Vibrio Genus 2

7/29/2019 Vibrio Genus 2.

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P R E S E N T E D B Y -

A Y O D E L E Y E W A N D E

E M E N I K E F A I T H

K A R E E M D I M E J I

E M A M U Z O O T O B O

U D O M P R I N C E

Vibrio Genus


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Introduction

Kingdom: Bacteria

Phylum:Proteobacteria

Class: GammaProteobacteria

Order: Vibrionales

Family:Vibrionaceae

Genus: Vibrio


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VibrioGram-negative curved rods

Measure 2-3 m by 0.4-0.6m

Found in saltwater

Facultative anaerobes

Oxidase-positive

Non-sporulating

Motile

Have single polar flagellumwith sheath

Several species arepathogenic and affecthumans


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Pathogenic Vibrio cause gastroenterits (food poisoning)and include:

V. cholerae (causes cholera)-transmitted throughcontaminated water

V. parahemolyticus

causes diarrhea from eating raw orimproperly cooked seafood

V. vulnificus

V. cholerae causes cholera and it is only pathogenic forhuman. It is not an invasive infection, the organismsdo not reach the bloodstream but remain within theintestinal tract


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Gram stain of V. cholerae

V. vulnificus cellutitis


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SymptomsAfter an incubation period of1-4 days:

Nausea

Vomiting

Profuse watery diarrhea (upto 1L per hour)

Abdominal cramps

Dehydration

Rapid heart rate

Dry skin and mouth

Constant thirst

Fatigue

Fever (rare)


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The diagram above shows how the cholera can affect various parts of the body


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Laboratory

Diagnosis

Bacteriologicaldiagnosiswhich

includes thefollowing:

specimencollection

microscopy isolation

identification


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Specimen Collection

Specimen to be collected insuspicion of Vibrio infectioninclude:

Stools

Vomit

The stool sample can also besent to a laboratory foranalysis. Samples are takenin a sterile container.Transport media are usedwhen necessary. Stools arecollected after salinepurgation.

Stool collector


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Microscopy

Wet mount and Gramstain are performeddirectly from thespecimen

Smears show small, motilewith single terminalflagellum

In stained films- curvedGram-negative rods,

leukocytes, erythrocytes,epithelial cells and mucusare visible Gram-negative Vibrio under a microscope


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Isolation

Culture media suitable for the growth of Vibrio include:

Sucrose agar (TCBS) selective medium forVibrio

Blood agar plate

Thiosulphate-citrate bile

Alkaline Peptone Water (APW) enrichment medium forVibrio

Chromagar

Specimen is inoculated into APW at a pH of 8.6 and after 6hours incubation, is inoculated on another APW and a TCBSplate.

After overnight incubation, is examined for growth.


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Vibrio on TCBS agar


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Vibrio colonies Vibrio colonies on Chromagar


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Identification

Morphology: colonies grown on the TCBS are taken andstained with Gram-stain. Under the microscope, Gram-negative curved shaped rods are seen

Cultures: they ferment sucrose on TCBS forming flat, yellowcolonies

Biochemical properties: have the following properties Oxidase + Catalase + Indole + Lysine decarboxylase +

Ornithine deaminase + Ferment glucose, mannite and sucrose with production of acid only

Specific tests: using agglutination tests with anti-O group 1antiserum and by biochemical reaction patterns


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Vibrio vulnificus

Laboratory diagnosis:

The culturing of the organism from wounds,diarrheic stools or blood is used to diagnose

the illness.

The infective dose for gastrointestinalsymptoms in healthy individuals is unknown,

but for predisposed persons, septicemia canoccur with doses less than 100 totalorganisms.


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TreatmentThe most importantpart of the therapyconsists of water

and electrolytereplacement tocorrect the severedehydration andsalt depletion. Inmore severe cases

of dehydration,fluids are giventhrough theintravenous route.


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Tetracycline is the favoreddrug of choice as it maylessen the symptom span,other effective antibioticsinclude doxycycline and

cotrimoxazole. A choleravaccine is available and canbe recommended fortraveler to foreign countries

with cholera for temporary,limited protection, thevaccine is only effective for3-6 months


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V. vulnificus infection has amortality rate of 50% withthe majority of patientsdying within the first48hrs of infection. The

optimal treatment is notknown but the use of athird-generationcephalosporin and atetracycline (e.g.,

ceftriaxone anddoxycycline) wereassociated with animproved outcome.


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PreventionThe spread of cholerabetween society canbe prevented bysanitation: better

hygienic disposal ofhuman excretions,good food hygiene,and safe drinkingwater

Avoid exposure ofrecent or healingwounds, cuts,punctures or burns, towarm seawater


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Prevention

Consumers in high-

risk categoriesshould avoidconsumption of rawshellfish, particularlyoysters, when eatingthem, be sure they

are properly andthoroughly cooked

Avoid crosscontamination of

previously cookedshellfish with rawshellfish


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Vibrio Genus 2