Vèbateaipj-i Lfaakfj a-zsj-j STEM Lòbateaipj=e...there is a dominance relation,3 described in the Random House Webster’s Pocket American Sign Language Dictionary as, “Flick the

1

Bilingual STEM Glossary English to ASL

/ASL to English

Vèbateaipj-i Lfaakfj’a-zsj-j STEM Lòbateaipj=e

Bcàbaaktk=sj llèaite-akfj ASL /ASL llèaite-akfj Bcàbaaktk=sj

Jacob A. Tosado

Carla D. Morris

©2019

As stated by the US Copyright Office: “Copyright does not protect facts, ideas, systems, or

methods of operation, although it may protect the way these things are expressed.”

(www.copyright.gov)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public

License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

2

3

Introduction ...................................................................................................................5

Spelling in ASL ..............................................................................................................6 Initial sign ......................................................................................................................9

Initial handshape ...........................................................................................................9 Handshape charts .....................................................................................................10 One-handed signs ......................................................................................................21 Two-handed signs .....................................................................................................21

Initial palm orientation ...............................................................................................24

One palm orientation ................................................................................................25 Two palm orientations ..............................................................................................26

Initial hand placement ................................................................................................26 Placement locations ..................................................................................................27 Two-handed signs .....................................................................................................29

Spatial placement ......................................................................................................31 No placement .............................................................................................................32

Actions ..........................................................................................................................33

One-handed signs ......................................................................................................33 Two-handed signs .....................................................................................................34 1a. Changes in handshape ........................................................................................35

1b. Changes in palm orientation..............................................................................36 1c. Changes in hand placement ...............................................................................37

1d. Changes in handshape and palm orientation ...................................................38 1e. Changes in handshape and placement ..............................................................39 1f. Changes in palm orientation and placement ....................................................39

2. Wiggling, flexing, and bending ............................................................................40 3. Translational motion ............................................................................................44

4. Rotations ................................................................................................................48 5. Hops .......................................................................................................................51

Sequential actions .....................................................................................................52 Other features and considerations .............................................................................52

Chiral signs ................................................................................................................52

Actions of the passive hand ......................................................................................53 Underscore .................................................................................................................53

References ....................................................................................................................54 Entries: English to ASL ..............................................................................................55

4

Buakt-t ..................................................... 93

Sòbatkaipj-a ASL foat~a’e ................................... 95

Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj ........................................ 98

Lèsfateat-fj Sfàbaitfj’a-’v-’y .............................. 98

Sfàbaitfj’a-’v-’y fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j ...................... 99

Lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct lèie-a /bbàtaia-sj ............... 110

Lete~rj _lète-t buatte=ct vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj .............. 110

Lèsfateat=fj Falèattepj-z .................................. 113

Lèie=a Falèattesj-zsj ..................................... 115

Vèie-a Falèattepj-z ....................................... 116

Lèsfateat=fj Vleatfj-ria-fj ................................ 116

Buòia-a-ak vleatfj-ri-fj .................................. 117

Vèie-a /Bbàtaia=sj Lete~rj ................................ 119

FàbatkakI-ri vleatfj-ria-fj ............................... 122

Bcoia-j vleatfj-ria-fj .................................... 122

Bceak~j’t .................................................. 123

Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj ................................ 123

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj ................................ 124

1a. Lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y .................... 125

1b. Lxeiaiepj-ieia falèattepj-z ........................... 126

1c. Lxeiaiepj-ieia vleatfj-ria-fj ......................... 127

1d. Lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, falèattepj-z ...... 128

1e. Lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, vleatfj-ria-fj .... 128

1F. Lxeiaiepj-ieia falèattepj-z, vleatfj-ria-fj ........... 129

2. Fàia-zfj, Fàia=xfj, BEND ............................... 130

3. Yueatfj-j buoak~j’t .................................... 133

4. Buoak~j’t Hrete-rt ..................................... 137

5. HOP .................................................... 139

Seie-a-fa bceak~j’t lete~rj ............................... 140

Foat~a’e sfàak-j-ai fòbaiaitfj-pj lèieI~re ................. 141

Sfàitui-at baitpj-j-zsj lete~rj ........................... 141

Bbàtaia=sj bceak~j’t ...................................... 142

Yaakfj-j-ya lete~rj ....................................... 142

Hruèsetkaksj-t ............................................. 143

Entries: ASL llèiate-akfj Bcàbaaktk=sj ..................... 144

5

Introduction

The book you are reading is the first edition of the English to ASL/ASL to English Bilingual

STEM Glossary. This Glossary is intended for readers who are already fluent in ASL. This

edition is not intended for teaching the language but to act as a literacy tool for active users of

the language.

The first part of the glossary has alphabetized English headwords and the second part has

ASL headwords. Each English entry includes an ASL equivalent. Similarly, each ASL entry

includes one or more English equivalents.

Almost all of the ASL words in our glossary are based on seven online resources, which have

videos of signs the reader can access and watch for free. In the entry sections of this book, each

ASL word is followed by one or more numbers that correspond to the following resource list:

1. Handspeak https://www.handspeak.com

2. Signing Savvy https://www.signingsavvy.com

3. DeafTEC http://deaftec.org

4. Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: MATH https://youtu.be/SbqhiijIztc

5. Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: SCIENCE https://youtu.be/Yydwu5A2klU

6. Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: PSYCHOLOGY https://youtu.be/ChlFgZfuRj0

7. Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: ENGLISH https://youtu.be/67ZEti_daY0

0. created and/or modified by Tosado & Morris

For information about the basic grammar system we have followed to write ASL prose, as

well as multiple example sentences, please read our English to ASL/ASL to English Bilingual

STEM Dictionary, available for download at:

http://www2.chem.umd.edu/groups/efrain/Written_Signed_Language.php.

Preceding the entry sections, we provide the reader with an in-depth description of our

writing system and the spelling conventions we have developed thus far.

Jacob Tosado and Carla Morris1

September 2019

1 Dr. Tosado is a post-doctoral researcher with the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry at the University of

Maryland, College Park. He earned his PhD in physics from the University of Maryland, and his bachelors in

physics from the University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Morris is an independent researcher in Maryland. She

earned her PhD and masters in linguistics from Gallaudet University, and her bachelors in linguistics from the

University of California, Berkeley.

http://www2.chem.umd.edu/groups/efrain/Written_Signed_Language.php

6

Spelling in ASL

This introduction is intended to help the reader in understanding the spelling conventions

used to create our glossary entries.

We have developed the following sequence for written word construction:

1. Initial Handshape

Encoding of the initial handshape of dominant and passive hands

2. Initial Palm Orientation

Encoding of the initial palm orientation of dominant and passive hands

3. Initial Hand Position

Encoding of the initial positions of dominant and passive hands

4. Action

Encoding changes to Handshape, Orientation, & Position

In our system a sign’s form is written in a sequence of letters, typed as a string (without spaces)

with the distinct parts:

[[Initial Handshape] [Initial Palm Orientation] [Initial Hand Placement Location]] + [Action]

The sequence of the initial handshape, initial palm orientation, and initial hand placement form

an “initial sign”. All signs have actions, and the action refers to all definite changes to the initial

sign which convey meaning and complete the sign’s form.

We have assigned the handshapes, palm orientations, hand placement locations, and actions

different categories of letters. When the same letter does appear in more than one category, we

have worked to ensure that an analogous meaning is retained for that letter. We make use of only

one diacritic, the accent mark, which is used on the vowel letters at the expense of longer

documented forms (see Newkirk’s 1975 system for comparison). As ASL is markedly different

from spoken languages, we regard the length of written forms as irrelevant, since there is no

comparison against an established orthography for signed languages. Instead, we have focused

on the practical ease of typing using a standard QWERTY keyboard. Any general rules we have

developed for spelling signs serve primarily to enhance clarity and remove redundancies in

written forms.

A first example of our system, consider the sign glossed as mother (n.). It is described in the

American Sign Language Concise Dictionary as,

“The thumb of the right ‘5’ hand rests on the right cheek or on the right chin bone. The

other fingers wiggle slightly. Or the thumb is thrust repeatedly into the right side of the

face, and the rest of the hand remains open and in the ‘5’ position, palm facing out.”

(Sternberg 1994: 342)

The above quote describes two phonological variants2 for referring to one’s mother. The first

form is decomposed in Table 1.

2 For further reading on phonological variation in signed languages, see Perniss, Pfau, & Steinbach (2008: 1–34)

or Pfau, Steinbach, & Woll (2012: 788–908).

7

Table 1. Decomposition of the sign glossed as mother

Part Description Encoding

Initial Handshape “The thumb of the right ‘5’ hand…” fà

Initial Palm Orientation “…, palm facing out.” it

Initial Hand Placement “…hand rests on the right cheek…” ui

Action “…fingers wiggle slightly.” -zfj

With our system we have been able to encode each part of the sign in sequence:

mother fàitui-zfj

A second example is the two-handed sign glossed as book (n.), which uses both hands

symmetrically. This sign is described in the Random House Webster’s American Sign Language

Dictionary as:

“Beginning with the palms of both hands together in front of the chest, fingers angled

forward, bring the hands apart at the top while keeping the little fingers together.”

(Costello 2008a: 121)

This sign is decomposed in Table 2.

Table 2. Decomposition of the sign glossed as book


Initial Handshape “Beginning with the palms…” ba

Initial Palm Orientation “…in front of the chest, fingers angled forward…” at

Initial Hand Placement “…the palms both hands together…” pj

Action “…bring the hands apart at the top while keeping the

little fingers together.” -aidj

Using our system, each part in the sign’s sequence can be written altogether as:

book baatpj-aidj

A third example is the two-handed sign glossed as advantage (n.), which uses both hands and

there is a dominance relation,3 described in the Random House Webster’s Pocket American Sign

Language Dictionary as,

“Flick the bent middle finger of the right 5 hand upward off the heel of the left open

hand.” (Costello 2008b: 7)

This sign is decomposed in Table 3.

3 For a comprehensive discussion of how the two hands are characterized as dominant and passive (or weak) in

the analysis of signed languages, see Vaid et al. 1989.

8

Table 3. Decomposition of the sign glossed as advantage


Initial Handshape “…bent middle finger of the right 5… left open hand” fluàba

Initial Palm Orientation “… upward off…” akai

Initial Hand Position “…the heel of the left… hand.” pj

Action “Flick… upward off…” -i-flà

In our system each part in the sign’s sequence can be written altogether as:

advantage fluàbaakaipj-i-flà

From these first three examples, we can see that the handshapes, palm orientations, hand

placement locations, and actions are not always explicit when described in written English, as in

the decomposition of the sign glossed as advantage (refer to table 3). Here, in the written form of

advantage, the initial palm orientation is implied through the performance of the action. Indeed,

for this sign our choice of palm orientation, (which is described in Initial palm orientation) could

vary without any loss of meaning (i.e., the palms could be oriented either horizontal or vertical).

Due to possible phonological variations in the production of handshapes, palm orientations,

and hand placement, we have chosen written forms for signs that clearly document the action

performed. Spatial orientation is an integral part of ASL and a large degree of articulatory

variation in a particular sign’s form can be attributed to the regional dialect of the signer, the

subject matter being discussed, or even the state of mind of the signer (see Schembri & Johnston

2012). An example of this is the ASL sign glossed as work (n.) illustrated in Figure 1 and

represented in our system as ssètkak=sj.

Form A Form B Form C

ssètkak=sj ssèat=sj ssèaktk=sj

With the hands located on the

passive side of the body.

With the hands located in

front of the body.

With the hands located on the

dominant side of the body.

Figure 1. Three phonologically variant forms of the sign glossed as work.

This sign could be produced with phonological variation, and each can be reflected in written

form, as shown in Figure 1 with different spellings: Form B or Form C. An individual viewing

these forms would understand the same meaning regardless. Our method, then, is to choose the

spelling that describes the clearest variant. In this case, we have chosen the form described with

9

the [tkak] palm orientation shown in Figure 1 Form A, since this orientation positions the

dominant hand in full view of the observer and allows the action performed by the hands to be

clearly displayed.

To better understand the nature of potential spelling variation in our writing system, an

understanding of the rules for spelling is necessary. In the following sections we describe the

components of the “initial sign” in more depth and detail, as well as the various types of action.

We also provide examples of signs that both follow these canonical patterns and deviate from

them, so that the reader may have a more thorough understanding of how such variation is

accommodated in our writing system.

Initial sign

The sequence of the initial handshape, initial palm orientation, and initial hand placement

form an initial sign.

For one-handed signs, these components are written in a single sequence, the basic pattern

for these signs looks like this:

handshape palm orientation placement location

1 2 3

If a one-handed sign has the above parts, they will be written in this order.

For two-handed signs, the sequence alternates between the features for the dominant hand

followed by those for the passive hand. The basic pattern for these signs would look like this

(with variation):

dominant

handshape

passive

handshape

dominant palm

orientation

passive palm

orientation

placement

location

1 2 3 4 5

If a two-handed sign has the above parts, they will be written in the above order.

Initial handshape

Each initial sign must include initial handshapes. Written forms of handshapes have a

minimum of two letters: a handshape category and a descriptor. There are 13 handshape

categories:

handshape categories b d f g h l m n p s v w y

A handshape in one of these categories is written first with one letter. Complex handshapes can

be represented by using more than one of these letters in combination. All of the category letters

are then followed by one or more descriptors, listed below.

descriptors

fingers r

fingers and thumb c x o u

thumb a e The descriptors [o, u, c, x] refer to configurations of both the fingers and thumbs, while the

descriptor [r] refers only to configuration of the fingers. Handshapes involving the [c, x, r]

descriptor end in either [a, e].

All handshapes have a type of thumb description; therefore, a majority of handshape written

forms end in an [a] or [e], but some also end in an [o] or [u]. Ultimately, all written handshapes

end in vowels [a, e, o, u], and these vowels are sometimes modified with an accent mark.

10

Handshape charts

The following charts illustrate several possible handshapes and their written forms. As

shown, handshape letters can be combined to represent complex configurations of the fingers and

thumb.

B

Ba Bfa Be Bu

Bua Bue Buo

Bca Bce Bcse

Bco Bcu

11

Bfla Bfle

Bfha Bfhfa Bfhe

Bhra Bhre Bhe

Bxa Bxfa Bxe

Bse Bso Bsuo

12

Bsxa Bsxfa D

Da Dfa De Do F

Fa Fe Fo

Fu Fua

Fca Fcfa Fce Fco

13

Fse Fsuo

Fle Flce Flo Flua

Fve Fvo

Fxa Fxfa Fxe

Fda Fdra

14

Fde Fdre

Fna Fnra

Fne Fnre

Fha Fhra

Fhe Fhre

15

Fma Fme G

Ga Gfa Ge Go H

Ha Hfa He

Ho Hco

Hu Hua Hue

16

Hra Hre Hro

Hrue Hruo

Hxa Hxfa Hxe

Hsa Hsfa Hse L

La Lfa Le Lo

17

Lu Lua Lue Luo

Lca Lcfa Lco

Lce Lcse

Lse

Lxe Lxo

18

M

Me Mo Mua Mue N

Ne No P

Pe Po S

Sa Sfa So

19

Se Sle She Sme V

Va Ve Vo

Vu Vua

Vla Vle Vlce

Vlo Vluo Vso

20

Vce Vcse

Vxa Vxfa Vxe Vxo W

We Wxe Wo Y

Ya Yfa Ye Yo

Yla Yle Ylo

21

Yu Yue One-handed signs

For one-handed signs, it is only necessary to represent one handshape, usually for the

dominant hand. An accent mark is added to the last vowel of the handshape to show that it is a

one-handed sign. (One-handed signs performed by the passive hand are addressed on p. 53.)

I love you (v.)

This one-handed sign has two segments, the

initial sign and an action. In the initial sign

the handshape is written as [yla] and the

palm orientation is written as [ia]. An accent

is added to the handshape because this is a

one-handed sign. The action is a forward

translational motion, written as [a].

I love you (v.)

ylàia-a ylà ia -a

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on

[Initial sign] [Action]

Two-handed signs

There are 5 main types of initial handshapes for two-handed signs: 2 where both hands have

the same initial handshape and 3 where the hands have different initial handshapes.

Same handshapes

In the first two types of two-handed signs, both hands have the same initial handshape.

However, in the first type both hands perform the action, and in the second type the dominant

hand performs the action.

Both hands performing the action

For two-handed signs where both hands have the same initial handshape and both

hands perform the action it is only necessary to specify one handshape. Contrary to one-

handed signs, no accent mark is added to the last handshape vowel.

22

pray (v.)

This two-handed sign has two segments, the


the handshape is written as [ba] and the palm

orientation is written as [it]. The placement

is written as [pj] for the palms of both hands.

No accent is added to the handshape because

both hands have the same handshape and

perform the action. The action is a general

wiggling written as [z].

pray (v.)

baitpj-z ba it pj -z

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

wig

gli

ng


With the dominant hand performing the action

For two-handed signs with the same handshape but where only the dominant hand

performs the action, the first handshape letter is repeated. An accent mark is added to the

last letter of the handshape to show it is the dominant hand that performs the action.

work (v.)



the handshape is written as [sse]. The palm

orientation for the dominant hand is written as

[tk] and the passive hand’s is written as [ak].

An accent is added to the handshape because

the dominant hand performs the action. The

action is repeated change in placement,

written as [sj] for the back wrist of the

passive hand.

work (v.)

ssètkak=sj ssè tk ak =sj

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

repea

ted

chan

ge

in

pla

cem

ent


Different handshapes

In the other three types of two-handed signs, the two hands have different initial handshapes.

In the third type of two-handed signs the dominant hand has an initial hand placement location,

and performs the action. In the fourth type, the passive hand has an initial hand placement

location, but the dominant hand performs the action. In the fifth type, the dominant hand has an

initial hand placement location, but both hands perform the action together. For these three types

of two-handed signs, the handshape of the dominant hand is written first, followed the handshape

of the passive hand.

Dominant hand placement, Dominant hand action

For two-handed signs with different initial handshapes and where the dominant hand

is placed, an accent mark is added to the last vowel of the dominant hand’s handshape.

23

advantage (n.)

This two-handed sign has three segments, the initial sign and two actions. In the initial

sign, the handshape of the dominant hand is written as [flua] and the passive hand is

written as [ba]. The palm orientation for the dominant hand is written as [ak] and the

passive hand is written as [ai]. The dominant hand’s placement is written as [pj] for the

palm of the passive hand. An accent is added to the dominant handshape because that

hand is placed and performs the action. The first action is an upward translational motion,

written as [i]. The second action is a change in handshape, written as [fla].

advantage (n.)

fluàbaakaipj-i-flà fluà ba ak ai pj -i -flà

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on

in p

has

e

chan

ge

in

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

[Initial sign] [Action 1] [Action 2]

Passive hand placement, Dominant hand action

For two-handed sign where the hands have different initial handshapes, the passive

hand is placed, and the dominant hand performs the action, an accent mark is added to the

last vowel of the passive hand’s handshape.

tree (n.)



the handshape for the dominant hand is

written as [fa] and the passive hand is written

as [ba]. The dominant hand’s palm

orientation is written as [it] and the passive

hand is written as [tk]. The passive hand’s

placement is written as [lj] for the elbow of

the dominant hand. An accent is added to the

passive handshape because that hand is placed,

but the dominant hand performs the action.

The action is a wiggling of the fingers, written

as [zfj].

tree (n.)

fabàittklj-zfj fa bà it tk lj -zfj

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

wig

gli

ng o

f

the

finger

s [Initial sign] [Action]

Dominant hand placement, Both hands perform the action

For two-handed sign where the hands have different initial handshapes, the dominant

hand is placed, and both hands perform the action, no accent mark is added to either

handshape.

24

example (n.)




written as [le] and the passive handshape is

written as [ba]. The palm orientation for the

dominant hand is written as [tk] and the

passive hand is written as [it]. The

placement of the dominant hand is written as

[pj] for the palm of the passive hand. No

accent is added to either handshape because

both hands perform the action. The action is a

repeated in-phase forward translational

motion, written as [a].

example (n.)

lebatkitpj=a le ba tk it pj =a

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

repea

ted

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


(Placement is also discussed in further depth in Actions.)

Initial palm orientation

Following the handshape(s), the next feature of the initial sign is the palm orientation(s). This

refers to the initial orientation of the palm(s) of the hand(s) relative to the six cardinal directions.

As illustrated in the diagrams below, these six directions can be conceptualized as: forward, back,

up, down, outward, and inward. We have provided an illustration below of Cartesian space and

how it maps onto a signer’s own body as the point of origin.

Figure 3. (left) The cardinal directions of a Cartesian coordinate system; (right) letters

corresponding to the six directions for palm orientation

Since direction in a Cartesian space is represented by six cardinal directions relative to an origin

(i.e., the signer’s body), we distinguish the six directions with six different letters [a e i j k t],

accounting for both positive and negative directions.

Cartesian directions x -x z -z y -y

Encoding a e i k t j

Direction forward back up down inward outward

25

The orientation of the palm of one hand is described with two letters from the table above, each

indicating a cardinal direction. The first letter describes a vector originating at the wrist and

terminating at the knuckles, lying in the plane of the palm. The second letter describes a vector

perpendicular to the first, pointing out and away from the center of the palm. A diagram of these

vectors is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Diagram of palm directions: 1) wrist to knuckle vector; 2) center of palm vector.

In writing a sign, the direction of the first vector is represented first, followed by the direction of

the second vector.

One palm orientation

For one-handed signs and two-handed signs where the palm orientations mirror each other, it

is only necessary to represent one palm orientation.

One-handed signs

my (adj.)




orientation is written as [te]. An accent is

added to the handshape because this is a one-

handed sign. The action is a change in

placement, written as [st] for the chest.

my (adj.)

bàte-st bà te -st

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in p

has

e

chan

ge

in

pla

cem

ent


26

Two-handed signs

behavior (n.)



the handshape for both hands is written as [be]

and the palm orientation is written as [ak]. No

accent is added to the handshape because both

hands have the same handshape and perform

the action. The action is two out-of-phase

translational motions, written as [j’t] for

outward and inward.

behavior (n.)

beak~j’t be ak ~j’t

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

out

of

phas

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on

s


Two palm orientations

Some two-handed signs are produced with the hands in different palm orientations in the

initial sign. The dominant hand’s two palm orientation vectors are written first, followed by

those of the passive hand.

become (v.)



the handshape for both hands is written as

[ba]. The dominant hand’s palm orientation is

written as [ia], and the passive hand is

written as [ie]. The hand placement is written

as [pj] for the palms of both hands. No accent

is added to the handshape because both hands

have the same handshape and perform the

action. The action is a change in palm

orientations, written as [ieia].

become (v.)

baiaiepj-ieia ba ia ie pj -ieia

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

chan

ge

in

pal

m

ori

enta

tions


Initial hand placement

It is important to remember that hand placement in the initial sign is not required for all signs.

Either one or both hands can be placed in the production of a sign. The initial hand placement of

a hand involves part of that hand coming into contact with a part of the other hand, another part

of the signer’s body, or an area of space relative to the signer’s body.

27

We identify four main areas of the body to which we have assigned the letters:

i j k t

head arms legs torso

With each letter we can further identify a number of more specific locations with a sequence of

two or three letters. All hand placements end with a letter from the table above so that sequences

of palm orientations and placements within a word remain distinct.

Placement locations4

The following diagrams illustrate the body locations for hand placement.

The head

i

4 Base images for these diagrams were obtained online, and their sources have labeled them for reuse or as being

in the public domain.

28

The arms and hands

j

For placement locations, the apostrophe is used to indicate more detailed locations. Here the

apostrophe is used to indicate individual fingers. The individual fingers have their own specific

written forms, each utilizing an apostrophe: [fj’a, fj’l, fj’v, fj’w, and fj’y]. An

apostrophe can also be used for “in-between” locations, e.g., [fj’e] represents a location in-

between the fingers.

The legs

k

29

The torso

t

Two-handed signs

For two-handed signs, their forms can be written to specify the placement of the dominant

hand, the placement of the passive hand, or both simultaneously. For two-handed signs, to

describe the placement of both hands, they are written in this order: [Dominant Hand] [Passive

Hand]. When the dominant hand is placed, an accent mark is added to the last vowel of that

handshape. When the passive hand is placed, an accent mark is added to the last vowel of that

handshape. When both hands are placed in the same location, no accent mark is added to either

handshape.

Same handshape and Dominant hand placement

For two-handed signs that have the same handshape and have a dominant hand, only a single

handshape is represented, but in this case, the main category letter is doubled. An accent mark is

added to the last vowel of the handshape to show that the dominant hand is placed and performs

the action.

before (adv.)




[bba]. The palm orientation for the two hands

is written as [it]. The placement for the

dominant hand is written as [sj] for the wrist

of the passive hand. An accent is added to the

handshape to show it is the dominant hand

that performs the action. The action is an

inward translational motion, written as [t].

before (adv.)

bbàitsj-t bbà it sj -t

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


Same handshape and Passive hand placement

For signs where both hands have the same handshape and the passive hand is placed, but the

dominant hand performs the action, the main handshape letter is doubled and no accent mark is

used.

30

fish (n.)




[bba]. The dominant hand’s palm orientation

is written as [at] and the passive hand is

written as [te]. The placement for the passive

hand is written as [suj] for the inner wrist of

the dominant hand. No accent is added to the

handshape to show it is the passive hand that

is placed, but the dominant hand performs the

action. The action is a repeated in-phase

bending of the wrist, written as [usj].

fish (n.)

bbaattesuj=usj bba at te sj =usj

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

repea

ted

ben

din

g o

f

the

wri

st


Same handshape and Both hands placed

For some two-handed signs, the two hands have the same handshape, the same placement

location, and perform the action.

without (adj.)

