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nghUspay; - UNIT - I

1-55 - Questions Bank With

Answers

1-6

2.

nghUspay; - UNIT – I

SIMPLE NOTES

6-21

3.

nghUspay; - UNIT - I

PRACTICE YOURSELF

Questions Bank

21-22

4.

fy;tp cstpay; ;

22-25

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rupahd tpiliaj; vOjTk; 1. Kjd; Kjypy; nghUspay; cl;gphpTfis gphpj;jtH ahH.

(A) J.B. Nr (B) khH\y; (C) Mlk;];kpj; (D) J.M. fPd;];

2. fPo;fz;l EfHtpd; gq;F my;yhjJ vJ.

(A) cw;gj;jpf;F mbg;gil (B) gfpHTf;F J}z;LNfhs;

(C) nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapd; msTNfhy; (D) KjyPLfs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd.

3. ‘EfHNthH kd;dH Nghy” ve;j nghUshjhu mikg;gpy;.

(A) fk;A+dprk; (B) Kjyhspj;Jtk; (C) FbauR (D) fyg;G nghUshjuj;jpy;

4. tpUg;gq;fspd; tiffs; .

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 5

5. nghUj;Jf. a b c d

(a) vz;zsT gad;ghL - 1. TUn – Tu(n-1) A 1 2 3 4

(b)fpuhk gad;ghL - 2. `pf;]; B 2 3 1 4

(c) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL - 3. My;gpul; khH\y; C 3 2 1

4 (d) ntspgLj;jg;gLk; tpUg;g Nfhl;ghL - 4. ghy; rhKNty;rd; D 3 2 4 1

6. vz;zsT gad;ghl;by; rhpahdit my;yhjJ vJ.

(A) gad;ghl;il mstpl $baJ (B) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L Ma;T

(C) gad;ghl;il thpirg;gLj;j KbAk; (D) midj;Jk; rhp

7. JzpG (A): FspHfhyj;jpy; fk;gspapd; gad;ghL mjpfk;

fhuzk; (R): fk;gspapd; tpiy mjpfkhf cs;sjhy;

(A) A kw;Wk; R rhp> R vd;gJ A f;F rhpahd tpsf;fk;

(B) A kw;Wk; R rhp> R vd;gJ A f;F rhpahd tpsf;fk; my;y

(C) A rhp R jtW (D) A jtW R jtW

8. $Ljyhf XH myF gz;lj;ij EfHtjhy; fpilg;gJ.

(A) nkhj;j gad;ghL(B) ,Wjpepiyg;gad;ghL(C) ruhrhp gad;ghL(D) $Ljy; gad;ghL

9. nkhj;j gad;ghL 250 myFfs; (cr;rmsT) ,Wjpepiyg; gad;ghL.

(A) 50 (B) 100 (C) 250 (D) 0

10. ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL vjpHkiwahf ,Ue;jhy; nkhj;jgad;ghL.

(A) FiwAk; (B) mjpfhpf;Fk;

(C) Kjypy; Fiwe;J gpd; mjpfhpf;Fk; (D) cr;repiy milAk;

11. EfHNthH NkYk; NkYk; xU gz;lj;ij EfUk; NghJ mg;gz;lj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy

gad;ghL. (A) mjpfhpf;Fk; (B) cr;repiy (C) FiwAk; (D) G+[;[pak;

12. nkhj;j gad;ghL cr;repiyia mile;jgpwF ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL.

(A) vjpHkiw (B) Neh;kiw (C) mjpfhpf;Fk; (D) FiwAk;

13. nkhj;j gad;ghL Nky;Nehf;fp nry;tjw;F fhuzk;.

(A) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL mjpfhpg;gjhy;

(B) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL Fiwtjhy;

(C) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL G+[;[pakhf ,Ug;gjhy;

(D) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL vjpHkiwahf ,Ug;gjhy;

14. rkmsT ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;bd; EfHNthhpd; rkepiy.

(A)

(B)

(C) A,B rhp (D) vJTkpy;iy

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15. Nfhrdpd; Kjy; tpjp vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ.

(A) EfHNthH vr;r kjpg;G Nfhl;ghL (B) vz;zsT gad;ghL

(C) fpuhk gad;ghL (D) Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;L tpjp

16. JzpG (A): gzj;jpd; kjpg;G Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;Yk; Mdhy;

fhuzk; (R): G+[;[pakhfNth (m) vjpHkiwahfNthnry;yhJ.

(A) A kw;Wk; R rhp> R vd;gJ A f;F rhpahd tpsf;fk;

(B) A kw;Wk; R rhp> R vd;gJ A f;F rhpahd tpsf;fk; my;y

(C) A rhp R jtW (D) A jtW R jtW

17. EfHNthhpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp vd miof;fg;gLtJ.

(A) Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;L tpjp (B) tsHe;J nry; tpisT tpjp

(C) rk ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjp (D) khwh tpisT tpjp

18. rk ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ/ miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

(1) ,Wjpepiy xg;gPl;L Nfhl;ghL (2) gjpyPl;L tpjp

(3) cr;repiy kd epiwT tpjp (4)nrytpd; rpf;fd tpjp

(A) 1>2 rhp (B) 1>3>4 rhp (C) 1>4rhp (D) midj;Jk; rhp

19. jz;zPH - ituk; Kuz;ghL (Water- Dimond paradox) $wpatH.

(A) My;gpul; khH\y; (B) J.M. fPd;]; (C) Mlk;];kpj; (D) J.R. `pf;];

20. EfHNthH vr;r kjpg;G Nfhl;ghl;il Kjd; Kjypy; $wpatH.

(A) My;gpul; khH\y; (B) Mlk;];kpj; (C) bA+gpl; (D) J.R. `pf;];

21. EfHNthH cghpia EfHNthH thuk; vd Fwpg;gpl;ltH.

(A) bA+gpl; (B) My;gpul; khH\y; (C) J.M. fPd;]; (D) Mlk;];kpj;

22. EfHNthH vr;r kjpg;G.

(A) OPEM

(B) MEF

(C) OPF

(D) PNE

23. ‘EfHNthH vr;r kjpg;ig” rhHe;jJ vJ.

(A) jF tpiy(-) cz;ik tpiy(B) nfhLf;f epidf;Fk; tpiy(-) cz;ik tpiy

(C) cz;ik tpiy (-) jFtpiy (D) A,B rhp


(a) fpuhk gad;ghL - 1. J.R. `Pf;]; A 1 2 3 4

(b)vz;zsT gad;ghL - 2. thpirg;gLj;j KbAk; B 2 3 1 4

(c) ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpUg;g Nfhl;ghL - 3. msf;f KbAk; C 2 3 4 1

(d) rkNehf;F tisNfhL - 4. rhKNty;rd; D 3 2 4 1

25. vz;zsT gad;ghl;bd; vLNfhs; my;yhjJ.

(A) gFj;jwpT (B) gzj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL epiyahdJ

(C) Fiwe;j nry; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL (D) nghUspd; gad;ghL ,Ug;ig rhuhjJ

26. EfHNthH rkepiy XY gz;lq;fspy; (`Pf;]; mZFKiw)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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27. ‘kjpg;Gk; KjYk;” vd;w E}ypd; MrphpaH.

(A) My;gpul; khHry;(B) J.R. `pf;]; (C) Mlk;];kpj; (D) Nltpl; hpfhNlh

28. ,t;tiuglj;jpy; vJ rhpahdit.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

29. rkNehf;F tisNfhL Ftpe;J nry;tjw;F fhuzk;.

(A) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL (B) ,Wjpepiy gjpyPl;L tPjk;

(C) ,Wjpepiy njhopy;El;g gjpyPl;L tPjk; (D) rk ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL

30. tUkhdk; mjpfhpf;fpd;w NghJ X,Y gz;lq;fs; EfHT Fiwe;jhy;.

