Via Balcanica

CLUB BALCANICA

VIA BALCANICA Balcanica . . . Balcanica , , VIA BALCANICA ,

.

[email protected]

VIA BALCANICA 1/2013

.

, .

: http://www.lostbulgaria.com/?p=4331

. 15

26

40 ? .

49. .

58 . .

73 .

6

8

14

25 -

38 .

48 , ...

57

71 12.08

85

87


, Via Balcanica''. , , , , , . , , , Balcanica , , - - . . Balcanica. . , , . Balcanica , . ''. , . , - , . . , , . Via Balcanica'' ? . - Via Egnatia, Via Pontica Via Militaris, , , , . Via Balcanica, , '' (). 21.12.2012 ., 2013 . - . , (, , , ). , , , , , . , , , , ! 2013 Via Balcanica!

,.

5


14% , . 58% , 83 %.

, , , . , . . , , , . 11 .

17- 34 , , . 43,7 , , . , 34 , , .

, 42 , 42%. . , , .

. 62%

41% 2009-2016 .

.

11 , . 5 3,16 . 4 , , - 200- . . 370 .

, , , , ., . , .

. .

, - , .

, , , . , , .

, - : ... , .

, , . , . .

1 94 .

9 . . , - , 60,1% . 16,7%. 41,7% .

2007 . - . , . . . 50% .

7 , , -, , , . . , , -, .

. - . , , -, , : , . 2008 . 100 , , .

, . . , . . , . . , . ,

. , . , .

, , , , - , .

, , , , . 20 , , . - . , 1992 . , , 15 1992 . , .

10 . , . 59- , - 2004-2009 ., - , . 1 2013 . .

, - 20- - . 44 . - , . . .

, , , , , , , , . .

www.actualno.com

...VIA BALCANICA 1/2013

Stop the War - ()

9

. ()

. .


()

11

. ()


. ()

.

13

:

920. I , , VII .

1083. , .

1790. .

1868. .

1885. , - .

1912. , , .

1917. .

1920. .

1924. .

1939. : , .

1951. .

1978. .

1883. .

1989. . .

1989. , , , 24- . .

1995. - . .

2005. . - .


15

532. , I; , 30 000 .

1068. V -

1322. , , , . ( )

1475. . III , , . - . ( , , )

1527. .

1593. III , 19- .

1862. , .

1904. , (. . ).

1946. , .

1946. , , , : , , , , .

1953. .

1963. , .

1991. , , .

1994. , .

, . , ?


- - , .

, , , , . -

()

, , , . , - ,

. ,

. -,

:

?

.

, . , . -

- , . .

: , .

? Larousse (petit Larousse illustr) 1990 .

. . 70- ., , . . - ,

.

. . .. . , . , ,

.

. , . , , .

. , .

17

, , . . . ,

, -

. , , , , .

, , .. . ,

. , ,

( )

. , 1789 .1 -

.

, , , . , , . - ,

1 , , . . , . . , . , , 2005

.

, , . , , . ,

. , -

, . . -, , . , . , .

, . , , . , , , .. . , . (

.)

, -.

. , . .


(

) ,

, . , - . ,

; -

. 2

. - ,

. .,

: Le peuple (), Populaire (, ), Volksstimme ( ). , .. - , .

: !.

, Vaterland ( , !) 1885 . , Neues Wiener Tagblatt. , ? . -

- ,

.

2 http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMDictionnaire?iddictionnaire=1683 (29.11.2012, 22:20)

. -

, , .

. .

. , , .

: , -

.

. ,

. ( 1882 .

).

, . , -, .

:

( ) . ( ) , .

19

, ().

, .

, , , , . 1846 . 1866-1869 .

,

, -,

, . . , , , , .;

.

(Zastava) 1869 .,

, . ,

. . 1870 .,

,

- (Javnost) (Glas javnosti), 1875 . (Osloboenje). , .

1875 . .

- (Srbija na Istoku), , , . , . .

, .

, , .

, , . , ().

. ( 1874 .),

, - . .: : I . [1804-2004], . , , 2001, . 161


- . ,

, , ( Perovi). ,

.

. , , , .

1881 ., 1876 .,

, .

, . 500

, . . ,

, :

(). 1881 . .

1845 . .

. ,

(j), . 1926 .

. (1868-

1872 .),

, . 1878 .

(). 1883 . , . 1889 .,

. - .

, , . 1880 .

.

, .

.

