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F R E D E R I C K

W A R R E NS H E N A N D O A H

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R O C K B R I D G EA L L E G H A N Y

B O T E T O U R T

R O A N O K E

H I G H L A N D

C L A R K E

WINCHESTER(See Inset)

FRONT ROYAL(See Inset)

HARRISONBURG(See Inset)

STAUNTON(See Inset)

WAYNESBORO

BUENAVISTA

LEXINGTON(See Inset)COVINGTON

CLIFTONFORGE

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Thornton’sGap

Ashby’sGap

ManassasGap

ChesterGap

Rockfish Gap

Snicker’sGap

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(Appomattox Court House, 30 miles)Whites

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(Warrenton, 34 miles)

(Culpeper, 27 miles)

JenningsGap

Brown’s Gap(not accessible)

MassanuttenMountain

Elliots Knob

ShenandoahMtnBull Pasture Mtn

Allegheny Mtns

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Dayton

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Silver Lake Mill

(Harpers Ferry, 15 miles)

(Williamsport, Md., 30 miles)

W E S T

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W E S T

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First Kernstown(Rose Hill)

First and Second Kernstown(Pritchard Farm)

Hupp’sHill

Strasburg(See Inset)

Fisher’sHill

TomsBrook

Mt. Jackson(Our Soldiers

Cemetery)

Rude’sHillNew Market

Battlefield Park

StephensonDepot

Stephens City(Newtown)

MiddletownCedar Creek

BelleGrove

PortRepublic

Port RepublicBattlefield Park

Turner AshbyMonument

HangingRock

WarmSprings

Hot Springs

CampAllegheny

Monterey

FortJohnson

McDowell

Battle ofPiedmont

Battle of Cross Keys(Multiple Sites)

Staunton TrainStation

Jackson’sMarch

ThePlumbHouse

Valley Pike at Cedar Creek

ShenandoahNationalPark

George Washingtonand Jefferson

National Forests

Woodstock

George Washingtonand Jefferson

National Forests

George Washingtonand Jefferson

National Forests

George Washingtonand Jefferson

National Forests

Goshen

McDowellBattlefield

Jubal EarlyHomeplace

NewHope

Middlebrook

Brownsburg

WestView

BuffaloGap

West Augusta

Churchville

Bridgewater(Multiple Sites)

Elkton(Multiple Sites)

Deerfield

To Battle ofRich Mountain (1861)

(Beverley, 65 miles)

WhiteHouseBridge

Luray

NaturalBridge

Buchanan(Multiple Sites)

Bedford (Multiple Sites)

Peaks of OtterLYNCHBURG

(See Inset)

New London

Mount Joy

Frontier Culture Museum

Mill CreekChurch

WillowGrove Mill

Graves’Chapel

LurayGap

CatherineFurnace

SomervilleHeights

Red Bridge

ShenandoahIron Works

Price’s Mill

Lacey

Breneman-Turner Mill

Singers Glen(Old Salem Church)

Springs

Chapman-RuffnerHouse

Yager’sMill

PassRun

Church

Edinburg Mill/Stony Creek Line Narrow Passage

Jordan Springs

Battle ofCool Spring

Mosby’s WagonTrain Raid

THE FINAL CAMPAIGNS

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Old ConfederateCemetery

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Civil WarLynchburg

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Old CourtHouse

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QuakerMeetingHouse

Spring HillCemetery

Civil WarHospitals

JeffersonNational Forest

JeffersonNational Forest

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Wytheville(Multiple Sites)

Laurel Hill(J.E.B. StuartBirthplace)

Saltville(Multiple Sites)

CedarBluff

Marion(Multiple Sites)

Radford(New River Bridge)

Floyd

Blacksburg(Multiple Sites)

Chilhowie

Abingdon(Multiple Sites)

W E S TV I R G I N I A

K E N T U C K Y

T E N N E S S E E N O R T H C A R O L I N A

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AsburyChapel

The Bridges

Richardson’sHill Rose Hill

Bel Air

WappingHeights

Prospect HillCemetery

Belle Boyd

The CourtHouse

GuardHill

Fairview

Execution of Mosby’s Rangers

Warren RifleMuseum

S H E N A N D O A H R I V E R

JOHN MARSHALL HWY

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SignalKnob

Strasburg Museumand Train Station

BanksFort

To Fisher’s Hill

ToHupp’sHill

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Civil War Orientation Centerand Shawnee Springs Hospital