(A) X,Y gz;lq;fs; jho;e;j gz;lq;fs; (B) vjpHkiw tUkhd tpisT

(C) A,B rhp (D) NeHkiw tUkhd tpisT

31. ,t;tiuglj;jpy; tUkhdk; mjpfhpj;jhy; (vjpHkiw tUkhd tpisT)

(A) X gz;lk; caHe;j gz;lk;

(B) Y gz;lk; caHe;jgz;lk;

(C) B,D rhp

(D) Y gz;lk; jho;e;j gz;lk;

32. ,ay;ghd gz;lq;fspy; tUkhd EfHtpd; njhlHG.

(A) tUkhdk; mjpfhpf;Fk;> EfHTk; mjpfhpf;Fk;

(B) tUkhdk; FiwAk; EfHT mjpfhpf;Fk;

(C) tUkhdk; FiwAk;> EfHT FiwAk;

(D) tUkhdk; mjpfhpf;Fk; EfHT FiwAk;

33. xU nghUspd; tpiy khWjypdhy;> me;j nghUisthq;Fjypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wj;ij -

--------vd;fpNwhk;.

(A) tUkhd tpisT (B) tpiy tpisT (C) gjpyPl;L tpisT(D) EfHT tpisT

34. ,ay;ghd gz;l tiuglj;jpy; vit jtwhdJ.

(A) OB tUkhd tpisT

(B) AC gjpyPl;L tpisT

(C) CB tUkhd tpisT

(D) AB tpiy tpisT

35. khH\;rypd; EfHNthH rkepiyapy; vJ rhpahdit my;y.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D) tpiyAk; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghLk; rkk;


(a) J.R. `Pf;]; - 1. ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL A 1 2 3 4

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(b) khHry; - 2. Gjpa ghl;bypy; gioa kJ B 2 3 1 4

(c) rhKNty;rd; - 3. ,Wjpepiy gjpyPl;L tPjk; C 1 3 4 2

(d) ,uhgHl;rd; - 4. tYthd thpirg;gLj;Jjy; D 3 1 4 2

37. ‘The theory of Games and Economic Behavior” vd;w Eiy vOjpatH/fs;.

(A) epA+kd; (B) khHfd;];ld; (C) epA+Nkd; - khHfd;];ld; (D) ngHNdhyp

38. ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpUg;g Nfhl;ghby; ve;j Gs;spapy; EfHNthH rkepiy milthH.

(A) E

(B) C

(C) F

(D) A

39. etPd gad;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kjd; Kjypy; $wpatH.

(A) epA+kd; (B) khHfd;];ld; (C) kpy;ld; gpiul;Nkd;(D) Nldpay; ngHNdhyp

40. nrapz;L gPllH];gHf; Kuz;ghL vd;gJ.

(A) ntw;wptha;g;G 70 f;F Nky; ,Ue;Jk; #jhl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy

(B) ntw;wptha;g;G 50 f;F Nky; ,Ue;Jk; #jhl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy

(C) ntw;wptha;g;G 40 f;F Nky; ,Ue;Jk; #jhl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy

(D) ntw;wptha;g;G 80 f;F Nky; ,Ue;Jk; #jhl;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy

41. ‘The utility analysis or choice inrotring risks” vd;w E}ypd. MrphpaH.

(A) epA+Nkd; - khHfd;];ld; (B) gpiul;Nkd; - rhNt];

(C) Nldpay; ngHNdhyp (D) khHNfhtpl;];

42. gpiul;Nkd; - rhNt[; mZFKiwapy; ‘,lHtpUk;gpfs;” vd;gtHfs;.

(A) Fiwthd tUkhdk; cilNahH(LIG) (B) eLj;ju tUkhdk; cilNahH(MIG)

(C) caH tUkhdk; cilNahH(HIG) (D) vJTkpy;iy

43. ‘EfHNthhpd; tUthapy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs; mbg;gilapy; mtdJ Njh;Tk;>

,lHfis jhq;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikAk; ,Uf;Fk;” vdf; $wpatH.

(A) ngHNdhyp (B) rhNt[; (C) khHNfhtpl;]; (D) gpiul;Nkd;

44. ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL vg;nghOJk;.

(A) mjpfhpf;Fk;(B) FiwAk;(C)khwhjpUf;Fk; (D) rpy Neuq;fspy; mjpfhpf;Fk;> FiwAk;

45. nkhj;j gad;ghl;L NfhL.

(A) X mr;Rf;F cl;Ftpe;jit (B) X mr;Rf;F Gwq;Ftpe;jit

(C) cl;Ftpe;jit(m) Gwq;Ftpe;jit (D) Y mr;Rf;F cl;Ftpe;jit

46. EfHNthH vr;rk; ,jdhy; mstplg;gLfpwJ.

(A) TU curve (B) MU curve (C) supply curve (D) None of these

47. rkNehf;F tisNfhL tsg;gLj;jpatH.

(A) My;gpul; khHry;(B) ghy; rhKNty;rd; (C) J.R. `Pf;]; (D) irkd; F];el;];

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48. rk ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjp.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

49. rkNehf;F tisNfhL tpsf;FtJ.

(A) X,Y gz;lq;fspd; rkkhd msTfspd; gz;lq;fspd; njhFg;G

(B) X,Y gz;lq;fspd; rkkw;w msT gz;lq;fs; njhFg;G

(C) X,Y gz;lq;fspd; rkkhd gz;lj;jpd; cr;r msT kdepiwT

(D) vJTkpy;iy

50. X,Y gz;lq;fspd; epiwT gjpyPl;L tPjk;.

(A) mjpfhpf;Fk; (B) FiwAk;

(C) khwhJ ,Uf;Fk; (D) vJTkpy;iy

51. rkNehf;F tisNfhL L tbtf; Nfhil Fwpg;gJ.

(A) epiwT gjpyPl;L tPjk; (B) epiwT $l;L nghUl;fs;

(C) ve;j NtWghLk; ,y;iy (D) epiwT $l;Lg;nghUs; my;y

52. tuT> nryT NfhL tpsf;FtJ.

(A) X gz;l tpiy Y mstpy; (B) Y gz;l tpiy X mstpy;

(C) EfHNthH tUkhdk; (D) midj;Jk; rhp

53. tiuglk; C tpsf;FtJ.

(A) mjpfhpf;Fk; (B) FiwAk;

(C) khwhJ (D) vJTkpy;iy

54. ,ay;ghd gz;lq;fspy; gjpyPl;L tpfpjk;.

(A) vjpHkiwahdJ (B) NeubahdJ (C) G+[;[pak; (D) midj;Jk; rhp

55. jho;e;j gz;lq;fspy; tUkhd tpisT.

(A) vjpHkiwahdJ (B) NeubahdJ (C) G+[;[pak; (D) midj;Jk; rhp

PG TRB- nghUspay; - UNIT - I

1. Efh;Nthh; nray;ghl;bd; Nfhl;ghLfs; (Theory of consumer behavior)

Efh;T (Consumpion)

tpUg;gk; (Wants)

gad;ghL (Utility)

F.,.ep.g.tpjp (Law of Diminishing marginal utility)

rk msT ,.g.tpjp(Law of equi- marginal utility)

Efh;Nthh; vr;rkjpg;G Nfhl;ghL (Theory of consumer surples)

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vz;zsT gad;ghL(Marshall) (Cardinal)

fpuhk ga;dghL (Ordinal Utility) (Hicks)

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpUg;gj;Njh;T Kiw (Revealed preference Hypothesis)

`pf;]pd; Njitf; Nfhl;ghL (Hicks revision and Demand theory)

jw;fhy gad;ghL Nfhl;ghL (Model Utility)

Ez;zpapay; nghUshjhuk; nghUshjhuk; xU mwpKfk;:

nghUshjhuj;jpd; je;ij -Mlk;];kpj;

etPd nghUshjhu je;ij -My;gh;l; khh;\y;

