Vetrogenerator.pdf

| 26 (2014) | 99

1 2 3 4 : 624.042.41/.046

DOI:10.14415/zbornikGFS26.11 : , . . , . . , w . 30 m 300 kW 115 m 5 W. , 100 . , -. VESTAS tip V112 3MW HH 119, ( 3.2 W) . : , , , , , .

1. . , . . . ,

1 . . , ..., , 2, -: [email protected] 2 , ..., -: [email protected] 3 .. , ..., -:[email protected] 4 , ..., -: [email protected]

100 | JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

, , . , , . , . . 1. w 10 . , 80 85% .

1.

1993. 2003. 80% (). 28440 W ( 2003.) 2,5% . . . , , . , , ().

2. . . , :

, .

| 26 (2014) | 101

, . , . - , ( 2). - ( 1931. ). - . , . . . , . , . . , ( 3) ( ) 30m 300 kW 115m 5 W. , , 100 m. , -.

2. - 3. T 3 W

2.1 , ( 14m/s) , . ( 25 m/s) . . , . ,


. : vmin (cut-in wind speed)

. v < vmin . vmin = (2,5 3,5) m/s;

vn (nominal wind speed) . vn = (10 13) m/s, vn = (14 17) m/s;

vmax (cut-out wind speed) . vmax =25 m/s, vx >30 m/s. (survival wind speed) (60 70) m/s.

() . . . , , . 10m ( ) vsr 5 m/s. , . , , . , 2. IEC 61400-12. . . , . . .

2.2

350.000 30 . 20% 2020 . ( ) , -. ,

| 26 (2014) | 103

1,300 W 2,300 GWh . W . , , W . 6 - 8 W, 10W 20 W. 4 . 100 Airbus- 380 ( 80m).

4.

. , . , . 2001. 56000 25 GW .5 2020 . . 4,9-5,8 m/s. , . , . 500 kW 3 W .


5. W

2.3

- 1997. . 2002. 5,5 Wh 10% , 2002. 40 Wh. . 2000 3000 1 W, 3 GW. , . , .6 .

6.

| 26 (2014) | 105

, - , , , , , , . 6 m/s. 2000 km2 2000 W . , , . , . 2000 km2 , , . 1500 2000 W .

3.

, . , - . , (.1 ). 119,0 m (), 116,8 m. 56,0m, ( ) 175,0 m ( . 7).

7.


1.

d r t L d/t . Iy , I I

[] [] [] [] [/] [2] [4] [4] 3900 1950 300 130 - - - - 1 3900 1950 60 2580 65 4 735133 1.398+12 2.796+12 2 3900 1950 60 2930 65 4 735133 1.398+12 2.796+12 3 3900 1950 60 1750 65 4 735133 1.398+12 2.796+12 4 3900 1950 39 2665 100 4 477836 9.086+11 1.817+12 5 3900 1950 39 2665 100 4 477836 9.086+11 1.817+12 . 1 3900 1950 257 290 - - - 6.013+12 1.203+13 6 3900 1950 39 2578 100 4 477836 9.086+11 1.817+12 7 3900 1950 36 2799 108 4 441080 8.387+11 1.677+12 8 3900 1950 35 2881 111 4 428827 8.154+11 1.631+12 9 3900 1950 34 2930 115 4 416575 7.921+11 1.584+12 10 3900 1950 33 2930 118 4 404323 7.688+11 1.538+12 11 3900 1950 32 2352 122 4 392071 7.455+11 1.491+12 12 3900 1950 31 2500 126 4 379819 7.222+11 1.444+12 . 2 3900 1950 218 230 18 - - 5.094+12 1.019+13 13 3900 1950 30 2939 130 4 367566 6.989+11 1.398+12 14 3900 1950 30 2930 130 4 367566 6.989+11 1.398+12 15 3900 1950 29 2930 134 4 355314 6.756+11 1.351+12 16 3900 1950 28 2930 139 4 343062 6.523+11 1.305+12 17 3900 1950 29 2930 134 4 355314 6.756+11 1.351+12 18 3900 1950 26 2930 150 4 318557 6.057+11 1.211+12 19 3900 1950 25 2930 156 4 306305 5.824+11 1.165+12 20 3900 1950 25 2195 156 4 306305 5.824+11 1.165+12 21 3900 1950 24 2530 163 4 294053 5.591+11 1.118+12 . 3 3900 1950 172 170 - - - 4.014+12 8.029+12 22 3900 1950 23 2888 170 4 281801 5.358+11 1.072+12 23 3875 1937.5 23 2888 168 4 279994 5.256+11 1.051+12 24 3850 1925 22 2889 175 4 266093 4.930+11 9.861+11 25 3824 1912 21 2889 182 4 252282 4.612+11 9.223+11 26 3799 1899.5 21 2889 181 4 250633 4.522+11 9.043+11 27 3774 1887 20 2890 189 4 237127 4.222+11 8.444+11 28 3749 1874.5 19 2890 197 4 223779 3.932+11 7.863+11 29 3723 1861.5 18 2890 207 4 210531 3.648+11 7.295+11 30 3698 1849 18 2890 205 4 209117 3.575+11 7.149+11 31 3673 1836.5 17 2622 216 4 196164 3.308+11 6.616+11

