Vergil, the Vergil, the AeneidAeneid, and , and AugustusAugustus

An IntroductionAn Introduction

FoundationFoundation

A long time ago in a country A long time ago in a country pretty far away…pretty far away…

Alba Longa Alba Longa Rome Rome

MonarchyMonarchy

I. RomulusI. Romulus

II. Numa PompiliusII. Numa Pompilius

III. Tullus HostiliusIII. Tullus Hostilius

IV. Ancus MarciusIV. Ancus Marcius

EtruscansEtruscans-Tarquinius Priscus

-Servius Tullius

-Tarquinius Superbus

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

• 509 BC509 BC

• 2 consuls: Brutus and Collatinus2 consuls: Brutus and Collatinus

Conflicts with CarthageConflicts with Carthage

• 264-241 BC264-241 BC

• 218-201 BC218-201 BC

• 149-146 BC149-146 BC

Mediterranean DominationMediterranean Domination

Marius and SullaMarius and Sulla

- Marius’ lieutenant - optimas- Consul 88 BC- Dictator 81-79- Huge Reforms

The FightThe senate gave a command

to Sulla, but the people’s assemblygave the command to Marius

- Consul 7 times- One of Rome’s best generals- popularis- Reformed military eligibility

Marius and SullaMarius and Sulla

- Initiates the downfall of the Roman Republic- Initiates the downfall of the Roman Republic

- Marius’ new policy of using the - Marius’ new policy of using the capite censicapite censi

switches soldiers’ loyalties.switches soldiers’ loyalties.

- Generals have private armies.- Generals have private armies.

- Settling veterans an issue.- Settling veterans an issue.

- Rise of the Tribune as a political power - Rise of the Tribune as a political power creates creates political problems.political problems.

- Sulla’s march on Rome and proscriptions set - Sulla’s march on Rome and proscriptions set a a precedent.precedent.

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

*100 BC – 44 BC

*Consul in 59 BC

*War in Gaul (59-51)

First TriumvirateFirst Triumvirate

• 60 BC – 53 BC60 BC – 53 BC

• Pompey, Crassus, and CaesarPompey, Crassus, and Caesar

Civil WarCivil War

- Caesar has a massive army in Gaul- Caesar has a massive army in Gaul

- Senate becomes very concerned - Senate becomes very concerned that Caesar will use his army to get that Caesar will use his army to get whatever he wantswhatever he wants

Civil WarCivil War

-Caesar’s daughter and Pompey’s wife, Julia, dies-Crassus is defeated at Carrhae fighting the Parthians-Pompey becomes leader of the Senate, who use him to get at Caesar

Civil War – Caesar’s RubiconCivil War – Caesar’s Rubicon

- Caesar’s - Caesar’s imperiumimperium expires in 48 BCE, and expires in 48 BCE, and he wants to run he wants to run for for consul again consul again in in absentia.absentia.

- He knows, if he leaves his province and - He knows, if he leaves his province and comes back to Rome as a private citizen, comes back to Rome as a private citizen, he’ll be put on trial by his enemies.he’ll be put on trial by his enemies.

IMAGE: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/LocationRubicon.PNG

Civil War - Caesar’s RubiconCivil War - Caesar’s Rubicon - The Senate, led by Pompey, reject - The Senate, led by Pompey, reject

Caesar’s request to run for the Caesar’s request to run for the consulship consulship in absentiain absentia..

- Caesar crosses - Caesar crosses

the northern boundary the northern boundary

of of ItaliaItalia, the Rubicon, , the Rubicon,

and thus declares and thus declares

civil war.civil war.IMAGE: http://www.stormwater-solutions-engineering.com/Images/pictures/rubicon%20river.jpg

Civil WarCivil War

- Pompey and the Senate flee Rome - Pompey and the Senate flee Rome immediately.immediately.

- Caesar installs himself as Dictator and fills - Caesar installs himself as Dictator and fills

the Senate with his allies and the Senate with his allies and supporters.supporters.

- Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalus in - Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalus in

48 BCE.48 BCE.

- Caesar is elected - Caesar is elected Dictator PerpetuusDictator Perpetuus in in

February, 44 BCE.February, 44 BCE.