Nghpay; nghUshjhu je;ij -J.M.fPd;];

tPLvdg; nghUs;gLk; ‘Ma;Nfh” (Oiko) vd;gJ fpNuf;fr;nrhy;

nekpd; (Nemein) vd;Dk; fpNuf;fr;nrhy; nghUs; - eph;thfk;

,uz;Lk; Nrh;e;J nghUshjhuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

„Polis‟ vd;w fpNuf;fr;nrhy; - eph;thfk;

„State‟ vd;w fpNuf;fr;nrhy; -muR,uz;Lk; Nrh;e;J muR eph;thfj;ij

murpaynghUshjhuk; vd miof;fpd;Nwhk;.

murpaYld; neUq;fpa njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sjhy; njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; murpay;

nghUshjhuk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

murpay; nghUshjhuj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;ijj; jdpahfg; gphpj;jth; - Mlk;];kpj;

Kf;fpa ,yf;fzk;

nry;t ,yf;fzk; - Mlk;kpj; (Wealth)

nghUs;rhh; ,yf;fzk; - My;gpul; khh;\y; (Welfare)

gw;whf;Fiw ,yf;fzk; - yad; ,uhgpd;rd;(Scarcity)

tsh;r;rp ,yf;fzk; - rhKNty;rd; (Growth)

Definition:

nry;t ,yf;fzk;: Mlk;];kpj; - 1723-1790

ehLfspd; nry;tk; vd;w E}ypy; fp.gp 1776 y; nghUspay; vd;gJ nry;tj;ijg; gw;wpa

xU mwptpay; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

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E}y;:

An enquiry into nature and causes of „Wealth of Nation‟(ehLfspd; nry;t

,ay;igAk; fhuzq;fisAk; gw;wpa Xh; Ma;T)

nghUspaypy; kdpj tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;Ak; midj;Jg; gz;lq;fSk; nry;tk;

vdg;gLk;.

Mdhy; kdpj tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;Ak; midj;J gz;lq;fSk; nry;tkhf

fUjg;glkhl;lhJ vd nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

v.fh: fhw;W>R+hpa xsp- nry;tk; my;y

XusT gw;whf;FiwAk; gzkjpg;Gk; cs;s gz;lq;fs; kl;LNk nry;tkhff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

nghUs;rhh; ey ,yf;fzk;: (Welfare definition)

My;gpul; khh;\y; - 1842-1924

1890 y; nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghL(Principles of Economics) vd;w E}y;

ntspapl;lhh;.(jdpkdpj eltbf;ifia Muha;tJ nghUs;rhh; ey ,yf;fzk;)

etPd nghUshjhuj;jpd; je;ij

rhjhuz kdpjDila tho;f;ifapd; md;whl eltbf;ifg;gw;wp nghUspay;

Muha;fpd;wJ.

nghUspay; xU gf;fk; nry;tj;ijg; gw;wpAk; kw;nwhU gf;fKk; kdpjidAk; gw;wpAk;

Ma;T nra;Ak; ,ay; MFk;.

gw;whf;Fiw ,yf;fzk;: (Scarity definition)

yad; & uhgpd;rd;:

etPd nghUspay; ,yf;fzk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ(Nature and significance of

Economic Science)

1932 nghUshjh mwptpaypd; ,ay;Gk; mjd; rpwg;Gk; gw;wpa fl;Liu vd;w E}iy

ntspapl;lhh;.(fpilj;jw;F mhpaNj nghUshjhuk;)

tpUg;gq;fNshL fpilg;gLik cs;s khw;Wtopfspy; gad;glj;jf;f rhjdq;fNshL

njhlh;Gs;s kdpj eltbf;iffisg;gw;wp gapYfpd;w mwptpaNy nghUspay;.

xU rKjhak; jd;dplk; mjpfkhf nfhz;L cs;s gw;whf;Fiwahtsq;fis gy;NtW

gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gw;whf;Fiw cs;s tsq;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; gfph;e;jspg;gjw;fhd

topKiwfisnghUspay; cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

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tsh;r;rp ,yf;fzk; (Growth definition)

rhKNty;rd; (Best)

E}y; :- nghUshjhuk; (Economics)1964

gy;NtW gad;ghLfSila gw;whf;Fiwahd tsq;fis rKjhak; vt;thW

gad;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wp $Wk; r%f mwptpaNy nghUspay; MFk;.

jdpjh;fSk; rKjhaKk; gw;whf;Fiwahd tsq;fis gad;gLj;jp vt;thW jw;fhy

vjph;fhy Efh;Tf;fhf gz;lq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wdh; vd;W

$Wfpwhh;.

1930 y; [hd;bk;gh;fd; - mstpay; nghUshjhuk;(Maths & Statics Nrh;e;jJ)1933 uhf;dh;

gphp\; -Micro-Macrovd gphpj;jhH.

nghUspaypd; cl;gphpT:

4-cl;gphpTfs;

1.Efh;T (Consumption)

2.cw;gj;jp (Production)

3.ghpkhw;wk; (Exchange)

4.gfph;T (Distribution)

5.nghJepjp(Public Finance)-,J jw;fhy(J.M fPd;];)

nghUspay; mwpQh;fshy; ,J Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1.Efh;T:-kdpj tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;tJ Efh;T

tpUg;gq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; nghUspay; eltbf;iffs; eilngWfpd;wd.

(1969 - Kjy; Nehgy;ghpR nghUshjhuj;jpw;F)

2. cw;gj;jp:-nry;tk; cUthf;Fjy; vdg; nghUs;gLk; gad;ghl;bd;

Mf;fk; vdTk; ,J miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

kdpj tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;Ak; gz;lq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nghUspay;

eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; cw;gj;jp MFk;.

cw;gj;jp fhuzpfs; 1. epyk; (thuk;)

2. ciog;G ($yp)

3. %yjdk; (tl;b)

4.njhopy; mikg;G(m)

njhopy;Kay;Nthh;(,yhgk;)

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3. ghpkhw;wk;:- ghpkhw;wj;jpy; xd;iwf; nfhLj;J kw;nwhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. gz;lq;fs; kw;w

gz;lq;fSf;fhNt gzj;jpw;fhfNt khw;wp nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

ghpkhw;wj;jpdhy; nghUspd; tpiy jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Barter System (gz;l khw;WKiw)

4. gfph;T:- epyk; > ciog;G> %yjdk;> njhopy; KidT Mfpa cw;gj;jp

fhuzpfis gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

,r;nry;tkhdJ fhuzpfSf;Fhpa Cjpakhf Cjpak; thuk;(epyk;)> $yp (ciog;G) tl;b

(%yjdk;) ,yhgk;(njhopy; mikg;G) Mfpatw;wpw;F gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nkw;fz;l 4

cw;gj;jp fhuzpfSf;Fk; ntt;NtW gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; mtw;wpw;F Cjpak;

toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

5. nghJepjp:- murpd; nghUshjhuk; gzpfisg;gw;wp Muha;e;J murpd;

tuT nryT jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;l

cjTfpd;wd. murpay; thptpjpg;G> nghJ nryT> nghJ fld;

Mfpatw;iw Muha;fpd;wd.

Efh;T:- Consumption:-

tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;a gzpfisAk; nghUl;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtij Efh;T

vd;fpNwhk;.

Kjd;Kjypy; nghUspaypd; cl;gphpit cw;gj;jp> gfph;T> ghpth;j;jd (ghpkhw;wk;) vd

J.B Nr (J.B.Say) gphpj;jhh;.

Efh;T Kjd;Kjypy; $wpath;-My;gpul; khh;\y;

Efh;tpd; gq;F:-

1. Efh;T nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; njhlf;fkhfTk; Nehf;fkhfTk; mikfpd;wd.

2. cw;gj;jpf;F mbg;gil Efh;T MFk;.

3. gfph;Tf;F J}z;lNfhyhf miktJ Efh;T

4. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapd; msTNfhyhf Efh;T cs;sJ.