This two-handed sign has three segments, the

initial sign and two actions. In the initial sign

the handshape is written as [sa]. The palm

orientation for both hands is written as [at].

The placement for both hands is written as

[pj] for the palms of both hands. No accent is

added to the handshape because both hands


action. The first action is an in-phase, outward

translational motion, written as [j]. The

second action is a change in handshape,

written as [fa].

without (adj.)

saatpj-j-fa sa at pj -j -fa

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on

in p

has

e

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape


Different handshapes and Dominant hand placement

For two-handed signs with different handshapes having the dominant hand placed and

performing the action, an accent mark is added to the last vowel of the dominant hand’s

handshape.

31

hour (n.)




written as [le] and the passive hand is written

as [ba]. The palm orientation for both hands

is written as [it]. The placement of the

dominant hand is written as [pj] for the palm

of the passive hand. An accent is added to the

dominant hand’s handshape to show that it is

placed and performs the action. The action is

a repeated inward rotation, written as [rt].

hour (n.)

lèbaitpj-rt lè ba it pj -rt

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

rota

tion


Different handshapes and Passive hand placement

For two-handed signs with different handshapes having the passive hand placed, but the

dominant hand performs the action, an accent mark is added to the last vowel of the passive

hand’s handshape.

day (n.)




written as [le] and the passive hand is written

as [ba]. The palm orientation for the

dominant hand is written as [ie], and the

passive hand is written as [tk]. The

placement of the passive hand is written as

[lj] for the elbow of the dominant hand. An

accent is added to the passive hand’s

handshape to show that it is placed, but the

dominant hand performs the action. The

action is a change in palm orientation, written

as [te].

day (n.)

lebàietklj-te le bà ie tk lj -te

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

chan

ge

in p

alm

ori

enta

tion


Spatial placement

For some signs it is essential to identify an initial location in space for the hands in relation to

the signer’s body. For this, we use the same letters representing the six cardinal directions (as

used in the written forms for palm orientation, translational motions, rotations, etc.). Here a

single capitalized letter is added for the placement location.

32

One-handed signs

something (n.)



the handshape is written as [le] and the palm

orientation is written as [ie]. The hand’s

placement location is written as [I] for an

upper area in space. An accent is added to the

handshape because this is a one-handed sign.

The action is an upward rotation, written as

[ri].

something (n.)

lèieI-ri lè ie I -ri

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

rota

tion


Two-handed signs

vain (adj.)



the handshape is written as [ve] and the palm

orientation is written as [ie]. The hand

placement is written as [I] for an upper area

in space. No accent is added to the handshape

because both hands have the same handshape

and perform the action. The action is a

bending of the wrists, written as [usj].

vain (adj.)

veieI-usj ve ie I -usj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in-p

has

e

ben

din

g o

f

the

wri

sts


No placement

It is important to keep in mind that many signs, one-handed or two-handed, do not require

hand placement for accurate representation. The two components of handshape and palm

orientation are mandatory for all signs, while some signs may or may not have a placement in the

initial sign. When there is no initial location on the body, then sufficient information is provided

by the palm orientation.

One-handed signs

similar (adj.)



the handshape is written as [ya] and the palm

orientation is written as [ak]. An accent is


handed sign. The action is a translational

motion, written as [j’t] to show the

sequential directions of motion as outward

and inward.

similar

yàak-j’t yà ak -j’t

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


33

Two-handed signs

many (adj.)



the handshape is written as [se]. The palm

orientation is written as [ie]. No accent is



action. The first action is an in-phase

translational motion forward, written as [a].

The second action is a change in handshape,

written as [fa].

many (adj.)

seie-a-fa se ie -a -fa

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in-p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on

in-p

has

e

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape


Actions

All signs have actions. All signs must have at least one action segment, however some may

have two or more actions that need to be represented.

Actions can be both grouped and/or sequenced by the 3 descriptors listed below.

Actions of the hands are formed by a distinct series of motions. Generally, a sign with different

forms of action will be described with the following internal structure:

[Initial Sign] + [1st form of Action] + [2

nd form of Action] + […]

There are 5 main types of motions separated from the initial sign by one of the 3 descriptors. The

nature of these descriptors changes depending on the motion they are describing, illustrated by

the following examples.

One-handed signs

Singular -

Repeated =

Singular

where (n.)




orientation is written as [ia]. The hand’s


in space. An accent is added to the handshape

because this is a one-handed sign. The action

is a wiggling of the wrist, written as [zsj].

where (n.)

lèiaI-zsj lè ia I -zsj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e

wig

gli

ng o

f

the

wri

st


34

Repeated

yes (adv.)



the handshape is written as [se] and the palm

orientation is written as [ak]. An accent is


handed sign. The action is a repeated bending

of the wrist, written as [usj].

yes (adv.)

sèak=usj sè ak =usj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

repea

ted

ben

din

g o

f

the

wri

st


Two-handed signs

In-phase -

Repeated in-phase =

Out-of-phase ~

In phase motion

strong (adj.)



the handshape is written as [se], and the palm




action. The action is a forward in-phase


strong (adj.)

seie-a se ie -a

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in-p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


35

Repeated in-phase motion

stress (n.)





as [se]. The palm orientation for the

dominant hand is written as [ak] and the

passive hand is written as [at]. The

placement of the dominant hand is written as

[bj] for the radial side of the passive hand.

No accent is added to either handshape

because the dominant hand is placed and both

hands perform the action. The action is a

repeated in-phase downward translational

motion, written as [k].

stress (n.)

faseakatbj=k fa se ak at bj =k

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

repea

ted

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


Out-of-phase motion

visit (v.)



the handshape is written as [ve]. The palm




action. The action is an out-of-phase inward

rotation, written as [rt].

visit (v.)

veie~rt ve ie ~rt

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

out-

of-

phas

e

rota

tion


We find it sufficient to describe actions in terms of five distinct types of motion, namely: 1)

changes in handshape, palm orientation, or placement (and combinations thereof); 2) wiggling,

flexing, and bending; 3) translational motion; 4) rotations; and 5) hops.

1a. Changes in handshape

For some signs, an action segment can consist entirely of a change in handshape with no

other features of the initial sign being altered by motion.

One-handed signs

Changes to a sign’s initial handshape are common in ASL fingerspelling, using the one-

handed manual alphabet, which is used to produce direct equivalents to written English words.

36

ASL (n.)

This one-handed sign has three segments, the


the handshape is written as [sa] and the palm

orientation is written as [ia]. An accent is


handed sign. The first action is a change in

handshape, written as [se]. The second action

is a change in handshape, written as [la].

ASL (n.)

sàia-sè-là sà ia -sè -là

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in p

has

e

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape

in p

has

e

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape


Two-handed signs

amazed (adj.)




orientation is written as [it]. No accent is



action. The first action is an in-phase change

in handshape, written as [bce]. The second

action is an in-phase change in handshape,

written as [se].

amazed (adj.)

seit-bce-se se it -bce -se

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in-p

has

e

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape

in-p

has

e

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape


This type of action can occur in combination with other changing features (see

1d. Changes in handshape and palm orientation and 1e. Changes in handshape and placement).

1b. Changes in palm orientation

As described in Initial palm orientation, palm orientation is represented by two letters, which

is based on the two directional vectors with origins at the wrist and the center of the palm.

One-handed signs

third (adj.)



the handshape is written as [va] and the palm



handed sign. The action is a change in palm

orientation, written as [ie].

third (adj.)

vàia-ie và ia -ie

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

chan

ge

in

pal

m

ori

enta

tion


37

Two-handed signs

die (v.)



the handshape is written as [ba]. The palm

orientation for the dominant hand is written as

[ak] and the passive hand is written as [ai].



perform the action. The action is an in-phase

change in palm orientations, written as

[aiak].

die (v.)

baakai-aiak ba ak ai -aiak

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in-p

has

e

chan

ge

in

pal

m

ori

enta

tion


Like changes in handshape, this type of action can occur in combination with other changing

features (see

1d. Changes in handshape and palm orientation and

1f. Changes in palm orientation and placement).

1c. Changes in hand placement

For some signs the change in placement occurs when the hand is moved in space to a

location, while for others when the hand moves from one location to another. Representing

changes in hand placement is accomplished by writing a location in the action. A change in hand

placement can occur for one-handed and two-handed signs.

One-handed signs

mother (n.)



the handshape is written as [fa] and the palm

orientation is written as [it]. An accent is


handed sign. The action is a repeated change

in placement, written as [ui] for the chin.

mother (n.)

fàit=ui fà it =ui

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

repea

ted

chan

ge

in

pla

cem

ent


Two-handed signs

For two-handed signs this type of action can be performed by the dominant hand, the passive

hand, or both hands together.

38

rule (n.)



the dominant hand’s handshape is written as

[hre] and the passive hand is written as [ba].

The palm orientation is written as [it]. The

dominant hand’s placement location is written

as [fj] for the fingers of the passive hand. An

accent is added the dominant handshape to

show that it is placed and performs the action.

The action is a change in placement, written

as [pj] for the palm of the passive hand.

rule (n.)

hrèbaitfj-pj hrè ba it fj -pj

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

chan

ge

in

pla

cem

ent


Like the types of action discussed in the previous section, changes in handshape or palm

orientation, this type can occur in combination with others (see 1e. Changes in handshape and

placement and

1f. Changes in palm orientation and placement).

1d. Changes in handshape and palm orientation

One-handed signs

Changes to a sign’s initial handshape and palm orientation are common in ASL

fingerspelling, using the one-handed manual alphabet, which is used to produce direct

equivalents to English written words.

π (n.)



the handshape is written as [vle] and the

palm orientation is written as [ak]. An accent


one-handed sign. The action is a change in

handshape, written as [ye], and a change in

palm orientation, written as [ai].

π (n.)

vlèak-yèia vlè ak -yèai

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape

& p

alm

ori

enta

tion


Two-handed signs

sum (n.)



the handshape is written as [fa]. The

dominant hand’s palm orientation is written

as [ia] and the passive hand’s is written as

[ja]. No accent is added to the handshape

because both hands have the same handshape

and perform the action. The action is an in-

phase change in handshape written as [fuo], a

change in palm orientation written as [it],

and a change in placement written as [fj] for

the fingers of both hands.

39

sum (n.)

faiaka-fuoaiakfj fa ia ja -fuoitfj h

andsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in-p

has

e

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape,

pal

m

ori

enta

tion,

&

pla

cem

ent


1e. Changes in handshape and placement

Some signs are characterized by a combination of a change in handshape and placement

in their action segment(s).

blackout (v.)



the handshape of the dominant hand is written

as [le] and the dominant hand’s palm

orientation is written as [ia]. The dominant

hand’s placement is written as [wi] for the

temple or forehead. An accent is added to the

handshape, showing this starts as a one-

handed sign. The action is an in-phase change

in handshape written as [sa], a change in

palm orientation written as [akai], and a

change in placement written as [pj] for the

palm of the passive hand.

blackout (v.)

lèiawi-saakaipj lè ia wi -saakaipj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in-p

has

e

chan

ge

in

han

dsh

ape,

pal

m

ori

enta

tion,

&

pla

cem

ent


1f. Changes in palm orientation and placement

One-handed signs

our (adj.)




orientation is written as [it]. The placement

is written as [ct] for the upper chest or

shoulder. An accent is added to the last letter

of the handshape because this is a one-handed

sign. The action is a change in palm

orientation written as [ij] and a change in

placement written as [ct].

our (adj.)

bàitct-ijct bà it ct -ijct

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

chan

ge

in

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

&

pla

cem

ent


40

Two-handed signs

book (n.)




orientation is written as [at]. The placement

is written as [pj] for the palms of both hands.




change in palm orientation written as [ai] and

a change in placement written as [dj] for the

ulnar sides of both hands.

book (n.)

baatpj-aidj ba at pj -aidj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in-p

has

e

chan

ge

in

pal

m

ori

enta

tion &

pla

cem

ent


2. Wiggling, flexing, and bending

Many signs involve wiggling of the fingers or wrists, flexing of the fingers, and bending of

the fingers or wrist. These types of actions are those which do not effectively change the

handshape represented in the initial sign. Instead, these motions often act to animate, emphasize,

or draw attention to an initial handshape. We have assigned the letters [z x u] to describe

wiggling, flexing, and bending actions.

z x u

wiggling flexing bending

Wiggling, flexing, and bending can be produced and written in a scalar fashion [general, wrist,

fingers], from proximal to distal, which can be helpful to distinguish two sign forms (compare

thumbs up and ten, p. 41). Body locations can also follow these action descriptors to describe

distinct meanings between similar signs (compare always p. 49 and something p. 31).

We use the wiggling descriptor [z] to describe an irregular, repetitive motion which does not

effectively change the initial sign. The wiggling action [z] is often seen in movements performed

by the fingers. This is seen in the sign glossed as color (n.) and written as fàieui-zfj (see p.

42), where the action [zfj] represents the wiggling of the fingers.

We use the flexing descriptor [x] to describe actions which curl the fingers, where there is a

contraction at the second and third knuckle(s). This is seen in the sign glossed as come hither (v.)

and written as lèai=xfj (see p. 42), where the action [xfj] represents the flexing of the finger.

We use the bending descriptor [u] to describe actions where there is a contraction at the first

knuckle of the finger(s) or at the wrist. This is seen in the sign glossed as past (n.) and written as

bàiect-ufj (see p. 43), where the action [ufj] represents the bending of the fingers.

Wiggling

To represent wiggling, a [z] is used following an action descriptor. A specific body part, like

the wrist or fingers, can follow [z] in order to provide fine-tuned information about a sign’s form.

For instance, for ten (n.) and leaf (n.) the wrist is represented, whereas for color (n.) it is the

fingers that produce this movement.

41

General wiggling

For a general wiggling, the letter [z] is sufficient to represent this action.

thumbs up (adj.)



the handshape is written as [sfa] and the

palm orientation is written as [at]. An accent


one-handed sign. The action is a general

wiggling, written as [z].

thumbs up (adj.)

sfàat-z sfà at -z

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

wig

gli

ng


Wiggling of the wrist

For a wiggling of the wrist, the letter [z] is placed in front of the representation for the wrist

[sj] in the action.

One-handed

ten






one-handed sign. The action is a wiggling of

the wrist, written as [zsj].

ten (n.)

sfàat-zsj sfà at -zsj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

wig

gli

ng o

f

the

wri

st


Two-handed

leaf (n.)





as [le]. The palm orientation for the

dominant hand is written as [at] and the

passive hand’s is written as [te]. The passive

hand’s placement is written as [suj] for the

inner wrist of the dominant hand. An accent is

added to the passive handshape to show it is

that hand that is placed, but the dominant

hand performs the action. The action is a

wiggling of the wrist, written as [zsj].

leaf (n.)

falèattesuj-zsj fa lè at te sj -zsj

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

wig

gli

ng o

f

the

wri

st


42

Wiggling of the finger(s)

For a wiggling of the finger(s), the letter [z] is placed in front of the representation for the

finger(s), [fj], in the action.

color (n.)




orientation is written as [ie]. The hand’s

placement is written as [ui] for the chin. An

accent is added to the handshape because this

is a one-handed sign. The action is a wiggling

of the fingers, written as [zfj].

color (n.)

fàieui-zfj fà ie ui -zfj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

wig

gli

ng o

f

the

finger

s


Flexing

Flexing is a motion characterized by the contraction of the second and third knuckles (those

most distal from the palm of the hand).

Flexing of the finger(s)

For a flexing of the finger(s), the letter [x] is placed in front of the representation for the

finger(s) [fj] in the action.

One-handed

come hither (v.)




orientation is written as [ai]. An accent is


handed sign. The action is a flexing of the

finger, written as [xfj].

come hither (v.)

lèai-xfj lè ai -xfj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

flex

ing o

f

the

finger

s


43

Two-handed

test (n.)



the handshape for both hands is written as [le]

and the palm orientation is written as [ia]. No

accent is added to the handshape because both

hands have the same handshape and perform

the action. The first action is an in phase

downward translational motion, written as [k].

The second action is an in-phase flexing of

the fingers, written as [xfj].

test (n.)

leia-k-xfj le ia -k -xfj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on

in-p

has

e

flex

ing o

f

the

finger

s


Bending

Bending is the contraction of the first knuckle(s) (the most proximal to the palm of the hand)

or the wrist. This action has similar characteristics to the handshape letter [u], thus the same

letter is used to head this type of action (see Handshape charts).

Bending of the wrist

For a bending of the wrist, the letter [u] is placed in front of the representation for the wrist

[sj] in the action.

can (v.)



the handshape is written as [sa] and the palm

orientation is written as [ak]. No accent is



action. The action is an in-phase bending of

the wrist, written as [usj].

can (v.)

saak-usj sà ak -usj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

In-p

has

e

ben

din

g o

f

the

finger

s


Bending of the finger(s)

For a bending of the finger(s), the letter [u] is placed in front of the representation for the

finger(s), [fj], in the action.

44

One-handed

past (n.)




orientation is written as [ie]. The l hand’s

placement is written as [ct] for the upper

chest or shoulder. An accent is added to the

handshape because this is a one-handed sign.

The action is a bending of the fingers at the

first knuckles, written as [ufj].

past (n.)

bàiect-ufj bà ie ct -ufj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

ben

din

g o

f

the

finger

s


Two-handed

cool (adj.)







action. The action is a repeated in-phase

bending of the fingers at the first knuckles,

written as [ufj].

cool (adj.)

baie=ufj ba ie =ufj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

Rep

eate

d

in-p

has

e

ben

din

g o

f

the

finger

s


3. Translational motion

Translational motion refers to a linear motion of the hands along the six cardinal directions

described as [a, e, i, j, k, t] (see p. 24). Translational motion can occur in a single direction or

can be a sequence of linear motions. An example is the one-handed sign glossed as you (n.),

written as lèak-a. This sign is an example of a translational motion of the dominant hand

forward, away from the signer’s body, written as [a]. The two-handed sign glossed as much

(adv.), written as fceatfj-j, is an example of an in-phase translational motion of both hands

outward from the signer’s body, written as [j]. Similarly, the two-handed sign glossed as slow

(adj.), written as bbàakfuj-e, is an example of translational motion of the dominant hand back,

toward the signer’s body, written as [e].

We use apostrophes to represent a sequence of two alternating translational motions:

[Initial Sign] + [Direction A’Direction B]

When it is used between two cardinal directions, this symbol indicates a special pattern of

translational motion of the hand(s).

We find the following method of describing actions useful for translational motion where

hand(s) move in opposite directions, for example:

[i’k] or [k’i] results in an up-down sequence of motion.

[a’e] or [e’a] results in a forward-back sequence of motion.

[j’t] or [t’j] results in an outward-inward sequence of motion.

For one-handed signs this is used for sequences of alternating directions of motion. For example

the sign glossed as bag (n.) written as sèkt-i’k.

45

For two-handed signs this can be used for action where the hands are out of phase. For

example, the two-handed sign glossed as define (v.) written as foat~a’e describes the motion

of the two hands moving simultaneously and alternating each other (out-of-phase) in a forward

and back motion, written as [a’e] (see p. 48). The out of phase descriptor [~] in this case

represents the out-of-phase or alternating motion of the two hands, while the apostrophe

describes their sequential forward and back motion.

We find the following method of describing actions useful for translational motion where

hand(s) move diagonally, for example:

[j’k] or [k’j] results in a diagonal direction of motion.

An example is the sign glossed as triangle (n.) written as lueiafj-j’k-fj (see p. 47). The

[j’k] motion written with [‘] describes an in-phase diagonal outward and downward direction

of motion.

Up

unique (adj.)




written as [fo] and the passive hand’s is

written as [le]. The dominant hand’s palm

orientation is written as [ak] and the passive

hand’s is written as [ie]. The placement of

the dominant hand is written as [fj] for the

finger of the passive hand. No accent is added

to either handshape because both hands


upward translational motion, written as [i].

unique (adj.)

foleakiefj-i fo le ak ie fj -i

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in-p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


Down

person (n.)




orientation is written as [at]. No accent is



action. The action is an in-phase downward

translational motion, written as [k].

person (n.)

baat-k ba at -k

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in-p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


46

Inward

full (adj.)



the handshape is for the dominant hand is

written as [ba] and the passive hand’s is

written as [se]. The dominant hand’s palm

orientation is written as [tk] and the passive

hand’s is written as [at]. The dominant

hand’s placement is written as [bj] for the

radial side of the passive hand. An accent is

added to the dominant handshape to show this

hand performs the action. The action is a

inward translational motion, written as [t].

full (adj.)

bàsetkatbj-t bà se tk at bj -t

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


Outward

much (adv.)



the handshape is written as [fce] and the

palm orientation is written as [at]. The hands’

placement is written as [fj] for the fingers of

both hands. No accent is added to the

handshape because both hands have the same

handshape and perform the action. The action

is an in-phase outward translational motion,

written as [j].

much (adv.)

fceatfj-j fce at fj -j

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in-p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


Forward

true (adj.)




orientation is written as [at]. The hand’s

placement is written as [ui] for the chin. An

accent is added to the handshape because this

is a one-handed sign. The action is a forward


true (adj.)

lèatui-a lè at ui -a

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


47

Back

slow (adj.)



the handshape is written as [bba], and the

palm orientation is written as [ak]. The

dominant hand’s placement is written as [fuj]

for the back of the fingers of the passive hand.

An accent is added to the dominant handshape

to show this hand performs the action. The

action is a backward translational motion,

written as [e].

slow (adj.)

bbàakfuj-e bbà ak fuj -e

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


Diagonal motion

triangle (n.)



the handshape is written as [lue] and the

palm orientation is written as [ia]. The hands’

placement is written as [fj] for the fingers of

both hands. No accent is added to the

handshape because both hands have the same

handshape and perform the action. The first

action segment is an in-phase diagonal

translational motion, written as [j’k] for

outward and down. The second action is an

in-phase change in placement, written as [fj]

for the fingers of both hands.

triangle (n.)

lueiafj-j’k-fj lue ia fj -j’k -fj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in-p

has

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on

in-p

has

e

chan

ge

in

pla

cem

ent


Sequential motion

bag (n.)




orientation written as [kt]. An accent is added

to the handshape because this is a one-handed

sign. The action is an alternating translational

motion, written as [i’k] for up and down.

bag (n.)

sèkt-i’k sè kt -i’k

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


48

Out of phase motion

define (v.)



the handshape is written as [fo] and the palm

orientation is written as [at]. No accent is



action. The action is a sequence of out-of-

phase translational motions, written as [a’e]

for forward and back.

define (v.)

foat~a’e fo at ~a’e

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

out-

of-

phas

e

tran

slat

ional

moti

on


4. Rotations

Many signs are characterized by rotation of their initial sign. We describe the type of rotation

by writing the action descriptor [r] followed by the direction of the rotation axis. The direction

of the rotation axis is written following the action descriptor described with the same six cardinal

directions [a, e, i, j, k, t] (see p. 24).

The rotation axis is derived in terms of the right hand, namely through the “right-hand-rule”

used in geometry (see Leckie & Bello 2009: 15). Applied in our system, this rule points the

thumb of the acting hand along the axis of rotation such that the fingers curl in the direction of

rotating motion (illustrated in the left of Figure 5). Since, the “right-hand-rule” is a rule that is

applied relative to the dominant hand, a preferred use of either left or right hand in signing does

not create any variation in the written form.

Figure 5. (left) the “right-hand-rule” with axis of rotation and direction of rotation; (right)

directions of rotation with vertical axes directed up [ri] and down [rk].

Viewed from above, a signer with the left hand rotating clockwise and the right hand rotating

counterclockwise, would be performing an action described as [ri] indicating a vertical rotation

axis directed up (illustrated in the upper right of Figure 5). For example, the one-handed sign

glossed as always (adv.) is spelled lèie-ri (see p. 49). The reverse of this action on both hands

49

would be written as [rk] having a vertical rotation axis directed down (illustrated in the lower

right of Figure 5). For example, the two-handed sign glossed as around (prep.) is written

luèfuoakaifj-rk, reflecting the direction of rotation in the dominant hand in the sign’s form

(see p. 49). For two-handed signs, the rotation can also be out of phase. An example is the sign

glossed as science (n.), written as sfata~re and the out of phase descriptor [~] is used to

describe the out of phase rotation of the two hands (see p. 51).

We use apostrophes between two rotations to represent different simultaneous rotations on

either hand written as: [Initial Sign] + [Action A’Action B] where the dominant hand may take

on Action A and the passive hand may take on Action B. For example, the sign glossed as mix

(v.), written as fceakai~rk’ri. Here, the dominant and passive hands rotate out-of-phase and

in opposite directions according to Figure 5. As another example, consider the sign glossed as

tape player (n.), written as fluaak-rk’ri. In this sign, the dominant and passive hands now

rotate in-phase but in opposite directions.

Upward Rotation Direction

always (adv.)




orientation is written as [ie]. An accent is


handed sign. The action is an upward rotation,

written as [ri].

always (adv.)

lèie-ri lè ie -ri

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in p

has

e

rota

tion


Downward Rotation Direction

around (prep.)




written as [lue] and the passive hand’s is

written as [fuo]. The dominant hand’s palm

orientation is written as [ak] and the passive

hand’s is written as [ai]. The dominant

hand’s placement is written as [fj] for the

fingers of the passive hand. An accent is

added to the dominant handshape to show it is

that hand that is placed and performs the

action. The action is a downward rotation,

written as [rk].

around (prep.)

luèfuoakaifj-rk luè fuo ak ai fj -rk

dom

inan

t

han

dsh

ape

pas

sive

han

dsh

ape

dom

inan

t pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pas

sive

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

dow

nw

ard

rota

tion


50

Inward Rotation Direction

smell (v.)




orientation is written as [te]. The hand’s


in space. An accent is added to the handshape

because this is a one-handed sign. The action

is an inward rotation, written as [rt].

smell (v.)

bàteI-rt bà te I -rt

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

inw

ard

rota

tion


Outward Rotation Direction

long ago (adv.)




orientation is written as [it]. The hand’s

placement is written as [cj] for the shoulder.