Stonewall JacksonHeadquarters Museum

NationalCemetery

Stonewall Cemetery

ThirdWinchester

Fort Collier

HistoricDowntown Winchester

Museum of theShenandoah Valley

Old CourthouseCivil War Museum

To StephensonDepot

Abram’sDelight

Rebecca WrightHouse

To First andSecondKernstown

Star Fort

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Court Square& Springhouse

Hardesty-HigginsHouse

Warren-SipeHouse

ThomasHarrison

House 11

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Stonewall Jackson House

Virginia Military InstituteMuseum

JacksonTomb

Lee Chapel

Hunter’sRaid

Jordan’s Point

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Suggested Driving Route

1862 Virginia Civil War Trails Site

1864 Virginia Civil War Trails Site

Other Civil War Trails Site

Information or Welcome Center

LEXINGTON

STAUNTON

SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA

WINCHESTER

HARRISONBURG

FRONT ROYAL

STRASBURGWalking tour information availablefrom Shenandoah County Tourism

Belle Boyd

Sitlington Hill from the west Union view at the McDowell Battlefield

1857 Town View of Staunton, Virginia

Third Battle of Winchester, September 19, 1864, nineteenth-century print by Kurz & Allison

LYNCHBURG

�VALLEY CAMPAIGNS OF 1864��Fort Collier – Constructed in 1861, this earthwork wasstormed by Gen. George A. Custer on Sept. 19, 1864

�Third Battle of Winchester – Union Gen. Philip H. Sheri-dan defeated Confederate Gen. Jubal A. Early, Sept. 19

�Shawnee Springs Hospital – Temporary Union hospital established here after Third Winchester

�Stephens City – Confederates attacked Union supply trainsin May

�Kernstown – Early defeated Federals here July 24

�Stephenson Depot – Union Gen. Robert H. Milroy’s army surrendered here to Confederate Gen. Richard S.Ewell’s forces after Second Winchester, June 15, 1863. Alsosite of cavalry action during Third Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864

�Mosby’s Wagon Train Raid – Mosby attacked the rear of aFederal wagon train here, Aug. 13

�Battle of Cool Spring – Early defeated a Federal force hereon July 18 after his raid on Washington, D.C.

�Middletown – Played a role in the Battle of Cedar Creek

�Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation – Interpretive visi-tor center

�Belle Grove – Historic 1790s mansion served as Union head-quarters during Battle of Cedar Creek, Oct. 19

�Valley Turnpike at Cedar Creek – Confederate surpriseattack on Union camps here, Oct. 13

�Hupp’s Hill/Stonewall Jackson Museum – Engagementfought here Oct. 13

�Fisher’s Hill – Sept. 23 battle between Sheridan and Early

�Toms Brook – Cavalry battle here on Oct. 9 nicknamed“Woodstock Races”

�Woodstock – “The Burning” of Oct. is interpreted here

�Rude’s Hill – Confederate Gen. Jubal Early halted the “Woodstock Races” here. John McNeill wounded nearby.

�New Market Battlefield Park – Hall of Valor museum interprets Civil War in Va., especially battle here on May 15

�Lacey Springs – Cavalry clash here between Custer andConfederate Gen. Thomas L. Rosser, Dec. 21

�Yager’s Mill – Confederate stalled Union advance towardFisher’s Hill here, Sept. 22

�Willow Grove Mill – The Federals destroyed this mill andothers nearby during “The Burning”

�Breneman-Turner Mill – Almost destroyed on October 6but among the few mills in this part of the Valley to survive“The Burning.”

�Dayton – Burned in autumn 1864 in retaliation for allegedmurder of Union officer by Confederates

�Silver Lake Mill – Federals destroyed Daniel Bowman’s mill here in Oct. 1864

�The Plumb House (Waynesboro) – Final battle of Sheri-dan’s Valley Campaign, Mar. 2, 1865

�Frontier Culture Museum – Story of war’s effects on family at Barger Farm, relocated here

�SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA��New River Bridge (Radford) – Federals burned the rail-road bridge here on May 10, 1864

�J.E.B. Stuart Birthplace (Laurel Hill) – The houseburned while Stuart attended the U.S. Military Academy atWest Point

�Wytheville (Multiple Sites) – Five markers describe the action of July 18, 1863, as Union Col. John Toland led a raidon the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad.