5. khw;W (Exchange) d; mbg;gilahf Efh;T mike;Js;sJ.

6. ehl;bd; tUthiaAk; njhopiyAk; Efh;T eph;zapf;fpwJ.

7. Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspy; Efh;Nthh; kd;dh;fs; vd iof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

8. Efh;T vd;gJ „gad;gLj;JtJ‟ vd nghUs;gLk;.

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tpUg;gq;fs;:- (Wants)

1. kdpjDila midj;J Mirfs;>Ritfs;> Nehf;fq;fs; nghUspaypy; tpUg;gq;fs;

vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

2. tpUg;gq;fs; vspa cstpay; fhuzq;fshy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

3. tpUg;gq;fs; r%f fhuzq;fshy; Njhd;Wk;.

4. gof;ftof;fq;fshy; tpUg;gq;fs; Njhd;Wk;.

5. tpsk;guq;fshy; tpUg;gq;fs; Njhd;Wk;.

tpUg;gq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;:-

1. tpUg;gq;fs; vz;zw;wit

2. tpUg;gq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;glf;$bait

3. midj;J tpUg;gq;fSk; epiwNtw;w ,ayhJ

4. tpUg;gq;fs; Nghl;bapLgit

5. tpUg;gq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;Js;sJ.

6. tpUg;gq;fs; khw;Wg;nghUs;fshy; epiwT ngWgit.

7. tpUg;gq;fs; Neuj;jhy; ,lj;jhy; kdpjDf;Fj; jFe;jw;Nghy; khwf;$baJ.

8. tpUg;gq;fs; kPsj;Njhd;Wk; ,ay;GilaJ

9. tpUg;gq;fs; tpsk;guq;fspd;%yk; Njhd;wf;$baJ.

10. tpUg;gq;fs; gof;ftof;fq;fshy; khwf;$baJ.

tpUg;gq;fspd; tif:- 3 tif:

1. ,d;wpaikahjg; gz;lq;fs; (Necessary goods)

kdpj tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil gz;lq;fs; ,d;wpaikahj gz;lq;fs;

czT> cil> ,Ug;gplk; ,itapd;wp kdpjd; thoKbahJ.

2. trjp gz;lq;fs; (Comport goods)

kfpo;r;rpahd tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitg;gLk; gz;lq;fSk; gzpfSk; trjp

gz;lq;fshFk;.

,it tho;f;fiff;F ,d;wpaikahjitay;y

v.fh-btp> nrhgh>thndhyp.

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3. Mlk;gu nghUl;fs; (Luxury goods) (m) Nghfg;nghUs;fs;

cah;e;j tho;f;ifj; juj;ij fhl;l cjTk; gz;lq;fs; Mlk;gu nghUshFk; ‘fhh;d;

];Bd; ntg;sd; $wpdhh;.

rKjhaj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; cah;e;j kjpg;gpw;F kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;NghFk;

gz;lq;fs;.v.fh.ituk;

xUtUf;F trjpgz;lq;fshf ,Ug;gJ kw;nwhUtUf;F ,d;wpaikahj

gz;lq;fshfTk;> ,d;ndhUtUf;F Mlk;gu nghUs;fshfTk; mikAk;.

Efh;Nthh; Njitf; Nfhl;ghL:

1. khh;\ypd; Efh;Nthh; Njitf; Nfhl;fhL:-

2. rkNehf;F tisNfhl;L Ma;T:-

1.khh;\ypd; Efh;Nthh; Njitf; Nfhl;ghL:-

Efh;Nthh; eltbf;ifia Muha gad;ghl;bid msf;f KbAk; vd;w fUj;ijf;

nfhz;lJ.

,jw;F ,ay;ngd; gad;ghL (m)vz;zsT gad;ghL(Cardinal Utility) vdTk;

miof;fg;gLk;.

gzj;ij vz;zhy; msf;fKbAnkd;W vd khh;\y; $wpdhh;.

Njitf; Nfhl;ghl;by; gad;ghL mZFKiwia Kjd;Kjypy; GFj;jpath;-My;gpul;

khh;\ry;

,jw;F ,ay;ngd; gad;ghl;L Ma;T (m) khh;\y; gad;ghl;L Ma;T vd;W ngah;.

2. rkNehf;F tisNfhl;L Ma;T:- fpuhk gad;ghL (Ordinal Utility)

,J gad;ghLfis xg;gpLk; fUj;ij nfhz;L gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jw;F juthpir msT vd;W ngah;

fpuhk gad;ghl;il mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; J.R.Hicks kw;Wk; R.G.D.Myd;

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gad;ghL:-( Utility)

kdpj tpUg;gj;ij epiwT nra;Ak; gz;lq;fspd; rf;jpNa gad;ghL.

gad;ghL cstpay; fUj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

gad;ghL vd;gJ Efh;NthiuAk;> mtuJ NjitiaAk; nghWj;jJ.

nkhj;j gad;ghL: Total Utility:-

xU gz;lj;jpd; vy;yh myFfisAk; Efh;tjhy; fpilf;Fk; $Ljy; nkhj;jg;

gad;ghL nkhj;j gad;ghL MFk;.

,Wjpepiy gad;ghL:- (Marginal Utility)

$Ljyhf xU myF gz;lj;ij Efh;tjhy; nkhj;jg; gad;ghl;by; Vw;gLk; $Ljy;

(m) khw;wNk ,.ep.gad;ghL MFk;.

MUn = TUn - TUn-1

v.fh xUth; 10 thiogoq;fis Efh;tjhy; 10 tJ thiog;goj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;

gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;J 9 tJ thiog;goj;ij fopj;jhy; fpilg;gJ ,Wjp epiy

gad;ghL.

MUn =gz;lj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; ,Wjpepiyg; gad;ghL

TUn= n myFfspd; nkhj;jg; gad;ghL

TUn-1= n-1 ,Wjpepiyg; gad;ghL

(m)

MU=∆TU/∆C ∆ = epfOk; khw;wk;

∆C=Efh;T

TU=nkhj;j gad;ghL

,.ep.g = nkhj;j gad;ghLkhw;wk;/ Efh;ypy; khw;wk;

,Wjp ep.g.tpjpfs; - 2

1. F.nr.,.ep.g.tpjp

2. rk.,.ep.g.tpjp

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nkhj;j gad;ghL ,Wjpepiyg; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlHG

t.

vz;

,Wjpepiy gad;ghL nkhj;j

gad;ghL

1 FiwAk; mjpfhpf;Fk;

2 G+[;[pak; cr;repiy

3 vjpHkiw(-) FiwAk;

nkhj;j gad;ghL kw;Wk; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;il gad;gLj;jp Fiwe;J nry; ,Wjpepiy

gad;ghl;L tpjpia xU gl;bay; tiuglk; nfhz;L tpsf;fyhk;.

EfHNthH NkYk; NkYk; xU gz;lj;ij EfHtjhy; mjpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; $Ljy;

gad;ghL Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;

xU gz;lj;jpd; EfHT mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ ,Wjp epiy gad;ghL Fiwe;Jnfhz;Nl

nry;Yk;

,Wjpepiy gad;ghL Fiwe;J nry;Yk; NghJ nkhj;j gad;ghL Fiwthd Ntfj;jpy;

mjpfhpf;Fk;

EfHNthH gl;bay;

Mg;gps;fspd;

vz;zpf;if

nkhj;j gad;ghL ,Wjpepiy

gad;ghL

1 12 -

2 20 8

3 26 6

4 30 4

5 32 2

6 32 0

7 30 -2

tiuglk;

EfHT gl;baypypUe;J nkhj;j gad;ghL mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd. Mdhy;

Fiwe;j tPjj;jpy; mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.

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,Wjpepiy gad;ghL Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ. Mdhy; nkhj;j gad;ghL

mjpfhpj;J nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd.

nkhj;j gad;ghL cr;repiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL G+[;[pakhf ,Uf;Fk;.