An accent is added to the handshape because

this is a one-handed sign. The action is a

repeated outward rotation, written as [rj].

long ago (adv.)

fàitcj=rj fà it ct =rj

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

outw

ard

rota

tion


Forward Rotation Direction

Sunday (n.)




orientation is written as [ia]. No accent is



action. The action is an in-phase forward

rotation, written as [ra].

Sunday (n.)

baia-ra ba ia -ra

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in-p

has

e

forw

ard

rota

tion


51

Backward Rotation Direction

science (n.)




palm orientation is written as [ta]. No accent

is added to the handshape because both hands


action. The action is an out-of-phase

backward rotation, written as [re].

science (n.)

sfata~re sfa ta ~re

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

out-

of-

phas

e

bac

kw

ard

rota

tion


5. Hops

Hops are a type of action that is characterized by the hands performing a partial rotation, so

that the trajectory of the motion resembles an arc. Because of their relatedness to rotations, the

conventions for spelling rotations are also used in these signs, but with additions. The rotation is

written followed by one additional letter to represent the cardinal direction in which the motion’s

trajectory ends: [rotation]+[cardinal direction].

rai rak rat raj

rei rek ret rej

ria rie rit rij

rka rke rkt rkj

rta rte rti rtk

rja rje rji rjk

The table above shows the 24 possible combinations of letters used to represent hops in a written

sign.

One-handed signs

journey (n.)



the handshape is written as [vce] and the

palm orientation is written as [ak]. An accent


one-handed sign. The action is an upward

rotation that ends in a forward position,

written as [ria].

journey (n.)

vcèak-ria vcè ak -ria

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in p

has

e hop

[Initial sign] [Action 1]

52

Two-handed signs

next (adj.)



the handshape is written as [bbua] and the


is added to the handshape to show that the

dominant hand is placed and performs the

action. The action is an inward rotation that

ends in a forward position, written as [rta].

next (adj.)

bbuàatfj-rta bbua at fj -rta

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

pla

cem

ent

loca

tion

in p

has

e hop


Sequential actions

There can be sequences of the actions discussed the previous sections. Below is a list of a

few examples of such sequences:

A translational motion or rotation can be followed by wiggling, flexing, or bending.

o The two-handed sign glossed as query (v.) is written as lceaia~rt-xfj.

A translational motion can be followed by a rotation or a hop.

o The one-handed sign glossed as hard of hearing (adj.) is written as hèat-k-raj.

A rotation can be followed by a translational motion.

o The one-handed sign glossed as derivative (n.) is written as lòia-ra-k.

A rotation or hop can be followed by a change of palm orientation and/or placement.

o The two-handed sign glossed as important (adj.) is written as foatfj’a-rei-akbj.

o The two-handed sign glossed as middle (adj.) is written as fluàbatkai-rk-pj.

o The one-handed sign glossed as our (adj.) is written as bàitct-rit-ijct.

Other features and considerations

In this section we would like to briefly discuss features of written ASL which are not as

common as the features described above.

Chiral signs

The majority of ASL signs do not depend on whether a signer’s dominant hand is the left or

the right. However, for some signs which occur much less frequently, they do not depend on a

signer’s dominant hand and are directionally dependent. We refer to these rare signs as chiral

signs. Their actions tend to be translational motions.

An example is the sign glossed as left (n.). In this sign, regardless of the whether the signer is

left or right hand dominant the translational motion must always be sideways to the left. To

describe the action of this chiral sign we assign the combinations [tl] and [tr] to refer to motion

directed specifically to sideways-left and sideways-right, respectively. This results in the written

form for left (n.) as làia-tl, regardless of the signer’s hand dominance. Likewise, this is true

for signs related to other directional concepts, such as: right, east, west, etc.

53

left (n.)



the handshape is written as [la] and the palm



handed sign. The action is a chiral motion to

the left, written as [tl].

left (n.)

làia-tl là ia -tl

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in p

has

e

chir

al

moti

on


Actions of the passive hand

When discussing multiple topics or referring to specific signs, the passive hand is sometimes

invoked to perform actions/articulate independent of the dominant hand (for further reading

about the syntactic patterns of these behaviors in ASL, see Liddell (2003).) Few signs use

distinct actions of the passive hand to complete their form, although they are present in the

language. We use the forward slash after the main action descriptor to represent action by the

passive hand. This new descriptor is then followed by the written form of the passive hand’s

action(s). This can be to represent such actions that are sign-internal or across independent signs.

One example is the sign glossed as fold (v.), written as bbàai-ak-/ak. The first action is a

change in palm orientation [ak] of the dominant hand, since the handshape [bbà] is accented,

while the second action is with the passive hand represented by [/ak].

fold (v.)




[ba], and the palm orientation is written as

[ai]. No accent is added the handshape

because both hands share the same handshape

and perform the action. The first action is a

change in palm orientation of the dominant

hand written as [ak]. The second action is a

change in palm orientation of the passive

hand written as [/ak].

fold (v.)

baai-ak-/ak ba ai -ak/ak

han

dsh

ape

pal

m

ori

enta

tion

in p

has

e

chan

ge

in p

alm

ori

enta

tion


The forward slash is also used in prose to show when a sign or string of signs are being

performed by the passive hand. In these contexts, the forward slash is placed at the front of the

sign in and is followed by the normal written form. It can also be used in combination with the

underscore, particularly for more complex grammatical constructions where the signer alternates

their use of the two hands.

Underscore

In signed discourse it is often the case that a handshape of a sign is sustained, temporally

overlapping (or co-occurrence) with the production of subsequent signs in the discourse. In many

54

instances this has a referential significance, wherein the subsequent signs are referring to the sign

represented by the remnant or to the clause preceding (and including) the remnant. To

distinguish this referential content, following the sign which the remnant is sourced from, we

place the written forms after an underscore. This is particularly useful in the representation of

embedded clauses, and in representing signed prose rather than individual lexical items.

This convention can also be used to include the subsequent or co-occurrence of nonmanual

features in its correspondence in written prose. Nonmanual features include the nodding of the

head for affirmative prosody written as [_uI] for “bending of the head region” or shaking of the

head for negation [_rI] for “rotation of the head region.”

References

Leckie, Frederick A., and Dominic J. Bello. 2009. Strength and stiffness of engineering systems.

Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.

Liddell, Scott K. 2003. Grammar, gesture, and meaning in American Sign Language. Cambridge

University Press.

Schembri, Adam, and Trevor Johnston. 2012. Sociolinguistic aspects of variation and change. In

Sign language: An international handbook, Roland Pfau, Markus Steinbach, and Bencie

Woll (eds.), 788–816. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

55

Entries: English to ASL

56

A

a lot, how much, much fcaatfj-j 0,1,2

abandon, give up, sacrifice setect-a-faak 1

abandon, give up, sacrifice seak-faia 0,1,2

abbreviate, abstract (n.), summary faat-sebj 1

abbreviate, abstract (n.), summary fcate-sebj 0,1,2,7

ability, can seak-usj 0,1,6

abolish, abortion sàbaakaipj-j-k-fà 0,1,2

about lèfuoteatfj-rt-fj 2

about, when llètefj-rt-fj 1

above bbàaktkfuj-rei 1

absent, missing, pass away fùbceaitebj-k-fuò 1

absentminded fluàiewi-j 1

absolute value lueia-k 3

absorb, evaporate fuak-i-fuobj 0,5

abstract (adj.) fàbaakti-rei 1

abundant, plenty fàseaktebj-a-zfj 0,1,2

acceleration lèsfateatfj-a-rj 0

accept faak-buoct 1,2

acceptible, passive faak=buoct 0,1,2

access bbàaktkpj=a 2

ache, hurt, pain lueat-ra 1

ache, hurt, pain lueat=t 0,2

across, after bbàittepj-atbj 1

across, after bbàattksj-a 1,2

action, activity bceak~j’t 2,5

active fcaak-ra 2

acute angle luèluiaitfj’l-bj-’a 3

add fàbuoat-fuòdj 0,4

addicted lxèteoi-j 6

advantage (negative), exploit, take

advantage of fluàbaakaipj-i-flà 0,1,2

advise, effect, influence fuòbaaktkfuj-a-fà 0,1,2

again buàbaai-akpj 1

against, anti-, sue bbàatte-pj 0,1,2

age bcèteui=k-sè 1,2

agent (abstract) llèitia=bj 0

agent marker, individual, person baat-k 1,2

aggressive saitct~rt 2

ago, before (past), past bàiecj-ufj 0,1,2

agree lèit-wi leak=bj 0,1

57

airplane ylàakI=a 1,2

alcohol yleat=bj 6

alcoholic yleat=bj baat-k 6

alien, foreign fòtklj-re 1,2

alike, similar yàak-j’t 0,1,2,5

alive, life, live lfatebt-ct 1

alive, live buatebt-ct 0,1,2

all of us, we luètect-ri-ct 0,1,2

all, whole bbàtefj-rt-fj 0,1,2

allergy lèie-ci letefj-j 1

allergy attack lèie-ci letefj-j sèleatia-fj 1

alone lèijst-ri 0,1

also, too yàia-re 0,1

altogether, sum, total faiaka-fuoaiakfj 0,1,2,4,

5

always lèie-ri 1

amazed seitI-bce-se 1,2

ambiguous, vague ffàiaiepj-re 0,1,2

ambivalence fluàtest-rt fceakai~rk’ri 0,6

America Fatefj’e-ri’rk 1

amnesia fluaie~wi-j fùbceaitebj-k-fuò 0,1,6

analyze vetk=j-xfj 1,2,4,5,

7

and fùat-j-buò 1,2

angle luèlfaiafj’l-bj-’a 3,4

angry, mad (emotion) fcàieoi-xfj 1,2

animal buatect=zsj 0,5

annually, yearly ssèattebj=a-lè 1,2

anorexia fuòie=oi bcèseietksj=e-ek 0,6

answer, reply leiaui-ak 1,2

anthropology bètewi=ia 1

anxiety, nervous, panic faat-zsj 6

any sfàte-ia 0,1

apologize, sorry sàtest-re 1,2

appear, show up lèfaiaak-i-fj’e 0,1,2

apple lxètkui=te 0,1,2

apply, assign vèleitia-tkfj’e 1,2

apply, candidate, nominate,

volunteer fsuòiect=a 0,1,2

approach, confront, face (v.) baakke-iaie 0,1,2

appropriate, regular llèatbj=ra 0,1

58

approve bcòbateai-vlèpj 0,1

approximate, estimate (adj.) fàia-re 1,2,3

arc, curve bèaj-raj-at 4

area saakbj-rke-bj 4,5

area, region fàseakatbj-rk 0,1,5

argue, quarrel lete~i’k 0,1,2

arm bcàtecj-sj 5

arm bcàtecj-lj 0,1,5

around luèleakit-rk 0,1

array (math.) baat-k-raj fcaia-ie 0

arrest seaisuj-ak 6

arrest fcèleatia-sètefj 1,6

article lcèbaatpj=k 0,1,7

articulate, signing seit=xfj 0,1

ask lèia-a-lxè 1

ask, query sòia-lèak 1

ASL (f.s.), American Sign

Language (f.s.) sàia-sè-là 1,2

association (n.) saiabj-iedj 0,1,2

associativity (math.) bcaia=it vlebaakitfj-pj 0

assume bcèiti-sètk 1

asymptote luèia-k-t’i-j yèit-zsj-k 3

at least, minimum bbàtk=k-fuj 0,1,2,4

at the same time, simultaneous ylaakfj-j-ya 0,1

atmosphere fàletkitfj-ria 5

atom ssàtebj-rt-bj 3

attack, hit sèleatia-fj 2

attention bait=a’e 6

attitude sàit-re-ct 1

attitude sàit-rt-ct 6

audience fcaie-a 2

autism fàieI-j’t 6

autism lèit-wi sfaia-iedj 6

autism saleiasj=usj 6

available, vacant, blank, empty fluàsetkaksj=a 0,1

average, share bbàattebj-j’t 0,1,2,3,

4,5

avoidance ssfàatsuj-e 1,6

awful, traumatic floit-fa 1

axis hrueyueatfj-j 0

59

B

baby, offspring batiluj-j’t 0,1,5

babysit batiluj-j’t vvlèat=bj 0,2

bachelor bàitui-k-ui-k 1,2

back sfàet=k 2

background bèbaitiafj-lùpj 1

backpack lcfait=ct 1

backpacking vcèia-rei lcfait=ct 0,1

bacon hueit-j-zfj 1,2

bad bàieui-bàak 1,2

bag sèkt-i’k 1,2

bake bbàaitkpj-a 0,1

balance buait~i’k 0,1,2

ball fcait=fj 1,2

bar graph lcèja=k-raj 3

base (math.) sfaak-k-at-ak _bàai-t’j 3

based, set up (v.) sfàbatk-tefuj 1

basic bbàtkpj-ri 1,2

be (1st person) fatist-k 0

beautiful fàieI-re-fuò 1,2

because bàitI=yà 1

become baiaiepj-ieia 1

bed bàit-ni 1,2

bedroom bàit-ni baat-k-te-k 0,1

beer bèiani=k 1,6

beer, bar, pub yàit=oi 1,6

before (beginning), prior bbuàatfj-rje 0,2

before (timeline), prior bbàitsj-t 2

before, previous, prior fàbateiasj-zfj-e 0,2

before, prior, until now fàbateia-zfj-fuj 1

begin, originate, start lèbatkatfj’e-te 0,1,2

begin, originate, start lèfatkatfj’e-te 0,1,2,5

behavior beak~j’t 6

behavior therapy beak~j’t sfàbaatai=pj 0,6

behind ssfàajat-ra-suj 2

believe lèit-wi bcatkai-pj 1,2

bend (abstract) bàit=usj 0

bend (object) bàbuoteatfj-ufj 0,1,2

Berkeley Bèia=k 2

berry fcèyeattefj-zsj 0,1,2

best bàteui-j’i-sfà 2

60

better bàteui-j-sfà 1,2

between bàbfhaatie=fj’e 1

between you and me bèitst-a’e 1

bible Fluàfaieia-pj /fluàfaiaie-pj baatpj-

aidj 1,2

bilingual vèbateaipj-i lfaakfj’a-zsj-j 0,1

binomial lùja-vèie 0,3,4

biology beia~re 5

bipolar fluatectbt~i’k 0,6

bird luèiaoi=luò 1,5

bisect beakbj-raj 0

black lètkwi-j 1,2

blackout, faint, pass out lèsaiaaiwi-saakpj 0,1,2,6

blackout, faint, pass out vèbatiaipj-j 0,1,2,6

blackout, faint, pass out vlèitwi-a-bcòat 0,6

blank fluàsetkaksj-a 0,1,2

blood fàbaieteui-fuj-k-zfj 0,1,5

bloodshot eyes lèieui=lxè wxeteI-j 0,6

blue bèia-zsj 1

body betect-bt 0,1,2,5

body batect-bt 1,2

boil fàbaietk=ri-zfj 1,2,5

bone vxeie=suj 1,5

book baatpj-aidj 1,2,7

both vèbceietepj-k-hè 1,2

box, package, room baat-k-te-k 0,1,2

boy bùitwi=buò 1,2

brain lcsèit=wi 1,5

brave, health, healthy fcaiect-a-se 1,2

breathe, respiration fatestbt=a 3

brief, short (time) hhèteatbj-a-tk 1,2

bring batiai-rt 0,1,2

broad, general (adj.), wide baatfj-j-ja 0,1,2,4,

6,7

brother sfàitwi-lfàleatbj 1,2

build hueit-fj-/fj-fj 0,1,2

bulimia fuoie~rj-oi faatoi-a’k 6

burn up seai-fu-zfj 1

business, busy bèbaiatksj-t’j 0,1,2

but leiafj-raj 1,2

butter hèbaitpj=ufj 0,1,2

61

buy buòbaktaipj-rta 1,2

bye fàia-zsj 1,2

C

cabinet, cupboard seatpj-e-j-te 0

caesarean section fcàkebt-a sfàtkbt-j 0,6

cafeteria bcèitui-k-ui-k 1,2

cage fatefj’e-j-at 2

cake fcàbatkaipj-i 0,1

cake bcèbatkaipj-a 0,2

calculate, figure out, multiply vleatbj=t 0,1,2,3,

4

calculator fcàbaitpj-zfj 2,4

calculus bceatbj=t 0,2,4

calendar llèteiafuj-sj bbàtatepj-rti 1

calendar llèteiafuj-sj fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 0,2

