Ventilation Breathing Questions

5/27/2018 Ventilation Breathing Questions

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1. The diagram below shows a spirometer, which can be used to measure lung volumes in humans.

(a) State the purpose of the soda lime in the spirometer.

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(b) Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure a persons vital capacity.

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Mouthpiece

Oxygeninlet

Soda limecontainer

Chart recorder Writing pen Water levelMovable lid

Counter balance

Hinge


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(c) In an investigation, the tidal volumes and breathing rates of two students, Kim and Jo,were measured. The results are shown in the table below.

Student Tidal volume / cm3Breathing rate

/ breaths per minute

Kim 500 18

Jo 475 16

(i) Explain what is meant by the term tidal volume.

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(ii) The minute volume is the volume of air breathed in, or the volume of air breathedout, per minute. Use the data in the table to calculate Kims minute volume. Showyour working.

Answer ....................................................(2)


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(iii) After Jos tidal volume and breathing rate were measured and recorded, she heldher breath for thirty seconds, then resumed breathing. Suggest what effect thiswould have had on her tidal volume and breathing rate, giving reasons for youranswer.

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(Total 12 marks)

2. Diagram A and diagram B below show recordings of the breathing patterns of a person.In diagram A the person is at rest. In diagram B the person has just finished a period of

strenuous exercise.

0 10 20 30 40

Time / s

Volumeofair/dm3

Diagram A: at rest

0.5 dm3


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(a) Calculate the mean tidal volume between 10 and 30 seconds when the person is at rest.Show your working.

Answer .................................(2)

0 10 20 30 40

Time / s

Volumeof

air/dm3

Diagram B: after exercise

0.5 dm3


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(b) The ventilation rate of a person can be calculated by multiplying the rate of breathing bythe depth of breathing. Use diagram B to calculate the ventilation rate of the personduring the first 10 seconds after exercise. Show your working.

Answer .................................(2)

(c) Using the data in the recordings, compare the breathing patterns of this person before andafter exercise.

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(d) This person then undertook a physical training programme.

(i) Describe and explain twodifferences that you would expect to see in the breathing

patterns of this person following exercise as a result of the training programme.

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(ii) Suggest how the training programme might affect the cardiac output of the person.


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(2)(Total 13 marks)

3. (a) Explain what is meant by the term vital capacity.

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(b) The graph below shows a recording of lung volumes (a spirogram) from a healthystudent.

From the recording, determine the tidal volume. Show your working.

Answer ........................................(2)

(c) Describe the effect of a small increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in inspiredair on the breathing of a person.

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(Total 6 marks)

4. The trace on the diagram below shows the tidal volume of a man of average fitness at rest.

Volume / cm

Time / s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3

100 cm3


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(a) Calculate the minute volume (VE). Show your working.

Answer (2)

(b) The man began to run on a treadmill at 20 seconds and continued running for the next100 seconds.

Continue the trace on the diagram to the end of the time scale to show the changes in thetidal volume while the man was exercising.

(2)

6

5

4

3

2

0

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Start of exercise

Time / seconds

Lungvolume/ dm

Vitalcapacity

Residual

volume

3


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(c) Explain the meaning of the term residual volume.

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(d) Describe and explain the effect of training on ventilation efficiency.

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(Total 7 marks)


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5. (a) The diagram below shows a spirometer. This apparatus is used to measure the volume ofair breathed in and out and the frequency of breathing under different conditions.

A spirometer was used to compare a persons breathing at rest and during exercise. The

results are shown in the graphs below.

At rest During exercise

1 dm3

3

Volumeofoxygen/dm

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time/s

0

1 dm3

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time/s

0


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The minute volume is the volume of oxygen taken into the lungs in one minute, and iscalculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate.

(i) Using the information in the graphs, calculate the minute volume at rest. Showyour working.

Answer ........................................(2)

(ii) Calculate the increase in the minute volume that occurred in this person as a resultof the exercise. Show your working.

Answer ........................................

(2)

(b) Cardiac output also increases during exercise.

(i) State what is meant by cardiac output.

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(ii) Explain how increases in minute volume and cardiac output during exercise enablerapid delivery of oxygen to muscles during exercise.

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(Total 7 marks)

6. (a) Describe how you would find the breathing rate of a person at rest.

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(b) The table below shows the pulmonary ventilation rate (volume of air breathed in or out

per minute) of a man at rest, and walking at four different speeds.

Walking speed / km hour1 Pulmonary ventilation rate

/dm3min

1

0 (rest) 11

3.2 19

4.8 25

6.4 37

8.0 60


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(i) Describe the relationship between walking speed and the pulmonary ventilationrate.

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(ii) Explain the mechanism by which these changes in pulmonary ventilation rate are

brought about.

