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7/26/2019 Vertebrates Notes
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Vertebrates
Tuesday, November 24, 2015
10:56 AM
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&is' li(ard mammal )ro! and bird
Vertebrates c'aracteristics
*e'ali(ation very ronounced
Very distinct brain re!ion + cordinates nervous activity
*omle sensory system
Most invertebrate don-t 'ave t'ese
Vertebre t'emselves
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*raium, s"ull and veterbal collum + vertebra
*olum relaces notoc'ord as main ais o) t'e body and main structural suort
Notoc'ord doesn-t become colum
Vetebral colum ne. )eature
Vetebral colum encloses t'e dorsal 'ollo. nerve cord + sinal cord
Vertebrete diversity
/a.less vertebrates +
amreys and 'a!s'
/a.ed vertebrates
*'ondric't'yes + s'ar"s and rays
steic't'yes + bony s'es
Tetraods + am'ibians
Amniotes + retiles, birds, mammals
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/a.s and develoment o) 'aired aenda!es
ater on develoment o) lun!s
And all !rous 'ave lun!s or derrived )rom lun!s
nly !rou doesn-t 'ave t'ese + s'ar"s and rays
ave arisin! )rom lo. n s'es
it'in !rou + 1 am'ibians + no amneotic e!!
emainin! t'ree + bird retile mammal + amneotic e!!
&irst amneotes to evolve + reitles, later .e 'ad evolution o) birds and t'an t'edeveloment o) mammals
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7arliest to evolve + 8a.less s'
No ns
9ottom d.ellin! lter )eeders
ot o) etinct members .it' body lates + ostracaderms + bone + lant
Secies alive today lamrey and 'a!s'
&e. alive today
amrey + arasitic .it' suc"er )eedin! mout' and o)ten time arasite on s'
And 'a!s' + scaven!ar
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evonian + a!e o) s'es
&is' + adative radiation
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%lenty o) s' today
And today as t'e a!e o) mammals + tend to )ocus on terrestial environment
9ut more s'es in seas today more in devonian
;n timeline + t'in!s li"e 'a!s' and lamrays earlier and continue to resent day
Anot'er !rou + ostracoderms + early devonian and .ent etinct
Anot'er etinct !rou alacoderms + resent and .ent etinct a)ter.ords + 8a. s'
*artilla!inous and bony s'es + more no.
Side branc' o) bony s'es + tetraods and early am'ibians
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/a.s evolve )rom s"eletal rods suorted !ill slits
/a.less + see t'at t'e !ill slits 'ere + s"eletal rods t'at suort t'em
Some !rous .ent )rom !ills lter )eedin! to structures o) !as ec'an!e
S"eletal rods not imortant anymore
=ill slits and s"eletal rods on mout' end o) animal became modied and arts o) 8a.
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*artila!inous s' or c'ondric't'yes
%retty )amiliar .it' s'ar"s as redators + on eole
oneybees "ill more eole t'an s'ar"s do
ays + >attened bottom )eeders
&eed on s'elled animals on bottom
ave lar!e ectoral ns
&la t'ese t'in!s and >y t'rou!' .ater
*'ondic't'yes
*'artila!inous s'
Not comosed o) bone but instead cartila!e
Material t'at is so)ter t'an bone
*artila!e in number o) arts o) body + nose + due to cartila!e
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So)ter tissue
9one starts o? as cartila!e and becomes bone as materials laced in it
Stren!t'ened .it' calcied !ranules
ave 8a.s and aired ns @sti?
on-t 'ave lun!s or s.im bladder
9ony s' + lun!s and s.im bladder
S.im bladder + "ees )rom sin"in! in .ater
S'ar"s must "ee s.immin! to "ee )rom sin"in!