California Lèitgi-k-yà-zsj 0,1,2

called, named heatfj’e-a 0,1

calm baak-k-j 0,1

candle falèitsj-zfj 1

candy lètkni=te 1,2

cannot leaktk-fj-k 2

car sete~i’k 1

career, field of study, main, major

(college) bbèatbj-a 1

cat fòiani=it 1,2

catch up fcaat-zfj-sfasuj 0,1

category bceiafj-at 0,1,2

catharsis fluatest~rt setest-faai 0,6

caucasian, white (skin) fàtest-a-fuò-i-fàteI 1,2

cause (v.) ssèatbj-a-fà 0,1,2

center of attention feakI-ek 6

center point, midpoint fluàbatkai-rk-pj sòia-a 3

center, middle fluàbatkai-rk-pj 1,2

certificate bceat=fj’a 1,2

chain smoker ylèleaktk=fj lxèteoi-j 0,6

champ, champion vxàletkit-fj 1,2

chance, probability bceai-ak 0,1,2

change lxeiaiepj-ieia 1

chapter bcèbaatitpj=k 0,2,7

character, characteristic bcèit-rj-ct 0,2,5,7

62

chase ssfàat=ra-suj 1,2

cheap bèbaiaat-akpj-k 1,2

cheek, skin sòitni-z 2

chemical bceia~re 1,5

chemistry bceia~re fuàbatkaipj-zfj 0

cherish, precious fcàieui-k-sè 1

chest fàte=st 0

chew ssàtktipj-ri 0,1,2

Chicago Bcèia-j-k-ak 1,2

child buàiaK=k 1,2

children baak-k-raj 0,1,2

chin lèie=ui 0

chocolate bcèseitaksj-ri 0,1,2

choose, pick, sample, select fòfaakiefj-i 0,1,5

chop, cut, slice bbàatte-fj-k 0,1,2

cigar hrèak=oi 1,2,6

cigarette ylèleaktk=fj 1,2,6

circle lluèiafj-re-fj 1,4

circumference luèbceiaitbj-re-bj 0,3

city bait=fj 0,1,2

class bceiabj-iedj 0,1,2

claustrophobia fate=t buatk-baat-buatk 0,6

clean (adj.), nice, pure bbàtkaipj-a 0,1,2

clean up bbàtkaipj=a 1,2

clear fuoiabj-j-fa 1,2

climax (lit.) llèteia-i’t-fj 7

close (adj.), near bbuàat-a-fj 1

close (adj.), near bbuàat=a-fj 2

clothes fatect=ak 1,2

coat saitcj-tk-test 0,1,2

cocaine sfàit=ci 0,6

coefficient (f.s.) bcèia-j-fò 3

cognition, think about leitI~re 6

cognitive disorder leitI~re lete=fj’e 0,6

cold, winter seit=t’j 1,2,5

collect, earn, wage bcàbaataipj=e 1

collect, earn, wage fàbateaifj-e-sè 2

collection bcàbatkai-tepj 0

college bbàaktipj-rei 1,2

color fàieui-zfj 1,2

column bbcèatbj-i 0

63

columns (graph), terms (math.) lùja-k-raj 0

come bàie-e 2

come hither lèai=xfj 2

comedy, funny hàieci=ufj 0,1,2,7

comment fsuoitatfj’a=j 1

commit, confirm, promise lèseiaatui-fàakbj 0,1,2

commit, confirm, promise lèseitatoi-fàtkbj 0,1,2

common, standard yaakfj-ri 1,5

communicate, conversation bcaitui~a’e 1,2

community baiaiefj-ieiafj 1

community psychology baiaiefj-ieiafj bèbfeat=fj’e 6

community psychology, humanistic

psychology vleia~rt bèbfeat=fj’e 6

commutativity (math.) luja-ret-sj-raj 3

compare, comparison, ratio bcait-zsj 1,2,3,7

compass (tool) lfàbataaipj=aj 1

compete, race, sports, athletic saatpj~a’e 2

complain fcàte-st 0,1

complete, end bbèattebj-j-k 0,1,2

complex, complicated leit=lxe-j 0,1,2

component, part, piece, some bbàataipj-te 0,1,2,5

compose, write sòbatkaipj-a 0,1,2,7

comprehend, understand sòieI=lè 1

comprehend, understand sòieI-lè 1,2,7

compulsion beak~j’t fluait-wibt fluàsetkaksj=rt 0,6

compulsive personality beak~j’t fluait-wibt fluàsetkaksj=rt

vlètk-rj-ct 0,6

computer fluaia~ra 2

computer bcèseitak=sj 0,2

computer bcèit=wi 1,2

concept bcèitwi-a 1

conclusion bcèbaiatebj-j-k 0,1,7

cone bceat-i’t-sebcepj 0,1

confident fcetibj-k-se 0,1,2

conflict leat-a-fj’e 1,2,7

congruent yaia-a 3

conjugate, modify lxeiaiepj=ieia 0,1

connect, join ffòitat-fj’a 0,1,2

connection, relationship foitatfj’a-t’j 0,1,2

consider lèieI~re 0,1,2

construct hhuèit-fj-/fj-fj 0,1,2

64

contain, include fcèbuoat-fuòbj 1

continue, constant sfaakfj=a 0,1,3

continue, permanent sfaakfj-a 0,1,2

continue, persistent sfaakfj=rt-a 0,1,2

continuous sfaakfj=rt 2,5

contract (n.) hèbaitai-tkpj 0,1,2

contrast, opposite letefj-raj-ie 1,2

control, direct (v.), manage, operate lcseat~a’e 0,2,5

convert, translate leakaipj-aiakpj 2

convert, translate leiaiepj-ieiapj 0,1,2

convince bàleitia-tifj 0,1

cool (adj.) faie=usj 2

cool (adj.) baie=ufj 1,5

cool (emotion) lxèitoi-te 1,2

cop, police bcèit=ct 2

copy, duplicate fàbaitpj-j-fuò 1,5

copyright bbcèitpj-a 1

correct (adj.) leat=bj 1

correct (adj.) leat-bj 2

correct (v.), edit lèbatkatpj-a’k-pj-e’k 0,2

cost, price lxèbaattepj-k 0,1,2

count fòbaiaaipj-a 1,2,4

country yàtelj-re 1,2

crack (feature) bbàitte=pj 1

crazy, insane lètkI-rt 2

create, invent, make up fèitwi-a 0,1,2

create, invent, make up feitwi~rt 0,1,6

cross product vvlèit-k’t-/k’t 0,3

cruel, mean bcàsaitatci-sàat-pj-k 0,1,2

culture bcèleiafj-ri-ie 0,1,2

cut off vèbatkte-dj-t-hè 1

cute hèieui=ufj 0,1

D

daily, everyday sàitni=a 1,2

damage, destroy fcaakai-sapj-j 0,1,2,5

damn lòtk-ak 1

damp, wet wèit=ui fuai=fuo 0,1,2

dance vuèbatkai-zsj 1,2

danger, dangerous ssàatte=i-fuj 0,1,2

dark baie-te 1,2

65

daughter sfàitni-batiluj 1

day lebàietklj-te 2

deaf lèiagi-oi 1

decide lèit-wi foat-k 1,2

decimal sòia-a sfàat-zsj 3,4

decline (v.), reject sfàat-aj 2

decorate fceia-ra 0,1

deep luèbaak-k 0,1,2

defecate, feces fàseatdj-k 0,2,5

defense sait=sj 2

defense mechanism sait=sj baat-a 6

definitely foat-k 0,2

definition vèbatkatpj-tepj foat~a’e 0,1,2,7

degrade, regression (psych.) bbàteakcj-lj-sj 0,6

degree llètkitfj=i’k 2

degree lsòleiafj=i’k 0,2

degree bcòit-z 0,4

degree (academics) foakbj-j 1,2

delusion loieI~rt 6

denial sfaitui~at 6

denial mechanism sfaitui~at baat-a 6

denominator lòleiatkfj-z 3,4

deny sfaitui-at 1,2

department loiabj-iedj 1,2

depend, dependent, rely leakfj=k 0,1,2,6

depressed, depression fakect-k 6

depressed, depression fluatect-k 1,2,6

depth luèbaaktkfj-k 2

derivative (math.) lòia-ra-k 3

describe, explain foat~a’e 1,2,7

destroy faakai-t-sapj-j 0,1,2

detail soakai=pj 0,1,7

determine, judge foat~i’k 0,1,2,7

develop bèbaakatpj-a 0,1,2

deviate, off topic sèleteiafuj-t-lè 0,2

diagonal lluèiafj-i’j 0,3

dialect, accent lètk=ut 0,1

dialogue, discourse leit~ui 1,2

diameter luèbceiaitbj-re-bj-j 0,3,4

dictionary lòbateaipj=e 0,1,7

die baakai-aiak 1

66

different leakfj-j 0,1

difficult, hard (mentally) vvxète-fj 0,1

dig soatsuj=it 0,1,2

digestion fuòie-oi ssàtktipj-ri 0,1,5

dimension (math.) vlfàat-zsj 0

direct (adj.), sober, straight bèitwi-a-at 1,2,6

direction bàte-t-at-a 1

dirty fàtkui-zfj 1,2

disagree lèit-wi letefj-j 1

disappointed lèie=i-ui 1,2

disconnect ffòitatfj’a-j-fà 0,1

discuss lèbateai=pj 0,1,2,7

disease fluate=wibt 2,5

disgust, hate faitui-a-at 1

disgust, hate fàitui-a-at 2

disgust, hate faitbj-a-at 0,1

dissimilar, unlike sfàitui-at yàak-j’t 0,1,5

dissociation, psychosis lèit-wi ffòitatfj’a-j-fà 0,6

dissolve, heal, melt, soluble, solve buoaifj-j-sa 0,1,2,3,

4,5

distance, far ssfàatfj-a 1,2

distributivity (math.) lòvaiatefj’a-’v-’a-’l 3

divide beattebj-j-ak 0,1,2,4

do luai=luo 0,1,2

do not mind lèteci-a-ta 1,2

document (v.) fcòbaakaipj-fàpj 0,1

document (v.), note (v.) buòbaatpj-bàpj 0,2

documentation, entry, note (v.) fuòbatkaipj-fàpj 2

dog lòai=lù 0,1

dollar bcàbatkatbj-a 0,2

dominant fcètect-a-sè-z 0,1

don’t know buàitwi-a-baia 0,2

dot product sòia-a vleatbj=t leia-aksj 0,3

dot, point (n.) sòia-a 3

download featI=k 1

drama, perform, theater, show (n.),

acting saitct~rj 1,2,7

draw yèbateatpj-k 0,1,2

dream lèitwi-j-xfj 0,1,2

dress fakect-k-ak 0,1,2

drink bcèatoi-it 1,2

67

drool fèitui-k 6

drop (v.) sèak-fù 1,2

drug (illicit), narcotic sfàsatiai=luj 0,2,6

drug (medicinal), medicine fluàbatkaipj-zsj sòie-lèui 0,2,5

drug (medicinal), medicine (pills) fluàbatkaipj-zsj 0,1,2,6

drug addiction sfàsatiai-luj lxèteoi-j 6

drug dependence sfàsatiai-luj fluàbatkaipj-zsj

leakfj=k 6

drug habit fàbaiatk-sèsj leiedjcj-ai

sfàsatiai=luj 0,6

drunk sfàit-t’k-ta 1,2,6

during, while leke-ak-a 0,1,2

dyslexia vèbatkatpj=usj vxetktefj-tetkfj 6

E

each ssfàatsuj-k 1,2

each other sfatate~rk 2

eager, incentive, motivation baatpj~a’e 1,2,6

eagle lxèia=ci 1,2

ear fòit=gi 0,1

ear lèit=gi 0,2

earache lèit-gi lueat-ra 0

early fluàbaaktksj-a 1,2

earn fcàfateaipj-e-sè 0,1,2

earring fòit-gi 1

earring sòit-gi 0,1,2

Earth Flcèseaktksj-zsj 0,1,2,5

Earth science Flcèseaktksj-zsj sfata~re 5

earthquake flcèseaktksj-zsj seia~j’t 0,1,2

east bxèia-tr 1,2

easy bbàtifuj=i-ufj 0,1,2

eat fuòie-oi 1,2

economy, economic bxèbatiai=pj 0,1,2

effeminate sfàitni=ui beak~j’t fsuoak~j’t 6

effeminate fsuoak~j’t 0,1,2

egg heatfj’e-ak 0,1,2,5

eight flòia-a 0,1,2

eighth flòia-ie 1,2

ejaculation, sperm selèatsuj=a-fà 5

elbow lèseteie=lj 0

electricity, power (electricity) lxete=fj 1,2,5

68

electroconvulsive shock therapy lxete=fj lèit-wi fake-k sfàbaatai=pj 6

element bxèbaiatk-pj 0

elementary bxèbaiatkpj-zsj 1,2

elementary school bxèbaiatkpj-zsj fàbatkai=pj 0,1,2

emotions bxetest~rt 0,1,2

empathy yait-e’a sòieI-lè 0,1,6

empathy yait-e’a foaitefj’a-a’e 0,6

empathy, me too yait-e’a 6

emphasis sfàbaiaitpj-ak 0,1,2

empty set (math.) lueia-k-at-ak-k-at 0,3

encyclopedia bxèbateaipj=e 0,1,2,7

energy bxètkcj-tiluj 1,2,5

engineering yyàiafj=usj 0,1,2,5

English Bcàseaktk=sj 0,1,2,7

enjoy batestbt-re 1,2

enough bàseaktebj=a 0,1,2

enter bbàaktkpj-a 1,2

environment bxèleiafj-ri-ie 0,1,2,5

environmental science bxèleiafj-ri-ie sfata~re 5

epilepsy lèit-wi vxèbaattipj=vè 0,1,6

equal, equivalence, fair, identity

(math.) buait=fj

1,2,3,4,

5

equation buait=fj ffòatfj’a-j 0,3,4

equilateral triangle lueiafj-k’j-fj yàia-re 3

equipment bbxèai-k-raj 0,1,2

error yaie~ui 5

error yàie=ui 5

estimate, guess bcèitci-sètk 0,1,2

et cetera lèfate-rt 1

even buaitfj-j 0

even number buaitfj-j fuoitatfj-atit 0

every ssfàatsuj=k 0,1,2

every afternoon bbatklj-ak 1,2

every morning bbatitkluj-ai 1,2

every night buaseaktksj-j 0,1,2

everything saai-pj-ba-j 1

everything saai-sj-fa-j 1

evolve bxeiaiepj-ieia 0

exact, precise ssòakai-ra-pj 0,1,2

example lebatkitpj=a 1,7

except, special, unique foleakiefj’l-i 1,2

69

exchange llcsèatsuj-rj-suj 1

excited, mania fluatest~rt 0,1,2,6

excuse, forgive, waive bèbataai-pj-a 0,2

expand setkbj-j-fait 0,1,5

experience fùitni=k-fuò 1,2

experiment bxeia~re 1,2,5

exponent bxèitI-zsj 3

express, poetry setest-faai 0,1,2

expression, sentence foatfj’a-j 0,2,7

expression, sentence ffòatfj’a-j 1,3,4

extend, stretch ssètkdj-a 0,1

extrovert faieI-zfj-j leit=pj 0,6

eyelashes feakqi-a-ia 0,1

F

face (n.) fàieI-re 1

face (n.) lèieI-re 1,2

fact fòbatiai-pj 0

fact lèatui-a bbàtiai-pj 0,1,2,7

factor (v.) (math.) fcatefj’e-sa 0,3

factory, machine, machinery fcatefj’e=i’k 0,1,2,5

fahrenheit fòleitiafj=i’k 0,1,2,4

fail vèbatiaipj-a 1,2

fake, fiction lèit=ci-t 0,1,2,7

fall (season) fàtklj=k 1,2,5

fall (v.) vèit-k 1

fall (v.) vuèbatkaipj-a-te 0,1,2

fall (v.) vuèbatkaipj-vèti 0,1,2

false lèit-ci-t 0,2

familiar buàit-wi bàitI-ie 0,1

family foiabj-iedj 1,2

fancy, formal, proper fàitst=rt 1

fantasy foitwi~rt 0,2,7

fashion fòak-k-k’j 0,1,2

fast lfaat-xfj’l 0,1,2

father fàit=wi 2

father fàitwi-zfj 2

fear saat-fate 2

fear, phobia, scared fate=t 6

feature (n.), formula fòbaiaitfj-pj 0,1,2,3,

4,5

70

feel, feeling fluàtest-rt 0,1,2

feet beak-k 0

female, woman fàitui-st 1

fever fcèieoi-a-ia llètkiafj=i’k 0,2

few sèai-j-fè 0,1,2

few sàat-lè-vlè-wè-fè 1

few sàat-lè-vlè-wè 2

fifth fàia-ie 0,1,2

fill up bàbcetkatpj-i 1

final, last, ultimate yyèattefj-k 0,1,2,5

find fsùak-fsuòia 0,1,2

fine fàit=st 1,2

finger llètaia=fuj 0

fingers lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y 5

finish fàat-z 2

finish faie-ia 0,1,2

fire faie-i-zfj 0,1,2

firm, freeze, ice fcaak-xfj 0,1,2

first lèia-ie 1

first, initial, original lèsfateat-fj 1,2,5

fish bbaattesj=usj 0,1,2,5

five fàie-a 0,1,2

fixate, fixation baia-atfj fluabaattksj-rt 0,6

fixate, fixation fluabaattksj-rt lèie-a bbàai-k-raj 0,6

flashback, reminisce vuèieqi-rke 0,1,2,6

flat, floor baakbj-j 0,1

flat, floor beakbj-j 0,1,2

flexing fàia=xfj 0

flood wèit=ui faak-i 1,2,5

flower fuòieni-ri-ni 1,2,5

focus baia-atfj 1,2

fold baai-ak-/ak 1,2

follow sfaatsuj-a 1,2

food fuòie=oi 0,6

for lèiewi-a-ia 1,2

force (1st person) bcèseietkdj-e-ek 0,6

force (v.) bcèseiatkbj-a-ak 0,1,2

forever, infinite yàitwi-a 0,1,3

forhead lète=wi 0

four fèie-a 0,1,2

fourth fèia-ie 1,2

71

fraction folèiatksuj-fj 0,2,3,4

frame (n.) lfataia=fj’l 0

frame (n.) luiafj-j-ja-k-ia-fj 0,1,2

France FòiaI-ie 1,2

freak out lèit-wi bbàataipj-buàte 0,2,6

free, freedom foiesuj-j-ia 1,2

freshman ffàatte=fj’w 0,1,2

friend lcseakaifj-aiakfj 0,1,2

friendly faieI-zfj-j 1,6

from llèteitfj-j-lxè 0,1,2

from now on, this point forward bbàtefj-rja 0,1,2

front bàteI=i’k 0,1,2

fruit fòitni=usj 1,2

frustration beia~oi 0,1,2,6

frustration tolerance beia~oi sàitci-ui 6

fuel, gas sfàsete-tabj 2

full bàseaktebj-a 0,1,2

function fòbaiatksj-t’j 1,2,3

future, will (v.) bfàatI-a 0,1,2,7

G

gain, increase hhèaitk-tkfuj 1,2

Gallaudet LàiaI-e-luò 1,2

gallop vcetk-rt 0,1

gamble sèai-t’j-t-fà 1,2

game sfate=fuj 1,2

gang sèij=ct 1

gang yòij=ct 2

gender identity lcsèiani-ui yèbaiait=pj 6

gender, sex lcsèiani-ui 2

generate, make, produce setebj=atbj 1,2,5

generation (n.) luatfjcj~rt-a 0,1,2,5

genius lèitwi-a-luò 1

genius, intelligent, smart fluàiewi-zsj-a 0,2,6

geography flcèseaktkfuj-zsj 0,1

geometry luatbj=t 1,4

Germany Faatsj-zfj 1,2

get fcetbj-e-se 1,2

gift lcseit-at 0,1,2

girl sfàitni=ui 1,2

give buòkt-a 0,1,2

72

glass lcsèie=oi 2,5

glossary lùbateaipj=e 0

go leia-ak 0,1,2

goal, objective llèitwi-a-atfj 1,2

good, thank you bàieui-a 1,2

grammar luatfj-zsj-j 0,1,2

grapes fcàbasj-fuj-fj 0,1,2

graph fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 0,2,4,5

grass fcàai=ui 2,5

greater than, more than bbàtkfuj-i 0

green lùit-zsj 1,2

ground, soil fuoai-zfj 0,5

group luiabj-iedj 2

group therapy fcaia-ie sfàbaatai=pj 6

grow up buàiaK-i 0,1,2

grow, plant (n.) fuòbceietepj-i-fà 0,1,2

guard (v.), protect setk-a 0,1

guide, lead, tour sabaatfj-a 1,2

H

habit fàbaiatk-sèsj 1,2

hairdryer lfàteI-rt 0,1,2

half lète-k-vè 0,1,2

hallucination hèiewi-a-ri 2,6

hallway bait-a 1,2

hand (dominant) /bbàtaia=sj 0

hand (passive) bbàtaia=sj 0

hand (radial) bbàitiabj-i’k 0

hand (ulnar) bbàitiedj-i’k 0

handshape sfàbaiaitfj’a-’v-’y 1

hang lcsèleitat-fuj 0,2

happen, occur leai-ak 1,2

happy bàtest-rt 0,1,2

happy, joy batestbt=rt 0,1,2

hard (physically), solid sàseaktk-sj 0,2,5

hard of hearing hèat-k-raj 1,2

have buate-ct 1,2

he, her, him, she lètk-t 0

head bàtk=k-fi 0

health psychology fcaiect-a-se bèbfeat=fj’e 6

hear lèit-gi 0,1,2,5

73

hearing (adj.) lèteui=rt 1,2

heart fluàte=st 1,2,5

heat, hot fcèieoi-a-ia 0,1,2,5

heavy, mass (physics) fcaai=k 0,5

height (of object) lluèitfj-i 0,4

hello bàia-j’t 0,1,2

help, therapy sfàbaatai=pj 0,1

here baai=t 1,2

heritage, inherit, pass down buoaict=a-a’k 0,1,2

heritage, inherit, pass down buoktcj=rt-a 0,2,5

hey fàak-usj 1,2

hierarchy fuoakbj-j-fake 0,1,6

hierarchy of needs fuoakbj-j-fake lxèak=usj 0,6

history hèitI=at 1,2

hold sèai-ra 0,1,2

holiday, vacation fait=ct 1,2

holy hèbateaipj-a 0,1,2

home fuòitui-ni 1,2

homework fuòitui-ni ssètkak=sj 1

homework fuòitui-setkaksj 2

honest hèbaataipj-a 0,1,2

honor heitwi-k-a 0,1,2

hop hrèat-raj 0

horizontal huèat-j 3

host, introduce buakt-t 0,1,2,7

hour lèbaitpj-rt 2

house baitfj-j-k 1,2

how ssfàaktefj-te 1

how bbcàaktefj-te 0,1,2

how many, quantity seai-i-fa 0,1,2

human hetect-bt 2

human buatect-bt 0,1,2

humanistic psychology buatect-bt bèbfeat=fj’e 0,6

hungry bcètest-k 1,2

hurricane hatatefj’a-a=ufj 0,1,2,5

hypotenuse (f.s.) hète-yàia-vlèak 3

hypothesis hètewi-a-rt 0,1,2,5

I

I yèit-st 2

I love you ylàia-a 0,1,2

74

I, me luète-st 1,2

ice cream sèitoi=k 1,2

ice cream sèitoi-rj 1,2

idea yèiewi-a 0,1,2

identical, same leak=bj 1,2

identification, notice lèieqi-sè-lèak 0,6

identify yèbaiait=pj 1,6

idiom yeia=ai 0,1

idiom vceia=ai 0,2

if, suppose yèieui-a 0,1,2

imaginary number yèia-zsj fuoitatfj-atit 3

imagination, imagine yeieI~rt 1,2

imagine seitbjwi-fa-j 2

important foatfj’a-re-bj 1,2

impress sfabaakatpj-e 0,2

improper fraction lcelèjitksuj-luefj 3

improve bbàteaksj-lj 1,2

in, inside, within fuòbuoakat=bj 1,2

include fàbcoaite-fuòtkbj 1

independent yeiesuj-j-ia 1,2

inequality (math.) sfàitui-at buait=fj foatfj’a-j 0,1,3

infer, interpret foitatfj’a-atit 1

infer, interpret ffòitatfj’a=at 1,2

infinity luèia-ra’re 3

inform fuoiewi-a-faai 0,1,2

information fuoiewi=a-faai 0,1,2

in-phase seak=rt 0

input fuòbuoakat-ret=bj 0

insane, mind-numbing fuàieI-j’t 2,6

insert, put buòia-a-ak 0,1

inspect, investigate lèbaitaiqi-tkpj-a 0,1,2

inspire fuote-i-faie 1,2

instead, replace, substitute ffòatsuj-rj-suj 0,1,2,4

instinct buàkt=bt 0,1,6

instrument, thing bàai-k-raj 0,1

integer fofouitatfj-atit 0

integral (math.) yètkI-k-it-tk 3

intelligence lèitwi-a 0,2,6

intent lèit-wi vèbatkatpj-tepj 0,1,2

intercept leit-i-fj’e 0,3,4

interest (finance), island yèbatetksj-ri 0,1,2

75

interesting lcàteui-a-sò 1

interesting, like (v.) fluatestbt-a-fluo 2

internet, online fluaitfj’v~zsj 1,2

interrogate, query, survey leiaA~rt-xfj 1,2

intersect leit-i-fj’e 1,2,7

interval, range, scale bbàitatpj-j’t 0,1,2,3

interview yeit~ui 1,2

introduction buaia-kt-t 0,1,2

introverted baia-buatefuj-st buàtkni-te 6

inverse, reciprocal vèta-te 3

inverse, reciprocal vèia-tk-ie 0,3,4,5

involve, include fàbuoaiat-fuòakbj’a 0,1,2

Ireland Vcèsetkak-rt-sj 0,1,2

irony, sarcasm yylèitteci-tebj-t 0,1,2,7

irrelevant, whatever fatefj~a’e 0,1

island yèseteaksj-rk 0,1,2

it lète-t 0

itself (animate) sfàleteia=sj 2

itself (inanimate) sfàsaat=sj 1

J

jail, prison faiete-fj 1,2

jam yèbateaipj=e 2

Jamaica Bbàatakbj-fj-ejdj 1

Japan Luitfj-j-luo 1,2

jealous lcsèteoi-ie 0,1

Jesus Fluàfaieia-pj /fluàfaiaie-pj 1,2

jewish fùieui=k-fuò 0,1,2

job, labor, work ssètkak=sj 0,1,2,5

join, participate hèbceitat-atfj’e 0,1,2

journal, magazine lùbaittedj=i 0,1,2,7

journey, travel, trip vcèak-rei 0,1,2

journey, travel, trip vcèia-rei 0,1,2

juice yèitoi-ie 1,2

jump vuèbatkaipj-i-pj 0,1,2

jump rope saji-rt 0,1,2

junior ffàatte=fj’l 2

just, recent lxèie=ni 0,1,2

K

kangaroo buaak-k-rta 1,2

76

keep, take care of vvlèat=bj 0,1,2

key lxèbatkatpj=te 1,2

keyboard (n.) beakbj-j fcaak~usj 0,1,2

kick bbèktte-atdj 2

kid ylètkci-zsj 1

know buàit-wi 0,1,2

knuckles lèfateiefuj-j 0

L

label, reputation hèbateiapj-j 0,1,2,6

labels hèbateiafj-j-pj-j 0

lady fàitui-st fàitst=rt 0,1,2

land fuoai-zfj fàbatkak-ri 0,1,2

language lfaakfj’a-zsj-j 0,1,2,7

language foatfj’a-zsj-j 0,7

large lcaat-j 1,2

last week lèbaiatepj-fj-rke 1

later lfàitI-a-at 0,1,2

laugh lfateni=ufj’l 0,1,2

laughter fcaakai~a’e 0,1,2

law, legal lfàbaitfj-pj 1,2,5

leaf falèattesj-zsj 0,1,2,5

leak fèletefj=k 0,1,2

learn fàbaakaipj-fuòwi 0,1,2,6

learned helplessness fàbaakaipj-fuòwi fuaak-k 0,6

least common denominator (f.s.) lfàia-bcè-lò 3,4

leave (v.) fatkjk-e-saia 0,1,2

leave behind, remainder faktA-k 0,1,2,3

left (direction) lfàia-tl 1,2

left-handed lfàia-tl _/bàta=sj 0,1

leg bàktJ=gk 0

length lueiafj-j 0,1,2

less than bbàtkfj-k 0,1,2

letter (document) sfàbaitaioi-kepj 2,7

letter (symbol) ssfàitteoi-akfj 0

level bbuèitdj-a 0

liberty, rescue, safe, save (animate

object) seiesuj-j-ia 0,1,2

libido lcsèiani-ui bcetest~k 0,6

light flòieui=flù 0,1,2,5

like (v.) fàtest-a-flò 0,1,2

77

limit buaie-itsuj 0,1,2,4

line, linear yueatfj-j 1,2,4

linear yyuèatfj-j 0,3,5

linguistics lfaakfj’a-j-se 0,1,2,6,

7

liquid fcatifj’e-j’t 1

list buàbaieitfj-pj-suj 1,2

literate vèbatkatpj=usj sòbatkaipj-a 0,1

literature (f.s.) làia-yè-slè 1,7

literature, print, publish, newspaper lùbaiaaipj=luò 0,1,2,7

lobotomy vetewi-a-vxe 6

location, place, position vleatfj-ria-fj 1,2