Dictator and DeathDictator and Death

Rise of OctavianRise of Octavian

- Born in 63 BC - Caesar’s grand-nephew - Declared Caesar’s chief

heir (3/5 of Caesar’s legacy)

Octavian and AntonyOctavian and Antony

- Octavian has to mitigate Antony’s - Octavian has to mitigate Antony’s influence byinfluence by

a) discrediting Antony (rumor)a) discrediting Antony (rumor)

b) obtaining the money Caesar left to b) obtaining the money Caesar left to himhim

c) obtaining legionsc) obtaining legions

Octavian and AntonyOctavian and Antony

• Battle of Mutina (April 21Battle of Mutina (April 21stst, 43 BC), 43 BC)

- Octavian fights on behalf of the - Octavian fights on behalf of the consuls consuls (Hirtius and Pansa)(Hirtius and Pansa)

- Antony fights against the consuls- Antony fights against the consuls

- Octavian and consuls win, although - Octavian and consuls win, although both both consuls die in the processconsuls die in the process

- Octavian is elected consul and - Octavian is elected consul and obtains obtains their legionstheir legions

Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

Triumviri ad rem publicam reconstituendam

- Created in 43 BCE to deal with the conspirators

- Brutus, Cassius, and others are defeated at Philippi in 42 BCE

- Triumvirs don’t have much money, so they rely on proscriptions (like Sulla).

Antony takes Antony takes Gaul, and Gaul, and the Eastthe East

Octavian takes Octavian takes Spain, Africa, Sardinia, SiciliaSpain, Africa, Sardinia, Sicilia

42 BCE – after original triumviral organization and Philippi

Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

After Philippi, the two met at Brundisium After Philippi, the two met at Brundisium forfor

battle (Octavian stole some more legionsbattle (Octavian stole some more legions

from Antony), but their troops refused tofrom Antony), but their troops refused to

fight, so they renewed the triumvirate forfight, so they renewed the triumvirate for

another five years (37 BC).another five years (37 BC).

Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

The good feelings don’t last:The good feelings don’t last:

- Octavian defeats Sextus Pompeius at - Octavian defeats Sextus Pompeius at Naulochus (gains military glory)Naulochus (gains military glory)

- Lepidus is relieved of his power and - Lepidus is relieved of his power and sent back to Rome (for treachery sent back to Rome (for treachery against Octavian)against Octavian)

- Octavian sends Octavia to pay a visit - Octavian sends Octavia to pay a visit to Antony (and Cleopatra) in Egyptto Antony (and Cleopatra) in Egypt

Antony goes RogueAntony goes Rogue

- Although married to Octavia - Although married to Octavia (Octavian’s sister), Antony openly (Octavian’s sister), Antony openly couples with Cleopatra, who bears couples with Cleopatra, who bears him three childrenhim three children

- Antony holds a Roman military - Antony holds a Roman military triumph over Armenia/Parthia in triumph over Armenia/Parthia in EgyptEgypt

- Donations of Alexandria- Donations of Alexandria

Donations of AlexandriaDonations of Alexandria

Antony gives…Antony gives… - Parthia to Alexander Helios - Parthia to Alexander Helios - Syria and Asia Minor to Ptolomy Philodelphus- Syria and Asia Minor to Ptolomy Philodelphus - Cyrenaica and Crete to Cleopatra Selene- Cyrenaica and Crete to Cleopatra SeleneAntony declares…Antony declares… - that Caesarion/Ptolomy Caesar is the legitimate - that Caesarion/Ptolomy Caesar is the legitimate

son of Julius Caesarson of Julius Caesar - that Caesarion/Ptolomy Caesar is “King of - that Caesarion/Ptolomy Caesar is “King of

Kings” and Cleopatra is “Queen of Queens”Kings” and Cleopatra is “Queen of Queens”

Octavian Provokes WarOctavian Provokes War

- Octavian spreads word of the Donations - Octavian spreads word of the Donations at Romeat Rome

- The new consuls of 33 verbally challenge - The new consuls of 33 verbally challenge Octavian, who responds by bringing Octavian, who responds by bringing soldiers into Rome. 300-400 senators soldiers into Rome. 300-400 senators flee to Antonyflee to Antony

- Octavian reads Antony’s will out to the - Octavian reads Antony’s will out to the SenateSenate

Civil WarCivil War

- Antony and Cleopatra are defeated at the - Antony and Cleopatra are defeated at the Battle Battle of Actium by Octavian and his of Actium by Octavian and his general Marcus general Marcus Agrippa in 31 BCE.Agrippa in 31 BCE.

- In 32 BCE, - In 32 BCE, Antony Antony divorces divorces Octavia.Octavia.- Octavian - Octavian declares war declares war on Cleopatra on Cleopatra and Antony in and Antony in 32 BC.32 BC.

