2 8‐9m2 13‐20m2 11‐13m2 9‐11m2

Lowestprice/watt (module only)

$0.75/watt $0.55/watt $0.69/watt $0.59/watt

Temp Resistance

10‐15% perf. drop in high temps

More tolerantthan mono

Toleratesextreme heat

Tolerates extreme heat

Toleratesextreme heat

Photovoltaics – Technology

Page 19: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Photovoltaics – Technology

Image Source: www.nrel.gov

Page 20: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

PerovskiteCalcium Titanium Oxide mineral as absorption material3% efficient in 2009, 16%+ today Can be semi‐transparent (façade applications, solar paint?)Sustainable and abundant; potential for <$0.15/wattChallenges: durability, degradation and device toxicity

Quantum DotsNanocrystals made of semiconducting materials Generates more electrons than absorbed photonsPotential for 66% efficiencySame challenges as perovskite

Image Sources: http://geotech.com, http://ee.t.u‐tokyo.ac.jp

Photovoltaics – TheFuture

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Payback Considerations: Local incentives (very difficult to achieve <7 year payback without them) Current utility prices and how much to forecast utility price increases in the future Solar panel degradation – typically 0.5%/year

Accelerated Depreciation: Accelerated Depreciation via the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System Photovoltaic systems are eligible for a cost recovery period of 5 years Significant tax implications (and thus demand driver) for businesses

Tax Strategy for REITs: Taxable REIT Subsidiary (TRS) REITs aren’t allowed to be in the business of selling electricity; a TRS can be setup TRS can take advantage of federal and local tax grants and incentives TRS makes money by selling the property electricity at the equivalent utility rate TRS pays the property rent to use roof  space (rent payment has net zero effect)

Image Source: http://nrel.gov/

Photovoltaics – PaybackConsiderations

Page 22: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Photovoltaics – PaybackModel

Page 23: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

Questions?

Page 24: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

References• “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3”  http://www.seia.org/research‐resources/solar‐market‐

insight‐2013‐q3

• “Photovoltaic (Solar Energy)” http://www.seia.org/policy/solar‐technology/photovoltaic‐solar‐electric

• “Solar Explained” http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=solar_home 

• Palmer, Roxanne (2013).  “Solar Power Growing Pains: How Will Hawai’i and Germany Cope with the Boom in Alternative Energy?” http://www.ibtimes.com/solar‐power‐growing‐pains‐how‐will‐hawaii‐germany‐cope‐boom‐alternative‐energy‐1518702

• Federal Tax Credits for Consumer Energy Efficiency http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=tax_credits.tx_index

• State Tax Incentives (Slide 15) http://www.dsireusa.org/summarymaps/index.cfm?ee=1&RE=1

• Speer, Bethany (2012). “Residential Solar Photovoltaics: Comparison of Financing Benefits, Innovations and Options.” http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/51644.pdf

• Rinaldi, Nicholas (2013). “Solar PV Module Costs to Fall to 36 Cents per Watt by 2017” http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar‐pv‐module‐costs‐to‐fall‐to‐36‐cents‐per‐watt

Page 25: Victor Alfonso MSRE Feb. Alfonso MSRE‐517 Feb. 25 ... • “Solar Market Insight 2013 Q3” €resources/solar‐market ... “Perovskite Solar Cells

References• Osborne, Mark (2013). “First Solar Hits Cost Reduction Milestone” http://www.pv‐

tech.org/news/has_first_solar_retaken_the_lowest_cost_pv_manufacturer_mantle

• Maehlum, Mathias (2013).  “Solar Comparison Chart” http://energyinformative.org/solar‐cell‐comparison‐chart‐mono‐polycrystalline‐thin‐film/

• Arzvizu, Dan (20120). “Solar Photovoltaic Technology Status, Challenges and Promise”. http://www.nrel.gov/director/pdfs/12062012_solar_pv_technology_status.pdf

• Fehrenbacher, Katie (2013).  “Introducing New Solar Gear That Could Change The Game” http://gigaom.com/2013/03/26/introducing‐new‐solar‐gear‐that‐could‐change‐the‐game/

• “Inverter, Storage and PV System Technology” http://www.pv‐system‐tech.com/fileadmin/user_upload/2013/pdf/InSyst13_GW‐ES.pdf

• Zyga, Lisa (2014). “Perovskite Solar Cells Become Even More Promising with Cheaper Materials.” http://phys.org/news/2014‐01‐perovskite‐solar‐cells‐cheaper‐materials.html

• “NRL Achieves Highest Open‐Circuit Voltage for Quantum Dot Solar Cells.” http://phys.org/news/2013‐09‐nrl‐highest‐open‐circuit‐voltage‐quantum.html

• Wesoff, Eric (2013). “First Solar’s CTO on Improving PV Module Performance.” http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Slide‐Show‐First‐Solars‐CTO‐on‐Improving‐PV‐Module‐Performance