,Wjpepiy gad;ghL vjpHkiwahf (-) Mf ,Ue;;jhy; nkhj;j gad;ghL FiwAk;

nkhj;j gad;ghL Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwJ mNjrkak; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL fPo;Nehf;fpr;

nry;fpd;wd.

,jdhy; EfUk; nghUl;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f ,Wjpepiygad;ghL

Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;

tisNfhl;il NkYk; tiue;jhy; ,Wjpepiygad;ghL G+[;[pakhfTk;> vjpHkiwahfTk;

nry;Yk; vd;gij mwpayhk;

,JNt Fiwe;J nry; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjp vdg;gLk;

,t;tpjpia Kjd; Kjypy; $wpatH - Nfhrd;.

,jdhy; Nfhrddpd; Kjy; tpjp vd ,J miof;fg;gLfpwJ (m) EfHtpd; Kjy; tpjp

(Nfhrdpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp - ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjp)

,t;tpjpia tsg;gLj;jpa ngUik My;gpul; khH\iyNa rhUk;

Fiwe;J nry; ,Wjpepiygad;ghl;L tpjp khH\ypd; tpsf;fk;

xUthplk; cs;s xU gz;lj;jpd; ,Ug;G $Lfpd;wNghJ xt;nthU $ljy;

myfpypUe;Jk; fpilf;Fk; gad;ghL FiwfpwJ

,t;tpjpapd; vLNfhs;fs;(Assumption). (Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpw;F cl;gl;lJ)

Efug;gLk; gz;lj;jpd;> msT Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj; jf;fjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;

Efug;gLk; vy;yh myFfSk; xj;j jd;ikf; nfhz;litahfTk; xNu juk;

cilajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

EfHNthhpd; tUkhdk;> Rit czHr;rp khwhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gz;l j;jpd;> tpiyapy; khWjy; ,y;iy

gjpyPl;Lg; gz;lq;fspd;tpiy khwhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

EfHNthH gFj;jwpthsuhf (Rationality) fUjg;gLfpwhH.

gad;ghl;il mstpl KbAk;(2>4>6>8 ---------)

gz;lq;fis EfUk;NghJ fhy ,ilntsp ,d;wp EfuNtz;Lk;

gzj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL khwhky; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;

EfUk;msT kpf Fiwthf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ

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gzKk; Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;L tpjpAk;(Money and law if Diminishing Marginal utility)

gzj;jpw;Fk; ,t;tpjp nghUe;Jk; vd My;gpul; khH\y; $WfpwhH

xU nghUspd; ,Ug;G mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f mjd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL FiwtJ

Nghd;W ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; gzj;jpd; ,Ug;G mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f mjd; ,Wjpepiy

gad;ghL Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;

gzk; mjpfk; ngw ngw gad;ghLk; mjd; kPjhd kjpg;Gk; FiwAk;

xU nghUspd; gad;ghL Fiwtjw;Fk;> gzj;jpd; gad;ghL Fiwtjw;Fk; NtWghL

cz;L

xU nghUspd; ,Ug;G mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f mjd; gad;ghL Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl

nrd;W xU epiyapy; G+[;[pakhFk;. gpd;G vjpHkiwahf nry;Yk; Mdhy; gzj;jpd;

kjpg;G Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nrd;whYk; mJ G+[;[pakhf khwhJ.

,jw;F fhuzk; gzk; thq;Fk; rf;jpiag; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. vdNt gzk; Fiwe;Jnry;

,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjpapd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;lJ vdyhk;

tpjp tpyf;Ffs; (Excemption) (rpyNeuk; mjpfkhf Efu Efu mjd;

,Wjpepiy gad;ghL mjpfhpf;Fk;)

gioa ehzaq;fs;> jghy; jiyfs;> rpwe;j E}y;fs; Nghd;w mhpa nghUl;fs; ,Ug;G

mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f ,ij tpUk;GgtHfspd; gad;ghLk; mjpfhpf;Fk;

Nghijg; nghUs;fs;> mUe;JgtHfs; vspjpy; kd epiwT miltjpy;iy.(mrhjhuz

kdpjDf;F ,J nghUe;jhJ)

,t;tpjpapd; gad;fs; (m) Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

,t;tpjpapd; nghUshjhu ,aypy; cs;s Njittpjp EfHNtH vr;r kjpg;G gjpyPl;L

tpjpf;F gad;gLfpwJ

tpiyAk; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghLk; rkkhfpd;w NghJ nghUs; thq;Ftij epWj;jpypl

Ntz;Lk;. tpiy& ,Wjpepiygad;ghL njhlHig $WfpwJ. P = MUM

Epjpaikr;rUf;F thp tpjpf;f Jiz nra;fpwJ.(tsHtPj tpjpf;F ,t;tpjp mbg;gil)

Njitf;NfhL fPo;Nehf;fp nry;tjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ

,t;tpjp gzf;fhuHfsf;F mjpf thp tpjpf;f MAjkhf epjpaikr;rUf;Fg;

gad;gLfpwJ

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,t;tpjpapd; Jiz nfhz;L xU nghUspd; mspg;G mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f mjd; kjpg;G

Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;Yk; vd;gij mwpayhk;

,t;tpjp nray;gLtjhy;jhd; EfHNthH tUkhdj;ij gfpHe;J nrytpLfpd;wdH

FiwghLfs;

gad;ghl;bid gzj;jhy; msf;fKbAk; vd;gjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ

eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gz;lq;fis EfHNthH

EfHfpd;wdH

xU nghUis njhlHr;rpahf EfuNtz;Lk; ,J eilKiw rhj;jpakpy;iy

gzj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL khwhky; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ jtwhdJ

eilKiwapy; rhj;jpakpy;iy

gad;ghL kdpjDf;F kdpjd;> khWgLk;

,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;il Jy;ypakhf mstpl KbahJ

EfHNthH gad;ghl;il fUjpNa nghUis EfHfpd;wdH vd;gJ jtW

,Wjpepiy gad;ghLk; > tpiyAk; (MU and Price)

EfHNtH vg;NghJk;jhd; nfhLf;Fk; tpiyAk;> ,Wjpepiy gad;ghLk; rkkhf

,Uf;Fk;gb ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tH.

jz;zPhpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL xd;Wkpy;yhky; ,Uf;Fkstpw;F jz;zPH kpifahf

fpilg;gjhy; jz;zPUf;F tpiy ,y;iy

jq;fj;jpw;F ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL kpFjpahf ,Ug;gjhy; jq;fj;jpd; tpiy kpFjpahf

cs;sJ

,Wjpepiy gad;ghLk; tpiyAk; ,ize;J nry;fpd;wd.

rk ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjp (Law of equi – martinal utility)

Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;Ltpjpapd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l EfHT tpjp rk

,Wjpepiy gad;ghL tpjp MFk;.

,t;tpjpia Kjd; Kjypy; Nfhrd; (M];jpNuypah) vd;gtH tpsf;fpdhH

,jdhy; EfHtpd; (Nfhrdpd;) ,uz;lhk; tpjp vd ,J miof;fg;gLfpwJ

,t;tpjpia KOikngw nra;j ngUik My;gpul; khH\iyNa rhUk;.

tpsf;fk;(Definition)

xUthplk; gytw;wpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU nghUs; (gzk;) ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mjid

vy;yh cgNahfq;fspYk; mjd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; tifapy;

gfpHe;jspg;gH

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EfHNthhpd; Nehf;fk; nghUSf;Fj; jhk; nrytpLk; gzj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; nkhj;j

gad;ghl;il cr;r mstpy; kdepiwT nfhs;tJ MFk;.

EfHNthH Fiwe;jsT gad;ghl;ilj; jUk; nghUSf;F (x) gjpyhf mjpfsT

gad;ghl;ilj; jUk; nghUl;fisNa (y) thq;FfpwhH.

,jdhy; ,jw;F ‘gjpyPl;L tpjp” vd;W ngaH.

