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AN HACHETTE UK COMPANY
Verbal ReasoningVerbal ReasoningVerbal Reasoning
Study andRevision
Guide
Sarah Collins and Andrew Hammond
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Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Galore Park cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser.
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Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Email [email protected] Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.galorepark.co.uk for details of other revision guides for Common Entrance, examination papers and Galore Park publications.
ISBN: 978 1 471849 24 4
© Sarah Collins and Andrew Hammond 2016
First published in 2016 by
Galore Park Publishing Ltd,
An Hachette UK Company
Carmelite House
50 Victoria Embankment
London EC4Y 0DZ
www.galorepark.co.uk
Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Typeset in India
Printed in Spain
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
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Contents and progress recordUse this page to plot your revision. Colour in the boxes when you feel confi dent with the skill and note your score and time for each test in the boxes.
l How to use this book 5
l Find the hidden word .................................. 12
l Move a single letter ..................................... 14
l Find a common letter ................................. 16
l Join the words .............................................. 18
l Find the missing letters ............................. 20
l Test 1 ............................................................... 22
l Synonyms and antonyms ......................... 26
l Spot the difference .................................... 28
l Word analogies ............................................ 30
l Match the meaning ................................... 32
l Choose a word to fi t a space ................... 34
l Complete the sentence ............................ 36
l Defi nitions in context ............................... 38
l Order the sentence .................................... 40
l Anagrams and word meaning ................. 42
l Test 2 .............................................................. 44
1 Contructing words
2 Understanding word meaning
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l Balance the equation .................................. 50
l Number analogies ........................................ 52
l Number sequences ...................................... 54
l Basic algebra ................................................. 56
l Match the number code ............................ 58
l Test 3 ............................................................... 60
l Anagrams in lists ........................................ 64
l Letter analogies ........................................... 66
l Word sequences .......................................... 68
l Letter sequences .......................................... 70
l Apply the code ............................................. 72
l Test 4 .............................................................. 74
l Match the letter changes ......................... 78
l Word relationships ..................................... 80
l Complete the word grid ........................... 82
l Number logic ................................................ 84
l Letter logic .................................................... 86
l Statement logic ........................................... 88
l Deduction ..................................................... 92
l Test 5 .............................................................. 96
l Verbal reasoning ......................................... 99
l Cloze ............................................................ 104
3 Working with numbers and algebra
4 Applying algebra skills
5 Developing logic skills
l Answers 107
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11+ Sample tests
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10
1 Constructing wordsIntroductionAs its name suggests, this chapter is all about word building. You will learn to find hidden words in sentences and be shown how to find common letters that complete two unfi nished words. Other questions will test your knowledge of how words are constructed as you join two short words together to build longer words.
As you work through this book you will see these ladders appear. In this chapter you are working through the skills at the bottom of the ladder, and by the end of the book you will have reached the top!
The Learning ladders are here to show you how these unfamiliar questions are actually testing skills you already have, just in a slightly different way. The verbal reasoning questions in this chapter are trying to fi nd out if you understand how words are put together by looking at your basic skills in word reading, spelling and vocabulary (shown at the bottom of the ladders).
Reading will always be the most effective way of broadening your child’s vocabulary and improving their spelling. The more they read, the more words they encounter and the easier they will fi nd questions of this kind, which require an ability to recognise a real word when they see one.
Advice for parents
Logic
VERBAL REASONING LEARNING LADDER
Applying algebra skills
Working with numbers and algebra
Understanding word meaning 2 in context
Understanding word meaning 1 word level
Constructing words
Editing and evaluating own compositions
Literary analysis and appraisal of writers’ work
Writing for meaning and effect
Using inference and deduction
Planning and drafting text
Summarising and retrieving information
ENGLISH LEARNING LADDER
Features of different genres
Understanding the structure and purpose
of texts
Comprehension skillsWriting skills
Grammar and punctuation
Understanding word meaning in context
Transcription and vocabulary
Word reading and spelling
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11
Introduction
This particular chapter focuses on your child’s understanding of the morphology of words, that is, how they are constructed. Creating and adding to lists of tricky spellings, prefixes and suffixes as well as common word endings for nouns (including plurals), adjectives, adverbs and verbs can be particularly useful in developing their ability to answer these construction questions quickly and accurately.
Thinking skills and games
Word ending, word beginning Many of the questions in this chapter involve words that share common letters. This game will help you to think of many such words. With a partner, choose a subject and then take turns to come up with a word that relates to it. The first person says their word aloud and the second person replies with a word beginning with the final letter of the first word. How long can you keep the same chain of words going? Some fun categories for this game include:
animals flowers sportscountries
For example: rabbit tiger rhino ostrich hare elephant
Compound connectionsCompound words are built by placing two smaller words together. The following game helps you to bring to mind quickly words that are commonly used to build compound words. With a partner, take turns to say a small word from the list on the left out loud, while the other person thinks of a compound word beginning with that word. Some suggestions are provided on the right, but hide these while playing the game!
some (sometime, somewhere, someone, something)
water (waterski, waterfront, waterside, watershed)
book (bookshelf, bookstore, bookshop, bookend)
motor (motorbike, motorsport, motorboat, motorway)
Playing with prefixes and suffixesThere are some prefixes (word beginnings) that crop up quite frequently. Recognising these will help you to solve the word building questions in this chapter. Practise recalling some of them by calling out a prefix from the left and seeing if your partner can reply with as many words they can think of that begin with it. Again, cover the suggestions during the game!