logarithm (f.s.) lfàia-bcò-lùte 3,4

logic lfàiaI-re 1,2

long luèsatkaksj-tecj 1,2

long ago fàitcj=rj 2

look around vèak-j 1

look at me continously vuèieI-rj 0,2

look for, search bcèitI-re 1,2

look forward to vueiaqi-rja 1

look like, resemble lèieI-re yàak-j’t 0,1,2

lose (game) vèbatkai-pj 1

lost, missing fuotifuj-j-faak 1

loud, thunder lèit-gi seia~j’t 0,1,2

love (animate object) saiesuj-ct 1,2

love (inanimate object) sèiaoi-a 0,1,2

M

male, man fàitwi-st 1,2

manic depressive disorder fluatest~rt fuaak-k vxetktefj-tetkfj 0,6

many, multiple seie-a-fa 1,2

map (n.) bbàtetipj-t-at-a 1

marijuana fsuòit=oi 6

marriage, marry bcaakai-pj 1

marriage, marry bbcàakai-ra-pj 0,1,2

match fcaie-tefj’e 1

mathematics mueatbj=t 1,2,4

matrix (math.) lueia-j-k-t 3

matter (physics) fceit-t 0,5

maturation, mature muèbaiaitpj-fj 0,1

maximum bbàtk=i-fj 0,1

78

maybe, might baai~i’k 1,2

meaning vèbatkatpj-tepj 0,1,2

measure yaia=fj 0,1,2,4,

5

mechanism, way baat-a 0,1,2

median (math.) bbèatte=bj fuoitatfj-atit 0

meet leit-pj 1,2

memorize sfàitwi-tk 0

memorize fcèiewi-a-sè 0,1,2

menstrual period, menstruation sàit=ni 1,2

mental retardation (f.s.) mèitwi-hrè 0,2,6

mentally scarred, traumatized lxètewi-j 0,1

meta-analysis, self-analysis vete=vxe 0

metal lcsèie=ui 0,1,2,5

metaphor lcsèbateiapj-tasj 0,1

method mete-ak 1,2

microscope bbcòatbj-qi-zsj 0,1,2,5

middle, center buàbatkai-rk-pj 0,2,4

mingle, socialize fakeie~rk 0,1,6

mirror (n.) bàieI-a-zsj 0,1,2

mirror (v.) baitpj-j-zsj 0

miss (feeling) lèie-i-ui 0,1

mistake yàitui-ie 2

mix fceakai~rk’ri 0,1,2,5

mixed drinks fceakai~rk’ri yleat=bj leakfj=j

bcèatoi-it 6

mixed drinks, shots lcèatui=it 2

mixed number fceakai~rk’ri fuoitatfj-atit 0

mode (math.) ssfàatpj-i yaia=fj fuoitatfj-atit 0,4

moderate (adj.), sort of fàat-zsj 0,2

modern yaie-k buàbakeaipj=t 0,1

money buòbaktai=pj 0,1,2

monomial lùja-lèie 0,4

month llèteiafuj-sj 1,2

moon lcèitqi-i’j 0,1,2

mop sotisuj=a 0,2

more fuoit=fj 1,2

most ssfàatpj-i 0,1,2

mother fàitui-zfj 1

mother fàit=ui 1,2

motion buoak~j’t 0,2

79

mountain sàseaktk-sj-fà-i’a 0,1,2,5

move, movement buoak-raj’ret 1,2

movie fàbaiatepj-z 0,1,2

multiple personality seie-a-fa leakfj=j vlètk-rj-ct 0,6

multiplication leit=fj’e 0,1,2

must, should lxèia-ak 1,2

my bàte-st 1,2

myth lèit-ci-t buitatpj=j-buo 0,1

N

nail polish hèfluait=fj’v 1

naked fluatect-k-tk 0,1,2

name hhèat=fj’e 0,1,2

narcissism, self-love ylàieI-re 6

narcissistic personality ylàieI-re vlètk-rj-ct 6

narrator buitatpj=j-buo baat-k 0,7

national, natural, normal, normality hàsetkak-rt-sj 0,1,2,5

need lxèak=usj 1,2

negative luèbaitia=pj 0,1,2,4

never bèak-j-at-k’t 0,1,2

new buàbakttipj=t 0,1,2

next bbuàatfj-rta 1,2

next week lèbaiatepj-fj-ria 1

night buàseaktk=sj 1,2

nine fòia-a 0,2

ninth fòia-ie 0,1,2

no hùia=huò 0,1,2

noise, sound fàtkI=a’e 0,1,2

none bcoia-j 0,1,2

nonlinear sfàitui-at yyuèatfj-j 0,4

nonmanual feature, facial expression lcseitI~i’k 1,2

normal line hàsetkak-rt-sj yueatfj-j 0,5

north huèia-i 0,1,2

nose lèie=ci 1,2

not sfàitui-at 1,2

not yet fàke=usj 1,2

note (v.), transcribe buòbaitfj-pj 1

notice, recognize lcsèbaitatqi-pj 0,1,2

noun huèia-re 1

now yaie-k 1,2

number fuoitatfj-atitfj 1,2,4

80

numerator huelèiatksuj-z 0,3,4

O

observe veak~re 2

obsess fluabaattksj-rt 2

obsess lèit-wi fluabaattksj-rt 0,1,2,6

obtuse angle luèlfaiafj’a-rei-’l 3

ocean wèit=ui faak-k’i-a 1,2,5

octagon lueiafj-j-k’j-k-j’k-fj 0

octagon lueiafj-k’j-fj flòia-a 0,2

odd (math.) (f.s.) bcòit-j-lò 1

odd number bcòit-j-lò fuoitatfj-atit 3

odd, strange bcèitI-usj 1,2

often buàbaat=pj 0,1,2

old bcèteui-k-sè 0,1,2

old fashioned bcèteui-k-sè fòak-k-raj 0,1,2

on bàseaktk-sj 0,1,2

on bbàaktk-fuj 0,1,2

once lèbateaipj-i 0,1,2

one lèie-a 0,1,2

only lèia-tk-ie 0,1,2

opinion bcòitI-re 1,2,7

opportunity bcoak-vleia 1,2

oppress, repression fasetkatbj-k 0,1,2

optimistic lèit-wi llètkit=fj 1

or (f.s.) bcòia-hrè 1,2

orange bcèitoi=sè 1,2

order (sequential), plan, prepare baat=rej’rat 1,2,7

order (sequential), sequence lfàvfatkatfj’a-tifj’l-tkfj’v 0

organization bcoiabj-iedj 1,2

origin (line) (math.) yuèbcoatitfj-j 0

origin (point) (math.) bbàittk-bj-bcò 0,4

origin, source llèteitfj-j-lxè lèbatkatfj’e-te 0,1

other sfàak-j-ai 0,1,2

our bàitct-ijct 0,1,2

out-of-phase seak~rt 0

output, result (math.) leia-aksj 0,3

over bbàittepj-bj 1,2

over, surpass, too much bbuàitfuj-i 0,2

overdose sòie-lèui bbuàitfuj-i 0,6

oxygen bcòit-vèie 1,2

81

P

pack buotk~re 1,2

page sfàbataaipj=e 0,1,2

pageant lcètect-k’j-gt saatpj~a’e 1

paint (artwork) hèbatkitpj-i’k 0,1,2

paint (surface) bbàtkitpj-i’k 1,2

pairing vèai=j’t 1,2

palm bbàteia=pj 0

panic attack faat-zsj sèleatia-fj 6

panic disorder faat-zsj vxetktefj-tetkfj 6

paper fàbatkaipj=e 0,1,2

parabola lueiafj-j’i-i 3

paragraph bcebait-pj 0,1,2,7

parallel leat-a 0,1,3,5

paranoia vleitwi-zsj 0,1,2,6

paranoid disorder vleitwi-zsj vxetktefj-tetkfj 6

paranoid personality vleitwi-zsj vlètk-re-ct 6

paranoid schizophrenia vleitwi-zsj lèseitdj-j-t’k 0,6

parent(s) fàitui-wi 1,2,5

parenthesis lueia-ai 0,2

parking vfàbateai=pj 0,1,2

participant hèbceitat=atfj’e baat-k 0

participate hèbceitat=atfj’e 0

partner bbàattebj-j’t baat-k 1,2

passive faak=buoct 0,1,2,6

passive aggressive personality faak=buoct saitct~rt vlètk-re-ct 0,6

past faitpj’ct~rj 0

past fàitI-zfj-e 1

path baat~t’j-a 1,2

patience sàitci-ui 1

patient (abstract) llèiait=pj-a 0

patient (medical) vlètecj-t-cj-k 2

patient (to be patient) sàitoi-k 1,2

peace bcetktipj-titkpj-baak-j 0,1,2

people vleia~rt 0,1,2

percent bcòia-j-k 0,1,2,4

perfect ffòiaie-ra-fj’a 0,1,2

perimeter (math.) fàleiatk-ra-fuòaifj 0,3,4

periodic table bceia~re fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 1

perpendicular llèketk=fj 0,3,4

82

person vleak-k 0,2

personality vlètk-rj-ct 0,1,2,6

perspective, point of view vuèleiafj-ri-ie 6

Philippines Vlèsetkak-rk-sj 0,2

physical (adj.) vletkct-bt 0

physics vxete=fj 0,1,2

pi (f.s.), π (f.s.) vlèak-yèia 3

picture bcèbaitia=pj 0

picture bcèbaitiaqi-pj 0,1,2

pills sòie=lèui 0,6

pin lùitct=luò 0,1,2

pink vlèieui=k 1,2

pissed off vlèieci-a-bcòit-fò 0,1,2

pizza buàkeI=oi 1,2

pizza (f.s.) vlèak-yèia-vxè-j-t’k-j-sà 0,2

place, position vleatfj’v-rk-fj’v 0,1,2

plane (math.) bueiabj-j 3

plant (n.) vlèbceiatepj-i-ak 5

play yaat-zsj 0,1,2

please bàtest-re 1,2

plural sàte-fùai 7

plus llètkit-fj 0,1,2

points, score llètkia=k-fj 1

polynomial lùja-fàie 0

poor fàtilj-k-fuò 0,1,2

positive llètkit-a-fj’e 0,2

positive number llètkit-a-fj’e fuoitatfj-atit 0,3

possible seak=usj 2

posttraumatic stress disorder floit-fa faseaktebj=k vxetktefj-

tetkfj 0,6

pour bcèja-ia 0,1,2

power (math.) lùja-k fuoitatfj-atitfj luèiaI-a 4

practice sàleaktefj-j’t 1,2

pray baitpj-z 0,1

predict vebèaktkfj-rja 2

pregnant fcàkebt-a 0,1,2

prejudice lèbatkatpj-a’k-pj-e’k bbàatte-pj 0,6

preserve, save (inanimate object),

store (v.) vèseiete=sj 2,5

press sfabataaipj-k 1

83

pressure, stress faseaktebj=k 0,1,2,5,

6

prime number ffòat-fj-ak fuoitatfj-atit 0

principal vlèsetkak-rt-sj 0,1,2

principle vlèbaakitfj-pj 2,5

private, secret sàit=oi 1,2

problem vxetefj~i’k 1

problem vxetktefj-tetkfj 2,5

process, progress bate~rt 0,1,2,5

product (math.) vleatbj=t leia-aksj 0,3,4,5

professional vlèbatkatbj-a 0,2

program vlèbatkiepj-i-fuj 1,2

projection (psych.) fluàtest-rt buoia=a-ak 0,6

proof, prove, evidence bbàtiai=pj 0,1,2

proof, prove, evidence bbàtiai-pj 1,2

proper fraction lulèjitksuj-lcefj 3

proportion vleak-k-raj 1,3,5

protest sèieI-ia 2

protractor llèittkbj=usj 3

provide fuote-a-faai 0,1

psychoanalysis bèbfeat=fj’e vetk=vxe 6

psychology bèbfeat=fj’e 1,2

psychotherapy bèbfeat=fj’e sfàbaatai=pj 6

Puerto Rico vlèbaaktksj-hrèsj 1

pull sotisuj-e 0,1

pure bbàtkaifj-pj-fj 2

pure bbàteatbj-a 0,1,2

purple vlèak-zsj 2

Pythagorean theorem Vlèakwi-k slèitI-re 0

Q

quadrant lfalceiait=fj 0

quadratic lùakI-zsj 3

quadrilateral, rectangle lueiafj-j-k-fj fèie-re 0

quantity fòbaiaaipj-a seie-a-fa 0

queen lùtkct-k’j-gt 0,1,2

quote, theme, title, topic veia-vceat 0,1

quote, theme, title, topic vceia-ai 0,1,2,7

quotient beattebj-j-ak leia-aksj 3,4

R

84

rabbi hretect-k 2

rabbit haitbj=ufj 1,2

radical (math.) hrèak-k-i-j 3

radius luèleakfj-re-fj-j-t 4

rain fcaakI=usj 0,1,2,3

rainbow ffàkeiefj-ra-ie 1

random (math.) fceakai~rk’ri bceai-ak 0

random sample fceakai~rk’ri _fòak-i 0

ratio bcait~a’e 0

rational number hrèia-lfà fuoitatfj-atit 3

react hreiaui-ak 0,1,2,3

read vèbatkatpj=usj 0,1,2

real number lèatui-a fuoitatfj-atit 0

real, really, true lèatui-a 0,1,2

receive faat-e-sebj 1,2

recipient llèiait=pj-raj 0

recognition test leia=k-xfj lcsèbaitatqi-pj 0,6

recycle hrete~rt 0,1,2

red lèieui=lxè 0,1

reduce buàbaitti-k 0,2,3

reference hruèsetkaksj-t 0,2

reinforce hrèseteie=dj 2,6

remain, stay yaak-k 1

remember ssfàitatwi-akfj 0,1,2

renovate bbàteaksj=rt-luj 2

represent hrebatkitpj=a 1

require lcsebaatpj-e 0,1,2

research lèbatkaipj=a 0,1,2

resist sètk=a 0,1,2,6

resource hhrèai-k-raj 0,2

result hrèbeaktebj-j-k 0,1,2

review hrèbaakitpj-ia 1,2

right (direction) hrèia-tr 0,1,2

right angle luèlfaiafj’e-j-’a 3

right triangle luèleiafj-k-j-fj 3

right-handed hrèia-tr _/bàta=sj 0,1

right-hand-rule (vertical, ri) bcfàat-sfàte 0

river wèit=ui baat~t’j-a 0,1,2,3

rock sàseaktk=sj 0,1,2

rocket hrèbaiaitpj-i 1,2

role hrèbateit-rt-pj 0,1,2,6

85

romance ylaitpj~rt 2,6

rose (n.) hrèieni-ri-ni 1,2

rotate hrète=rt 0

rows (graph) lùia-j-j’k 0

rubber lcsèitui=a 0,1,3

rule hrèbaitfj-pj 1,2

ruler (tool) hrfaia=fj’a 1

S

sad, tragedy faieI-k 0,1,2

safety pin seiesuj-j-ia lùitct=luò 0,1

salt vvèaktkfj-zfj 0,1,5

salt vèleaktkfj-zfj 0,2

Saturday Sèie-ri 1,2

satute, sculpture, shape sfaak-k-at-ak 0,1,2

say (signed) seie=xfj 0,2

say (spoken) lète-ui 0,1,2

scan, xerox lxèbatkakpj-a’e 1,2

schizophrenia lèseitdj-j-t’k 6

schizophrenia sèitwi-j-t’k-ba 1,6

school fàbatkai=pj 1,2

science sfata~re 0,1,2,5

scientific field sfaia~re bbàatbj-a 0,5

season llètkfj-rt-fj 1,2

second vèia-ie 0,1,2

sedative fluàbatkaipj-zsj fuaak-k 0,6

see vèieqi-a 1,2

seem bàitI-ie 0,1,2

seizures vxèbaattipj=vè 0,1

self-centered lèit-wi baia-buatefuj-st 1

senior ffàatte=fj’a 0,1,2

separate bcatefuj-j 1,2

serious lèitui-ie 1,2

serve, service baai~a’e 1,2

server, waiter baai~a’e baat-k 1,2

set (math.) fcaia-ie 0,3

seven fvèia-a 0,1,2

seventh fvèia-ie 0,1,2

several sèai-lè-vè-wè-fè 1,2

shadow flòieui=flù bbàtkbj-ri-fàdj 1

shake, vibrate seia~j’t 1

86

Shakespeare SèitI-a’e-a-fà 7

share among baattebj-rk’ri 0,1

shirt fòiact-zj 2

shock lèit-wi fake-k 0,6

shoulder buàie=cj 0

show (v.) lebatkitpj-a 0,1,2

shy buàtkni-te 1,2

sick fluate-wibt 1,2

sick of fluàitwi-ie 1,2

side bàat-k’i 1

sign language lete~rj lfaakfj’a-zsj-j 0,1,2

sign, signing lete~rj 2

signal, stimulus sòleatit=lè 0,1,6

simple ffòat-fj-ak 1,2

sister sfàitni-lfàleatbj 1

situation sèleiafj-ri-ie 0,1,2

six wòia-a 0,1,2

sixth wòia-ie 0,1,2

size yaakfj-j 0,1,2

skill, fluent sàbateitsj-a 1,2

skin fòseaktksj-z 0,1,5

sleep fàieI-k-fuò 1,2

sleeping pills fàieI-k-fuò sòie-lèui 0,6

sleepy fàieI=k-fuò 0,1,2

slope bbèajatbj-i’j 3

slow bbàakfuj-e 0,1,2

small baat=t 1,2

smell bàteI-rt 1,2

smoke (v.) vèie=oi 0,1,2,6

smooth buoai-a-sa 0,1,2

snort sfàit-ci 0,2,6

snow faakI-zfj-k 0,1,2

soap bbàitpj=ufj 0,2

soccer bbèktte=atdj 2

social drinking fakeie~rk lcèatui=it 0,6

social environment fakeie~rk bxèleiafj-ri-ie 0,6

social influence fakeie~rk fuòbaiatksj-a-fà 6

social psychology fakeie~rk bèbfeat=fj’e 6

social work sèbaatti-pj-wè-pj 0,1,2

society seiabj-iedj 1,2

soft fuai=fuo 1,2

87

soliloquies lèijst-ri buitatpj=j-buo 0,1

some bbàteaipj-j 0,1

something lèieI-ri 1,2

sometimes lèbateaipj=rt 0,1

son sfàitwi-batiluj 0,1,2

sophomore ffàatte=fj’v 2

south sèia-k 2

space fàbatkakI-ri 0,1

speak, talk fèit=ui 1,2

spear sèitI-a-fà 0,1

specific llèat-ra-fj 0,1,2

specific llèteia-fj 0,1,2

speed lfaat=xfj’l 0,1,2

sphere fceiaiefj-ieia 0

spread fuoakbj-j-fa 1,2

spring (season) fuòbceietepj=i-fà 0,1,2,5

square lueiafj-j-k-fj 1,2,4

square root luèia-k-i-j 0,3,4

squared (math.) vèia-ie bxèitI-zsj 0,3

standard deviation (f.s.) sèia-lò 0

star leiabj~i’k 1,2

state (n.) sèbaiaitfj-pj 0,1,2

statistics seatbj=t 0,1,2,4

stereotype yaakfj-ri hèbateiapj-j 6

stimulant sòie-lèui fluatest~rt 0,6

stomach fàte=bt 1,2

stoned fsuòit=oi lèit-wi sete=bj 0,6

stop bbàitti-atpj 1,2

story buitatpj=j-buo 0,1,2,7

strawberry fòteoi=a-tk 0,1,2

stripes fètest-j 0,1,2

strong seie-a 0,1,2

structure setk-fuj-/fuj-fuj 0,1,2,5

struggle lelueattefj-rt 0,1,2

stuck vuèie-ut 1,2

student fàbaakaipj-fuòwi baat-k 0,2

study fàbatkatpj-zfj 0,1,2

style fate~rj 2

sub-, subordinate ssàatpj-rak 0

subset fcaia-ie bcaia-ie 3

substance fàbaaktkfuj-fuò 0,2

88

substitution method ffòatsuj-rj-suj muete-a-ak 0

subtract fcàbaitatpj-k-sà 1

subtract bcèbaitatpj-k-sè 1,2,4

sugar, sweet bàieui=sà 0,1,2

summer lètewi=j-lxè 0,1,2,5

summon bbàaktksj-e-sà 0,1,2

sun buòiaI-fùie 0,1

Sunday Baia-ra 0,1,2

support ssèteie=dj 0,1,2

surface bbàaktkfuj-ri 0,1,2

surprise, wake up luoitqi-j-lfa 1

sweethearts sfatefujst=xfj 0,1,7

symbol sebaiaitpj=a 1

system seaibj-j-k 0,1,2

T

table bbatklj=lj 1

table, chart fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 0

tail lèseiatkbj-zsj 0,2

take fcètk-e-sète 0,1,2

tall lèbaiaitpj-i 1,2

tape player fluaak-rk’ri 1

teach buoitwi=a 0,1,2

teacher buoitwi=a baat-k 0,1,2

technology fluàbateit=dj 1,2

tell lèieui-a-ai 0,1,2

temperature llètkiafj=i’k 0,1,2

ten sfàat-zsj 1,2

tennis sàja-ta 2

term (math.) lùja-k 0,5

test leia=k-xfj 0,1,2

than bbàtkfuj-k 1

that yàia-ak 1,2

them, they lètk-rka 0

then lèlfateatfj’a-fj’l 1

theorem, theory slèitwi-a 0,5

theorem, theory slèitI-re 1,2

therapy slèbaatti=pj 2

therefore bbuàatfj-bàai 0

thesaurus slèbateaipj=e 0,7

these lèai-rkj 0

89

thick fcèit-ni 1,2

think lèit-wi 1,2

third vàia-ie 0,1,2

this lèai-a 0

those lète-rka 0

three vàie-a 0,1,2

through bàbfhaatiefj’e-a 1,2

thumbs up sfàat-z 0

time lcsèsetkak=sj 1,2,5

to llèaite-akfj 0,1

to, until llèiaie-tafj 0,1,2

tobacco buàitui-z 0,1,2,6

today yaai=k 0,1,2

together saatpj=a 0,1,2

toilet slèia-zsj 1,2,5

tolerate sàitci=ui 1,2

tomato llèiateoi-fj-ak 0,1,2

tomorrow sàitni-a-at 1,2

top bbàtkit=k-fj 1,2

torch ssètebj-i-fàit-zfj 0,1

tornado lueakaifj~rk 0,1,2

tornado luetkti-zfj-ri 0,1,2

torso bàtest-bt 0

touch fluàsetkak-sj 0,1,2

tradition bcoat~rt 1

tradition fceseiatksj-k-se 1,2

transfer vcsèat-rej-aj 1

transference vcsetest-rja-ta 6

transit, commute sfàte-a’e 0,2

translation (math.) muèyueatfj-j 0

tree fabàittklj-zfj 0,1,2,5

triangle lueiafj-k’j-fj 0,2,4

trigonometry sleatbj=t 0,2,4

trinomial lùja-vàie 0,4

try sfate-a-it 0,1,2

t-test slèia-a leia=k-xfj 0,3

twice vèbateaipj-i 0,1

two vèie-a 1,2

two of them, pair vèai=j’t 2

two of us vlèie=e’a 0,1,2

type (n.) vvlètebj-rt-bj 0,1,2

90

type (v.) fcaak~usj 0,1,2

U

ugly lètkci-j-lxè 2

umbrella ssètebj=i 0,1,2

umpire hcsèie=oi 1

undefined (math.) leia-aksj sfàitui-at buate-ct 3

underline lcèleit=fj sòleiatkbj-j 0,7

university hèbaiatipj-re-i 0,1,2

until now (since) leiedjcj-ai 1,2

up lèia-i 0,1,2

up to bbàtk-i-fj 0,2,4

upper chest bate=ct 0

use, wear hèseiatksj=t 0,1,2

usual, tendency, typical fluatestbt-a 2

V

vagina bfake=fj 0

vain veieI-usj 1,2

valuable, value veakbj-rei-bj 1

variable (n.) lueiabj~j-i’k 0,2,4

variation, vary veakfj~i’k-j 0

vector lèvetkia=k-fj 0

velocity lùsfaitatfj-a-luò 0

verb vèteui=j 1

vertex luèlfaiafj’l-bj-fj’a sòia-a 0

vertical bèat-i’k 0,2,4

vertical vèia-i 0,3

victim, vodka vuèie=ut 2

video vèbaiait-rt-slèpj 0,1,2

visit veieI~rt 2

visitor veieI~rt baat-k 0,1,2

visualize lèit-wi seitbjwi-fa-j 0,1

vocabulary vèleaktk=fj 0,1,2

voice vèieut-ui-a 1,2

volume (f.s.) vèia-bcò-là 2,3

vomit faatoi-a’k 0,6

W

wait fùai-zfj 0,1

walk beke~ak 1,2

91

want fcaai-xfj 0,1,2

warm sèieoi-a-fà 0,1,2,5

waste sèbateaipj-a-fà 0,2

watch (v.) lcfàteui-a 0,1

water wèit=ui 0,1,2,5

web browser window luoiabj-j-lfa 0,1

week lèbaiatepj-fj 0,1,2

weekend lèbeaktebj-j-beat-k 0,1

weight hhèteatfj-zsj 0,1,2,4,

5

welcome buàkt-bt 0,1,2

west wèia-tl 0,1,2

whale yabàtklj-usj-j 1

what faai=t’j 1,2

where lèiaI-zsj 1

white fàtest-a-fuò 0,1,2

who lfàitui=xfj 0,1,2

whole number bàseaktebj-t fuoitatfj-atit 0,3

why fluàit-zfj 2

why buàitwi-j-yà 0,1,2

width lluèatfj-a 1

wiggle fàia-zfj 0

wine wòitni-rt 1,2,6

wire lcsèie=ui yueatfj-j 1

wish bcètest-k 1,2

with saat-pj 1,2

withdrawal wèia-e-lò 1,6

without saatpj-j-faak 1

wood bbàattkfuj-a’e 0,1,2

word lcèleit=fj 1,7

world wwètebj-rt-bj 1,2,5

wrist (inside) lèbateia=suj 0

wrist (outside) lèbateie=sj 0

write sòbatkaipj-a 0,1,2

wrong yàie-ui 1,2

X

x-intercept lxèia-z leit-i-fj’e 0,3,4

Y

year ssètebj-rt-bj 1,2

92

yellow yàia-zsj 0,1

yes sèia=usj 1,2

yesterday sfàiaoi-gi 1,2

y-intercept yàia-z leit-i-fj’e 0,3,4

you lèak-a 1,2

your bàia-a 1,2

Z

zero bcòit-a 1

zipper sòtebt-i 1,2

z-score luèia-j-k’t-j llètkia=k-fj 0,3

93

Buakt-t Baatpj-aidj _lète-t lèak=a vèbatkatpj=xsj, lèia-ie lùbaiaaipj=luò

Bcàseaktk=sj llèiate-akfj ASL/ASL llèiate-akfj Bcàseaktk=sj Vèbateaipj-i Lfaakfj’a-zsj-j STEM Lùbateaipj=e. Lùbateaipj=e _lète-t llèitwi-a-atfj lfàitui=xfj? Vleia~rt _lètk-rt fùitni=k-fuò faie-ia sàbateitsj-a saat=pj ASL. Lùbateaipj=e _lète-t sfàitui-at llèitwi-a-atfj lèiewi-a-ia buoitwi=a fuòbuoakat=bj lfaakfj’a-zsj-j leiafj-raj Lùbateaipj=e _lète-t TOOL _/lète-t ssèteie=dj vèbatkatpj=usj sòbatkaipj=a.

Lèia-ie bbàataipj-te Lùbateaipj=e _lète-t buate-ct Bcàbaaktk=sj lcèleit=fj, bbuàatfj-rta vèia-ie bbàataipj-te _lète-t buate-ct ASL lcèleit=fj. Fuòbuoakat=bj lèia-ie bbàataipj-te _lète-t ssàatsuj=k Bcàseaktk=sj lcèleit=fj _lète-t buate-ct saatpj-a ASL leak=bj lcèleit=fj. Yàak-j’t, vèia-ie bbàataipj-te _lète-t ssàatsuj-k ASL lcèleit=fj buate-ct lèie-a OR fuoit=fj Bcàseaktk=sj lcèleit=fj leak=bj.

Fuòbuoakat-bj Lùbateaipj=e, ssfàatpj-i ASL lcèleit=fj _lète-rt fàtk-e-sète llèteitfj-j-lxè 7 fluaitfj’v~zsj hhrèai-k-raj, _lète-rt sfàsaat=sj buate-ct lete~rj lfaakfj’a-zsj-j vèbaiait-rt-slèpj, _lète-rt bbàtefj-rt-fj vleia~rt bbàaktkpj=a foiesuj-j-ia. Fuòbuoakat=bj ENTRY SECTION Lùbateaipj=e _lète-t ssàatsuj-k ASL lcèleit=fj _lète-rt buate=ct fuoitatfj-atitfj _/lète-rt sàatsuj-k fcaie-tefj’e hhrèai-k-raj buàbaieitfj-pj-suj:

1. Handspeak https://www.handspeak.com

2. Signing Savvy https://www.signingsavvy.com

3. DeafTEC http://deaftec.org

4. Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: MATH https://youtu.be/SbqhiijIztc

5. Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: SCIENCE

https://youtu.be/Yydwu5A2klU

6. Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: PSYCHOLOGY

https://youtu.be/ChlFgZfuRj0

7. Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: ENGLISH

https://youtu.be/67ZEti_daY0

0. fèitwi-a OR lxeiaiepj=ieia BY TOSADO & MORRIS

Fuòbuoalat=bj bbuàatfj-rta SECTION _lète-t luètect-rit-ct fuote-a-

faai ssòakai-ra-pj foat~a’e _lète-t lèbateai=pj bàitct-rit-ijct sòbatkaipj=a seaibj-j-k, lèbateai=pj sòbatkaipj=a hrèbaitfj-pj.

94

Bàtest-re vèbatkatpj=usj bàitct-rit-ijct Bcàseaktk=sj llèiate-akfj ASL /ASL llèiate-akfj Bcàseaktk=sj Vèbateaipj-i Lfaakfj’a-zsj-j STEM Lòbateaipj=e, _lète-t fuote-a-faai bcait~a’e leak=k, lèak=k Lète~rt luatfj-zsj-j seakbj-j-k, /lèak=k Bcàseaktk=sj luatfj-zsj-j seakbj-j-k _lète-t buate=ct seie-a-fa ffòatfj’a-j lebatkitpj=a.