EfHNthH jd; tUkhdj;ij gy;NtW gz;lq;fspYk; nrytpl;L mjpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;

(,Wjpepiy gad;ghL) jpUg;jpahd rk msT gad;ghl;il ngw Kaw;rpg;gH.

,t;tpjpia rkepiy tpisT Nfhl;ghL> ,Wjpepiy xg;gPl;Lf; Nfhl;L gjpyPl;L tpjp>

cr;repiy kdepiwT tpjp> nrytpd; rpf;fd tpjp> Nfh]dpd; ,uz;lhtJ tpjp vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ

rk ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjpapd; vLNfhs;fs;:

EfHNthH gFj;jwpT cs;stuhf ,Ug;gjhy; cr;rkhd kdepiwit mila

tpUk;GfpwhH

xt;nthU nghUspd; gad;ghLk; mstplf;$baJ

gzj;jpd; gad;ghL khwhky; cs;sJ

EfHnthhpd; tUkhdk; khwhJ

gz;lq;fspd; tpiy khwhJ

,t;tpjp Fiwe;J nry; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ

tpjpapd; tpsf;fk;.

jdJ Fwpg;gpl;l tUkhdj;ij xU EfHNthH X,Y gz;lq;fspd; kPJ nrytpl Ntz;Lk;.

EfHNthH gFj;jwpT jpwd; tha;e;jtH

EfHNthhpd; tUkhdk; Fwpg;gpl;l msthf ,Ug;gjhy; X,Y gz;lq;fis thq;fp

xt;nthU gz;lj;jpypUe;Jk; cr;r msT gad;ghL fpilf;Fk;gb nryT nra;fpwhh;.

gzj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL (Law of equ – marginal utility)

gz;lj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL

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gz;lj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL

gz;lj;jpd; tpiy

gz;lj;jpd; tpiy

gz;lk; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL

X gz;lj;jpd; kPJ nrytplg;gl;l 1 &gha; gzj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;ilAk;

Ygz;lj;jpd; kPJ nrytplg;gl;l 1 &gha; gzj;jpd; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;ilAk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

EfHNthH xUtH & 5 ifapUg;ghff; nfhz;L Mg;gps;> MuQ;R Mfpa ,U

nghUl;fis thq;f epidf;fpwhH. vdTk; ,tw;wpd; tpiy gok; xd;Wf;F & 1 vdTk;

itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.

mtH xt;nthU &ghahf xt;nthU nghUspYk; nrytpLk;NghJ ngwg;gLk; gad;ghL

Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;L tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW mikAk; vd;gij gpd;tUk;

gl;bay; %yk; msf;fyhk;.

nrytpLk; gzk; Mg;gps; ,Wjpepiy

gad;ghL

MuQ;R ,Wjpepiy

gad;ghL

Kjy; &gha; 20 15

,uz;L &gha; 15 10

%d;W &gha; 10 5

ehd;F &gha; 5 2

Ie;J &gha; 2 1

EfHNthH rkepiyg;ngw jd;Dila &.5 I Mg;gpSf;fhf &.3 k; MuQ;Rf;Fk; &.2 k;

nrytpl Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt mtuJ cr;repiy kdepiwT MFk;

v.fh. Mg;gpspd; nkhj;j gad;ghL 20 + 15 + 10 = 45

MuQ;rpapd; nkhj;j gad;ghL 15 + 10 = 25

nkhj;jk; 70 myFfspy ;cr;repiy kdepiwit ngwyhk;

3tJ &ghia Mg;gps; thq;Ftjw;F gjpyhf MuQ;R thq;f gad;gLj;jpdhy; 15 myF

gad;ghL fpilf;Fk;. Mg;gps; kl;Lk; thq;fpdhy; 10 myFfNs fpilf;Fk;

&.5 nfhz;L Mg;gps; kl;Lk; thq;fpdhy; nkhj;jk; - 20 + 15 + 10 + 5 + 2 = 52 fpilf;Fk;

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&.5 nfhz;L MuQ;Rkl;Lk; thq;fpdhy; 15 + 10 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 33 myF gad;ghL kl;Lk;

fpilf;Fk;

Mg;gpsf;F &.3 k; MuQ;Rf;F &.2 k; nrytspg;gjhy; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL rkkhFk;.

,uz;bYk; gad;ghL 10 myFfs;

,t;thW EfHNthH jd; tUkhdj;ij gy nghUl;fs; kPJ nrytpLk; NghJ xt;nthU

nghUl;fspd; kPJk; nrytplg;gLk; &ghapd; gad;ghL rkkhf ,Uf;FkhW nrytpl;lhy;

cr;repiy kdepiwT ngwyhk; ,UNt rk ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjp

---- BE REMAING PART

1. fp‡g;gd; gz;lq;fspy; tpiy tpisT.

(A) NeubahdJ (B) G+[;[pak; (C) A kw;Wk; B (D) vjpHkiwahdJ

2. EfHNthH Njitf; NfhL ,jd; %yk; ngwyhk;.

(A) tUkhd EfHT NfhL (B) vq;fy;]; NfhL (C) tpiy EfHT NfhL(D) vJTkpy;iy

3. tuT nryT NfhL tpsf;FtJ.

(A) nkhj;j nryT mjpfhpf;Fk; (B) nkhj;j nryT FiwAk;

(C) xNu msthd nkhj;j nryT (D) vJTkpy;iy

4. EfHNthH rkepiyg;Gs;sp vd;gJ.

(A) tuT nryT NfhL> rkNehf;F tisNfhL ntl;Lk; Gs;sp

(B) tuT> nryTNfhL rkNehf;F tisNfhL njhl;L nry;Yk; Gs;sp

(C) A kw;Wk; B

(D) ,uz;L NfhLfSk; ntl;Lk; Gs;spf;F fPo;

5. ,t;tiuglj;jpy; tUkhd EfHT tpistpy; IC Fwpg;gJ.

(A) X gz;lk;> jho;e;j gz;lk;

(B) Y gz;lk;> jho;e;j gz;lk;

(C) X,Y gz;lk;> jho;e;j gz;lk;

(D) X gz;lk;> caHe;j gz;lk;

6. ,t;tiuglj;jpy; tUkhd EfHT tpistpy; IC Fwpg;gJ.

(A) Y gz;lk;> jho;e;j gz;lk;

(B) X gz;lk;> jho;e;j gz;lk;

(C) X jho;e;j gz;lk;> Y caHe;j gz;lk;

(D) X,Y gz;lk;> jho;e;j gz;lk;

7. ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpUg;g Nfhl;ghl;bd; MrphpaH.

(A) [hd; uhgpd;rd; (B) ghy; rhKNty;rd; (C) J.M. fPd;]; (D) J.R. `Pf;];

8. Fiwe;J nry; tpisT tpjp vjw;F nghUj;jkhdJ vd;W My;gpul; khH\y; $WfpwhH.

(A) njhopy; (B) midj;J cw;gj;jp Jiw (C) Ntshz;ik (D) vJTkpy;iy

9. ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpUg;g Nfhl;ghL ,jd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.

(A) vz;zsT gad;ghl;L mstPl;L Kiw (B) fpuhk gad;ghl;L mstPl;L Kiw

(C) mfNehf;F Kiw (D) EfHNthH elj;ij cw;WNehf;fy;

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10. cw;gj;jp rhHg;gpd; njhlHG gzp.

(A) cs;sPLfspd; nryT (B) ,yhgj;jpd; $yp

(C) ntspaPLfspd; nryT (D) cs;sPLk;> ntspaPLk;

11. ehl;bd; tUthAk; njhopiy --------------epHzapf;fpwJ.

(A) cw;gj;jp (B) EfHT (C) ghpkhw;wk; (D) gfpHT

12. ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL rkd;ghL.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

13. nkhj;j gad;ghL fPopypUe;J Nky; Nehf;fp nrd;W gpwF --------------. vJ rhpahdJ.