�Marion (Multiple Sites) – One marker describes the Con -federate defense of the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad here, and another tells the story of Col. William E. Peters

�Cedar Bluff – Two markers discuss the Federal approach to Saltville

�Saltville (Multiple Sites) – Two markers describe the Fed eralattacks and Confederate defense of the vital salt works

�VALLEY CAMPAIGN OF 1862�Jackson’s Headquarters – Stonewall Jackson occupied thishouse as his headquarters, Nov. 1861–Mar. 1862

Old Court House Civil War Museum – Used as a hospitalafter First Kernstown and to house prisoners later in 1862

Winchester – Jackson defeated Nathaniel P. Banks, May 25

Kernstown – Opening battle of Valley Campaign, Mar. 23

RoseHill – Jackson’s line broke here duringKernstown battle

Valley Turnpike at Cedar Creek – Turner Ashby, Jackson’scavalry commander, delayed Federal advance, Mar. 18 & 24

Hupp’s Hill/Stonewall Jackson Museum – Study Centerwith displays and Jackson material

Front Royal (Driving Tour) – Jackson routed Federal garri-son, May 23

Banks Fort –Hilltop fortwith view of Strasburg and railroads

Strasburg Museum & Train Station – Exhibits on Jack-son’s capture of B&O Railroad equipment

Narrow Passage – Near here on Mar. 26, Jackson orderedJedediah Hotchkiss to “make me a map of the Valley”

Edinburg Mill/Stony Creek Line – A fight here delayed aUnion advance in Mar., and the mill survived “The Burning”in Oct. 1864

Rude’s Hill – Jackson’s camp for two weeks after Battle ofKernstown

Luray Gap – Nearby on Nov. 23, Jackson announced that hiscommand had become the Second Corps of Gen. Robert E.Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia

White House Bridge – Ashby burned bridge to delay JamesShields’s advance, June 2

Graves’ Chapel – In Nov., Jackson led his command out oftheValley near here, the last time hewould see the Shenandoah

Red Bridge – Jackson ordered two bridges burned here inApr., but Ashby destroyed only one

Somerville Heights – In May, while Jackson feinted east,Federals stumbled into a sharp action with Confederates here

Price’s Mill – Union Gen. James Shields crossed NakedCreek here on June 7, then camped here after defeat at PortRepublic two days later

Elkton (Multiple Sites) – Jackson made his headquartershere, Apr. 19–20

Harrisonburg – Court Square and Springhouse, site ofprison after First Battle of Winchester, and Hardesty-HigginsHouse,UnionGen.Nathaniel P. Banks’s headquarters in 1862

Turner Ashby Monument – Site of Ashby’s mortal wound-ing, June 6

Cross Keys – Jackson defeated John Frémont, June 8

Mill Creek Church – Site of church used as hospital afterBattle of Cross Keys and later at center of “The Burning” in Oct. 1864

Port Republic Battlefield Park – Jackson defeatedShields, June 9. Kemper House Museum here

West View – Jackson joined forces with Edward “Allegheny”Johnson’s Army of the Northwest

Port Republic – Jackson paid his respects to Turner Ashby’sbody in the Kemper House, now a museum.

Jackson’s March – Jackson and Johnson advanced onRobert Milroy and Robert Schenck

Fort Johnson – Johnson built earthworks visible on park trail

McDowell – Federal artillery here during Battle of McDowell

McDowell Battlefield – Jackson and Johnson defeated Milroy and Schenck, May 8

Monterey – Milroy and Schenck occupied town on Apr. 6 and advanced on McDowell

�HUNTER’S RAID��Battle of Piedmont – Union Gen. David Hunter defeatedConfederate Gen. William “Grumble” Jones here, June 5

�Staunton Train Station – Hunter destroyed this rail hubthat connected the Valley to Richmond, June 7

�Brownsburg – Part of Hunter’s army skirmished andbivouacked there, June 10

�Lexington (Multiple Sites) – Union Gen. David Hunterburned Virginia Military Institute, June 11

�Natural Bridge – Both Confederate and Union soldiers detoured here to see this great natural wonder

�Buchanan – Markers atBuchanan Bridge and Wilson Warehouse tell of the Union raiderswho burned the bridge; embers set buildings in town afire

�Mount Joy – Federals destroyedthe home of Confederate congress-man John T. Anderson

�Peaks of Otter – Hunter’s menstruggled in their march over the scenic, but high, mountains

�Bedford (Multiple Sites) – Two markers describe Hunter’sarrival here on June 15, where he destroyed rail facilities andburned buildings

�New London – Confederate cavalry here slowed Hunter’smarch to Lynchburg

�Lynchburg (Driving Tour) – Markers throughout the citytell of Hunter’s attack and Gen. Jubal A. Early’s successfuldefense of Lynchburg on June 17–18