.

,

(31 1945 10 1926 .)

21

. - ,

, . . , , , .

, , , , . . , . . , . 1880 .

, . , (Perovi). , , , , []

, .

(Perovi), . ,

,

. ,

, , . , ;

.

.

, -

. . : , , , , ( Popovi). :

- / / .

. . , , , (

) , ,

, - .

, , . -

,


. , , , , - . , - . . , (Perovi). ? , 1883 ., : , // . // . . ; . , ( ). , -

. , ,

. , , , , - (. , ).

, , .

, , , (). . , ,

.

, , . , , , .

- ,

.. . , , . , ,

, , . , . -

- , ,

- .

,

.

, , , , , .. .

23

. , . , . , , ,

, , . ,

, , . . , , . , , : , . , .

, . : , , , 1998 / Imagined Communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, Verso, 1983, 1991 /, . . , , , 2005 / Democracy and Populism. Fear & Hatred, John Lukacs 2005 /, . , 1905, La psychologie des foules (1895), Rdition : Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, Collection Quadrige, 1988, . : I . [1804-2004], . , , 2001., . . : , . 23, 1/2007; . : . , . 1/2008, . 1780 . , , , , 1997 / Nations and nationalism since 1780. Programme, Myth, Reality, E. J. Hobsbawm 1990; Central European University Press 1997 /Boyte, Harry C. Populism and John Dewey. Convergences and Contradictions. 2007 University of Michigan Dewey Lecture, March 29, 2007Dorna, A. Faut-il avoir peure du populisme, Monde diplomatique, Novembre 2003, Encyclopdie Larousse Petit Larousse illustr 1990, dition Larousse, Canada, 1989Keli, Dejan Politika misao Svetozara MarkoviaPerovi, L. Narodna radikalna stranka: utemeljenje ideologije socijalnog, nacionalnog ipolitikog jedinstva srpskog naroda

(1831-1899)


. , , 14- . , , , , , . , , , , , . 2009 . , . 50 . // - . , , , , , , 17.02.2008 . , , , , . . , , , , , , , , , . , , , : - , .

25

27

?

,

. , ,

,

- . 1

60- , . 1967 . 1968 .

.

. 60- 80-

, . , , :

. ,

( ) , , -

. - .2

,

70- ,

3000 1000 .

, , 300 .

1998 . , ,

, , . , , .3

1 Enver Hoxha, Laying the Fondations of the New Albania: Memoirs and Historical Notes (Tirana: Nentori Publishing House, 1984), 11 . : Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape : Golden, Kristen B, and Bettina Bergo. The Trauma Controversy: Philosophical and Interdisciplinary Dialogues. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009. . 171-1722 1998 . . : < http://www.yurope.com/nasa-borba/arhiva/Jan98/0401/0401_11.HTM > (05.05.2012, 17:25 .)3 .


- , -

, . - , , . , .

: , , - .

1, , , .

( . 1, 2, 3 4):

: , () ,

. 150 .

: , .

: , , .

. 1

: : http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com

1 : http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com> (05.05.2012 ., 18:30 .), . 35

29

. 2: : : http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com




, ( . 5 6), ,

. (. 5) ,

3 . 60 ,

. -

. - .

(. 6) - ,

, 8 9 . 1 . .

. 5: :

: http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com

31


. 20

. , , 1. 1939 .

, , 3 . , 1.11 . .2 , , , , - 600 800 , 2 .

. .

. , ,

, , , , , , 3 , . , . -

, , :

- [ ] , , . , , , . . 1944 . - , - , .4

1 Howden, Daniel. Albania's relics of paranoid past :< http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2098705.stm > (05.05.2012. 19:18 .)2 : http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com> (05.05.2012 ., 18:30 .), . 773 Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 1774 , . . . . 186


, , , .1

, . 40- , ,

. - ,

, , - .

, , .2

, , , ( , )

3 .

, , ( , ). , : , , .4

. , . , , , , - . - , ,5 - , , .6

1 , : Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 1772 . , . 1952 . . : , . . . . 2113 Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 1774 ! < http://ooehukc.wordpress.com/2012/04/14/%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5/> (08.05.2012, 18:20 .) : Dujisin, Zoltan. Forget Communism Or Sell It!,Unknown Albania, A Case Study: Cultural and Environmental Tourism. IPS, 2007. p.13 , < http://fyeaheasterneurope.tumblr.com/post/12933137170/albanias-communist-regime-was-definitely-unique> (08.05.2012, 18:23 .)5 White, Jeffrey. Letter from Albania: Enver Hoxha's legacy, and the question of tourism In: http://www.gadling.com/2008/06/26/letter-from-albania-enver-hoxhas-legacy-and-the-question-of-t/ (08.05.2012, 18:56 .)6 Darrow , Siobhan. Albania littered with symbolism -- in the form of bunkers In: < http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9703/18/albania.bunkers/index.html> (08.05.2012, 19:02 .)