. 4 3650 1825 170 140 - - - 3.253+12 6.507+12 32 3650 1825 16 2868 228 4 183469 3.055+11 6.111+11 33 3610 1805 16 2869 226 4 181458 2.956+11 5.912+11 34 3570 1785 15 2869 238 4 168232 2.680+11 5.36+11 35 3530 1765 14 2870 252 4 155258 2.418+11 4.837+11 36 3490 1745 14 2871 249 4 153498 2.337+11 4.674+11 37 3450 1725 15 2871 230 4 162577 2.419+11 4.838+11 38 3410 1705 14 2872 244 4 149980 2.180+11 4.36+11 39 3370 1685 13 2873 259 4 137633 1.954+11 3.908+11 40 3330 1665 13 2873 256 4 136000 1.885+11 3.77+11 41 3290 1645 16 1877 206 4 165373 2.238+11 4.475+11 42 3264 1632 20 1877 163 4 205083 2.731+11 5.462+11 3238 1619 124 200 - - - 1.656+12 3.311+12

| 26 (2014) | 107

4.

VESTAS tip V112 3MW HH 119, ( 3.2 W) . , , . - , - , - . 3711 h. 39 , , . 119,0 m (), 116,8 m. , : IEC 61400-1: , 1: ; 1991-1-4: ; 1-4: ; 1993-1-1: , 1-1: ; 1993-1-6: : 1-6: ; 1993-1-8: : 1-1: ; 1993-1-9: , 1-9: ; 1998-1: , 1: , ; :

NLC - Normal load cases /ALC - Abnormal load cases: Vhub=28.75 m/s. NO - Normal operation: Vhub=27.21 m/s, NP - Normal production / ES Emergency stop - equivalent Vb = 23.13 m/s

(V112 3.0 MW HH119 m), (Vestas). IEC 61400-1 III, 37,5 m/s. 3-25 m/s. . 10x106 v vx (). , ( ) IEC 61400-1:

NLC - Normal load cases: F=1,35 ALC - Abnormal load cases: F=1,10 NO - Normal operation: F=1,35 NP - Normal production / ES Emergency stop: F=1,35 (F=1,00 )


: v=0,105g. : s=1,0 kN/m2 ( )

4.1 , . , - . , (.2 ).

2.

hi

t

mm mm mm - - 1 12.960 3.900 39-60 5 - 2 19.320 3.900 31-39 7 - 3 25.480 3.900 24-30 9 - 4 28.840 3.900-3.650 17-23 10 - 5 30.000 3.650-3.238 13-20 11

10.9, 3. . , , t0. , . .

3:

a

(0)x...

kN Nm mm 1 1-2 92 64x385...10.9 1680 15.000 145(190)x257...3939 2 2-3 104 56x305...10.9 1280 10.000 115(160)x218...3931 3 3-4 132 42x240...10.9 710 4.500 85(115)x175...3925 4 4-5 100 36x195...10.9 510 2.800 70(100)x170...3667

| 26 (2014) | 109

5.

5.1 5.2 - .............................................. , - .............................................. 150kg/m' = 1,53 kN/m', - : - ............................................ ..62.000 kg = 632.00 kN - ......................................... 68.000 kg = 693,17 kN - ....................... 3 x 12.300 = 36.900 kg = 376.18 kN - .............................................................34.500 kg = 351,68 kN : 2.053,00 kN 5.3 - .......................S=1,0 kN/m

2 S=iCtCaSk=0,8111,0=0,8 kN/m

2 51,2 m2 Q=51,20,8=40,96 kN , . 5.4 I ( 4.1. 1991-1-4) : z0=0,01 zmin=1 zx=200 z0,II=0,55

: 0,07 0,07

0r

0,II

z 0,01k 0,19 0,19 0,144

z 0,55

: C0()=1,0 : k1=1,0 : h=119 Vhub [m/s] Z=116,8 =1,25 /3 Cdir=1,0 Cseason=1,0 5.4.1 NLC - Vhub=27,21 m/s za max Mres

( ,0 10 m ) Vb=CdirCseasonVb,0 Vb=Vb,0

b

n

27, 21V 20,14 m/s

1190,144 l 1, 0

0, 01


: r(z) r n

0

zC k l

z

: 1

v(z)

0(z) n

0

kI

zC l

z

: 2 3p(z) v(z) m(z)

1q (1 7 I ) v 10

2

4.