�Hanging Rock – Confederate Gen. John McCausland’s cavalry struck Hunter’s column retreating from Lynchburghere on June 21

�Chilhowie – Site of one of Union Gen. George Stoneman’srailroad raids

�Cumberland Gap National Park – Exhibits and markerspresent the history of this gateway for Civil War armies

�Pound Gap – Union Gen. James A. Garfield drove Confeder-ates out on March 16, 1862

�Gladeville (present-day Wise) – The town, including thecourthouse, was raided and burned, 1862–1864

�Turkey Cove – There, Confederate recruits were organizedand drilled in 1861

�Daniel Ellis – This Lee County resident guided Unionistmen over the mountains to Kentucky to join Federal forcesthere, 1862–1865.

�OTHER SITES�Camp Allegheny – Confederate winter camp. Battle for control of Staunton–Parkersburg Turnpike here Dec. 13, 1861

Star Fort – Built 1863 by Federal forces, it featured in Second and Third Battles of Winchester

Museum of the Shenandoah Valley – This site played arole in all of the battles for Winchester

National Cemetery – U.S. Army soldiers who died in Valleybattles are buried here

Stonewall Cemetery – Confederate soldiers are buried here

Abram’s Delight – Occupant Mary Hollingsworth wrote oflife during the war here

Jordan Springs – Confederate Gen. Edward “Allegheny”Johnson stopped here for directions to Stephenson’s Depotduring the Second Battle of Winchester, June 14–15, 1863

Warren Rifles Confederate Museum – Excellent Civil War artifacts collection

Wapping Heights – The last engagement of the GettysburgCampaign was fought there in Manassas Gap on July 23, 1863

Strasburg (Walking Tour) – Markers discuss town’s role as a strategic intersection

Signal Knob – At Strasburg, used as a signal and observa-tion station

Mt. Jackson (Our Soldiers’ Cemetery) – Site of Confed-erate burial ground and hospital erected 1861

Pass Run Church – Confederates camped here in 1863 afterBattle of Gettysburg

Chapman-Ruffner House – Home of the “Fighting Chapmans,” who served with Lt. Col. John S. Mosby

Catherine Furnace – A producer of solid cannon shot andiron for the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond

Shenandoah Iron Works – Produced iron for Confederatecannons

Old Salem Church – Located in Singers Glen, this is theonly antislavery United Brethren church opened in the Con-federacy during the war (1863)

Harrisonburg – Warren-Sipe House, used as hospital in1863 after Battle of Gettysburg

Bridgewater (Multiple Sites) – A Confederate logistics cen-ter, and Jackson’s army marched through on May 18, 1862

Jubal Early Homeplace – Childhood home of the Confed -erate general

Westview Cemetery (Blacksburg) – This is the burialground for notable local Confederate veterans.

Smithfield (Blacksburg) – Home of William Ballard Preston, who introduced the Ordinance of Secession in theVirginia Convention of 1861

Floyd – U.S. Gen. Stoneman met a small home guard resis-tance near here in April 1865.

Courthouse (Abingdon) – One of Union Gen. GeorgeStoneman’s officers burned the building during an 1864 raid

Landon Boyd (Abingdon) – An African American brickmason, he served on Richmond City Council after the war and on the jury empanelled to try Jefferson Davis for treason

Virginia flag carried by 2nd Virginia Infantry,“Stonewall Brigade,” at First Manassas.

Confederate Infantry Corporal Painting by Don Troiani, Southbury, Connecticut.

1862 – JACKSON’S CAMPAIGN� � � � � � � � � � � � � �

SPRING AND SUMMER 1864

THE CIVIL WAR REVISITED

� � � � � � FALL 1864 – EARLY VS. SHERIDAN� � � �

� � � �

WHY THE VALLEY� � � � � �

Bedford, Cedar Bluff, Chilhowie, Front Royal, Harrisonburg, Lexington,Luray, Lynchburg, Marion,Radford, Roanoke, Saltville,Staunton, Waynesboro, Winchester, Wytheville andthe coun ties of Frederick,Augusta, Highland, Page,Roanoke, Rockingham,Shenandoah and Warren.

For more information on other Virginia Civil WarTrails, call toll free:

Cover: Johannes A. Oertelpainting “The VirginiaTurnpike,” popularlydescribed as “Army SupplyTrain in the ShenandoahValley.”