33

, , , .1

, . , !2

, , . , 3. .

, , . , - ( -), ... , ?. , , - 20- 30- , : , , , , ( ). , .4

, . , , , , , , , . . , . , , , , , , , .5

. , 6. , : , , , , (. 7, 8, 9 10). , , , .7

1 , . . . . 2442 In: Albania littered with symbolism3 : Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 1774 , p. 175 , p. 1796 http://blog.concrete-mushrooms.com/?page_id=112 7 Pukovnik Bunker In: < http://www.yurope.com/nasa-borba/arhiva/Jan98/0401/0401_11.HTM>


. 7: : http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com

. 8: : http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com

35

. 9


. 10



?

2009 1. , 800 , . 2.

, . , 3. , 4, , , , (- ), , .5

: . , , , , , , , .

, . ., Bunkeri , - , () , - : - .6

, ? . : , , , .

, .

1 Nice beach, shame about the bunkers: http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/travel/nice-beach-shame-about-the-bunkers/story-e6frezhr-1225754011334 (12.05.2012, 13:23 .)2 Albanian tanks rid beaches of 'nightmare' Cold War bunkers: http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Albanian_tanks_rid_beaches_of_nightmare_Cold_War_bunkers_999.html (12.05.2012, 13:40 .)3 http://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I000020K6Ugf8gWs (12.05.2012, 13:52 .)4 http://www.vesti.bg/index.phtml?tid=40&oid=3538791 (12.05.2012, 13:59 .)5 ! < http://ooehukc.wordpress.com/2012/04/14/%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5/> (12.05.2012, 14:10) : Dujisin, Zoltan. Forget Communism Or Sell It!,Unknown Albania, A Case Study: Cultural and Environmental Tourism. IPS, 2007. p. 13 6 Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape. p. 177

37

:

Galaty, L. Michael. The Snake That Bites. The Albanian Experience of Collective Trauma as Reflected in an Evolving Landscape : Golden, Kristen B, and Bettina Bergo. The Trauma Controversy: Philosophical and Interdisciplinary Dialogues. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009 < http://www.concrete-mushrooms.com> , . . . . , 2000 Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie, and Bernd J. Fischer. Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002 Albanias `Bunker Mentality Fades, 1996 Albanias relics of paranoid past, 2002 Dujisin, Zoltan. Forget Communism Or Sell It!,Unknown Albania, A Case Study: Cultural and Environmental Tourism. IPS, 2007. p. 13 White, Jeffrey. Letter from Albania: Enver Hoxhas legacy, and the question of tourism In: Darrow , Siobhan. Albania littered with symbolism -- in the form of bunkers, 1997 In: < Nice beach, shame about the bunkers, 2009: Albanian tanks rid beaches of nightmare Cold War bunkers, 2009: http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Albanian_tanks_rid_beaches_of_nightmare_Cold_War_bunkers_999.htmlhttp://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I000020K6Ugf8gWs http://www.vesti.bg/index.phtml?tid=40&oid=3538791

1. . . , , . , 1952 . , . : , , , . , , , , .

2. , ? , , , , . , , , , . , . , , . ..

3. , , ? . , . . , , . , - . , , .

4. - - ? , . : . , : . . .

5. : , , . , ? , . , . , . , .

6. . , ?

.


, . . . , . , . , , , .

7. . , , , ? , ! e , . , . , .

8. . , ? , . . , . , .

9. , ? ,

. , . , . .

10. ? ? . , - . , . , . , .

11. Via Balcanica? Via Balcanica , .. , .

12. Balcanica. , . , .

39

?

: http://www.bergbook.com/images/18160-01.jpg


. , , , .

, , . , .

, , , . . ,

1942 . 1972 .

- ,

-.1 Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?,2 , , . ,

, .

, , 1 http://www.de.wikipedia.org, 19.12.2012 ., 21:48 .2 () ?.

XIX XX .

1808 .