ils to !ive t'em boyancy
;) t'ey sto s.immin! sin" to bottom
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9ony s' + not derrived )rom cartila!enous s'
Alt'ou!' bone startrs out as cartila!e
Aears as i) cartila!enous condition is secondary develoment
Ancestor o) cartila!enous and bony s' bot' bony
And cartila!enous droed o? bony art
steic't'yes
Most numerous !rou o) vertebretes in number o) individuals and secies
Most vertebretes are s'
esiration occurs by dra.in! .ater over !ills and !ettin! oy!en out o) .ater
erculum covered by >a
&is' bony scales and slimy s"in
%rotect )rom redators and 'ave s.im bladder + air sac t'at maintains buoyancy in.ater + .on-t sin" or rise
7volved )rom lun!s
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un!s + rimative in s'
Air in it but not )rom outside air
&is' doesn-t !o u to sur)ace
T'ere is !asses )ormed in metabolism + !o in s.im bladder and !ive it boyancy
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ell dened brain and sinal cord
S.im bladder + middle o) body
&ins + t'is is a ray nned s'
Anot'er s' called lo. ned s'
&ins 'ave t'ese >eible sine t'in!s t'at !o t'rou!'out t'e n
T'is creates ray li"e attern
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ay + most numerous !rou o) s' in !eneral
=rou re?ered to as lobe nned and lun! s'
;nstead o) ray ini ns
&les'y art + in rst art o) n
See lobe nned s' t'ou!'t to be etinct
*oelacant' + only lobe nned s' livin! today
un!s' + some idea 'o. .e .ent )rom s' livin! in .ater to terrestrial vertebretes.it' early am'eibans
un! s' + 'ave lun!s and !ul air
Sta!nant onds
arm doesn-t 'ave lots o) oy!en
ry u a bit
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T'ese lun!s' + able to .al" a little bit on nds and move )rom one ond to net
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ne !rou o) 8a. s' called lacoderms
eveloment o) conn'ydrticties
sterot'yes
obe n
eveloment o) tetraods
4 le!ed animals )ound on land
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obe nned s' + 'ave >es'y ns
9ony s"eleton etends into lobes o) lobe ns
Somet'in! ns caable o) suortin! body .ei!'t o) animal
'at 'aened .as lobe nned s'
ived in s'allo. troical onds
%er'as !ulin! air
un!s .or" to some etent
Also 'ave >es'y lobe ns .it' bony comonents
Allo.ed animals to cra.l around on land and !o )rom ond to ond
Animal comin! out on land to some etent
=et animal comes out on land !reater etent
Tetraods
1st vertebrets on land
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ldest )ossils in devonian
$6$+230 million years a!o a!e o) am'ebians
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Salamanders + 'ave tail
&ro!s and toads + no tail
lar!est
e!less caecilians + lost le!s and )ound in moist troical soils
Almost li"e blue .orm
9urro.in! animal
Am'ibians + t.o lives + land and .ater
Most closely tied to .ater
atery or moist environments
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&ro!s and toads
e!less larval sta!e
Salamanders + small versions o) adults
Am'ibian e!! + no s'ell and dry out Buic"ly in air
Most lay e!!s in .ater + remain )airly moist
&ertili(ation + eternal in )ro!s
Males and )emales
*ome to!et'er in ond
Male ut serm in .ater, )emale ut e!! in .ater + )ertili(ation
&ro!s + 'ave lun!s + ineCcient lun!s + most breat'e t'rou!' s"in + s"in moist )or t'isto occur
T'ree !rous colletively associated as amniotes
ave amniotic e!!
'ere embryo bat'ed in amniotic >uid
*ertainly adatation )or terrestrial livin!
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on-t !o into details + on le)t and e!! itsel) + s'ell around e!!
See to.ards inner art o) e!! + see embryo and 'ave t'is amneon covers t'eembryo and "ees it )rom dryin! out
;n mammal + enclosed in amniotic >uid but no s'ell
Net advanced + evolution o) retiles
Muc' more adatied to livin! on land t'an amb'ians are
etiles muc' more in dry environments more adated to land
%lates o) "eratin @n!ernails made out o) or scales to revent retile )rom dryin!out in dry conditions
9reat'e .it' lun!s + more eCcient lun!s
ay e!!s on land
etile e!! + di?erent t'an c'ic"en
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S'ell more li"e leat'er t'an 'ard s'ell o) birds e!!
%retty eCcient o) "eein! embryo )rom dryin! out
;nternal )ertilis(ation
Serm inside )emale
&ertili(ation ta"es lace t'ere
Adatation livin! out on land
Am'ibians eternal )or )ertili(ation to occur
etiles + don-t re!ulate body temerature .it' metabolism
on-t re!ulate it deendin! on metabolism
7ctot'erms + cold blooded
T'ey 'ave variosu be'avioral means to re!ulate temerature
*ommonly + on cool mornin!s
*ome out and lie on roc" and bas" in sun!li!'t to !et sun to .arm t'em u
Sna"es + run into trouble .it' t'is + come out on road.ays + .armin! by sun and runover by cars
etiles + 'ad t'eir 'ayday in meso(oic era + a!e o) retiles
Muc' .armer t'an today
&avorable situation )or retiles
Muc' .armer + into alasa"a + .arm enou!' )or dinosaurs
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Not concerned .it' names at bottom
%'ylo!ony starts .it' amneote
=ives rise to resent day retiles birds and mammals
etile side o) icture 'ere
Turtles
7arly in retile evolution
9ranc'es o) etinct t'in!s
%le(osaurs
And .e 'ave retile !rous .e 'ave today
i((ards sna"es crocodiles
Several !rous no lon!er .it' us
&lyin! retiles and all dinosaurs
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ne branc' !ave rise to modern birds
9irds slit o? early in ictures
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inosaurs and terosaurs + terosaurs not dinosaurs
Small and c'ic"en si(e
Terrestial
A!ile and )ast movin!