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(c) An experiment was carried out to determine the composition of a sample of expired air,using a gas burette. A person breathed out as far as possible through a gas burette, whichwas then closed. The initial gas volume was recorded. A small volume of saturatedpotassium hydroxide solution was then injected into the gas burette and the final gasvolume was recorded. Potassium hydroxide solution absorbs carbon dioxide.

The results are shown in the table below.

Gas burette reading Volume / cm3

Initial volume 75.0

Final volume 72.0

Calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air sample. Show your working.

Answer ....................................(3)

(Total 9 marks)


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7. (a) Ventilation rate changes in response to different levels of physical activity. Explain howthese changes are brought about.

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(b) The graph below shows changes in the ventilation rate of an athlete before, during and

after a 10 minute period of strenuous exercise.

Describe the changes in the ventilation rate in the two minutes before exercise and during

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Time / minutes

Period of exercise

Ventilation rate/ dm min13


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the period of exercise.

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(c) Suggest how the ventilation rate, during and after exercise, would differ in an untrainedindividual completing the same type of exercise for the same length of time.

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(Total 9 marks)


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8. (a) The diagram below shows a spirometer, used to measure lung volumes in humans.

(i) State the function of the soda lime.

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(ii) Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure the tidal volume of a person.

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(b) The graph below shows a spirometer record (spirogram) from a healthy person.

From the recording, find the vital capacity of the person.

Answer ..................................................... dm3

(1)

(Total 5 marks)

9. (a) Explain the meaning of the term respiratory minute volume.

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4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.00 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

person breathedout fully

person breathedin fully

Volume/ dm3

Time / s


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(b) The normal percentage of carbon dioxide in inspired (breathed in) air is 0.03%. The graphbelow shows the effect of increasing the percentage of carbon dioxide on the respiratoryminute volume (VE) at rest.

The effect is expressed as a percentage above the resting minute volume when carbondioxide is at normal levels.

(i) The respiratory minute volume of an adult male is approximately 8 dm3min1 whenbreathing air containing 0.03% carbon dioxide.

Use the graph to calculate the respiratory minute volume of this man when thepercentage carbon dioxide in inspired air is 1.5%.

Show your working

Answer .(3)

250

200

150

100

50

00.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

Concentration of carbon dioxide in inspired air (%)

Percentageincreasein

respiratoryminutevolume


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(ii) Explain how this increase in minute volume is brought about.

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(c) The diagram below shows the structure of a stretch receptor. These are found in smoothmuscle around the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs and in the muscles of the chest

wall and diaphragm.

Motorneurones

Sensoryneurones


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Explain the role of stretch receptors in the control of breathing.

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(Total 11 marks)

10. Describe and explain how the bodys breathing system responds to exercise.

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(Total 3 marks)


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11. (a) Explain the meaning of the following terms.

Breathing rate .............................................................................................................

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Tidal volume ...............................................................................................................

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(b) The graph below shows the changes that occur to the breathing rate and tidal volume asexercise intensity increases.

50

40

30

20

10

0

3

2

1

0 50 100 150 200 250

Exercise intensity / arbitrary units

Breathingrate / breathsmin

Tidalvolume / dm

1

3


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Describe the effect of increasing exercise intensity on the breathing rate and tidal volume.

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(Total 5 marks)

12. The diagram below shows the ways in which the respiratory system and different parts of thebrain interact with each other to regulate breathing.

(a) Breathing can be controlled voluntarily and involuntarily. Name the part of the brain thatcontrols involuntarybreathing.

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Cerebral

hemispheres

ChemoreceptorsIntercostal muscles and

stretch receptors

Respiratory

centres in the

pons and medulla

Diaphragm muscles and

stretch receptors


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(b) Suggest one occasion when the depth of breathing is increased voluntarily.

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(c) Using the information in the diagram, explain the roles of muscle spindles and nerves inthe control of breathing during exercise.

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(d) The ventilation of the lungs during breathing is essential in maintaining the concentrationgradients of the respiratory gases. This ensures that gas exchange is efficient. Explainwhy the chemoreceptors are particularly important during exercise.

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(Total 7 marks)

13. This question is about changes in the physiology of whales, penguins, seals and humans when

they hold their breath to dive below the surface of water.


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(a) Figures 1 and 2, below, show the changes in blood lactate concentration during diving inwhite whales and emperor penguins.

Figure 1. Blood lactate concentration in the blood of white whales (Delphinapterus

leucas) before and after diving.

Adapted from data of Shafferi, Costa, Williams & Ridgway (1997)

Blood

lactateconcentration/mmoldm

3

2

1

0

0Beforediving

2 4 6 8 10 12

t = 3.63, P < 0.05.

Dive duration / minutes


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Figure 2. Blood lactate concentration in emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri)

after dives of different duration.

Adapted from data of Ponganis, Kooyman, Starke, Kooyman & Kooyman (1997)

(i) Explain why the blood lactate concentration increases when these animals diveunder water.