,

. -

. . . .3 , , . , (-

)

. - ,

. .

-

, -

. , .4 , . ,

.

,

3 , , , . , . 1-44 , . 4

41

, . ,

, . , - ,

.

,

: , , , (, , ,

, ), , ,

, , .

, , , 2002 .

, . .

, , .

, , -

.

, -

1989 . ,

, ( ,

).5 1989 .

(

)

, . , .

. . , , , .

, (, -

, .),

.

, 5 Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56, S. 94


, .

, , . -

, -

. , -

, , .6

,

- .

. . ,7 -

-.

,

IV XX .,

.

, , .

, 6 Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56, S. 947 , , .

.

, Imagining the Balkans Der Balkan als Analysekategorie: Grenzen, Raum, Zeit.8 -

,

, . , , -

-

. , , , .9 , . ,

(

)

, . ,

, . , , . 1989 . -

, ,

8 : , , .9 Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56, S. 98

43

10 . , , , , , , . ,

, .

, , . . ,

,

. , , , .11 , . . -

, .. . , . .

10 Idem11 Idem S. 99

, , , .

, , , . .12 .

, . . , . -. , , . , , , , , . .

,13 , ,

. , , , .

12 Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56, S. 9813 Mathias Bernath: Sdosteuropische Geschichte als gesonderte Disziplin. In: Forschungen zur osteuropischen Geschichte 20 (1973), S. 135-144, Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56


. , ,

. ,

, .14

,

- . 1989 .

.

, , .15 , , , , , ,

. , , .

, -

.

14 Karl Kaser, Sdosteuropische Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft. 2. vllig neu bearbeiteteund aktualisierte Auflage, Wien, Kln, Weimar 2002 Mathias Bernath: Sdosteuropische Geschichte als gesonderte Disziplin. In: Forschungen zur osteuropischen Geschichte 20 (1973), S. 135-144, Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 5615 , .

. . - ,

, .

. , . , .

. . ,

, . , .16 -,

.17 ,

. ,

.

, , . , , ,

16 Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56, S. 10217 Idem, S. 103

45

.

( )

, , , .

. .

, . , , . . ,

. . . , . . , .

. , (13

13 1878 .),

1908 .,

(1912 1913 .), 1914 .,

1941 .,

, . ,

, . ,

.

.

. . , ,

.

, , , .

, ? ,

, -

, 1878 .

.

, . ,

,

- .

- ,


. ,

, , , .

. , -

.

. , , , .

. , , , . ,

, -.

?

. (-)

. .

, , , , , , , , , , . , , . , , . ,

.

Sundhaussen, Holm, Was ist Sdosteuropa und warum beschftigen wir uns (nicht) damit?, in: Sdosteuropa-

Mitteilungen 42 (2002), H. 56, S. 92 105

, , , . , . 1 4http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holm_Sundhaussen, 19.12.2012 ., 21:48 .

47

, - .

8 . , , . . 956 .

, , , V. , .

. . , 1915 . . , -.

( ). , , .

.

1920 . (1944 .), ( 1928 .) (1946 .).

- . , , .

, . 1884 .

.

, 1999 .

- 34 ( 2000 ), .

- - 5 : 7.2 , 1150 , .

9000 .

.

, ...

;

. , , -

. , , . XVII

XVIII .

. , , , , , . . . -

.

, .

K , . . -

, .

: , , . . , ,

.

, , , . .

, , .

XIX XX .

XIX

, . . , , , .

. , , .

, .. ,

, . . (

).

,


.

. , . ,

, , . .

, , . , . . .

: (). , , , . , , .

,

-. ,

. ,

, .

, , , .

.

. . 1918 .

. , . , , .1

,2 , (

, ) .

,

. ( ),

.

.

. , , .3

.4 , , . ,

1 , , , , , 2000 ., . 552 10.08.1920 . , . . , , , 2000 ., . , . 2953 , , , , 2000 ., . 55-564 , , , 2000 ., . , . 295

51

.

.

. 1920 .

.. ,

. . , - 1919-1921 . . . .5 .

.

, . , , , . (), . , , , , -

. ,

.

. 1922

. . . 5 24 1923 . . . , , , , 2000 ., . 74

, , .

. . ,

, , .6 , . 13 1923

. ()

. - - .

,

, 16 1923 .

.

. , . 9 1923 . ,

-

(). 7 1923 .

, 29 1923 .

. .

: (

),

. . 6 , , , 2000 ., .77.