Z []

C() zzzx

v()=C()C0()Vb

[m/s]

I()

q()

[kN/m2]

1.00 0.663 13.356 0.217 0.281 10.00 0.995 20.034 0.145 0.505 20.00 1.095 22.044 0.132 0.583 30.00 1.153 23.220 0.125 0.632 40.00 1.194 24.054 0.121 0.667 50.00 1.226 24.701 0.117 0.695 60.00 1.253 25.230 0.115 0.718 70.00 1.275 25.677 0.113 0.738 80.00 1.294 26.064 0.111 0.755 90.00 1.311 26.406 0.110 0.771

100.00 1.326 26.711 0.109 0.785 110.00 1.340 26.988 0.107 0.798 116.80 1.349 27.162 0.107 0.806 119.00 1.351 27.216 0.107 0.808

: : fw=CsCdCfqp(z) [kN/m

2]

: s2 2

p v(z )

s d

v(zs)

1 2 k I B RC C

1 7 I

h=zl=119 m

zs=0,6hzmin ( 6.1.) zs=0,6119=71,4 m Iv(zs)=0,113 : b=3,96 m : h=119 m z=200 m L=300 m =0,67+0,05ln(z0)=0,67+0,05ln 0,01=0,44

0,44

s(zs) t

t

z 71,4L L 300 190,68 m

z 200

vm(zs)=25,73 m/s :

| 26 (2014) | 111

2

0,63 0,63

(zs)

1 1 1B 0,594

1 0,9 0,7585119 3,96b h 1 0,91 0,9190,68L

:

s 1

22

L(z ,n ,x) h(h) b(b)

R S R R

2

( ..) =++

l l2 2

e 1(s) 1(s)

0 0

m m(s) ds / ds 10680 kg / m ' (

) =0,012 ( .2 - - )

m(zs)

a f

1 e

V 25,734 C b 0,544 1,25 3,96 0,019

2 n m 2 0,17 10680

Cf=Cf,0=0,69720,78=0,544 k=0,05 mm ( 7.13)

5k 0,05 1,3 10b 3960

(ze) 6e 6

b V 3,96 35,98R 9,5 10

15 10

=1510-6 m2/s - V(z) - z

p(ze)

(ze) 3

2p(ze)

2 q 2 0,809V 35,98 m/s

1,25 10

q 0,809 kN/m

Cfo . 7.28 . f ,0 6e

0,18 log(10 k / b)C 1,2

1 0,4 log(R /10 )

Cfo=0,6972 (. 7.28) , l50m

l 119 0,7 0,7 21,05 (tab. 7.16)

b 3,96

=1,0 ( ) =0,78 (. 7.36) =0 ( ) = ++=0,012+0,019+0=0,031 - SL

L(z,n)

L(z,n) 5/3 5/3L(z,n)

6,8 f 6,8 1,26 8,568S 0,107

(1 10,2 f ) (1 10,2 1,26) 79,895

1 ( zs )

L ( z ,n )

m ( zs )

n L 0,17 190, 68f 1, 26

V 25, 734

-


k2 2 3,617h 2 2k k

1 1 1 1R 1 e 1 e 0, 238

2 3,617 2 3,617

1h L(zs,n ,x )

(zs)

4,6 h 4,6 119 f 1, 26 3,617

L 190,68

b2 2 0,105b 2 2b b

1 1 1 1R 1 e 1 e 0,934

2 0,105 2 0,105

1b L(zs,n ,x )

(zs)

4,6 b 4,6 3,96 f 1, 26 0,105

L 190,68

22 R 0,107 0, 238 0,934 3,786

2 0,031

p

0, 6k 2 ln( T) 3

2 ln( T)

=10 min=600 s

2

1 2 2

R 3,786 n 0,17 0,158

B R 0,594 3,786

p

0,6k 2 ln(0,158 600) 3, 216

2 ln(0,158 600)

s d

1 2 3,216 0,113 0,594 3,786C C 1,408

1 7 0,113

, .. PLF=1,35 - ( h=116,8 m),

: .) m' ( ) fw=CsCdCfqp(z)bpros [N/m'] .) m2 7.9.1 fw=CsCdCpeqp(z) [kN/m'] =1 0 75

=+(1-) min

A min

cos

2

==0,78 105 180

| 26 (2014) | 113

5.