1.888.CIVILWAR

VIRGINIA CIVIL WAR TRAILS

© 2013

Virginia Civil War Trails

Brochure Design by Com

munication De

sign, Inc., Richmond, VA

EARLY’S MARYLAND CAMPAIGN

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The following further exploreand expand upon the storyof the Civil War:

MAKE ME A MAP

ROAD TO GETTYSBURG

��

During the spring of 1862, Confederate Gen. ThomasJ. “Stonewall” Jackson conducted one of the mostfamous military campaigns in our nation’s history — a campaign of deception, rapid movement, and

successful attacks on a disjointed enemy. Jackson’s ValleyCampaign has since become a mix of fact and legend.

The campaign opened on a sour note for Jackson, when he evacuated Winchester on March 11, 1862. Two weeks later,Jackson’s small, 3,500-man force returned to engage the Feder-als at Kernstown, Jackson’s only defeat. The Confederatesagain withdrew south, up the Valley to Rude’s Hill, then laterto Conrad’s Store (present-day Elkton), just west of Swift RunGap. There, Jackson drilled and reorganized his army withreinforcements from Richmond that swelled its size to 17,000.He also reduced the number of supply wagons to improve thearmy’s mobility.

then did the same to Shields the next day at Port Republic.After the two battles, Jackson’s men got a much-needed restbefore departing for Richmond on June 18.

Jackson’s soldiers were nicknamed “Foot Cavalry” fortheir rapid marches, covering 679 miles in 48 marching days.They fought five major battles, numerous skirmishes andengagements, and defeated three separate Union armies. Jack-son had done his jobwell. The Valley Campaign drew 60,000 Fed-eral soldiers away from Gen. George B. McClellan’s army nearRichmond and helped the Confederates defend their capital.

From childhood, Jede-diah Hotchkiss hadbeen a keen observerof his surroundings,recording his findingsin great detail. In hisfirst assignment forthe Valley Confederatearmy as a teamster,the amateur cartogra-pher used his long hours in the wag-ons to take meticulous notes of natur-al features, elevations, mileages, androad conditions.

In March 1862, Confederate Gen.Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson toldHotchkiss, “I want you to make me amap of the Valley, from Harpers Ferryto Lexington, showing all the pointsof offense and defense in thoseplaces. Mr. [Lt. Alexander S. “Sandy”]Pendleton will give you orders forwhatever outfit you want. Good morn-ing, Sir.” Hotchkiss departed with themonumental task of mapping a valleythat is 140 miles long and from 12 to24 miles wide. Although he did notcomplete the nine-foot-long map untilafter Jackson’s death, Hotchkiss gavethe Confederates an accurate,detailed plan of the terrain that theFederals lacked. Hotchkiss continuedto serve as a topographical engineerand staff officer until the end of the war.

Late in the spring of 1863, Confeder-ate Gen. Robert E. Lee decided tocarry thewar to theNorth for the sec-ond time. His first attempt had endedat Antietam in September 1862, andLee’s army had retreated from Mary-land into the Shenandoah Valley. NowLee planned to rid the Valley of Feder-al troops to maintain his lines of sup-ply, communication, and withdrawal.Union Gen. Robert H. Milroy’s 9,600men occupied the Winchester area toprotect the transportation and com-munication lines to the North againstConfederate threats.

On June 12, 1863, ConfederateGen. Richard S. Ewell led Lee’s Sec-ond Corps into the Valley at Chester

Gap southeast of FrontRoyal. Unaware of howbadly he was outnum-bered, Milroy decidedto defend Winchester.The next day, Ewell’smen pushed the Feder-als into the city’sdefenses. On June 14,in a bold assault, theConfederates captureda key fort west of Win-chester, forcing Milroy

to evacuate his army. Anticipatingthis move, Ewell sent Gen. Edward“Allegheny” Johnson to intercept theFederals at Stephenson’s Depot,where half the Union force surren-dered. Ewell’s troops also captured23 cannons, many of which servedLee at Gettysburg. After Lee’s defeatthere, his army retreated to Virginiathrough the Valley.

In March 1864, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Gen.Ulysses S. Grant general-in-chief of theUnion armies. Togeth-er the two men created a plan to force the Confederates todefend several fronts, including the Shenandoah Valley,

simultaneously and constantly.While Federal armies advanced else-where, Gen. Franz Sigelmarched south up the Valley fromMartins-burg,W.Va., onApril 29withalmost9,000mentodestroyrailroadandsupply facilities at Staunton. Confederate Gen. John D. Imboden,commander of the Valley District, summoned Gen. John C. Breck-inridge with about 5,300 soldiers including 247 Virginia MilitaryInstitute cadets. On May 15, the armies met at New Market, whereBreckinridge forced the action and compelled Sigel to retreat.