, 1921 . . , . , .

20 1924 .

. , , , . , . (

, ).

(, ,

, , , ).

, .

. , . , , , , .

.

.

17.02.1926 .

. 1930 .,

. 1934 .

.

. . , . .7

. , ,8 , ,

, .

. , -

.9

. .

7 , , , , 2000 ., . 78-. 838 2 1925 .9 < http://novinar.bg/news/latife-hanam---neshtastieto-spoletialo-kemal-atatiurk_MjkyMTsyMg==.html,16.12.2012 , 20:15 .

53

1924 .

. , , . .10 . , . 01.10. 1928 . , 01.01.1929 .

.

()

.. ,

, , , . .

.

-

10 . , , , 2000 ., . , . 327

. : . , , . . , ? , ? 11

1925 . , .

, .

: , , , . ? , , ? , . .12 , , , . , . : 13

11 , , , 2000 ., . , . 31912 , , , 2000 ., . ,, 321 , 25-3113 , , , , 2000 . ( ), . 95

.


. , , , . . 1934 ., ,

, , . ,

( ).

. 1936 .

.14

, . , . . , . , . ().

14 , , , , 2000 . ( ), . 84-96

. , . , .

. 23 90 .

. ,

10, 18 . . ,

, .15 17.02.1923 .

. (, ,

, ).

, . . . . .

- (

).

, . 12

. , , , , . , . , .15 , , , 3, . 2006 , 176-185

55

, , -

. - ,

. . 1924 . ,

1 . , 250 000 .

30-

. 1929-1933 .

.

, . . (

). -

. , , . .16

, .

, , , , , , ,

, .., .

16 , , 2000 ( ), 98-105

.

. .

, . , , . -

, , , . , , . . , , , , . . :1. , , , 2000 . ( ), . 55-1252. , , , 2000., . , . 305-3453. , , , 3, 2006 ., . , 176-185 :

h t t p : / / n o v i n a r. b g / n e w s / l a t i f e - h a n a m -- - n e s h t a s t i e t o - s p o l e t i a l o - k e m a l - a t a t i u r k _MjkyMTsyMg==.html

http://www.ataturkdevrimleri.com : Facebook.


31 . , . . . , . .

, . , , .

: 1 1,5 ( ) 1,5 4-5

. , 30 . , . , , . - . , . ( ) . , . . 40 180 .

57

: www.know-how-to-cook.com


: vestnikstroitel.bg

. , , , . , , , ., , . -, , , , , , . , , , XIV , . , , XX , . . - , , , , . , . .

59

-

. .

1 , , , . , ,

. 1910 1913 . ,

- ,

. , , - ,

V .

, .

. : . , .

( ) .

1 , ., . ., , 2011 ., . 40. 2 , ., . , , 1912 ., . 55 56.

(

.1),

. .

, (), ,

()

2 . , , -

, , , . ( - ),

, .

, .

. 1


. , , , . , , , 3 , , . , -,

(. 2),

.

. 46,58/23/16.10 . 19,70 .5

.

441 447 . 6. . . ,

, .

. 2

3 , ., . , , 1912 ., . 55 56. 4 , . 58 5 , ., . ., . 40. 6 , ., . , ., 1967 ., . 30.

61

, ..

. , (), . , IV VII ,

- -, . , , . . , , . .

, . , , , , , , . , , . 50 ,

, - ,

, (. 3). ,

-, , .

. 3


, , , . , , , , , . - 7. , , , 8. , X XI .

.

. 435 .,

, (450 457 .),

9. ( ), 10. , . (527 565 .),

, . , , . , VI .

809 . ,

X 11. , (. 4).

7 , . ., . 29. 8 . 9 , . ., . 32.10 , ., , ., 1913 ., . 120.11 , . 33.

. 4

63

. , XIV

12 . , XVI

. , , -

. , , . . XVI

.

, (,

) ( , ) (. 5).

. , 1818 .

. (. 6).

, , , , 13. 1858 . . , (. 7). ,

, . (. 8, . 9) .

, 1910 1913 .

. 6 . 7 12 , ., , ., 1913 ., . 35. 13 . . 37.


. 5

1928 . , ,

, ,

14. . 1955 . , ,

, . .

14 , ., , ., 1913 ., . 38. 15 , . 40-41

. 8

. 9

, ,

, , , -

. .

15.

65

, -, , , 16. , (), , , , 17, , ( ). , , . , . , , -, .