(1) ,lkpUe;J tykhf nry;Yk; (2) NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fp nry;Yk;

(3) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL G+[;[pakhf khWk; (4) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL vjpHfzpahf

khWk; (A) 1> 2 rhp (B) 3> 4 rhp (C) 1> 3 rhp; (D) 2> 4 rhp

14. ,Wjp epiyg; gad;ghL fPo;Nehf;fp rhpe;J nry;Ytjw;F fhuzk;.

(A) EfUk; nghUl;fs; Fiwtjhy; (B) EfUk; nghUl;fs; mjpfhpg;gjhy;

(C) EfUk; nghUl;fs; khwhky; ,Ug;gjhy;(D) EfUk; nghUl;fs; mjpfhpj;J

Fiwtjhy;

15. ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nrd;W ------------ (k) ----------- ,Uf;Fk;.

(A) G+[;[pak; (B) vjpHfzp (C) A kw;Wk; B rhp (D) Neub (k) 0

16. gz;lj;jpd; ,Ug;G $Lfpd;w nghOJ xt;nthU $Ljy; myfpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;

nkhj;j gad;ghL.

(A) mjpfhpf;fpwJ (B) FiwfpwJ (C) khwhJ (D) jPHkhdpf;f KbahJ

17. Fiwe;j nry; gad;ghl;L tpjp jtwhdJ vJ.

(A) tUkhdk; khwhJ (B) EfHNthH gFjpj;jwpthsH

(C) gjpyPl;L nghUs;fspd; tpiy khWk;

(D) gz;;lq;fis fhy ,ilntspapd;wp EfuNtz;Lk;

18. gzj;jpd; ,Ug;G mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f mjd; ,Wjp epiyg; gad;ghL Fiwe;J

nfhz;Nl nrd;W -------------- ,Uf;Fk;.

(A) vjpHfzpahf (B) G+[;[pakhf(C) A kw;Wk; B rhp (D) G+[;[pakhf khwhJ

19. Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;L tpjpapd; tpjp tpyf;F.

(A) gioa ehzaq;fs; (B) jghy; jiyfs;(C) jiyrpwe;j E}y;fs; (D) midj;Jk; rhp

20. Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;L tpjp epjp mikr;rUf;F ----------- thp tpjpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

(A) Nja;tPj thp (B) tsH;tPj thp(C) A kw;Wk; B rhp (D) thp tpjpf;f cjttpy;iy

21. gzj;jpd; ,Wjp epiy gad;ghL Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nrd;W G+[;[pakhfNth (m)

vjpHfzpahfNth khwtjpy;iy fhuzk;.

(A) gzk; thq;Fk; rf;jpia ngw;wpUf;fpwJ (B) gzk; thq;Fk; rf;jpia ngwtpy;iy

(C) gzk; eLepiyahdJ (D) midj;Jk; rhp

22. gzk; khH\y; $w;Wg;gb Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;L tpjpf;F cl;gl;lJ vd;gJ.

(A) jtwhdJ (B) rhpahdJ (C) XusTf;F rhpahdJ (D) jPHkhdpf;f KbahJ

23. EfHNthH xU nghUis thq;Fk; NghJ tpiy ------------- rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; gb

ghHj;Jf;nfhs;thH.

(A) MCM (B) MRM (C) ARM (D) MVM

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24. EfHtpd; Kjy; tpjp vd;gJ.

(A) Njit tpjp (B) EfHnthhpd; cghp

(C) Fiwe;J nry; gad;ghl;L tpjp (D) rk msT gad;ghl;L tpjp

25. jtW %yk; cz;ik mwpjy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fg;gLk; tpjp.

(A) Fiwe;J nry; ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjp (B) rk msT ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L

tpjp (C) A kw;Wk; B rhp (D) Njit tpjp

26. rk ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjp xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nghUl;fSf;Fk; .

(A) nghUe;jhJ (B) nghUe;Jk;

(C) jPHkhdpf;f KbahJ (D) ,uz;L nghUl;fSf;F kl;Lk; nghUe;Jk;

27. EfHNthH cghp Kjd; Kjyhf $wpath;.

(A) bA+gpl; (B) khH\y; (C) fPd;]; (D) J.S. kpy;

28. rk msT ,Wjpepiy gad;ghl;L tpjpapy; .

(A) ,oe;j gad;ghL mjpfk; (B) mile;j gad;ghL FiwT

(C) A kw;Wk; B rhp (D) jPHkhdpf;f KbahJ

29. EfHNthH vr;rk; vd;gJ.

(A) jFtpiy (-) cz;ik tpiy

(B) ,Wjpepiy gad;ghL (-) mq;fhb tpiy

(C) nfhLf;f epidf;Fk; tpiy cz;ikapy; nfhLj;j tpiyf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL

(D) midj;Jk; rhp

30. EfHNthH cghp vd;gJ.

(1) mq;fhb tpiy mjpfhpj;jhy; EfHNthH vr;rk; FiwAk;

(2) mq;fhb tpiy Fiwe;jhy; EfHNthH cghp mjpfhpf;Fk;

(3) mq;fhb tpiy Fiwe;jhYk; mjpfhpj;jhYk; EfHNthH vr;rk; khwhJ

(A) 1 kl;Lk; rhpahdJ (B) 2 kl;Lk; rhp (C) 2> 3 rhp (D) 1> 2 rhp

---- BE REMAING PART

fy;tp cstpay; - Educational Psychology

fy;tp cstpaypd; je;ij - ng];lhy[p - Rtpl;rh;yhe;J - ehl;lth;.

Object Centered Education (or) Things Centered Education - nghUs; ikaf; fy;tp

,th; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw - cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw (Observation Method)

Father of Hypnotism – edtpyp = rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L

Father of Modern (etPd) Psychology = rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L

Father of Psycho – Analysis – (cs gFg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL) rpf;kz;L gpuha;L - tpad;dh ehl;ilr;

Nrh;e;jth;

Psychology fpNuf;f nkhop

Personality – Latin

Gastalt – n[h;kdp

Motivation – n[h;kdp

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Psychology – The Science of Soul – Md;khitg; gw;wpa mwptpay;

Psychology is the scientific investigation of behavior

William Mc Dougall – Hormic School of Psychology – `hh;kpf; gs;sp - Md;kPf gs;sp

,ay; G+f;fk; - mf Cf;fp (Self Motivation)

William Mc Dougall → “Psychology is Positive Science” of conduct and behavior

Psychology – Book – Gloeckel f16k; E}w;whz;L

kdtpay; - cstpay; gw;wpa Kjy; E}y; - De Anima

De Anima – Md;khtpd; ,ay;Gfs; - mhp];lhl;by; - fpNuf;f ehl;ilr; Nrh;ejth;

Theory of Structuralism – tbtikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL - Titchner – nfd;ah

Behaviour –Psychologist – cstpay; elj;ijg; gw;wp

J.B. Watson –America – Father of Behaviour

Skinner –America

Theory Operant Conditioning (nray;gL Mf;f epiy epWj;jk;)

ght;Nyh (u\;ah) Mf;f epiy epWj;jk;

nray;ghl;L Mf;fepiy epWj;jk; (or)(Instrumental Conditioning) (or) Experimental Conditioning –

fUtprhh; Mf;fepiy - Nrhjidrhh; Mf;fepiy

Learning Theories :- fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfs;

mwpTg;Gy Nfhl;ghL (Field Theory) - Topological Theory – Kurt Lewin Fh;l; yptpd;

J}z;ly; Jyq;fs; (Stimulus and Response) jhh;z;ilf; - mnkhpf;fh

,izg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL (Theory of Connectionism)

Kad;W jtwpf; fw;wy; (Trial and Error)

Maj;j tpjp (Law of Readiness) = FOf; fhuzp - jh;];ld;

gapw;rp tpjp (Law of Exercise) = FOf; fhuzp - jh;];ld;

tpisT tpjp (Law of Effect)