Grant, furious over Sigel’s embarrassing defeat, replaced himwith Gen. David Hunter. With his ranks increased to 12,000,Hunter marched south from Cedar Creek on May 26. ConfederateGen. William E. “Grumble” Jones established a defensive positionat Piedmont, a village east of the Valley Turnpike between Har-risonburg and Staunton. There, on June 5, Hunter ordered a fero-cious attack that killed Jones and easily overwhelmed the Confed-erates. Hunter then occupied Staunton, destroying the railroadfacilities and military supplies stored there. Facing only tokenresistance, he reached Lexington on June 11. Hunter shelled thetown for several hours, then burned the Virginia Military Instituteand the home of former Virginia Gov. John Letcher. He next turnedeast to Lynchburg.

Gen. Robert E. Lee, who was fighting Grant at Cold Harbornear Richmond, detached a third of his army under Gen. Jubal A.Early to counter Hunter. Joining Breckinridge in Lynchburg, Ear-ly commanded a combined force of 14,000. Hunter sparred with theConfederates on June 17–18, but feared he was badly outnumberedand withdrew west all the way to the Kanawha Valley in West Vir-ginia. His retreat gave the Confederates one last great opportunityto threaten Washington, D.C.

Early led his army north through Lexington to Winchester,and then crossed the Potomac River into Maryland at Shepherd-stown, West Virginia. After passing through Frederick, Earlydefeated a Union force under Gen. Lew Wallace at Monocacy Creekon July 9. Two days later, the Confederates reached the defenses ofWashington, causing panic and requiring President Abraham Lin-coln to call on Grant for military reinforcements. Early probed thelines, then ordered a withdrawal to the Valley, pursued slowly byFederal forces. Washington was safe.

In August 1864, Gen. Ulysses S. Grantappointed Gen. Philip H. Sheridan tocommand a vastly augmented Federalarmy in the Valley. Outnumbering Con-

federate Gen. Jubal A. Early’s army 40,000 to14,000, Sheridan prepared to execute Grant’sorders to “eat out Virginia clear and clean … so that crows flying over it for the balance of theseason will have to carry their provender withthem.” The armies skirmished and sparreduntil September 19, when Sheridan advancedfrom Berryville to Winchester. After a severeall-day struggle, the Federals worked their wayaround the Confederate left flank. Early’s menwere sent “whirling through Winchester” southto Fisher’s Hill, the “Gibraltar of the Valley,”with Sheridan in pursuit. Two days of skirmish-ing there ended when Sheridan rolled up theConfederate left flank, and again Early with-drew his army up the Valley.

The Confederate retreat stopped atBrown’s Gap, southeast of Harrisonburg, whereSheridan paused in his pursuit to send his cav-alry as far south as Staunton to destroy barns,mills, and crops. On October 6, Sheridan begana strategic withdrawal north to Cedar Creek,burning down buildings and driving off domes-

tic animals his troops plundered fromfarms along the route of march. Early, muchto Sheridan’s surprise, followed with hiscavalry under Gen. Thomas L. Rosser.Sheridan’s cavalrymen paused at TomsBrook on October 9 to smash Rosser’stroopers in an all-cavalry battle later nick-named “The Woodstock Races.”

Sheridan’s army encamped along thebanks of Cedar Creek. There, in the earlymorning fog on October 19, after movingsilently into position during the night, Ear-ly’s reinforced army made a surprise attackthat routed two-thirds of the Federals.Sheridan reached the field from Winchesternear midday to find his army driven fromtheir camps. He immediately ordered a late-afternoon counterattack. Early’s wearymen were no match for the reinvigoratedFederals, who swept them from the field.Early retreated to Waynesboro, dispatchingmost of his infantry to reinforce Lee atPetersburg. When Sheridan attacked Way-nesboro on March 3, 1865, Early barelyescaped capture, and the remnants of hisarmy dispersed. This crushing Union victo-ry eliminated the last significant Confeder-ate force in the Valley.

Map showing advancesand withdrawals of thevarious Federal and

Confederate commandsfrom the beginning of theFederal advance during

May 1864, through Early’s crushing defeat

at Cedar Creek.