JACOB TOSADO AND CARLA MORRIS5

SEPTEMBER 2019

5 DR TOSADO bbàittepj-atbj DOC lèbatkaipj=a baat-k saat-pj Loiabj-iedj Bceia~re BIO Bceia~re Hèbaiatipj-rei MD, Bbàaktipj-rei PARK. Llètkia-t fàbateaifj-e-sè PHD bbèatbj-a vxete=fj llèteitfj-j-lxè Hèbaiatipj-rei MD, bàleitia-t BA foakbj-j bbèatbj-a vxete=fj llèteitfj-j-lxè Hèbaiatipj-rei FLA, GAINESVILLE. DR MORRIS yeiesuj-j-ia lèbatkaipj=a baat-k lfatebt-ct MD. /Llètkia-t fàbateaifj-e-sè PHD bbèatbj-a lfaakfj’a-j-se llèteitfj-j-lxè LàiaI-e-luò Hèbaiatipj-rei, /bàleitia-t BA foakbj-j bbèatbj-a lfaakfj’a-j-se llèteitfj-j-lxè Hèbaiatipj-rei Lèitgi-k-yà-zsj, Bèia=k.

95

Sòbatkaipj-a ASL foat~a’e

Baai=t luètect-rit-ct foat~a’e hrèbaitfj-pj _lète=rt sfaatsuj-a sòbatkaipj-a lcèleit=fj _lète-rt llètefj-j-lxè lùbateaipj=e hèbateiafj-’e-pj. Bbàtefj-rt-fj lete~rj _lète-rt bcatefj-j vèie=a bceiafj-at. Lèia-ie bceiafj-at _lète-t heatfj’e-a “lèsfateat=fj lete~rj”, vèia=ie bceiafj-at _lète-t heatfj’e-a bceiafj-at Bceak~j’t.

Lèia-ie bceiafj-at Vèia-ie bceiafj-at [Lèsfateat=fj lete~rj] + [Bceak~j’t]

lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t bute-ct vàie=a bbàataipj-e-te:

1. Lèsfateat-fj HANDSHAPE [sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y] 2. Lèsfateat-fj bbàteia=pj ORIENTATION [falèattepj-z] 3. Lèsfateat-fj PLACEMENT [vleatfj-ria-fj]

Vèia-ie bceiafj-at _lète-t foat~a’e lete~rj bceak~j’t. Bbàtefj-rt-fj lete~rj buate=ct bceak~j’t _lète=t vèbatkatpj-tepj faai=t’j? Sfàte-ia lxeiaiepj=ieia llètefj-rt-fj lèsfateat-fj lete~rj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t sòbatlaipj=a lèie-zsj? BBèattebj-j-k lcèleit=fj.

Lcèleit=fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàaktefj=te? Bbàtefj-rt-fj ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-rt sòbatkaipj-a saatpj-a’e. Lèia-ie lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vàie-a bbàataipj-te, buaatfj-rta, bceak~j’t.

[[ Lèsfateat-fj

Sfàbaitfj’a-’v-’y ] [

Lèsfateat-fj Falèattepj-z

] [ Buòia-a-ak

Vleatfj’v-ri-fj’v ]] + [Bceak~j’t]

Fuòbuoakat=bj ssfàatsuj=k bceiafj-at, ssfàitteoi-akfj vvlètebj-rt-bj

_lète-t, ssfàitteoi-akfj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t vèbceietepj-k-hè hrebatkitpj=a leakfj-j bcèitwi-a. Luètect-rit-ct hèseiatksj=t lèie-a ACCENT MARK (sòia-ei) _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-kVOWEL ssfàitteoi=akfj (vèieqi-a, NEWKIRK 1975). LeieI~re, lcèleit=fj yaakfj-j _lète-t fàtefj~a’e, buàitwi-j=yà? ASL _/lète-t veitfj=j leakfj-j llèteitfj-j-lxè Bcàseaktk=sj.

Sòbatkaipj=a seakbj-j-k _lète-rt bèbaakatpj=a saat=pj QWERTY beakbj-j fcaak~usj. Bbuàatfj-bàai, bbàtefj-rt-fj hrèbaiaitfj-pj _lète-rt bèbaakatpj=a ssfàatpj-i bbcàtktefj=te? Fcaak~usj ASL fuoiabj-j-fa, fcaak~usj lfaat=xfj. Seakbj-j-k hrèbaitfj-pj _lète-rt ssèteie=dj fuoiabj-j-fa bcatefj-j bàbfhaatie=fj’e bbàtefj-rt-fj leakfj=j lete~rj yèia-re bcèbaitatpj-k-sè buàbaai=akpj leak=bj.

Lèia-ie lebatkitpj=a leieI~re Bcàseaktk=sj lùbateaipj=e lete~rj mother _/lète-t llèteitfj-j-lxè American Sign Language Concise Dictionary _/lète-t buate-ct Bcàseaktk=sj foat~a’e:

96

“The thumb of the right ‘5’ hand rests on the right cheek or on the right chin bone. The

other fingers wiggle slightly. Or the thumb is thrust repeatedly into the right side of the

face, and the rest of the hand remains open and in the ‘5’ position, palm facing out. ”

(Sternberg 1994: 342)

Lèai=a vcseia-ai foat~a’e vèie-a lète~rj veakfj~i’k-j. Lèia-ie veakfj~i’k-j _lète-t fcatefj’e-sa fuòbuoakat-bj Fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 1. Fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 1. Fcatefj’e-sa lete~rj: mother

Bbàataipj-te Foat~a’e Leiaiepj-ieia

Lèsfateat-fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y

“The thumb of the right ‘5’

hand…” fà

Lèsfateat-fj falèattepj-z “…, palm facing out. ” it

Lèsfateat-fj vleatfj-ria-fj “…hand rests on the right

cheek…” ui

Bceak~j’t “…fingers wiggle slightly. ” -zfj

Vèia-ie lebatkitpj=a leieI~re Bcàseaktk=sj lùbateaipj=e lete~rj book

_/lète-t llèteitfj-j-lxè Random House Webster’s American Sign Language Dictionary _/lète-t buate-ct Bcàseaktk=sj foat~a’e:

“Beginning with the palms of both hands together in front of the chest, fingers angled

forward, bring the hands apart at the top while keeping the little fingers together. ”

(Costello 2008a: 121)

Lete~rj _lète-t fcatefj’e-sa fuòbuoakat-bj Fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 2.

Fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 2. Fcatefj’e-sa lete~rj: book



“Beginning with the palms…” ba

Lèsfateat-fj falèattepj-z

“…in front of the chest, fingers angled

forward…” at

Lèsfateat-fj vleatfj-ria-fj

“…the palms both hands together…” pj

Bceak~j’t “…bring the hands apart at the top while

keeping the little fingers together. ” -aidj

Vàia-ie lebatkitpj=a leieI~re Bcàseaktk=sj lùbateaipj=e lete~rj

advantage _/lète-t llèteitfj-j-lxè Random House Webster’s Pocket American Sign Language Dictionary _/lète-t buate-ct Bcàseaktk=sj foat~a’e :

97

“Flick the bent middle finger of the right 5 hand upward off the heel of the left open

hand. ” (Costello 2008b: 7)

Lete~rj _lète-t fcatefj’e-sa fuòbuoakat-bj Fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 3.

Fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 3. Fcatefj’e-sa lete~rj: advantage



“…bent middle finger of the right 5…

left open hand” fluàba

Lèsfateat-fj falèattepj-z “… upward off…” akai

Lèsfateat-fj vleatfj-ria-fj

“…the heel of the left… hand. ” pj

Bceak~j’t “Flick… upward off…” -i-flà

Hèseiatksj=t bàitct-rit-ijct seaibj-j-k bbàtefj-rt-fj sòbatkaipj=a saatpj-a:

advantage fluàbaakaipj-i-flà

Saat-pj Bcàseaktk=sj sòbatkaipj=a, sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t, falèattepj-z _/lète-t, vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t, bceak~j’t _lète-t, sfàitui-at fuoiabj-j-fa. Lebatkitpj=a, vèieqi-a sòbatkaipj-a Bcàseaktk=sj fcatefj’e-sa lete~rj advantage (Fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 3). Baai=t lete~re advantage _/lète-t veak~re lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z sòbatkaipj=a “ia” _/lète-t seak=usj veakfj~i’k-j leiafj-raj lete~rj vèbatkatpj-tepj _lète-t sfàitui-at lxeiaiepj-ieia.

Sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t, falèattepj-z _/lète-t, vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t, bceak~j’t _lète-t-rt bbàatefj-rt-fj veakfj~i’k-j lèia-zsj? Baat-k _lètk=t seie=xfj (vèieqi-q, SCHEMBRI & JOHNSTON 2012). Bbuàatfj-bàai, luètect-rit-ct ssètkak=sj fòfaakiefj-i fuoiabj-j-fa ssfàatpj-i sòbatkaipj=a. Leiafj-raj, sòbatkaipj=a _lète=t lxèia-ak sfàitui-ak leakfj=k saat=pj seie=xfj baat-k _bàit=t fluàtest-rt OR fate~rj.

Lebatkitpj=a, leieI~re lete~rj “ssètkak=sj”. _Lète=t seie=xfj baat-k _lètk-t faai~i’k lete~rj, “ssètkak=sj” OR “seak=sj” OR “ssèaktk=sj” (vèieqi-a, Yèbateatpj-k 1). Bbàtefj-rt-fj leai-ak veakfj~i’k-j. Lutect-rit-ct fòfaakiefj-i falèattepj-z [tkak] (vèieqi-a, Yèbateatpj-k 1, Form A) buàitwi-j=yà? “sètk=k” _/lète-t bceak~j’t fuoiabj-j-fa ssfàatpj-i.

Lèak=a buàit=wi sòbatkaipj=a hrèbaiaitfj-pj ssfàatpj-i bbcàtktefj=te? Bbuàatfj-rta luètect-rit-ct lèbateai=pj fceatfj-j soakai=pj saat-pj ssfàatpj=k lete~rj bbàataipj-te, lèbateai=pj lete~rj hrèbaiaitfj-pj foitatfj’a~t’j.

98

Form A Form B Form C

ssètkak=sj ssèat=sj ssèaktk=sj

Saat-pj /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-

ria-fj bàte-t.

Saat-pj /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj bàat=i’k.

Saat-pj /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-

ria-fj bàja-j.

Yèbateatpj-k 1. 3 vluèia-tegi veakfj’l~i’k-j lete~rj: work. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj

Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t hueit-fj-/fj-fj llèteitfj-j-lxè 3 fòbaiaitfj-pj: lèsfateat-fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, lèsfateat-fj falèattepj-z, lèsfateat-fj vleatfj-ria-fj. Lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct lèie-a bbàtaia=sj _lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a lèvaaktefj’a-raj-’v:

sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y falèattepj-z vleatfj-ria-fj

1 2 3 Lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a bbàtaia=sj _lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a lèfaakiefj’a-raj-’y: /bbàtaia=sj

sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y

sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y

/bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-

z falèattepj-z

vleatfj-ria-fj

1 2 3 4 5 Lèia-ie vèie-a baat=rej’rat /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y. Bbuàatfj-rta vèie-a baat=rej’rat /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z. Bbèattebj-j-k bbàataipj-te, vleatfj-ria-fj. Lèsfateat-fj Sfàbaitfj’a-’v-’y

Bbàtefj-rt-fj lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-rt lxèia-ak buate=ct “lèsfateat-fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y”. _Lète=t lcsebaatpj-e sòbatkaipj=a bbàtk=k-fuj vèie-a ssfàitteoi=akfj: Lèia-ie ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t heatfj’e-a DESCRIPTOR. _/Lète-rt Faiaka-fuoaiakfj buait=fj 13

99

lèsfateat-fj ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-rt hrebatkitpj=a leakfj-j sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y vvlètebj-rt-bj:

sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi-akfj: b d f g h l m n p s v w y

Sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lète-rt buate=ct seie-a-fa vvlètebj-rt-bj. Lèie-a sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y vvlètebj-rt-bj _lète-t sòbatlaipj-a hrebatlitpj=a saat-pj lèie-a ssfàitteoi=akfj. Sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-rt yèieui-a leit=lxe-j, hrebatlitpj=a saat-pj vèie=a OR fuoit=fj ssfàitteoi=akfj. Bbàtefj-rt-fj sòbatkaipj-a sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-rt bbèattebj-j-k saat=pj lèie-a OR fuoit=fj DESCRIPTOR:

DESCRIPTOR

FINGER r

FINGER AND THUMB c x o u

THUMB a e DESCRIPTOR [o, u, c, x] _/lète-t hruèsetkaksj-t fabàiatasj=zfj hruèsetkaksj-t sfàte=xfj. DESCRIPTOR [r] _/lète-t hruèsetkaksj-t lèia-tk-ie fabàiatesj=zfj. Sfàbaiaitfj’a-’v-’y _lète-t buate=ct DESCRIPTOR [c, x, r] bbuàtefj-rta bfàatI-a bbèattebj-j-k saat=pj [a] OR [e]. Bbàtefj-rt-fj sfàbaiaitfj’a-’v-’y _lète-rt buate=ct sfàte=xfj DESCRIPTOR [a] OR [e]; seie-a-fa sfàbaiaitfj’a-’v-’y _lète-rt bbèattebj-j-k saat=pj [a] OR [e], leiafj-raj bbàataipj-e-te bbèattebj-j-k saat=pj [o] OR [u]. Bbàtefj-rt-fj sòbatkaipj-a sfàbaiaitfj’a-’v-’y _lète-rt bbèattebj-j-k saat=pj [a, e, o, u] _/lète-t faai~i’k sòbatkaipj=a saat-pj sòia-ei, _/lète-t lèbateai=pj sàitni-a-at. Sfàbaitfj’a-’v-’y fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j Bbuàtefuj-a fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j _lète-t lebatkitpj-a bcèbaitiaqi-pj seie-a-fa leakfj=j sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y saat=pj sòbatkaipj-a hrèbatlitpj=a. Lcsèbaitatqi=pj faai=t? Sòbatkaipj=a _lète-t seak-usj hrebatkitpj=a ffòatfj’a-ak OR leit=lxe-j sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y. B

Ba Bfa Be Bu

100

Bua Bue Buo

Bca Bce Bcse

Bco Bcu

Bfla Bfle

Bfha Bfhfa Bfhe

101

Bhra Bhre Bhe

Bxa Bxfa Bxe

Bse Bso Bsuo

Bsxa Bsxfa D

Da Dfa De Do

102

F

Fa Fe Fo

Fu Fua

Fca Fcfa Fce Fco

Fse Fsuo

Fle Flce Flo Flua

103

Fve Fvo

Fxa Fxfa Fxe

Fda Fdra

Fde Fdre

Fna Fnra

104

Fne Fnre

Fha Fhra

Fhe Fhre

Fma Fme G

Ga Gfa Ge Go

105

H

Ha Hfa He

Ho Hco

Hu Hua Hue

Hra Hre Hro

Hrue Hruo

106

Hxa Hxfa Hxe

Hsa Hsfa Hse L

La Lfa Le Lo

Lu Lua Lue Luo

Lca Lcfa Lco

107

Lce Lcse

Lse

Lxe Lxo M

Me Mo Mua Mue N

Ne No

108

P

Pe Po S

Sa Sfa So

Se Sle She Sme V

Va Ve Vo

Vu Vua

109

Vla Vle Vlce

Vlo Vluo Vso

Vce Vcse

Vxa Vxfa Vxe Vxo W

We Wxe Wo

110

Y

Ya Yfa Ye Yo

Yla Yle Ylo

Yu Yue Lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct lèie-a /bbàtaia-sj

Lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate=ct lèia-tk-ie lèie=a /bbàtaia=sj sòbatkaipj-a bbcàtefjtkte=te? Sòia-ei _/lète-t fàbuoat=fuòdj bbèattebj-j-k ssfàitteoi=akfj [ a e o u ] (Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t foat~a’e p. 142).

Yàia-a [I love you] (v.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate-ct leak=k: Lèak=k, lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, /lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [yla]. Falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Vèieqi-a, sòia-ei _/lète-t fàbuoat=fuòdj lèia-zsj? Buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei [a]. Buàitwi-j=yà? “Yàia-a” _/lète-t _/lèia-tk-ie _/lèie=a /bbàtaia=sj. “Yàia-a” _/lète-t bceak~j’t faai=t? Buàat-a bceak~j’t (FORWARD yueatfj-j buoak~j’t) _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-a].

Lete~rj _lète-t buatte=ct vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj

Lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate=ct vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj, vèbatkatpj-tepj /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj, lete~rt _lète-rt buate=ct fàie-a

111

vvlètebj-rt-bj. Vèie-a _/lète-t buate=ct /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj buait=fj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, bbuàatfj-rta vàia-a _/lète-t buate=ct /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj leakfj-a lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y. Buait=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate-ct buait=fj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y bbuàatfj-bàai buate=ct vèia-a vvlètebj-rt-bj. Lèia-ie vvlètebj-rt-bj _lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buoak~j’t. Vèia-ie vvlètebj-rt-bj _lète-t vèbceiatepj-k-hè /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj buoak~j’t.

Buait=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a bceak~j’t _lète-t

baattebj-rk /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj, bbàatfj-bàai sòbatkaipj=a bbcatkte=te? Lèia-ie sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a vèbatepj-i. Bbuàatfj-rta [ a e o u] _/lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a saatpj-faak sòia-ei. Baitpj-z [pray] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj rj _lète-t buate-ct leak=k: Lèak=k, lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, /lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct lèie-a sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [it]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [pj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /bbàteia=pj. “Baitpj-z” _/lète-t bceak~j’t faai=t? Bàit-z _/bàai=t _/lète=suj (WIGGLING buoak~j’t) _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-z].

Buait=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, /bbàtaia=sj /bbàtaia=sj bceak~j’t

Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a lèia-tk-ie lèie=a /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t seia=a /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t saat=pj bceak~j’t, bbuàatfj-bàai sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtkte=te? Lèia-ie, lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a vèbateaipj-i. Vèia-ie, sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k ssfàitteoi=akfj [ a e o u ]. Buàitwi-j=yà? Lèia-tk-ie lèie=a /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t bceak~j’t. Ssètkak=sj [work] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate-ct leak=k: Lèak=k, lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, /lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y vèbceiatepj-k-hè buait=fj. Sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ssè]. “Ssètkak=sj” _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a falèattepj-z, lèia-ie saat=pj /bbàtaia=sj, vèia-ie saat=pj bbàtaia=sj, sòbatkaipj=a

112

[tkak]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [è]. “Ssètkak=sj” _lète-t bceak~j’t faai=t? Bàsetkak-sj-sj _/bàai=t _/lètk=sj, sòbatkaipj=a [=sj].

Leakfj-j sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _/lete-rt, yèieui-a buate=ct leakfj-j sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y bbuàatfj-baai buate=ct vàia-a vvlètebj-rt-bj. Lèia-ie vvlètebj-rt-bj _lète-t, /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate-ct lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj, lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t bceak~j’t. Vèia-ie vvlètebj-rt-bj _lète-t bbàtaia=sj _lète-t buate-ct lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj, leiafj-raj /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t bceak~j’t. Vàia-ie vvletebj-rt-bj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj _lète-t buate-ct lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj, /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè bceak~j’t saatpj-a. Yàak-j’t bbàtefj-rt-fj lete~rj, sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtkte=te? Lèia-ie /bbàtaia=sj vèia-ie bbàtaia=sj.

/Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj, /Bbàtaia=sj bceak~j’t Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate=ct leakfj-j

lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj, bbuàatfj-bàai sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k ssfàitte=akfj _lète-t fuòbuoakat=bj sòbatkaipj=a /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y. Fluàbaakaipj-i-flà [advantage] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate-ct /lèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèakJ-k: /LèakJ=k, lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k lèia-ie bceak~j’t, lèakJ=k vèia-ie bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lèia-ie sòbatkaipj=a [flua], vèia-ie sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. “Fluàbaakaipj-i-flà” _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a falèattepj-z, lèia-ie saat=pj /bbàtaia=sj, vèia-ie saat=pj bbàtaia=sj, sòbatkaipj=a [akai]. /Bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t /bbàteia=pj. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t fuòbuoakat=bj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y sòbatkaipj=a [fluà]. /LèakJ-k _lèak=k _/lète-t bceak~j’t faai=t? Buàit-i _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-i]. /LèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèak=k _/lète-t bceak~j’t faai=t? Lxeiaiepj-ieia fluàak-z _/lète-t flàakI-z _/lète-t, _/lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a [-i-flà].

Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj, /Bbàtaia=sj bceak~j’t

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate=ct leakfj-j lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj leiafj-raj /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t bceak~j’t, bbuàatfj-bàai sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei

113

bbèattebj-j-k ssfàitte=akfj _lète-t fuòbuoakat=bj sòbatkaipj=a bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y. Fabàiatklj-zfj [tree] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak-k: Lèak=k, lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, /lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lèia-ie sòbatkaipj=a [fa], vèia-ie sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. “Fabàiatklj-zfj” _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a falèattepj-z, lèia-ie saat=pj /bbàtaia=sj, vèia-ie saat=pj bbàtaia=sj, sòbatkaipj=a [iatk]. Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t /lèseteie=lj. Bbuàatfj-bàai, sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t fuòbuoakat=bj bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y sòbatkaipj=a [bà]. Leiafj-raj, bceak~j’t _lète-t saat-pj /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Fàia-zf _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-zfj].

Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj, baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate=ct leakfj-j lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj vèbceietepj-k-hè /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj bceak~j’t, bbuàatfj-rta sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t. Lebatkitpj=a [example] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak-k: Lèak=k, lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, /lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lèia-ie sòbatkaipj=a [le], vèia-ie sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. “Lebatkitpj=a” _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a falèattepj-z, lèia-ie saat=pj /bbàtaia=sj, vèia-ie saat=pj bbàtaia=sj, sòbatkaipj=a [tkit]. /Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t /bbàiate=pj. Baai=t, bceak~j’t _lète-t baattebj-rk /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj sòbatkaipj=a [=a] _/lète-t buàat-a. Bbuàatfj-bàai, sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, leiafj-raj /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj, _lète-t /bbàteia=pj sòbatkaipj=a [pj].

(Vleatfj’v-ri-fj’v foat~a’e setkbj-j-fait Bceak~j’t.) Lèsfateat=fj Falèattepj-z

Bbuàatfj-rta, luètect-rit-ct lèbateai=pj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t foat~a’e faai=t? Bàte-t-at-a. _/Lète=t saat=pj /bbàteia=pj, vèbatkatpj-tepj /bbàteiapj-a, /bbàatitpj-t, /bbàtkaipj-I, /bbàteia=pj _/lète-t bute=ct. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t fuòbuoakat=bj lèsfateat=fj lete~rj. Vèieqi-a Yèbateatpj=k 3 (Hrèia-tr), baai=t luètect-rit-ct lebatkitpj-a wòia-a bàte-t-at-a [ a e i k j t ] _/lète-rt yàak-j’t CARTESIAN bàte-t-at-a _lète-t llèteitfj-j-lxè luatbj=t (vèieqi-a, Yèbateatpj=k 3, lfàia-tl).

114

Yèbateatpj-k 3. (lfàia-tl) foatfj’a-rei=bj bàte-t-at-a heatfj’e-a CARTESIAN COORDINATE seaibj-j-k; (hrèia-tr) 6 ssfàitteoi=akfj bàte-t-at-a foitatfj’a~t’j _lète-t hèseiatksj=t foat~a’e falèattepj-z.

6 bàte-t-at-a heatfj’e-a: bàat-a (forward), bàat-e (backward), bàit-

i (upward), bàit-k (downward), bàja-j (outward), bàte-t (inward).

CARTESIAN bàte-t-at-a

x -x z -z y -y

Leiaiepj-ieia a e i k t j

Bàte-t-at-a Bàat-a Bàat-e Bàit-i Bàit-k Bàte-t Bàja-j

Falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtkte=te? Vèie-a bbàataipj-te, lèia-ie /bbàtaia=sj, vèia-ie bbàtaia=sj. Vèbceietepj-k-hè bbàataipj-te _/lète-rt hèseiatksj=t lèia-tk-ie vèie=a ssfàitteoi-akfj. LeieI~re lèie=a /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t falèattepj-z sòbatkaipj=a saat-pj vèie-a ssfàitteoi=akfj. Lèia-ie ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t foat~a’e lèvetkia=fj _lète-t lèbatkatfj’e-te lèiaI-zsj? /Lèbateia=sj. Bbèattebj-j-k lèiaI-zsj? /Lèbateiafj-e. Vèia-ie ssfàitteoi-akfj foat~a’e lèvetkia=fj _lète-t lèbatkatfj’e-te lèiaI-zsj? Fluàbatkai-ri-pj /bbàteia=pj _/lèatpj-a. Vèieqi-a Yèbateatpj=k 4.

115

Yèbateatpj-k 4. /Bbàteia=pj bàte-t-at-a: 1) /lèbateia=sj _/lète=fj’e lèvetkia=fj; 2) fluàbatkai-rk-pj /bbàteia=pj lèvetkia=fj. Falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtkte=te? Lèia-ie bàte-t-at-a lèvetkia=fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a lèia-ie, vèia-ie bàte-t-at-a lèvetkia=fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a vèia-ie. Lèie=a Falèattesj-zsj

Lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z _/lète-t leak=bj, bbuàatfj-rta lèia-tk-ie sòbatkaipj=a lèie=a falèattepj-z.

Lèie-a /Bbàtaia=sj Lete~rj Bàte-st [my] (adj.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a bbàataipj-te. Lèia-ie, lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Vèia-ie falèattepj-z sòbatkaipj=a [te]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y bbèattebj-j-k ssfàitteoi=akfj., buàitwi-j=yà? “Bàte-st” _/lète-t lete~rj bute=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a bbcàtkte=te? [-st] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a fàte=st.

Vèie-a /Bbàtaia=sj Lete~rj, Leak=bj Falèattepj-z

Beak~j’t [behavior] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a bbàataipj-te. Lèia-ie, lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [be]. Vèia-ie falèattepj-z sòbatkaipj=a [ak]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-ak hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? “beak~j’t” _/lète-t lete~rj buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? /Bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè buòak-

116

raj’ret saatpj-a leiafj-raj bàte-t-at-a _/lète-t letefj-raj-ie. /Bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t bàja-j, bbàtaia=sj _lète-t /bàte-t.

