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Verbs in Japanese
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Some Important Terms(p. 3 of Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 1)
Dictionary FormMost basic form of verbs (No tenses, no affirmative/negative, no formality). The words are listed in this form in dictionaries.
Long Form vs. Short Form Long Form:
Used when speaking/writing politely Short Form:
Used when speaking/writing informally or writing for publication
the safest form to use for now
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Tenses in JapaneseThere are basically only two tenses in Japanese: Present (including future) and Past.
Also see the following pages of English Grammar for Students of Japanese Dictionary form, tenses and verb groupsp. 21 to 25 Long vs. Short formsp. 57 and 58 Inflections (word forms and verb groups)p. 61 to 64
Three Verb Groups in Japanese(p. 3 & 4 of Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 1)
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Irregular Verbs (to do) and (to come) onlyNote: The verbs created with a noun+ follows are also considered as irregular verbs.e.g.,
= (study) (to do)
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-verbsThe endings in their dictionary forms are [-iru] or[eru]e.g., (to watch) [miru]
(to eat) [taberu]Exception: (to go/come back) [kaeru] is a -verb
-verbsThe ending vowels in their dictionary forms are [-u]
e.g., (to read) [yomu]The ending sounds must be the one other than [ru] or [-aru]/[-uru]/[-oru].e.g., (to understand) [wakaru]
(Practice)
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Which verb group does each one belong to?
Verb Group Identification Game in Lesson 3 Part 1 of VIULearn
(=laundry)
-verb-verb
-verb
-verb
-verb
Irrg. V
-verb-verb
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Conjugation Rule Present Long Form(p. 4 & 5 of Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 1)
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AffirmativeIt is also called -form, as all verbs in this form end in.-verbs
1. Change the u vowel in the ending of their dictionary forms to i vowel.e.g., (to go) [iku] [iki]
2. Add e.g.,
(to talk) (to read)
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-verbs 1. Drop the ending .
e.g., (to eat) 2. Add
e.g., (to watch/see)
Irregular Verbs: No specific rule (to do) (to come) (to study)
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NegativeAll groups use one same rule.1. Create affirmative form
e.g., 2. Replace to .
e.g.,
Basic Sentence Structure with Verbs in Japanese
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English: Mary watches TV .
[o] verb
English: Sue does not drink coffee .
verb
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Basic Sentence Structure with Verbs in Japanese
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English: Mary watches TV .
[o] verb
English: Sue does not drink coffee .
verb
as a Direct Object Marker(p. 6 of Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 1)
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Pattern: Person Noun Verb.[o]
Usage: To mark a direct object
a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb directly.
Verbs: Verbs that require direct objectse.g., (to eat), (to drink),
(to read), (to watch), (to study)
These verbs often express actions such as reading, eating, drinking, studying, etc.
Particles(p. 5 of Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 1)
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Each particle follows after a word (usually a noun) and identifies the role of the word in the sentence.
Action
I 2 p.m. Englishlanguage class go
Topic(subject)
Time of the
action
The destination to which the action
leading to
Specific info.
General idea
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e.g.,
what Sue watches(Sue watches Korean TV.)
what I study
(I study Japanese.)
Direct objects in English are identified in word orders (no specific marker for them).
Types of Actions Expressed by Japanese Verbs
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Motion verbs:Expressing an action of the subject of the sentence in which he/she moves from Point A to Point B. (e.g., go, come, return, go out, enter, etc.)
Action verbs:Expressing an action of the subject of the sentence that is continuous in nature.(e.g., eat, drink, write, read, study, etc.)
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: Place-of-Activity Marker [at/in a place](p. 6 of Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 1)
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Pattern: Person Place obj. Action Verb. Usage:
Marking the place where the subject of the sentence does a certain action.
Verbs:Action verbs such as , , , etc. This usage of is never used with motion verbs.
e.g.,
Place this action takes place
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, , and
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(to go) and (to come)
(to go/come home; to return)The action taker returns to the place where they belong, such as home, home town/country, etc.
A B
Speaker
: Destination Marker [to a place](p. 7 of Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 1)
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Pattern: Person Place Motion Verb.[e]
Usage:Marking the place where the subject of the sentence moves towards. The particle is pronounced as e, not he.
Verbs:Motion verbs such as , , and
e.g.,
Place to which I go
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Particle continues
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e.g.,
Place Motion(Takeshi comes to the university.)
Place Motion
(I am going home.)
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or
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More on Particles
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If you used inappropriate particles
Readers/listeners of the sentence may have a difficulty to understand or misinterpret the meaning of the sentencee.g., Answering to a question where s/he eats lunch.
I eat (it) at the university. marks the location where one takes the action eat
I eat the university. marks the object that receives the action eat = what one eats
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It is extremely important to be able to identifya type of action each verb expresses
This often determines which particle should be used to mark many parts of a sentence.e.g., Action Verbs:
Take to mark the place where the action takes place.
Motion Verbs:Take or to mark the place where the action taker moves to.
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Questions with Verbs
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Yes-No Questions
affirmative form of the verb
negative form of the verb
and can not be used to answer Yes-No questions with verbs.
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Expressing Time of Events or Actions(p. 3 in Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 2)
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Two Types of Time Words Relative Time Words
The actually point of time referred by the word change depending on when the sentence is said. (today), (tomorrow), (when)[In English: No preposition]
Definite Time WordsSpecific holidays, days of weeks, and those with numbers (e.g., 4:00)
(Christmas), , (Saturday)
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Format:Person Definite Time Event/Action.Person RelativeTime Event/Action.e.g.,
8 oclock = Definite
(Sue comes to university at 8 oclock. )
today =Relative (Mary comes to university today.)
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Important Notes for Expressing Time
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1. every- words, such as (every day) and (every night), are not really time wordsbut the words (adverbs) expressing frequency.
They are never marked by the time marker, .e.g.,
(I eat breakfast everyday.)everyday = expressing how frequently, including which part of the day, you eat breakfast.
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2. The following time words can be used with or without . (morning) (noon time) (night) (weekend)
Using it without is more common.
Try!Practice on p. 3 and 4 in Additional Notes for Lesson 3 Part 2
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Word OrderDefinite T. Plc/ Motion V.
P Relative T. Plc / / Obj. Action V.
e.g.,
(I will eat dinner at home at 7:00.)
(Takeshi will not go to the library today.) (Sue studies Japanese every night.)
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Two different kinds of time words can be used together.e.g.,
(I will eat a dinner at 6:00 p.m. today.)
(Will you watch a movie at 9:00 on Saturday?)
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Question Words in Verb Sentences
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1.Time
?????
Time (oclock) = (what time)
Question Words in Verb Sentences continues
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2. Placea. With Motion Verbs
????
motion v.Place = (where)
A
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Question Words in Verb Sentences continues
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2. Place b. With Action Verbs
????? action v.
Place = (where)
A
Question Words in Verb Sentences continues
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3.What one eats, drinks, reads, etc.
????? action v.
Thing = (what) cf.
A
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Question Words in Verb Sentences continues
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4.What one does
?????????
Action = (do what?)
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Time vs. Time
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7:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m.
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Adverbs for Frequency of Events/Actions
Pattern:
Person Action (in affirmative only)
Person Action(in negative only)
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e.g.,
affirmative
negative
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If someone does a certain action (e.g., drink coffee) at a certain time (e.g., 3:00) in a certain frequency (e.g., often)
The time word goes to after the frequency word
e.g.,
expresses the frequency of the action, .
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Asking/Answering for the Frequency
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Yes-No Questions
WH Questions
Q
A ()
()
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Inviting Someone to Do Something Together
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Patte