, , (. 10 . 11). , , . , , . , , , - .

16 , ., . ., . 58. 17 , ., . .

. 11

. 10

VIA BALCANICA 1/2013VIA BALCANICA 1/2013

18. , , , , . ,

. -

. - ,

. -

, , ,

(. 12)

, . . , , , , 19, , , . , , . , , . .

18 , ., . ., . 66. 19 , .68

. 12

6767

20 , ., . ., . 68. 21 , , . , . , , , . 22 . , , . 23 , ., . ., . 120. 24 , . 121.

. 13

, ,

, , . , -,

, , 20, .. . , , , , , (.

13).

- . ,

, , 21, 22 . , .

.

, 1913 .

.

, ,

. ,

.

, (, ,

) 23.

,

. .

,

24.

. ,

, . ,


,

- .

25. ,

,

VI , ,

. ,

- VI . ,

. ,

, , .

.

,

. 26.

,

. ,

, -

.

. ,

,

.

-,

. . , ,

: IV , ,

, , ,

, .. -, (),

,

27. V VI

,

, .

-

,

( . 14 . 15 ),),)), ,

,

28. ,

X XI

.

25 , ., . ., . 121 122. 26 , . 130. 27 , ., . ., . 81. 28 , ., . ., . 136.

. 14

. 15 )

. 15 )

. 15 )

69

. .

V VI . ,

, .. , , , , , , . .

, , , ,

.

, .

:, ., , ., 1913 ., ., . , ., 1912 ., ., . , ., 1967 ., ., . , ., 2011 . :www.stara-sofia.comwww.lostbulgaria.com

:


, , . -

.. , . -

, , -.

, ., Via Balcanica,

A fost sau n-a fost?, ? ,

, ,

12:08 .

12:08 .. (Noul val romnesc), .

. 16-

- - ( )

, .

, , , . , . ( ) ( ), ,

, . , 1989 . .

,

, :

: A fost sau n-a fost?/ 12:08

: : 2006

: 89 : :

: , , , ,

. . ,

, (Camra dor

2006 .).

71

, , , - 16

. , , .

: http://sofialive.bg; http://cinefish.bg

(http://clubbalcanica.com/)

1989 .

- . 2012 .

23 , , -

, . 25- 1989

. , - . ,

, . , -

, . -

. ? , ,

, ? ;

; -

, -; , ,

! (!) -

. . , 12:08

- , ,

( , ),

. . ;

, . . . ,

. , ?



, . , ,

. -

. , , -

, XIX .

-

, , .

, -

.

, 1770 .,

, : , ,

, . ,

1. , , , . , . . : , , ( )

2. , . ,

,

1 http://www.google.bg/books?hl=bg&lr=&id=ywr0CcGDNHwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=giovanni+sartori+parties&ots=xR7akQfuhT&sig=YU_OP2CdWg_eIpbDj0pGfVTvCwg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=giovanni%20sartori%20parties&f=false [17.12.2012; 22:21]2

, : , , ; , ;

.

75

, , . ,

. . -

. . ,

, , .

., -

: XVIII .

. XVIII

. XIX .

. , , . , . ( ),

, , , , , . - , .. , .

. : , , ( ), .

, , . . XIX .

, , , (). ,

-

, , . ,

, , ,

XIX .

-

, . ,

. , , . , , .

.. (cleavages). a

. ,


(60- . .)

; -

; -; -.

, , XX XX

. , . . . . . 2 . -

. . , , .

. .

, , .

, 1. () . ,

, . , . 1 : , - ; .

, . , , , - - .

. , (catch all).

, . .

2, , , , .

. , . , , . -

,

2 , .

77- :

.1 - -

, -

. , -

2.

. , . . , ; ,

( );

, . , , .

, .

1 Parties make for a system, then, only when they are parts (in the plural); and a party system is precisely the system of interactions resulting from inter-party competition.; 2 , 1951 .

. , , , . , . , . , . , . , . , , , .

, 1918 .

, ,

1918 .

. , , , .


( ) 1

2

1 : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/1/15/JudeteAntebelice.png [18.12.2012 14:26]

2 : http://www.asociatia21decembrie.ro/2010/12/la-multi-ani-romania/ [20.12.2012. 15:20]

79

- ,

, . ,

.

. 1919-1939,

, , . , -

1. -

: :

:

-

.

, . , .

(/) :

(-):

1 , , , .