Vèie-a Falèattepj-z Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj, Leakfj-j falèattepj-z

Bbàteaipj-j vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct vèie-a falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaippj=a bbcàtkte=te? Lèia=ie /bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z, vèia-ie bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z vèbceietepj-k-hè leakfj-j. Yèui-a /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj buait=fj falèattepj-z bbuàatfj-rta lèia-tk-ie lèia=a falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a.

Baiaiepj-ieia [become] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a bbàataipj-te. Lèia-ie, lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Vèia-ie falèattepj-z _/lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj [iaie]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-ak hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? “Baiaiepj-ieia” _/lète-t lete~rj buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè bceak~j’t. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Falèattepj-z lxèiaiepj-ieia, vèbatkatpj-tepj /bbàtaia=sj bàia-z lxèiaie-ieia bàie-z, bbàtaia=sj /bàie-z lxèiaiepj-ieia /bàia-z.

Lèsfateat=fj Vleatfj-ria-fj

Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sfàitui-at lèie-ri fuòbuoakat=bj lèsfateat=fj lete~rj. Faai~i’k /bbàtaia=sj OR /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè buate=ct lèsfateat=fj vleakfj-ria-fj. _Lète-t vèbatkatpj-tepj /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t fluàsetkak-sj sfàte-ia bbàataipj-te betect-bt, buàitwi-j=yà? Setebj-atbj lèsfateat=fj lete~rj. Luètect-rit-ct fuote-faai fèie=a bbàataipj-te betect-bt heatfj’e-a [ i j k t ]. Vèieqi-a yèbateatpj=k.

117

i j k t

bàtkI=fi bcàtecj-lj bàkt=lk Bàtest-bt

Vleatfj-ria-fj ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a saat-pj lèie-a OR vèie-a fuòbuoat=fuòdj ssfàitteoi=akfj foat~a’e ssòakai-ra-pj betect-bt vleatfj-ria-fj. Ssfàitteoi=akfj vèai=j’t _/lète-rt bbèattebj-j-k saat-pj [ i j k t]. Buòia-a-ak vleatfj-ri-fj6

Bbuàatfj-rta, bcèbaitiaqi=pj _lète-t lebatkitpj-a ssòakai-ra-pj batect-bt vleatfj-ria-fj ssfàitteoi=akfj vèai=j’t.

Bàtk=-fi

i

6 Base images lèiewi-a-ia these diagrams were obtained online, and their sources have labeled them lèiewi-a-ia

reuse or as being in the public domain.

118

Bcàtecj-lj, bbàtaia=sj /bbàtaia=sj]

j

APOSTROPHE (luèia-ai) _/lète-t lebatkitpj-a fuoit=fj soakai=pj

vleatfj-ria-fj. Vèieqi-a lebatkitpj=a lèie-i, luèia-ai _/lète-t bcatefj-j ssfàatsuj=k /llètaia=fuj. Lèfatkitfj’l-’v-’y buate=ct foleakiefj-i sòbatkaipj-a mete-ak: [fj’a, fj’l, fj’v, fj’w, fj’y fj’e]. BàktJ=gk

k

119

TORSO

t

Vèie-a /Bbàtaia=sj Lete~rj

Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-rt faai~i’k leai-ak buaate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t OR lèia-tk-ie bbàtaia=sj _lète-t OR /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè ylaakfj-j-ya. Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt foat~a’e vleatfj-ri-fj sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? Sòbatkaipj-a saatpj-a, lèia-ie /bbàtaia=sj, bbuàatfj-rta bbàtaia=sj: [/bbàtaia=sj] + [bbàtaia=sj]. Yèieui-a, /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj bbuàatfj-bàai sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k /bbàtaia=sj lèsfaitteoi=akfj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y sffàitteoi=akfj. Yèieui-a, bbàtaia=sj _lète-t bute=ct vleatfj-ria-fj, bbuàatfj-bàai sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k bbàtaia=sj lèsfaitteoi=akfj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj. Yèieui-a, /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè bute=ct vleatfj-ri-fj, bbuàatfj-bàai sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t. Buait=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, /Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-rt leakfj-j yèia-re lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj buàatfj-bàai sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? Lèia-ie, lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòtkaipj=a lèia-tk-ie lèbateaipj-i, yèia-re lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a vèbateaipj-i. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàiyteoi=akfj. Buàitwi-j=yà? /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj.

Bbàitsj-t [before] (adv.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj

120

_lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [bba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [it]. /Bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ri-fj sòbatkaipj=a [sj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèiaI-zsj? Bbàtaia=sj lèbateie=sj. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, bàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj. Bbuàatfj-rta bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Buoak-raj’ret bàte-t, _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-t].

Buait=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj buait=fj yèia-re bbàtaia=sj _lète-t bute=ct vleatfj-ria-fj bbuàatfj-bàai lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? Lèia-ie sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t vèbateaipj-i. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t.

Bbaattesuj=usj [fish] (n.) Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat=fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat=fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [bba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? Saatpj-a /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj [atte]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? bbàtaia=sj _lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj. _Lète-t lèiaI-zsj? [suj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /bbàtaia=sj /lèbateia=suj. Bbuàatfj-rta bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Lèbateie=sj bàit-usj-usj, sòbatkaipj=a bccàtktefj=te? [=usj].

Buait=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, Baattebj-rk’ri vleatfj-ria-fj Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt bbàteaipj-j buate=ct

lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj, bbàtefj-rt-fj buait=fj. Vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t llèteitfj-j-lxè lèbatkatfj’e-te bceak~j’t _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri.

Saatpj-j-fa [without] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct /lèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèakJ-k: /lèakJ=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, _lèak-k _lèakJ-k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [sa]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [pj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /bbàteia=pj bbàteia=pj, sfàitui-at /lèfateiefuj-j, buàitwi-j=yà? Sàia-z _/lète-t

121

/lèfateiefuj-j _/lète-t sfàitui-at fuoiabj-j-fa. Bbuàatfj-rta, sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri vleatfj-ria-fj, baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Lèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t buoak-raj’ret bàja-j _lète-t sòtkaipj=a [-j]. Vèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-fa].

Leakfj-j sfàbaitisfj’a-’v-’y, /Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ri-fj

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate=ct leakfj-j sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate-ct vleatfj-ria-fj, bbuàatfj-bàai sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj.

Lèbaitpj-rt [hour] (n.) Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /Lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat=fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le], bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj falèattepj-z vèbceietepj-k-hè buait=fj, sòbatkaipj=a [it]. /Bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ri-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [pj], _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bbàteia=pj. Bbuàatfj-bàai, sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàittteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? Lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Hrète=rt _/lète-t buate=ct hrueyueatfj-j bàte-t _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-rt].

Leakfj-j sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate=ct leakfj-j lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, leiafj-raj bbàtaia=sj _lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj. Bbuàatfj-bàai sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rai bbèattebj-j-k bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj.

Lebàietklj-te [day] (n.) Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat=fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le], bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-a _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie], bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [tk]. Bbàtaia=sj _lète-e buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj _lèta-t sòbatkaipj=a [lj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèiaI-zsj /Lèseteie=lj. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei

122

bbèattebj-j-k bbàtais=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitia’j’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Lxeiaiepj-ieai falèattepj-z, _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcatktefj=te? [-te].

FàbatkakI-ri vleatfj-ria-fj Lete~rj _lète-rt bbàteatpj-j buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t

sfàitui-at fluàsetkak-sj betect-bt, vleatfj-ria-fj _lète=t fàbatkakI-ri, sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? Lcaat-j ssfàitteoi=akfj [ I J K T ]. Lèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

LèieI-ri [something] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [le], lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [I] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèieI-re OR bàtk=k-fi vleatfj-ria-fj. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, bàitwi-j=yà? “LèieI-ri” _/lète-t buate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Hrète-rt _/lète-t hruèyuetkaifj-i bàit-i. Bceak~j’t _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-ri].

Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj veieI-usj [vain] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat-fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ve]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [I] _/lète-t _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèieI-re OR bàtk=k=fi. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, bàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè buate-ct buait=fj vleatfj-ria-fj, buate=ct baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? /lèbateie=sj lèbateie=sj bàit-usj-usj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-usj].

Bcoia-j vleatfj-ria-fj

Seie-a-fa lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj OR bute=ct /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj, faai~i’k vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sfàitui-at lcsebaatpj-e. Leiafj-raj, lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z, vèbceietepj-k-hè lèie-ri lcsebaatpj-e.

123

Lèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj Yàak-j’t [similar] (adj.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ya]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàakatfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, bàitwi-j=yà? “yàak-j’t” _/lète-t buate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Ylaakfj-j-yà buoak-raj’ret bàja-j-te-t, _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-j’t].

Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Seie-a-fa [many] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct /lèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèakJ-k: /LèakJ=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k lèakJ=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [se]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ai]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, bàitwi-j=yà? “Seie-a-fa” _lète-t bute=ct /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’rt bceak~j’t. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Lèak=k lèakJ=k, lèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t buoak-raj’ret bàat-a _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-a]. Vèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-fa].

Bceak~j’t

Lete~rj _lète-rt bbàtefj-rt-fj buate=ct bceak~j’t. Lete~rj _lète-t lcsebaatpj-e buate=ct bbàtk=k-fuj lèie-a bceak~j’t, leiafj-raj sfàak-ra-ai lete~rj _lète-t faai~i’k bute=ct vèie-a OR fuoit=fj bceak~j’t. Baai=t, luètect-rit-ct foat~a’e DESCRIPTOR _/lète-t lxeiaiepj-ieia leakfj=k buoak~j’t. Bceak~j’t _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te?

[Lèsfateat=fj

Lete~rj] +

[Lèia-ie Bceak~j’t]

+ [Vèia-ie

Bceak~j’t] + […]

Bceak~j’t _lète-t buate=ct fàie-a vvlètebj-rt-bj ssfàatsuj=k bcatefj-j bbcàtktefj=te? Vàie-a DESCRIPTOR _/lète-rt heatfj’e-a “seak=rt” [-], heatfj’e-a “vèbateaipj-i seak=rt” [=], heatfj’e-a “seak~rt” [~]

Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Lèbateaipj-i Bceak~j’t -

Vèbateaipj-i Bceak~j’t =

124

Lèbateaipj-i Bceak~j’t LèiaI-zsj [where] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [I] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèieI-re OR bàtk=k-fi. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, bàitwi-j=yà? “LèiaI-zsj” _/lète-t bute=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? /Lèbateie=sj bàit-zsj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-zsj].

Vèbateaipj-i Bceak~j’t

Sèak=usj [yes] (adv.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat=fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y sòbatkaipj=a [se]. Lèsfateat-fj falèattepj-z _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, bàitwi-j=yà? “Sèak=usj” _/lète-t buate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? /Lèteie=sj bàit-usj-usj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [=usj].

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Seak=rt -

Vèbateaipj-I Seak=rt =

Seak~rt ~

Seak=rt Bceak~j’t Seie-a [strong] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [se]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, bàitwi-j=yà? “Seia-a” _lète-t buate=ct /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri buait=fj bceak~j’t. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Buoak-raj’ret bàat-a _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-a].

125

Vèbateaipj-i Seak=rt Bceak~j’t Faseakatbj=k [stress] (n.)

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [fa], bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [se]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak], bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. /Bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj lèiaI-zsj? Bbàitiabj-i’k _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [bj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bbàitiabj-i’k. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, bàitwi-j=yà? “Faseakatbj=k” _lète-t buate=ct /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Buoal-raj’ret bàkt-k _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [=k].

Seak~rt Bceak~j’t Veie~rt [visit] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ve]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, bàitwi-j=yà? /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Hrète=rt _/lète-t seak~rt, _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefk=te? [~rt].

Bceak~j’t _lète-t luètect-rit-ct foat~a’e hèseiatksj=t vàie-a

leakfj=j vvlètebj-rt-bj buoak~j’t: 1. Lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, lxeiaiepj-ieia falèattepj-z,

OR lxeiaiepj-ieia vleatfj-ria-fj (OR fceakai~rk’ri) 2. Fàia-zfj, Fàia=xfj, Bàit=usj 3. Yueatfj-j buoak~j’t 4. Hrète-rt 5. Hrèat-raj

1a. Lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y

Lete~rj _lète-rt bbàteaipj-j buate=ct bceak~j’t _lète-t lèia-tk-ie lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y. Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t bbàteaipj-j lèia-tk-ie buate=ct lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxèiaiepj-ieia _lète-rt hèseiatksj=t saat-pj ASL FINGERSPELLING _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t bcaitui~a’e Bcàseaktk=sj lcèleit=fj.

126

Sàia-sè-là [ASL] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct /lèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèakJ-k: /lèakJ=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k lèakJ=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat=fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [sa]. Lèsfateat-fj falèattepj-z sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòa-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, bàitwi-j=yà? “Sàia-sè-là” _/lète-t buate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtais=sj. Bbuàatfj-rta, lèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-se]. Vèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-la].


Seit-bce-se [amazed] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct /lèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèakJ-k: /lèakJ=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k lèakJ=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [se]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [it]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at, bàitwi-j=yà? “Seit-bce-se” _lète-t buate=ct /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Lèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-bce]. Vèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-se].

1b. Lxeiaiepj-ieia falèattepj-z

Yàak-j’t sfàak-j-ai bàiejt=ufj foat~a’e _lète-t fuòbuoakat=bj Lèsfateat=fj Falèattepj-z, baat=t luètect-rit-ct lèbateaip=pj falèattepj-z lxèiaiepj-ieia. _Lète-t foat~a’e saat=pj vèie-a ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-rt ssfàatsuj=k hrebatkitpj=a lèvetkia=fj _lète-t /bbàteia=pj bàte-t-at-a. Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Vàia-ie [third] (adj.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [va]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, bàitwi-j=yà? “Vàia-ie” _/lète-t buate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bbuàatfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? falèattepj-z lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-ie].

127

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj Baakai-aiak [die] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattesp-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak], bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattesp-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ai]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, bàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Bbuàfj-rta, bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Falèattepj-z lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? [-aiak].

1c. Lxeiaiepj-ieia vleatfj-ria-fj

Lete~rj _lète-t bbàteaipj-j buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia faai~i’k fluàsetkak=sj vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia OR fàbatkakI-ri vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia. _Lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? Bceak~j’t _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a saat-pj buàbakttipj=t vleatfj-ria-fj. _Lète-t lete~rj faai~i’k buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj OR /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj. Lèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Fàit=ui [mother] (n.) Lèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fa]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [it]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Fàit=ui” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t vèbateai-i vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia, sòbatkaipj-a [ui] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèie=ui.


Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-rt faai~i’k buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj OR bbàtaia=sj OR vèbceietepj-k-hè saatpj=a.

Hrèbaiaitfj-pj [rule] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [hre], bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [it]. /Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /bbàtaia=sj /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj,

128

buàitwi-j=yà? “Hrèbaiaitfj-pj” _lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj bceak~j’t. _Lète-t faai=t? Lxeiaiepj-ieia vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-pj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bbàtaia=sj bbàteia=pj.

1d. Lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, falèattepj-z Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Leta~rj lèsfateat-fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxeiaiepj-ieia, lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _lète-rt hèseiatksj=t saat=pj ASL FINGERSPELLING, OR hèseiatksj=t saat=pj lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj ALPHABET _/lèta-t setebj=atbj buait=fj setest-faai saat=pj sòbatkaipj-a Bcàseaktk=sj lcèleit=fj.

Vlèak-yèia [π, pi] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [vle]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Vlèak-yèia” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ye], yèia-re buate=ct falèattepj-z lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ai].


Faiaka-fuoaiakfj [sum] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fa]. /Bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ja]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t faai=t? Sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fuo], yèia-re buate=ct falèattepj-z lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [it], yèia-re buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y.

1e. Lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, vleatfj-ria-fj

Lete~rj _lète-rt bbàteaipj-j buate=ct fceakai~rk’ri _lète-t sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y lxeiaiepj-ieia yèia-re vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia.

129

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj Lèsaiaaiwi-saakpj [blackout] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le], bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. /Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [wi] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lète=wi. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Lèsaiaaiwi-sàakpj” _lète-t lèfatkatfj’e-te lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t lxeiaiepj-ieia sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y, sòbatkaipj-a [sa], lxeiaiepj-ieia falèattepj-z, sòbatkaipj-a [akai], and lxeiaiepj-ieia vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t, sòbatkaipj-a [pj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bbàteia=pj /bbàtaia=sj.

1F. Lxeiaiepj-ieia falèattepj-z, vleatfj-ria-fj Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Bàitct-ijct [our] (adj.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [it]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ct] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bate=ct. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Bàitct-ijct” _/lète-t buate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a. Lèia-ie falèattepj-z lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ij], vèia=ie vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ct].


Baatpj-aidj [book] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [pj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /bbàteia=pj bbàteia=pj vèbceietepj-k-hè. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè buate=ct baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t faai=t? Falèattepj-z lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ai] yèia-re vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [dj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /bbàitiedj-i’k bbàitiedj-i’k.

130

2. Fàia-zfj, Fàia=xfj, BEND Seie-a-fa lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct fàia-zfj _/lète-t saat=pj

lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y OR bàit=sj _/lète-t saat=pj /lèbateie=sj OR bàit=ufj _/lète-t saat=pj lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y. Bceak~j’t _lète-rt sfàitui-at lxeiaiepj-ieia lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y leiafj-rej fuote-a-faai buoak~j’t.

z x u

Fàia-zfj Fàia=xfj Bàit=usj

Fàia-zfj OR fàia=xfj OR bàit=sj _lète-rt fceia-ra buoak~j’t OR feakI-ek buoak~j’t faai=t? Lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y. Luètect-rit-ct hèseiatksj=t ssfàitteoi=akfj [z x u] _/lète-rt hrebatkitpj=a fàia-zfj, fàia=xfj, bàit=usj. _/Lète-rt lèbateaipj-rt sfàabatai=pj setebj=atbj bcatefuj-j faai=t? Yàak-j’t sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y. Lebatkitpj=a bcait-zsj thumbs up OR ten [p. 130]. Yàia-re vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a saat-pj [z x u], buàitwi-j=yà? Vleatfj-ria-fj ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t bcatefuj-j fuoit=fj ssàakai-ra-pj buoak~j’t. Lebatkitpj=a, bcait-zsj always [p. 138] OR something [p. 122]. Fàia-zfj

Fàia-zfj buoak~j’t _lète-t luètect-ri-ct hèseiatksj=t [z] _/lète-t foat~a’e sfàitui-at llèat-ra=bj buàbaai=akpj buoak~j’t _lète-t sfàitui-at lxeiaiepj-ieia lèsfateat-fj lete~rj. Bbàteaipj-j fàia-zfj _lète-t batect=bt vleatfj-ria-fj [lebatkitpj=a lèbateie=sj OR lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y] _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a saat=pj [z], buàitwi-j=yà? Fuote-a-faai fuoit=fj soakai-ra-pj buoak~j’t. Lebatkitpj=a, ten (n.) OR leaf (n.) _/lète-rt buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj lèiaI-zsj? Lèbateie=sj. Leakfj-j lebatkitpj-a, bcait-zsj color (n.) _/lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj lèiaI-zsj? Lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y.

Baatfj-j-ja Fàia-zfj Baatfj-j-ja fàia-zfj _lète-t hèseiatksj=t ssfàitteoi-akfj [z] _/lète-t bàseaktebj=a hrebatkitpj=a bceak~j’t.

Sfàat-z [thumbs up] (adj.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [sfa]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Sfàat-z” _lète-t buate=ct lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t baatfj-j-ja fàia-zfj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-z].

131

/Lèbateie=sj Fàia-zfj Fàia-zfj _/lète-t vleatfj-ria-fj lèiaI-zfj? /Lèbateie=sj. Bbuàatfj-

fàai, ssfàitteoi-akfj [z] _/lète-t sòbatkaipj-a saat=pj [sj].

Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj Sfàat-zsj [ten] Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [sfa]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Sfàat-zsj” _lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t baatfj-j-ja /lèbateie=sj fàia-zfj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [zsj].


Falèattesuj-zsj [leaf] (n.) Vèia-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fa], bbàtaia=sj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at], bbàtaia=sj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [te]. Bbàtaia=sj _lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [suj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèbateia=suj. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? Bbàtaia=sj _lète-t buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t /lèbateie=sj fàia-zfj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-zsj].

/Lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y Fàia-zfj

/Lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y fàia-zfj _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t ssfàitteoi-akfj [z] _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a saat=pj /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y vleatfj-ria-fj [fj].

Fàieui-zfj [color] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fa]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [ui] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèie=ui. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? ”Fàieui-zfj” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct

132

/bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y fàia-zfj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-zfj].

Fàia=xfj

Fàia=xfj _/lète-t buoak~j’t _lète-t fcate-sebj vèbceietepj-k-hè vèia-ie, vàia-ie lèfateiefuj-j [ssfàatpj-i bbuàat=a-fj bbàteia=pj]. Lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y Fàia=xfj

Fàia=xfj _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t ssfàitteoi-akfj [x] _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a saat=pj lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y vleatfj-ria-fj ssfàitteoi-akfj [fj]. Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Lèai-xfj [come hither] (v.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat=fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat=fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ai]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Lèai=xfj” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y fàia=xfj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [=xfj].


Leia-k-xfj [test] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct /lèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèakJ-k: /lèakJ=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k lèakJ=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè buate=ct baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Lèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t bàkt-k buoak~j’t _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-k]. Vèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y fàia=xfj _/lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [-xfj].

Bàit=usj _/lète=sj

Bàit=usj _/lète-t fcate-sebj lèia-ie lèfateiefuj-j [ssfàatpj-i bbuàat=a-fj bbàteia=pj] OR lèbateie=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t yàak-j’t sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi-akfj [u], leiafj-raj buate=ct leak=bj vèbatkatpj-tepj (vèbatkatpj=usj Sfàbaitfj’a-’v-’y fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j). /Lèbateie=sj Bàit=usj

/Lèbateie=sj bàit=usj _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t ssfàitteoi-akfj [u] _/lète-t sòbatkaipj-a saat=pj [sj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /lèbateie=sj.

133

Saak-usj [can] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [sa]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t bàit=usj lèiaI-zsj? /Lèbateie-sj lèbateie-sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-usj].

/Lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y Bàit=ufj

/Lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y bàit=ufj _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t ssfàitteoi-akfj [u] _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a saat=pj [fj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y. Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Bàiect-ufj [past] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ct] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bate=ct. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Bàiect-ufj” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y bàit=ufj [lèia-ie lèfateiefuj-j] _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-ufj].


Baie=ufj [cool] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t vèbateai-i bàit=ufj [lèia-ie lèfateiefuj-j] _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [=ufj].

3. Yueatfj-j buoak~j’t

Yueatfj-j buoak~j’t _lète-t hruèsetkaksj-t buoak-raj’ret yyuèatfj-j _bàte-t. /Bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj vèbceietepj-k-hè sfaatsuj-a 6 CARDINAL bàte-t-at-a heatfj’e-a [ a e i j k t ] (vèbatkatpj=usj Lèsfateat=fj

Falèattepj-z). Yueatfj-j buoak~j’t _lète-t seak-usj buate=ct lèie-a OR

134

fuoit=fj bàte-t-at-a (bbàtkfj-k vàie-a) _lète-rt ssfàatsuj=k bcatefj-j saat=pj luèia-ai. Lèbateaipj-i Buoak~j’t Bàit-i

Foleakiefj-i [unique] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fo], bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [ak], bbàtaia=sj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [ie]. /Bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [fj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj /bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t buoak~j’t yueatfj-j bàit-i _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-i].

Buoak~j’t Bàkt-k

Baat-k [person] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t buoak~j’t yueatfj-j bàkt-k _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-k].

Buoak~j’t Buàat-e

Bàsetkatbj-t [full] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba], bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [se]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [tk], bbàtaia=sj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [at]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [bj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bbàtaia=sj bbàitiabj-i’k. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t faai=t? Buoak~j’t bàte-t _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [t].

135

Buoak~j’t Bàja-j Fceatfj-j [much] (adv.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fce]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t yueatfj-j buoak~j’t bàja-j _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-j].

Buoak~j’t Buàat-a

Lèatui-a [true] (adj.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [ui] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèie=ui. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Lèatui-a” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t yueatfj-j buoak~j’t buàat-a _/lète=t sòbatkaipj=a [-a].

Buoak~j’t Buàat-e

Bbàakfuj-e [slow] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [bba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fuj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a /lèfateiefuj-j. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Bbàakfuj-e” _lète-t lèia-tk-ie /bbàtaia=sj buate=ct vleatfj-ria-fj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t yueatfj-j buoak~j’t buàat-e _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-e].

Buoak~j’t Buaat~rt

Luètect-rit-ct hèseiatksj=t luèia-ai _lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bcatefj-j vèie-a yueatfj-j buoak~j’t lfàai-ak-ai. Buoak~j’t buaat~rt _lète-t leai-ak yèieui-a /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t buoak-raj’ret saat=pj vèie-a bàte-t-at-a:

[Lèsfateat-fj Lete~rj] + [Bàte-t-at-a A’Bàte-t-at-a B] Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t hrebatkitpj=a buaat~rt lfàai-ak-ai bàte-t-at-a buoak~j’t. Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t seak-usj

136

hrebatkitpj=a /bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj bceak~j’t _lète-t buaat~rt lfàai-ak-ai seak~rt.