Multi factor theory of intelligence

ght;yh - u\;ah - Mf;fepiy epWj;jk; (Classical conditioning)

];fpd;dh; - mnkhpf;fh - nray;gL Mf;f epiyepWj;jk;

nf];lhy;L vd;gjd; nghUs; - xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l KOik - Whole – Total

cl;fhl;rptop fw;wy; - Nfhyh; - Insight Learning

mwpTg;Gy Nfhl;ghL - Topological Theory – Kurt – Lewin

mwpT tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghL - Theory of Cognitive Development – gpahN[ - Father of Cognitive

Development

Kohler – Koik fhl;rp Nfhl;ghL - nfrhy;LTheory

J.B. Watson elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghl;L

Carl Roger – Social Psychologist – r%f cstpapypd; je;ij - fhuy; Nuh[h;

Carl Yung – Analytical Psychologist - gFg;G cstpay; - fhh;y; A+q;

Adler – Individual Psychologist - jdpegh; cstpay; - Ml;yh;

kh];Nyh - u\;ah - Humanistic Psychologist - kdpjNea cstpay;

cstpay; ghpNrhjidf;F tpj;jpl;lth; (Founder of Experimental Psychology) - E.H. Weber

Weber Theory – Gyd; efh;Tfis mstpLk; tpjp

cyfpy; Kjy; cstpay; Ma;tfj;ij epWtath; - tpy;ypak; cz;l

1879 - n[h;kdp> ypg;rp vd;Dkplj;jpy; - 1st Psychological Laboratory

G.T. Beachner (ngf;dh;) kW Ma;T nra;jth; – Re discover of Webers Theory

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G.T Beachner Gwj;J}z;ly;> Gyd; czh;Tf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlh;ig mstpl;lth;.

Sir Francis Goldan – 1885 – Studied Individual Difference – jdpegh; NtWghl;il mstpl;lth;

Statical Technique - Gs;spapay; mbg;gilapy;

J.M. Cattell Book - kdNrhjidfSk; mstpLjYk; cstpay; Nrhjidfs; %yk; jdpegh;

NtWghLfis mstpLfpwhh;.

Jean pigoe – Rtpl;rh;yhe;J - Father of cognitive psychology – Theory of Cognative Development in

children Development in children (mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL)

My;gpul; gpNd - gpuhd;]; - Ez;zwptpd; je;ij - Father of Intelligence -kdtaJ fUj;jpid

cUthf;fpath; - (Mental Age) Kjypy; Ez;zwpT Nrhjid nra;jth;.

I.Q – gw;wp $wpatH; - Stern

I.Q – tpd; je;ij - nlh;kd;

IQ =

5 MA - kdtaJ CA – fhytaJ

WAIS – Wescheler Adult Intelligence Scale (taJ te;NjhUf;fhd Ez;zwpT msTNfhy; -

Wescheler vd;gth; fz;lwpe;jhh;)

PSYCOLOGY – AUTHORS

cstpaypd; je;ij - tpy;ypak; Tz;l;

etPd cstpaypd; je;ij - rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L

fy;tp cstpaypd; je;ij -ng];lhy[p

`hh;kpf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth; - tpy;ypak; kf;Lfy;

,ay;G+f;f nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth; .- kf;̂ fy;

KOikf;fhl;rp Nfhl;ghL cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L -1912

csgFg;G Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath- gpuha;L

jdpegh; cstpaiy cUthf;fpath; - Ml;yH

gFg;G cstpaiy cUthf;fpath;fs; - A+q;

kdpjNea cstpaiy cUthf;fpath;fs; - fhHy; Nuh[H];> kh];Nyh

mikg;Gepiy Nfhl;ghL - Tz;l;> E.B. bl;rdH

elj;ij nfhs;if Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - thl;rd;

cstpay; ghpNrhjidfSf;F tpj;jpl;lth; - ntgH

cs ,aw;gpay; E}iy ntspapl;lth; - ngl;r;dH

cyfpd; Kjd;Kjypy; cstpay; Ma;tfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath; - Tz;l; (1879) ypg;rpf; efH

Gs;spay; mbg;gilapy; jdpegh; NtWghLfis mstpl;lth; - fhy;ld;

jdpegh; NtWghLfis mstpl;lth; - fhy;ld;> Nfl;ly;

kUj;Jt cstpay; gw;wp $wpath; - nk];kH

mwpthh;e;j cstpay; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - gpahN[

Ez;zwpT Nrhjidfis cUthf;fpath; - My;gpul; gPNd

fUtprhh; Mf;f epiyAWj;jk; gw;wp $wpath; - ];fpd;dH

taJ te;NjhUf;fhd Ez;zwpT msTNfhis cUthf;fpath; - ntf;];yH

tpdh thpir Kiwia cUthf;fpath; - gpuhd;rp]; fhy;ld;

fhypf;fhf; FLk;gj;ij Muha;r;rp nra;jth; - fl;lhHL

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mNahth gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l Nrhjid - xU fU ,ul;liaH

r%f vjph;g;GfSld; $ba gy;NtW taJfSf;fhd tsh;r;rpapidf; Fwpf;Fk;

elj;ijfSk; nray;fSk; tsh;r;rprhh; nray;fs; vd;W $wpath; - n`tpf];l;

vhpf;rdpd; tsh;r;rp epiyfs; - 8

newprhuh mwpTiu gfh;jy; gw;wp $wpath; - fhHy; Nuh[H];

‘jw;fUj;J” vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; - nyf;fp

$l;lhspg;gUtk; vd;gJ - gps;isg; gUtk;

Fkug;gUtj;ij rpf;fyhd mikjpaw;w gUtk; vd;W $wpath; - ];lhd;yp `hy;

njhopy; cstpay; tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpah; - ikaH];

Md;khtpd; ,ay;Gfs; vd;w E}iy vOjpath; - mhp];lhby;

‘i]f;fhy[p” vd;w ngaiu Kjd;Kjypy; jd; E}Yf;F mikj;jth; - FNshfy;

‘[Pf;];” FLk;gq;fis Muha;r ;rp nra;jth; - lf;Nly;

mdhij Foe;ijfis ey;y R+oypy; tsh;j;jNghJ mth;fsJ Ez;zwpT <T $baJ

vdf; $wpath; - ypg;ld;

ftdpj;jiy ngU%isapd; nrayhf fUjpath; - n`g;

xU nghUis njspthf mwpa nra;ag;gLk; Kaw;rpNa ftdkhFk; vd;W $wpath; -

kf;̂ fy;

ftd tPr;irg; gw;wp $wpath; - R.B. Nfl;ly;

1809-y; ftdtPr;ir gspq;F fw;fs; %yk; Nrhjid nra;jth; - [hd;rd;

[Pd; gpahN[ ve;j ehl;il Nrh;e;jth; - Rtpl;rHyhe;J

rpe;jpj;jy; vd;gJ ekJ clypy; cs;s Ngr;Rf;fspy; mirT vd;W $wpath; - thl;rd;

rpe;jpj;jy; vd;gJ nkhopAk; rpe;jpj;jYk; jdpahd ,uz;L NtWgl;l mbg;gilapypUe;J

vOfpwJ vd;W fUjpath; - itf;fhl;];fp

rpe;jid vd;gJ ekf;Fs; vOk; Ngr;rhFk; vd;W $wpath; - thl;rd;

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Ez;zwpT tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; - H.E. Nful;

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MSik tiuaiuapy; ahUila nfhs;ifia kpfTk; rpwe;jjhf vLj;Jf;

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Mf;];gHd;

gFg;G cstpay; Nfhl;ghl;bid cUthf;fpath; - A+q;

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VECARE SEEDS AND ARCHANA ONLINE STUDY MATERIALS FOR … · [email protected] 9600736379 Page 1 PG-TRB- nghUspay;-TAMIL MEDIUM S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO nghUspay 1. 1;