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14

12

10

8

6

4

2

Bloo

dlactateconcentration/mmoldm

0 2 4 6 8 10 120

Dive duration / minutes


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(ii) The difference between the blood lactate concentration of whales before and afterdiving was found to be significant (p < 0.05). Briefly explain what the wordsignificant means in this context.

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(iii) Describe the relationship between blood lactate concentration and dive duration inemperor penguins. Suggest an explanation for this relationship.

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(b) Referring to Figure 3 below, describe and explain the effect of diving depth on the heartrate of grey seals.

Figure 3. The effect of diving depth on heart rate in submerged grey seals

(Halichoerus grypus).

Adapted from Thomas and Fedak (1993)

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0

50100150

Heartrate/

beatsmin

100

50

10 20 30

Time/minutes

0

Depth/m


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(c) Referring to Figure 4 below:

Figure 4. Electrocardiogram (ecg) of a woman before and during a dive made while

holding her breath.

Based on data of Ferrigno, Ferretti, Ellis, Warkander, Costa, Cerretelli & Lundgren (1997)

(i) Name the wave of depolarisation labelled X in Figure 4 and explain the part itplays in the cardiac cycle.

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(ii) Calculate the womans heart rate before and during her dive. Show your working.

Heart rate before dive ................

Heart rate during dive ................(2)

Before dive During dive

0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

X

Time / secondsTime / seconds


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(d) Referring to Figures 5(a) and 5(b) below:

Figure 5. The effect of dive duration on the heart rate of a woman while holding

her breath;

(a) at a water temperature of 25 C.

(b) at a water temperature of 35 C.

The woman was wearing a swimsuit.

Based on data of Ferrigno, Ferretti, Ellis, Warkander, Costa, Cerretelli & Lundgren (1997)

(i) Suggest an explanation for the difference in heart rate while diving at 25C and at35C.

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010

2030

4050

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0dive duration = 132 sdive duration = 137 s

25C 35C

Depthm

Heartrate/

beatsmin1

Heartrate/

beatsmin

1


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(ii) Suggest an explanation for the womans high heart rate just before diving.

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(Total 20 marks)

14. (a) The diagram below shows the structure of a spirometer, which can be used to measurelung volumes in humans.

Chart recorder Writing pen Water level Movable lid

Soda lime

container

Oxygen

inlet

Mouthpiece

Hinge

Counter balance


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(i) Explain the importance of the soda lime in the spirometer.

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(ii) Suggest how you could use this spirometer to measure the vital capacity of aperson.

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(b) An investigation was carried out into the effect of cycling speed on the breathing rate of ahealthy student. In this investigation, an exercise bicycle was used.

The breathing rate of the student was measured at rest. He then cycled at 10 km per hourfor 2 minutes and, immediately after, his breathing rate was recorded. He rested for 5minutes, before cycling at 15 km per hour for 2 minutes, after which his breathing ratewas again measured.

This investigation was repeated at cycling speeds of 20 and 25 km per hour.

The student rested for 5 minutes between each period of cycling.

The results are shown in the table below.

Cycling speed / km h1 Breathing rate / breaths min

1

0 (rest) 12

10 14

15 17

20 20

25 27

(i) Calculate the percentage increase in breathing rate, as the cycling speed increasedfrom 10 km per hour to 25 km per hour. Show your working.

Answer = ....................................... %(2)


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(ii) Suggest an explanation for these results.

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(Total 9 marks)

15. (a) A study was carried out to investigate the effects of training on the ventilation rate of the

lungs during excercise. The graph below shows the effect of a five minute period ofexercise on the ventilation rate of two individuals. One individual has followed a training

programme and the other individual has not.

Ventilationrat

e/dm

3

1

min

543210

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Trainedindividual

Untrainedindividual

Time / mins


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(i) Compare the effects of this exercise on the ventilation rate of the two individuals.

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(ii) Suggest what other information would be needed to allow a valid comparison to bemade of the effect of a training programme on ventilation rate.

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(b) An athlete was having difficulties with the control of his ventilation rate.The diagram below shows four nerves labelled A, B, C and D involved in the control ofventilation.

Damage to any of these four nerves would affect the control of ventilation. For each of

the descriptions below, state which of the nerves labelled A, B, C or D would have beendamaged. Put a cross in the box corresponding to the correct letter.

(i) Nerve impulses from the aortic body would not reach the respiratory centre.

A B C D

(ii) Nerve impulses from the respiratory centre would not reach the diaphragm.

A B C D

(iii) Nerve impulses would not reach the respiratory centre from the stretch receptors.

A B C D

(iv) Nerve impulses from the carotid body would not reach the respiratory centre.

A B C D(4)

(Total 9 marks)

Diaphragm

AortaFrom

heart

Heart

Nerve D

Nerve C

Nerve B

Nerve A

To

body

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Ventilation Breathing Questions