Prefix Suggestionsun- unhappy unwind unfavourable unsightly unlikely
re- return reform replace rewind restore regress
im- impede impossible improve imply immovable
Now try it with these suffixes instead: -er -ful -less -ly -ed -abl -ible
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12
1 C
onst
ruct
ing
wor
ds
Find the hidden wordSkill definition: to find a word that is hidden across the end of one word and the start of the
next word within a sentence
Find a word made up of four letters hidden in this sentence. The word is split between the end of one word and the start of another.
Hannah tipped the contents of her pur se al l around the desk. seal
In questions like these you are looking for words that are hidden in sentences. The letters of the new word are made from the end of one word and the beginning of the next word.
In this example, two of the letters are found at the end of one existing word, and two of the letters are found at the start of the following word. When pushed together, these letters make the new word.
You can have different combinations too: sometimes only one letter may be found at the end of a word and the other three may be in the next word, or vice versa.
Methodl Begin with the first two words in the sentence: Hannah tipped
Hannah tipped naht Last three letters of Hannah and the first letter of tipped
Hannah tipped ahti Last two letters of Hannah and first two letters of tipped
Hannah tipped htip Last letter of Hannah and first three letters of tipped
l So now you know that the hidden word cannot be found between the first two words. Work through the next words in the same way, trying to join the letters together. Try the following combinations each time:
Last three letters of a word and first letter of next word (tipped the)
Last two letters of a word and first two letters of next word (tipped the)
Last letter of a word and first three letters of next word (tipped the)
l Continue to do the same for all the words in the sentence, taking them in pairs. When you get to ‘purse’ and ‘all’, you should finally have some luck!
purse all rsea purse all seal (It’s a real word.) purse all eall
l So the correct answer to this question is ‘seal’ because it is the only real word that lies between two existing words in the sentence.
l Now that you have found the hidden word, you do not need to check the remaining words in the sentence. But be sure to check your chosen word is a real word by checking its spelling in a dictionary when you are practising these questions!
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Sample
13
Find the hidden word
Words need at least one vowel in them or the lett er ‘y’, so if you can’t fi nd a vowel or a ‘y’ between the end of one word and the beginning of another, you are unlikely to fi nd a hidden word there and you can look elsewhere in the sentence.
Train
1 See if you can identify which letter combinations come from which pair of words. How quickly did you spot the real word?
eept
eptr
ptry
artw
rtwi
twin
tayc
ayca
ycal
stay calm keep trying start winning
Try
Find a word made up of four letters that crosses two other words. Circle the letter beneath the correct answer.
2 He placed the cup onto the table.
he placed placed the the cup cup onto the table
a b c d e
3 Our incredible idea stands a chance of winning!
our incredible incredible idea idea stands chance of of winning
a b c d e
4 Please leave the dirty saucepan empty.
please leave leave the the dirty dirty saucepan pan empty
a b c d e
Test
Now fi nd the four-letter words in these sentences. Write the word you have found on the line provided.
5 When the rain falls you can dash inside.
6 The train waited for some late arrivals.
7 The gauge never showed any correct temperatures.
Test time: 02:30
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14
1 C
onst
ruct
ing
wor
ds
Move a single letter Skill definition: to move a letter from one word to another, creating two new words
Make two new words by moving one letter from the first word and adding it to the second, without moving any other letters.
crave pea pearcave
In this particular type of question you will be drawing on your experience of word-building and spelling, to identify recognisable words that can be made either by removing a letter or adding an extra one.
After removing a letter from the first word and adding it into the second you should be left with two new words, both of which make sense.
You are not expected to reorder any letters within the words.
The key skill needed when moving a letter from one word to the next is in knowing which letter to choose. A good tip is to look for the letter ‘s’ in the first word and try this out first – you can often just turn the second word into a plural!
Methodl The example above doesn’t contain the letter ‘s’ so try taking out each letter from the first
word in turn to see if you are still left with a real word. So, for example,
‘crave’ becomes ‘rave’
l ‘Rave’ is indeed a real word, so you have found one already! The question is, can the letter ‘c’ which you have removed from ‘crave’ be added to the second word to make a new word?
pea + c cpea pcea peca peac
l None of these are real words, so you need to return to the first word and try removing the second letter, ‘r’
‘crave’ becomes ‘cave’
l ‘Cave’ is also a real word, but can the missing ‘r’ be added to the second word to make a new, alternative word?
pea + r rpea prea pera pear
l ‘Pear’ is also a real word, so you have found the answer – ‘rave’ and ‘pear’.
Some words sound quite different when you remove or add just one letter, e.g. cream/cram or done/don. Try saying the words in your head when you are trying to work out the answer.
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Sample
15
Move a single letter
Train
1 Choose a letter from the box on the right to add to each word on the left to change them into new words. You can only use each letter once. Write these new words on the lines in the middle.
lop
hop
pin
bin
t f e d
Try
Make two new words by moving a letter from the fi rst word and adding it to the second, without moving any other letters. Circle the letter beneath the correct answer.
2 smile pots s m i l e a b c d e
3 weird scale w e i r d a b c d e
4 craft sent c r a f t a b c d e
Test
Now make two new words in the same way in the following questions. Write the word you have made on the line provided.
5 strap buy
6 drain grin
7 trout facet
Test time: 02:30
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