Seculation i) some o) dinosaurs endot'ermic
etiles in !eneral endot'ermic + no .ay to .arm u constant usin! metabolism
Some dinosaurs caable o) doin! t'is
Some Buestions about t'at
inosaurs comle be'avior
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uc" billed .it' nest
Sometimes communal nests
*omlicated be'aviors 'ard to "no. .'at t'ey did
*an-t see .'at t'ey did
7vidence o) con!re!ations and nests and so on
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%resent day
Turtles, li(ards, sna"es, retiles
Turtles + most rimative + 'ave c'an!ed little and been around )or lon! time
i(ards and sna"es + most .ell "no.n
i(ards + most numerous
Sna"es + senseory caabilityes + sense c'emicals 'eats and vibration
*ant see .ell but sense mouse by movement smell and c'emical
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Alli!ators and crocodilians
Same )or lon! time
ar!est .as about 40 )eet lon! @n. etinct
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9irds o?s'oot o) dinosaurs
ne rimary )eature + )eat'ers
etain retile c'aracteristics
Scaly le!s and amniotic e!!
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Arc'aeotery
ates bac" to 150 million years a!o in 8urrasic eriod
ad cla.ed )orelimbs and teet'
etilian c'aracteristics
on! tail .it' vertebrae
9irds evolved )rom mammals time be)ore t'at
T'is arc'aeotery not ancestor o) all birds
Some o?s'oot o) bird evolution
'at !rou !ave rise to modern birdsE
ot o) secualtion
*oncensous
9irds evolved )rom !rou o) dinosaurs + small !rou + dinosaurs ran around on 2 le!s
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9irds today + 2 le!s and .in!s
7volution o) brids
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ne t'in! contributed to succcess + t'ey can >y
9enecial )or many reasons
9irds + >yin! mean you can 'ave >yin! insects
=o in trees to !et )ood
7scae )rom land bound redators
Mi!ration
&eed in certain areas in one time o) year and leave t'ose areas .'en .inter comes
adical alterations in body )orm
&ly success)ully + )ailry li!'t
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Muscles to move .in!s
ne t'in! + sternel "eel + c'est + sternum + and "eel in birds
Muscles are attac'ed to moe .in!s
Tur"ey or c'ic"en breast + sternum
9irds + no teet' + "inda 'eavy
ave bea" + !et alon! .ell .it' bea"
Made o) "eratin
7Ccient lun!s and air sacs
Metabolically active
*onsumes lot o) oy!en and additional air sacs alon! bones to au!ment oy!enavailable
7ndot'ermic
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Fnli"e retiles + re!ulate temerature
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/a. remodelin! in mammals
etile 8a. on le)t + one t'in! 'aened
Muc' lar!er bone in lo.er 8a.
Adatation )or muscles
i?erences bet.een retile and mammal
/a. o) mammal + more muscles
Tramendous amount o) ressure
etile 8a. + tend not to ri aart )ood and s.allo.
Ta"e .'ole ieces and .or" it bac" into mout'
etile 8a. to mammal
Mammal + di?erentiated teet + molar and incisors and canines and remolars
etile + very little di?erntiation
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7volution o) mammals
7volved )rom early !rou o) retiles
Fnli"e birds + branc' o) retiles muc' later
Mammals + riative tye o) retile !ave rise to mammal
Mammal li"e retile
ldest )ossils date bac" 220 million years a!o
urin! t'e a!e o) dinosaurs + mammals small and robably nocturnal
Not a dominant ortion o) terrestial animal landscae
64 million years a!o .'en dinosaurs etinct
Mammals survived and .ent adative radiation ta"in! all ec'olo!ical nic'esvacated by dinosaurss
Monotremes
uc" billed lataus
Marsuials
More success)ul lacental
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%latuus and ec'idna
T'ese all lay e!!s
on-t 'ave develoment inside
Tyical mammalian c'aracteristics o) 'air and )eed mili"
nly )ound in australia nad aau ne. !unea
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Most marsuials in austrialia
ossums in nort' america
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Marsuial + ouc' called marsuium
Muc' embryonic develoment occurs in ouc'
9orn at early sta!e
And cra.ls to ouc' to comlete develoment
/oey + !et retty bi! and come bac" and !o into mot'ers ouc'
Marsuiial + )airly success)ul at one time but no. restricted to australia
Marsuial eisted relaced by more success)ul lacental
Austrialia + resisted invasion and 'ave more masuial
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*omlete embyonic develoment inside uterous
Arose in asia about same time as marsuials
ut cometed marsuials ain most areas
Ma8or !rous
;nsectovers + s're.s and bats
erbivours + rabbits 'roses deer .'ales
*arniovores cats and do!s
odents rates sBuirrles
%rimates mon"eys aes 'umans
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T.o !rous
Fer le)ct + 150 million years a!o
ad continents 8oined to!et'er into an!ea
7volved and sread
Australia connected to antarctica
Anartica and australia searated
7volution o) lacental mammals
Adative radiation
Fer ri!'t
20 million years a!o
adiation
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7very.'ere it occurred outcometes marsuial
;solated continants
Sout' america + isolated )rom everyt'in! else not connected to nort' america
And australia
Sout' america, antartica, and australia + more marsuial
5 million years a!o + nort' and sout' america connected
7tinction o) marsuial in sout' america
Marsuial success)ul and move nort'.ard