General Jubal A. Early General Philip H. Sheridan

Jed Hotchkiss

Front Royal and the Manassas Gap Railroad, with the Blue Ridge Mountains in the distance – the Federal army is seen entering the town.

Cedar Creek Battlefield

Jackson first moved tosecure his western flank by dri-ving the Federals, camped nearStaunton, across the Alleghe-nies. At the Battle of McDowellon May 8, Jackson defeated thecommands of Gens. Robert H.Milroy and Robert C. Schenck.Jackson then turned his atten-tion to Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks’scommand fortified at Strasburg.At New Market, Jackson turnedeast, crossed Massanutten Moun-tain to the Page Valley, and thenmarched north down the Valleyto Front Royal. There, on May 23,the Confederates overwhelmedthe 1,000-man Federal garrison,rendering Banks’s positionuntenable. During the night,Banks began withdrawing northto Winchester. He made a standtwodays later on thehills south of the city, but Jacksondrovehismen off with a flank attack, the Federals retreated north, andthe road to the Potomac River was open to the Confederates.

Before the end of May, Jackson learned that two Federalarmies were marching toward Strasburg to cut the Confeder-ates off from the rest of the Valley. Gen. John C. Frémont’sforce was moving from the west, and Gen. James Shields’s divi-sion was coming from the east. Jackson escaped the trap witha 42-mile-long forced march from Winchester on May 21 andJune 1. Now he was south of both Union armies.

Shields pursued Jackson up the Page Valley, while Fré-mont marched up the Valley Turnpike, with MassanuttenMountain separating the two forces. Jackson ordered part ofhis cavalry into the Page Valley to burn the Shenandoah RiverBridge, slowing Shields’s progress. During an engagementwith Frémont’s advance elements near Harrisonburg, Jack-son’s famous cavalry commander, Gen. Turner Ashby, waskilled. Two days later, on June 8, the Federals caught Jacksonnapping, but he nonetheless defeated Frémont at Cross Keys,

Front RoyalMay 23, 1862

HARRISONBURG

WINCHESTERMay 25, 1862

KernstownMarch 23, 1862

Cross KeysJune 8, 1862

Port RepublicJune 9, 1862

STAUNTON

LurayNewMarket

RudesHill

Martinsburg

HarpersFerry

McDowellMay 8, 1862

Mechum’sRiver Depot

May 3, 1862

Conrad’s Store (Elkton)

MiddletownMay 24, 1862

VALL

EYPI

KE

Waynesboro

Brown’s Gap

Blue RidgeMountains

211

11

340

Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

Map depicting the major movements of Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s Confederate forces during the spring campaign of 1862.

1 New Market May 15, 1864(Sigel vs. Breckinridge)

2 Piedmont June 5, 1864(Hunter vs. Jones)

3 Lexington June 11, 18644 Lynchburg June 18, 1864

(Hunter vs. Early)5 Hanging Rock June 21, 18646 Monocacy July 9, 1864

(Wallace vs. Early)7 Ft. Stevens July 12, 18648 Third Winchester September 19, 1864

(Sheridan vs. Early)9 Fisher’s Hill September 22, 186410 Toms Brook October 9, 186411 Cedar Creek October 19, 1864

March 23 – May 8, 1862 Withdrawal from Kernstown, advance to McDowell

May 10 – May 30, 1862Advance on Federal position

May 31 – June 9, 1862Withdrawal from Harpers Ferry

Cover p

ainting fro

m th

e collections of the Fenton Historical Society, Jam

estown, New

York.

The location and geography of theShenandoah Valley made it strate-gically important to both sidesduring the Civil War. Its southwest-

to-northeast direction gave the Confeder-ates an ideal “Avenue of Invasion” to theNorth, including proximity to Washington,D.C. Federal armies marching souththrough the Valley were angled away fromthe Confederate capital at Richmond butprovided a “back door” to Piedmont andeastern Virginia. Little wonder that Gen.Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson said, “If thisValley is lost, Virginia is lost.”

The Blue Ridge Mountainsconfine the Valley on the eastand the Alleghenies on the west.Between Harrisonburg andStrasburg, Massanutten Moun-tain creates two narrow valleys,the Page Valley on the east andthe main Valley on the west. TheValley Turnpike, then one ofAmerica’s longest all-weatherroads, was a macadamized(hard-surface) highway built inthe 1840s and ideal for the rapidmovement of large armies upand down the latter valley.

Early in the war, Jackson threatenedWashington and the operations of the Balti-more and Ohio Railroad from the Valley. AFederal force under Gen. Nathaniel P. Banksthen secured the area until Jackson, usingthe Valley’s terrain features to advantage,defeated him during the famous 1862 campaign.