IMAGE: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battle_of_Actium_en.svg/716px-Battle_of_Actium_en.svg.png

Aftermath of ActiumAftermath of Actium

- Antony and Cleopatra flee to - Antony and Cleopatra flee to Alexandria Alexandria and commit suicide.and commit suicide.

- Octavian annexes Egypt (and all its - Octavian annexes Egypt (and all its wealth) as a Roman province. wealth) as a Roman province.

- Octavian returns to Rome in August of - Octavian returns to Rome in August of

30 BCE.30 BCE.

Octavian in RomeOctavian in Rome

- 36 BC: Senate votes Octavian a residence - 36 BC: Senate votes Octavian a residence on the Palatineon the Palatine

- 33 BC: Agrippa’s aedileship brings - 33 BC: Agrippa’s aedileship brings rebuilding of the water supply, one new rebuilding of the water supply, one new aqueduct, fountains, a bath complex, and aqueduct, fountains, a bath complex, and millions of dollars in gifts to all Roman millions of dollars in gifts to all Roman citizenscitizens

- 29 BC: celebrates a triple triumph - 29 BC: celebrates a triple triumph (Dalmatia, Actium, Alexandria)(Dalmatia, Actium, Alexandria)

- 28 BC: Augustus and Agrippa annul the acts - 28 BC: Augustus and Agrippa annul the acts of the Triumvirsof the Triumvirs

Octavian in RomeOctavian in Rome

- Octavian perpetuates his personal - Octavian perpetuates his personal mythology (Atia, Nigidius, Cicero, mythology (Atia, Nigidius, Cicero, Catulus)Catulus)

- 28 BC: The Temple of Apollo opens- 28 BC: The Temple of Apollo opens

- Rebuilds a new Curia Julia- Rebuilds a new Curia Julia

- Builds a Temple of the Divine Julius - Builds a Temple of the Divine Julius CaesarCaesar

- Rebuilds the Rostra with “beaks” - Rebuilds the Rostra with “beaks” from Actiumfrom Actium

Octavian’s SettlementOctavian’s Settlement

- On the Ides of January, 27 BCE, he returns all - On the Ides of January, 27 BCE, he returns all power back to the Senate. power back to the Senate.

- The Senate responds by begging him to take it - The Senate responds by begging him to take it all back.all back.

- Octavian is given:- Octavian is given:a. the cognomen Augustusa. the cognomen Augustusb. the “province” of Spain, Gaul, and Syria b. the “province” of Spain, Gaul, and Syria

(and its (and its accompanying 20 legions)accompanying 20 legions)c. imperial review over every other c. imperial review over every other

provinceprovinced. laurel and oak on his home’s doorpostd. laurel and oak on his home’s doorposte. a golden shield in the curia for his valor, e. a golden shield in the curia for his valor,

clemency, justice, and pietyclemency, justice, and piety

Augustus PrincepsAugustus Princeps

Ruled from 27 BC – 14 AD

- Expansion

- Building

- Establish an heir

Pax AugustanaPax AugustanaBuilding ProgramBuilding ProgramRestores 82 TemplesRestores 82 TemplesTemple of Apollo and PalatineTemple of Apollo and PalatineCampus Martius (Theater of Marcellus, Campus Martius (Theater of Marcellus,

Porticus Octaviae, Saepta Julia, Ara Porticus Octaviae, Saepta Julia, Ara Pacis, and Mausoleum of Augustus)Pacis, and Mausoleum of Augustus)

Forum Romanum (Jupiter Tonans, Forum Romanum (Jupiter Tonans, Aureum Millearium) Aureum Millearium)

Forum of Augustus and Temple of Mars Forum of Augustus and Temple of Mars UltorUltor

Pax AugustanaPax Augustana

Moral Program and mos maiorumMoral Program and mos maiorum

Tax breaks and exemptions for Tax breaks and exemptions for married, multiple children, etc.married, multiple children, etc.

All Patrician males must be marriedAll Patrician males must be married

AeneidAeneid taught to school children taught to school children (replaces Ennius’ (replaces Ennius’ AnnalesAnnales))

Ludi SaecularesLudi Saeculares

Pax AugustanaPax Augustana

Literary ProgramLiterary Program

Horace: Horace: OdesOdes, , EpodesEpodes, , Carmen Carmen SaeculareSaeculare

Propertius: Propertius: ElegiesElegies

Tibullus: Tibullus: ElegiesElegies

Livy: Livy: Ab urbe conditaAb urbe condita

Vergil: Vergil: EcloguesEclogues, , GeorgicsGeorgics, , AeneidAeneid