(7.9.1.) za 0 75 Cpe=Cp0=1,0Cp0 =0 Cpe=1,01,0=+1,0 =15 Cpe=1,00,7=+0,7 =30 Cpe=1,00,05=+0,05 =32 Cpe=1,00=0 =45 Cpe=-1,00,65=-0,65 =60 Cpe=-1,01,2=-1,2 =75 Cpe=-1,01,5=-1,5 za 75 105 Cpe=Cp0

=90 = 90 750,78 (1 0,78) cos 0,9362 105 75

,Cpe=-0,9361,3=-1,217

za 105 180 Cpe=Cp0,h =105, 120, 135, 150, 175, 180 Cpe=-0,780,8=-0,624 . 8 1,35fw


8.

9.

: ,

, , Cpi=0

: , - +116,8 m ( ). , Fw

2 23 5

w (s) (s) iy iy(s) Fmax

2Fmax w lat2 2

t e

t

s i,e

c 2

F m 2 n y 10 4456, 22 2 0,17 1 5,52 10 0, 289 kN/m'

1 1 1 1y b K K c 3,96 0,13 0,6 0,3 5,52 10 m

s s 0,18 51,78

s 0,18

2 m 2 0,012 10680s

b 1,25

251,78

3,96

K=0,13 const. Lj/b=h/3=119/340 m =l/b=30,05

2

j j j

w

2

w w

L / b L / b L / b1K 3 1 0,6

3

40 / 3,96 40 / 3,96 1 40 / 3,96K 3 1 0,707 0,6 K 0,6

30,05 30,05 3 30,05

Clat=0,3

10.

| 26 (2014) | 115

11 . 6 1.

6.

(2x108 36...10.9). . 130mm,


t0=180mm. , , . 12. (C100/115). 450 kN, fck=65 MPa. 200mm, 120x30...10.9. : '=/108=73.5133,00mm2/108, '=6.806,78mm2 . : '=' ,x =6.806,78 mm

2 99,0 P, Z'=673,87kN. : Fz,x=Z'/2=673,87 /2, FZ,x=336,94kN 36 . : Fz,x=687,92/2=343,56kN

12.

MPa

119,9

99,0

108x2

13.

. , (95mm) , . . 14.

| 26 (2014) | 117

14.

( / ) . , MK1 shell . : - LBA/MNA (materilly nonlinear analysis in conjunction with linear buckling analysis) - (gemetrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections). 1 5 - LBA (linear buckling analysis). IEC61400-1. I c=1,0. cscd , 1991-1-4. - , 1, =1% q=1,0, 1998-1 IEC 61400-1. - , . 0,173Hz, 93% . 1993-1-1 , 1993-1-6. - 1993-1-9, - , IEC61400-1, . 80,90 147V ( n0 990803), 80 ( 1993-1-9). 10 .


1090-2 VAD n0

961592. IS 5817. 12062 N IS 17635.

[1] ., ., . ,

22, . 129-138 (2013)

[2] ., ., 21 (2012).

[3] .," " , 20/2011 .101-113.

[4] ., - -2013 ()

[5] ., , 2013 .

[6] ., ., . ., n the possibilities of geodetic measurements utilization in construction dimensions control Building Materials and structures 1-vol 56 (2013) 1(51-62).

CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF STEEL BEARING STRUCTURE FOR WIND TURBINE

Summary: Wind represents directed movement of the air and is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure which are caused by uneven heating of air masses. Global and local winds can be distinguished. Global winds have high altitude, while local winds occur in the ground layer of the atmosphere. Given that the global wings have high altitude they cannot be used as propellant for wind generators, but they should be known for their effects on the winds in the lower atmosphere. Modern wind turbines are made with a horizontal axle that has a system for the swiveling axis in the horizontal plane for tracking wind direction changes. They can have different number of blades, but for larger forces three blades are commonly used because they provide the greatest efficiency. Rotor diameter of these turbines depends on the strength and it ranges from 30 m for the power of 300 kW to 115 m for the power of 5 MW. Wind turbines are mounted on vertical steel tower which can be high even more than 100 m. Depending on the diameter of the turbine rotor, column is usually built as steel conical and less often as a steel-frame. This study includes analysis and design of steel tower for wind generator made by manufacturer Vestas, type V112 3MW HH 119 (power 3.2 MW) for the construction of wind farm Kovaica. Keywords: Wind turbines, loads, wind effects, calculation, design, codes.

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Vetrogenerator.pdf