The Valley figured prominently in threeConfederate invasions of the North — Gen.Robert E. Lee’s incursions of 1862 and 1863into Maryland and Pennsylvania, and Gen.

Jubal A. Early’s Maryland and Washing -ton raid of 1864 — all of which ended in defeat. The Valley provided the Confed-erates with both a route of unimpededwithdrawal and an area in which to restand recuperate.

By 1864, the Federal high commandrealized that control of the Valley wasimperative. After Early’s raid on Mary-land and Washington, Grant appointedGen. Philip H. Sheridan to secure the Val-ley as the “back door” to Richmond andthe “Breadbasket of the Confederacy.”

Sheridan eventually succeeded, defeatingEarly and laying waste to a substantialpart of the Valley. Before the year ended,Washington was no longer threatened, the Confederate lines of communicationand supply between the Valley and easternVirginia were severed, and the Federalscould concentrate their forces against Leeat Petersburg and Richmond.

Postwar view of the Valley Pike north of Middletown,Virginia, where Early’s Confederates faced Sheridan’sregrouping Federals on October 19, 1864, at the Battleof Cedar Creek.

General David Hunter

www.civilwartrails.org

The Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National HistoricDistrict was created by Congress to protect andinterpret the Valley’s CivilWar story. The National Historic District is managed

by the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation. www.shenandoahatwar.org

Hall of Valor, Civil War Museum, New Market Battlefield State Park

Coats worn by“Stonewall”Jackson. Bulletpierced raincoat(left) worn thenight he wasaccidentally shotby his own men.Officer’s coat(right) believedto have beenworn during 1st Manassas.

Federal GeneralRobert Milroy

Ruins of Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, after June 1864 burning

Follow these signs to more than 1,000 Civil War sites.

How to use this Map-Guide

This guide highlightsmore than 100 CivilWar sites throughoutthe Shenandoah Valleyand Southwest Virginia.Each site allows you to discover the epic and heartfelt stories ofcivilians and soldierswho experienced triumph and tragedyduring the war.

The suggested driving route will leadyou along many of Virginia’s most scenic and historic roads. Enjoy one of thenumerous walking tours available in many communities. Solicitthe services of an outfitter for a once-in-a-lifetime adventurethrough the countryside. Shop at an antique or specialty shop,dine in a 19th century tavern or inn, or simply walk amid theserenity of a preserved battlefield, and let the stories you’ve dis-covered ignite your imagination as you envision how now peace-

ful landscapes were once the scenes of thedeadliest battles known to man.

For more detailed travel information,stop by any Virginia Welcome Center or local/regional visitor center or contact anyof the attractions or visitor bureaus listedin this guide. For additional Civil War Trailsinformation, visit www.CivilWarTrails.org.For more Virginia travel information, see www.Virginia.org.

Travelers enjoy one of the colorful, interpretive markers along the trail.

Lynchburg C. of C.1-434-845-5966www.LynchburgChamber.org

Historic Sandusky Foundation, Lynchburg1-434-832-0162www.HuntersRaid.org

Roanoke Valley CVB1-800-635-5535www.visitroanokeva.com

Saltville1-276-496-5342 ext. 33www.saltville.org

Shenandoah Co. Tourism1-888-367-3965www.ShenandoahTravel.org

Staunton CVB1-800-342-7982www.Staunton.va.us

Waynesboro1-866-253-1957www.Waynesboro.va.us

Winchester-Frederick Co. CVB1-877-871-1326www.VisitWinchesterVa.com

Wise Co. C. of C.1-276-679-0961www.WiseCountyChamber.org

Wytheville CVB1-877-347-8307www.VisitWytheville.com

Shenandoah Valley Travel Association277 West Old Cross RoadNew Market, Va. 228441-800-VisitSVwww.VisitShenandoah.org

Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation1-540-740-4545www.ShenandoahatWar.org

Abingdon CVB1-800-435-3440www.Abingdon.com

Bedford1-877-Hi-Peakswww.VisitBedford.com

Front Royal-Warren Co. Visitor Center1-800-338-2576www.DiscoverFrontRoyal.com

Harrisonburg Tourism1-540-432-8935www.HarrisonburgTourism.com

Lee Co. Tourism1-276-346-7766www.LeeCountyida.com

Lexington & Rockbridge Area Tourism1-877-453-9822www.LexingtonVirginia.com

Mosby Monumentin Front Royal