,

- :

:

;

( ,

/ )

(Partidul Evreiesc din Romnia); ( Partidul Naional Maghiar)

(Partidul Naional Romn, PNR),

(Partidul Naional Romn din Transilvania i Banat). , (

) - 1880 .

- 1919 1920

. , ,

(

)

, . 1919-1926 . 1919 .

. ,

- -


. 1926 .

,

(Partidul Naional rnesc), - .

- (1922 .)

(1925 .)1.

1927 .,

. , -

- ,

. , . , e .

1928 .,

. . . , , . ,

, , 349 . 13.

-

1928 . 1930 .

- ,

,

:

1 1910 . . . , 1924 . .

, . , .

. , , . 1930 . II

. . , -

,

-

.

,

. ,

.

.

, , , .

.

81

1

, , . 1916 .

.

, 1921 .

. 1918 . .

-. 1919 .

. 1922 .

. .

1926 . 1927 .

1928 . ,

1922 .

, , 260 17 % 1 :http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ion.C.Bratianu_02.jpg/200px-Ion.C.Bratianu_02.jpg [18.12.2012,12:54]

. , . . , 1923 .,

, .

1926 .,

, , 40%

, . .

, . 1927 . ,

,

, -

, .. , .


Garda de fier ,

24 1927 .

1938 .

. .

. , -

, , -

.

, .1 1 . , , , . . ,

. (- ), -

.

, -

- (

), -

. - ,

, , -

- 2,

, . , , . 30- XX 4,2% . . 30%, 50 %. , , .2 , , .

. , - 1

1 : http://camasaverde.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/presa_legionara_garda-de-fier1.jpg [ 20.12.2012 18:20]

83

.

30-

,

. 1938

. 1941,

,

. ,

(Legiunea Arhanghelului

Mihail), (legionarii). (Micarea

Legionar). ,

1930 .

,

, -

, .

1933 . .

1935 ,

, a Totul

pentru ar ( /)

-

, . , .. (Nicadori, Decemviri,

Rzbuntori)1

1 . , . . -

, , . , .

, , , cuib,

.

. , , (

)

.

.

(Partidul Socialist din Romnia) , -

(Partidul Social Democrat Romn). .

. , .. , - Cruciada Romnismului. . , , ( 100 ) , .

, .

, . , , ,

.

, , , . , -

,

(Partidul Comunist

Romn) , 1944

. . .

, . -

, ,

.

:, . / . : -, 2003, , 1999., (1918-1945 .), , 2004 .

, http://www.google.bg/books?hl=bg&lr=&id=ywr0CcGDNHwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=giovanni+sartori+parties&ots=xR7akQfuhT&sig=YU_OP2CdWg_eIpbDj0pGfVTvCwg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=giovanni%20sartori%20parties&f=falsehttp://thompkins_cariou.tripod.com/id15.htmlhttp://members.tripod.com/nie_monthly/nie78_00/bogdan.htmhttp://www.counter-currents.com/2011/04/codreanu-and-the-iron-guard/http://www.pntcd.eu/introducere-in-istoria-pntcdhttp://www.claremontmckenna.edu/hist/jpetropoulos/ironguard/ideology.htm



.

(. ).

, -

.

-

. .

884 .

1914 .

,

1930 .

1587 .

, , , , , , ; Chries, Chries Weissenburg. ; , Taurunum. . , , , , , . -, ,

.

, , , . . , . -, , . . , .

, , , , , , . , - , , . , , , . , , ( - , -, , , , )

, , , . . . , ,

, 16 60 .

, .

, . , , . - , , , , , , . , . .

, , . : ... .

, , . . .

, , , . - .

, . - . . . , . , . . , -, , . , , .

85

, , . . , , , . - . , , . - ,

. , . , , . ,

,

, , ,

, , , .

, , ..

. , , , . . . , . ,

, . , , , ,

, -, - , . . , , . , , , , , .

. , .

, . , , , , .. .

, , . - , . - , , , , , . , ,

, , , , , , , , . , , , , , , ,

:

V-V .,

. , 1979 .


, , , . : http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/en/general/gallery/136.html

: http://sando.blog.mk/2012/05/05/tito-zhuan-ili-titonova/

87

- : http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/n/nato.asp

:http://www.artija.net/zikison2006/karikatura/Simon_Vuckovic___MONTE-NEGRO_detail.htm

! ! : http://tsiolakis.blogspot.com/


Documents

Via Balcanica