Sèkt-i’k [bag] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [se]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [kt]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Sèkt-i’k” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a yueatfj-j buoak~j’t, lèia=ie bàit-i, vèia-ie bàkt-k _lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a saatpj-a [i’k]. Foat~a’e [define] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fo]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t yueatfj-j buoak~j’t seak~rt _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [~a’e] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a vèie-a bàte-t-at-a _/lète-t letefj-rej-ie, buàat-a buàat-e.

Buoaak~j’t Lluèiafj-i’j

Luètect-rit-ct hèseiatksj=t luèia-ai _/lèta-t hrebatkitpj=a yueatfj-j buoak~j’t lluèiafj-i’j.

Lueiafj-j’k-fj [triangle] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct /lèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèakJ-k: /lèakJ-k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k lèakJ=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [lue]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [fj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Lèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t yueatfj-j buoak~j’t llèiafj-i’k _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-j’k] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a vèie-a bàte-t-at-a, bàja-j bàkt-k. Vèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t vleatfj-ria-fj lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [fj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y.

137

4. Buoak~j’t Hrete-rt Seie-a-fa lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct hrète-rt bceak~j’t. Baai=t,

luètect-rit-ct foat~a’e hrète-rt bceak~j’t _lète-t buate=ct leakfj=j vvlètebj-rt-bj _lète-rt sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtkte=te? DESCRIPTOR [r] _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a saat=pj hreyueatfj-j bàte-t-at-a. _/Lète-t hèseiatksj=t 6 CARDINAL bàte-t-at-a ssfàitteoi=akfj heatfj’e-a [ a e i j k t ] (vèbatkatpj=usj Lèsfateat=fj Falèattepj-z).

Hreyueatfj-j _lète-t buate=ct bàte-t-at-a bbcàtktefj=te? “Bcfàat-sfàte Hrèbaitfj-pj” (right-hand-rule) _lète-t llèteitfj-j-lxè luatbj=t (vèbatkatpj=usj LECKIE & BELLO 2009: 15). Bcfàat-sfàte Hrèbaitfj-pj _lète-t hèseiatksj=t bbcàtktefj=te? Yèieui-a /lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y bàat-xfj _/lète=fuj baat-a saat=pj hrète-rt, bbuàatfj-bàai /lèsfate=fj _lèiafj-i saat=pj hruèyueakaifj-i (lebatkitpj-a lfàia-tl fuòbuoakat=bj Yèbateatpj-k 5). “Bcfàat-sfàte Hrèbaitfj-pj” _lète-t sfàitui-at leakfj=k /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj, fatefj~a’e.

Yèbateatpj-k 5. (lfàia-tl) “Bcfàat-sfàte Hrèbaitfj-pj” yyuèatfj-j _hrète-rt bàte-t-at-a; (hrèia-tr) hrète-rt bàte-t-at-a bàit-i [ri], bàkt-k [rk].

Yèieui-a baat-k _lètk-t _/lèia-z _vèieqi-a _vuètkfj=k, bbuàatfj-bàai lèia-z _lètk-t /bbàtaia=sj bàak-ri bbàtaia=sj /bàak-ri _lète-rt bceak~j’t heatfj’e-a [ri] (lebatkitpj-a hrèia-tr fuòbuoakat=bj Yèbateatpj-k 5). Buàbaai-akpj, yèieui-a lèia-z _lètk-t /bbàtaia=sj bàak-rk bbàtaia=sj /bàak-rk _lète-rt bceak~j’t heatfj’e-a [rk].

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t seak-usj sfàak-j-ai hrète-rt heatfj’e-a “seak~rt”. Lebatkitpj=a lete~rj science (n.) _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [sfata~re] _lète-t buate=ct DESCRIPTOR [~] _lète-t hèseiatksj=t foat~a’e buoak~j’t seak~rt (vèbatkatpj=usj p. 139).

138

Yèieui-a lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct vèie-a ylaakfj-j-ya hrète-rt, bbuàatfj-bàai luètect-rit-ct hèseiatksj=t luèia-ai _/lète-t bcatefj-j /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj hrète-rt:

[Lèsfateat-fj Lete~rj] + [hrète-rt A’hrète-rt B]

Hrète-rt Bàte-t-at-a Bàit-i

Lèie-ri [always] (adv.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [le]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ie]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Lèie-ri” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t buate=ct hrète-rt bàte-t-at-a bàit-i _/lète=t sòbatkaipj=a [-ri].

Hrète-rt Bàte-t-at-a Bàkt-k

Luèfuoakaifj-rk [around] (prep.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [lue], bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fuo]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak], bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [ai]. /Bbàtaia=sj lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y bbàtaia=sj. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Luèfuoakaifj-rk” _lète-t buate=ct /bbàttaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t hrète-rt bàte-t-at-a bàkt-k _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-rk].

Hrète-rt Bàte-t-at-a Bàte-t

BàteI-rt [smell] (v.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [te]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [I] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a bbàaktkfuj-rei fàbatkakI-ri. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “BàteI-rt” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj.

139

Bceak~j’t _lète-t hrète-rt bàte-tat-a bàte-t _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-rt].

Hrète-rt Bàte-tat-a Bàja-j

Fàitcj=rj [long ago] (adv.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [fa]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [it]. Lèsfateat=fj vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-t sòbatkaipj-a [cj] _/lète-t hrebatkitpj=a buàie=cj. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Fàitcj=rj” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t vèbateai-i hrète-rt bàte-t-at-a bàja-j _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [=rj].

Hrète-rt Bàte-t-at-a Bàat-a

Baia-ra [Sunday] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t seak-rt hrète-rt bàte-tat-a bàat-a _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-ra].

Hrète-rt Bàte-t-at-a Buàat-e

Sfata~re [science] (n.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [sfa]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ta]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. _Lète-t seak~rt hrète-rt bàte-t-at-a buàat-e _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [~re].

5. HOP

HOP _/lète-t vvlètebj-rt-bj hrète-rt bceak~j’t. /Bbàtaia-sj _/lète-t ssfàatsuj-a bèaj-raj-at OR lète-k-vè hrète-rt. Bbuàatfj-bàai, lete~rj _lète-rt yèieui-a buate=ct HOP sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? Hèseiatksj=t hrète-rt ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t saat=pj fàbuoat=fuòdj bàte-t-at-a ssfàitteoi=akfj [ a e i j k t ] _/lète-rt buòia-a-ak lèiaI-zsj? Bbèattebj-j-k hrète-rt ssfàitteoi=akfj _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a luèak-k fuòbuoakat=bj fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j. _Lète-t lebatkitpj-a 24 HOP hrebatkitpj=a:

140

rai rak rat raj

rei rek ret rej

ria rie rit rij

rka rke rkt rkj

rta rte rti rtk

rja rje rji rjk

Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj

Vcèak-ria [journey] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [vce]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ak]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Vcèak-ria” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t HOP _/lète-t hrète-rt bàit-i buate=ct buoak~j’t bàte-at-at-a bàat-a _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-ria].

Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj Bbuàatfj-rta [next] (adj.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [bbua]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [at]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà? “Bbuàatfj-rta” _lète-t buta=ct /bbàtaia=sj vleatfj-ria-fj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t HOP _/lète-t hrète-rt bàte-t buate=ct buoak~j’t bàte-at-at-a bàat-a _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-rta].

Seie-a-fa bceak~j’t lete~rj

Lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct seia-a-fa bceak~j’t bbàtefj-rt-fj sòbatkaipj=a hèseiatksj=t ssètk-fuj-/fuj:

[Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj] + [1st Bceak~j’t] + [2nd Bceak~j’t] + […]

Luèak-k luètect-rit-ct buàbaitiafj-pj-suj lebatkitpj=a _lète-rt leakfj=j vvlètebj-rt-bj seie-a-fa bceal~j’t lete~rj.

141

Fàia-zfj OR fàia=xfj OR bàit=usj _lète-rt seak=usj sfaatsuj-a yueatfj-j _bàte-t OR hrète-rt:

o Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj query (v.) _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [lceaia~rt-xfj].

Hrète-rt OR HOP _/lète-rt seak=usj leai-ak sfaatsuj-a yueatfj-j _bète-t buoak~j’t:

o Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj hard of hearing (adj.) _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [hèat-k-raj].

Yueatfj-j buoak~j’t _lète-t seak=usj leai-ak sfaatsuj-a hrète-rt: o Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj derivative (n.) _/lète-t

sòbatkaipj=a [lòia-ra-k]. Lxeiaiepj-ieia falèattepj-z OR lxeiaiepj-ieia vleatfj-ria-fj _lète-

et seak=usj leai-ak sfaatsuj-a hrète-rt OR HOP: o Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj important (adj.) _/lète-t

sòbatkaipj=a [foatfj’a-re-akbj]. o Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj middle (adj.) _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a

[fluàbatkai-rk-pj]. o Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj our (adj.) _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a

[bàitct-ri-ijct]. Foat~a’e sfàak-j-ai fòbaiaitfj-pj lèieI~re

Baai=t, luètect-rit-ct hhèteatbj-a-tk lèbateai=pj ASL fòbaiaitfj-pj _lète-rt sfàitui-at fluatestbt-a. Sfàitui-at baitpj-j-zsj lete~rj

Seia-a-fa lete~rj _lète-rt buate=ct baitpj-j-zsj. _Lète-t vèbatkatpj-tepj lete~rj _lète-t yèieui-a hèseiatksj=t /bbàtaia=sj OR bbàtaia=sj, bbuàatfj-bàai fatefj~a’e. Sèai-j-fè lete~rj _lète-rt sfàitui-at buate=ct baitpj-j-zsj, vèbatkaipj-tepj yèieui-a lete~rj baat-k _lètk=t seie=xfj saat=pj /bbàtaia=sj OR bbàtaia=sj bbuàatfj-bàaai lete~rj _lète-t leakfj-j.

Lete~rj _lète-t yèieui-a sfàitui-at baitpj-j-zsj, sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? Luètect-ri-ct hèseiatksj=t [tl] OR [tr] _/lète-rt hrebatkitpj=a yueatfj-j buoak~j’t _lète-t buate=ct bàte-t-at-a lfàia-tl OR hrèia-tr. Lebatkitpj=a, lete~rj _lète-t foat~a’e baatfj-j-ja bàte-t-at-a: lfàia-tl [left], hrèia-tr [right], bxèia-tr [east], wèia-tl [west].

Lfàia-tl [left] (n.) Lèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct leak=k: /lèak=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak=k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [la]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ia]. Sòia-ei _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàaktkfuj-rei bbèattebj-j-k lèsfateat=fj /bbàtaia=sj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y ssfàitteoi=akfj, buàitwi-j=yà?

142

“Lfàia-tl” _/lète-t lèia-tk-ie buate=ct /bbàtaia=sj. Bceak~j’t _lète-t saatpj-faakk baitpj-j-zsj buoak~j’t _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-tl].

Bbàtaia=sj bceak~j’t

Yèieui-a lèbateai=pj seie-a-fa vceia-ai OR fofaakiefj-i lete~rj lueak-leak-a leit~ui, lèbateaipj=rt baat-k _lètk=t faai~i’k hèseiatksj=t bbàtaia=sj _lète-t faai~i’k llcsèatsuj-rj-suj /bbàtaia=sj OR setebj-atbj lete~rj. (Fuoit=fj lèbateai=pj ASL ffòatfj’a-j baat=k-rat _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t bbàtaia=sj, vèbatkatpj=usj LIDDELL [2003].)

Bbàtaia=sj seie=xfj, fuòbuoakat=bj lete~rj Sèai-j-fè lete~rj _lète-rt hèseiatksj=t bcatefuj-j bceak~j’t

_lète-t buate=ct lèia-tk-ie bbàtaia=sj. Luètect-rit-ct hèseiatksj=t FORWARD SLASH [/] _/lète-t sebaiaitpj=a _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a lèiaI-zsj? Bceak~j’t lèbatkatfj’e-te.

Baai-ak-/ak [fold] (v.) Vèie-a /bbàtaia=sj lete~rj _lète-t buate=ct /lèakJ-k _lèak-k _lèakJ-k: /lèakJ=k lèsfateat-fj lete~rj, lèak-k lèakJ-k bceak~j’t. Lèsfateat-fj lete~rj _lète-t lèsfateat=fj sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ba]. Lèsfateat=fj falèattepj-z _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [ai]. Sòia-ie _/lète-t sfàitui-at hèseiatksj=t, buàitwi-j=yà? /Bbàtaia-sj bbàtaia-sj vèbceietepj-k-hè baattebj-rk’ri bceak~j’t. Lèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t /bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-ak]. Vèia-ie bceak~j’t _lète-t bbàtaia=sj falèattepj-z lxeiaiepj-ieia _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [-/ak].

Bbàtaia=sj seie=xfj, fuòbuoakat=bj foatfj’a-j Yàia-re FORWARD SLASH [/] _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t fuòbuoakat=bj

foatfj’a-j. FORWARD SLASH [/] _/lète-t seak-usj hèseiatksj=t saat-pj UNDERSCORE [_] _/lète-t hèseiatksj=t fuòbuoakat=bj leit=lxe-j luatfj-zsj-j ssètk-fuj-/fuj. Lebatkitpj=a yèieui-a lete~rj baat-k _lètk=t lfàai-ak-ai hèseiatksj=t /bbàtaia=sj bbàtaia=sj.

Yaakfj-j-ya lete~rj

Fuòbuoakat=bj leit~ui, bbuàatfj-rje lete~rj _lète-t bbèattebj-j-k bbàataipj-te OR yyèattefj-k sfàbaitiafj’a-’v-’y _lète-t sfaatfj-rt-a lueak-leak-a bbuàatfj-rta lete~rj. Luètect-rit-ct hèseiatksj=t UNDERSCORE [-] _/lète-t vèbatkatpj-tepj yyèattefj-k bbàataipj-tepj bbuàatfj-rje lete~rj _lète-t sfaakfj-rt-a saat=pj lèie-a bbàtaia=sj lueak-leak-a /bbàtaia=sj _/lète-t lèbatkatfj’e-te bbuàatfj-rta lete~rj. _Lète-t sòbatkaipj=a bbcàtktefj=te? UNDERSCORE [_] _/lète-t buòia-a-ak bbàitsj-t bbuàatfj-rta lete~rj. UNDERSCORE [_] _/lète-t fuote-a-faai

143

vèie-a lete~rj _lète-rt vèbceieteph-k-hè bcèitwi-a _/lète-t leai-ak yaakfj-j-ya. LcseitI~i’k _lète-t buàbaat=pj fuòbuoakat=bj leitui~a’e Lebatkitpj=a, lcseitI~i’k _lète-t faai~i’k “nodding head” _/lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [_uI] OR “shaking head” _lète-t sòbatkaipj=a [_rI].

Hruèsetkaksj-t Leckie, Frederick A., and Dominic J. Bello. 2009. Strength and

stiffness of engineering systems. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.

Liddell, Scott K. 2003. Grammar, gesture, and meaning in American Sign Language. Cambridge University Press.

Schembri, Adam, and Trevor Johnston. 2012. Sociolinguistic aspects of variation and change. In Sign language: An international handbook, Roland Pfau, Markus Steinbach, and Bencie Woll (eds.), 788–816. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

144

Entries: ASL llèiate-akfj Bcàbaaktk=sj

145

B

/bbàtaia=sj 0 hand (dominant)

baai~a’e 1,2 serve, service

baai~a’e baat-k 1,2 server, waiter

baai~i’k 1,2 maybe, might

baai=t 1,2 here

baai-ak-/ak 1,2 fold

bàai-k-raj 0,1 instrument, thing

baakai-aiak 1 die

baakbj-j 0,1 flat, floor

baakke-iaie 0,1,2 approach, confront, face (v.)

baak-k-j 0,1 calm

baak-k-raj 0,1,2 children

baat~t’j-a 1,2 path

baat=rej’rat 1,2,7 order (sequential), plan, prepare

baat=t 1,2 small

baat-a 0,1,2 mechanism, way

baatfj-j-ja 0,1,2,4,

6,7 broad, general (adj.), wide

baat-k 1,2 agent marker, individual, person

bàat-k’i 1 side

baat-k-raj fcaia-ie 0 array (math.)

baat-k-te-k 0,1,2 box, package, room

baatpj~a’e 1,2,6 eager, incentive, motivation

baatpj-aidj 1,2,7 book

baattebj-rk’ri 0,1 share among

bàbcetkatpj-i 1 fill up

bàbfhaatie=fj’e 1 between

bàbfhaatiefj’e-a 1,2 through

bàbuoteatfj-ufj 0,1,2

bend (object)

bàia-a 1,2 your

baia-atfj 1,2 focus

baia-atfj fluabaattksj-rt 0,6 fixate, fixation

baia-buatefuj-st buàtkni-te 6 introverted

baiaiefj-ieiafj 1 community

baiaiefj-ieiafj bèbfeat=fj’e 6 community psychology

baiaiepj-ieia 1 become

bàia-j’t 0,1,2 hello

Baia-ra 0,1,2 Sunday

baie=ufj 1,5 cool (adj.)

bàiecj-ufj 0,1,2 ago, before (past), past

146

bàie-e 2 come

bàieI-a-zsj 0,1,2 mirror (n.)

baie-te 1,2 dark

bàieui=sà 0,1,2 sugar, sweet

bàieui-a 1,2 good, thank you

bàieui-bàak 1,2 bad

bait=a’e 6 attention

bait=fj 0,1,2 city

bàit=usj 0 bend (abstract)

bait-a 1,2 hallway

bàitct-ijct 0,1,2 our

baitfj-j-k 1,2 house

bàitI=yà 1 because

bàitI-ie 0,1,2 seem

bàit-ni 1,2 bed

bàit-ni baat-k-te-k 0,1 bedroom

baitpj-j-zsj 0 mirror (v.)

baitpj-z 0,1 pray

bàitui-k-ui-k 1,2 bachelor

bàktJ=gk 0 leg

bàleitia-tifj 0,1 convince

bàseaktebj=a 0,1,2 enough

bàseaktebj-a 0,1,2 full

bàseaktebj-t fuoitatfj-atit 0,3 whole number

bàseaktk-sj 0,1,2 on

bate~rt 0,1,2,5 process, progress

bate=ct 0 upper chest

batect-bt 1,2 body

bàteI=i’k 0,1,2 front

bàteI-rt 1,2 smell

bàte-st 1,2 my

bàtest-bt 0 torso

batestbt=rt 0,1,2 happy, joy

batestbt-re 1,2 enjoy

bàtest-re 1,2 please

bàtest-rt 0,1,2 happy

bàte-t-at-a 1 direction

bàteui-j’i-sfà 2 best

bàteui-j-sfà 1,2 better

batiai-rt 0,1,2 bring

batiluj-j’t 0,1,5 baby, offspring

147

batiluj-j’t vvlèat=bj 0,2 babysit

bàtk=k-fi 0 head

bbàaitkpj-a 0,1 bake

bbàakfuj-e 0,1,2 slow

bbàaktipj-rei 1,2 college

bbàaktk-fuj 0,1,2 on

bbàaktkfuj-rei 1 above

bbàaktkfuj-ri 0,1,2 surface

bbàaktkpj=a 2 access

bbàaktkpj-a 1,2 enter

bbàaktksj-e-sà 0,1,2 summon

bbàataipj-te 0,1,2,5 component, part, piece, some

Bbàatakbj-fj-ejdj 1 Jamaica

bbàattebj-j’t 0,1,2,3,

4,5 average, share

bbàattebj-j’t baat-k 1,2 partner

bbàatte-fj-k 0,1,2 chop, cut, slice

bbàatte-pj 0,1,2 against, anti-, sue

bbaattesj=usj 0,1,2,5 fish

bbàattkfuj-a’e 0,1,2 wood

bbàattksj-a 1,2 across, after

bbàitatpj-j’t 0,1,2,3 interval, range, scale

bbàitiabj-i’k 0 hand (radial)

bbàitiedj-i’k 0 hand (ulnar)

bbàitpj=ufj 0,2 soap

bbàitsj-t 2 before (timeline), prior

bbàitte=pj 1 crack (feature)

bbàittepj-atbj 1 across, after

bbàittepj-bj 1,2 over

bbàitti-atpj 1,2 stop

bbàittk-bj-bcò 0,4 origin (point) (math.)

bbàtaia=sj 0 hand (passive)

bbàteaipj-j 0,1 some

bbàteakcj-lj-sj 0,6 degrade, regression (psych.)

bbàteaksj=rt-luj 2 renovate

bbàteaksj-lj 1,2 improve

bbàteatbj-a 0,1,2 pure

bbàtefj-rja 0,1,2 from now on, this point forward

bbàtefj-rt-fj 0,1,2 all, whole

bbàteia=pj 0 palm

bbàtetipj-t-at-a 1 map (n.)

148

bbàtiai=pj 0,1,2 proof, prove, evidence

bbàtiai-pj 1,2 proof, prove, evidence

bbàtifuj=i-ufj 0,1,2 easy

bbatitkluj-ai 1,2 every morning

bbàtk=i-fj 0,1 maximum

bbàtk=k-fuj 0,1,2,4 at least, minimum

bbàtkaifj-pj-fj 2 pure

bbàtkaipj=a 1,2 clean up

bbàtkaipj-a 0,1,2 clean (adj.), nice, pure

bbàtkfj-k 0,1,2 less than

bbàtkfuj-i 0 greater than, more than

bbàtkfuj-k 1 than

bbàtk-i-fj 0,2,4 up to

bbàtkit=k-fj 1,2 top

bbàtkitpj-i’k 1,2 paint (surface)

bbatklj=lj 1 table

bbatklj-ak 1,2 every afternoon

bbàtkpj-ri 1,2 basic

bbcàakai-ra-pj 0,1,2 marriage, marry

bbcàaktefj-te 0,1,2 how

bbcèatbj-i 0 column

bbcèitpj-a 1 copyright

bbcòatbj-qi-zsj 0,1,2,5 microscope

bbèajatbj-i’j 3 slope

bbèatbj-a 1 career, field of study, main, major

(college)

bbèatte=bj fuoitatfj-atit 0 median (math.)

bbèattebj-j-k 0,1,2 complete, end

bbèktte=atdj 2 soccer

bbèktte-atdj 2 kick

bbuàat=a-fj 2 close (adj.), near

bbuàat-a-fj 1 close (adj.), near

bbuàatfj-bàai 0 therefore

bbuàatfj-rje 0,2 before (beginning), prior

bbuàatfj-rta 1,2 next

bbuàitfuj-i 0,2 over, surpass, too much

bbuèitdj-a 0 level

bbxèai-k-raj 0,1,2 equipment

bcaakai-pj 1 marriage, marry

bcàbaataipj=e 1 collect, earn, wage

bcàbatkai-tepj 0 collection

149

bcàbatkatbj-a 0,2 dollar

bcaia=it vlebaakitfj-pj 0 associativity (math.)

bcait~a’e 0 ratio

bcaitui~a’e 1,2 communicate, conversation

bcait-zsj 1,2,3,7 compare, comparison, ratio

bcàsaitatci-sàat-pj-k 0,1,2 cruel, mean

Bcàseaktk=sj 0,1,2,7 English

bcàtecj-lj 0,1,5 arm

bcàtecj-sj 5 arm

bcatefuj-j 1,2 separate

bceai-ak 0,1,2 chance, probability

bceak~j’t 2,5 action, activity

bceat=fj’a 1,2 certificate

bceatbj=t 0,2,4 calculus

bceat-i’t-sebcepj 0,1 cone

bcèatoi-it 1,2 drink

bcèbaatitpj=k 0,2,7 chapter

bcèbaiatebj-j-k 0,1,7 conclusion

bcèbaitatpj-k-sè 1,2,4 subtract

bcèbaitia=pj 0 picture

bcèbaitiaqi-pj 0,1,2 picture

bcebait-pj 0,1,2,7 paragraph

bcèbatkaipj-a 0,2 cake

bceia~re 1,5 chemical

bceia~re fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 1 periodic table

bceia~re fuàbatkaipj-zfj 0 chemistry

bceiabj-iedj 0,1,2 class

bceiafj-at 0,1,2 category

bcèia-j-fò 3 coefficient (f.s.)

Bcèia-j-k-ak 1,2 Chicago

bcèit=ct 2 cop, police

bcèit=wi 1,2 computer

bcèitci-sètk 0,1,2 estimate, guess

bcèitI-re 1,2 look for, search

bcèiti-sètk 1 assume

bcèitI-usj 1,2 odd, strange

bcèitoi=sè 1,2 orange

bcèit-rj-ct 0,2,5,7 character, characteristic

bcèitui-k-ui-k 1,2 cafeteria

bcèitwi-a 1 concept

bcèja-ia 0,1,2 pour

150

bcèleiafj-ri-ie 0,1,2 culture

bcèseiatkbj-a-ak 0,1,2 force (v.)

bcèseietkdj-e-ek 0,6 force (1st person)

bcèseitak=sj 0,2 computer

bcèseitaksj-ri 0,1,2 chocolate

bcètest-k 1,2 hungry

bcètest-k 1,2 wish

bcèteui=k-sè 1,2 age

bcèteui-k-sè 0,1,2 old

bcèteui-k-sè fòak-k-raj 0,1,2 old fashioned

bcetktipj-titkpj-baak-j 0,1,2 peace

bcfàat-sfàte 0 right-hand-rule (vertical, ri)

bcoak-vleia 1,2 opportunity

bcoat~rt 1 tradition

bcòbateai-vlèpj 0,1 approve

bcoiabj-iedj 1,2 organization

bcòia-hrè 1,2 or (f.s.)

bcoia-j 0,1,2 none

bcòia-j-k 0,1,2,4 percent

bcòit-a 1 zero

bcòitI-re 1,2,7 opinion

bcòit-j-lò 1 odd (math.) (f.s.)

bcòit-j-lò fuoitatfj-atit 3 odd number

bcòit-vèie 1,2 oxygen

bcòit-z 0,4 degree

bèaj-raj-at 4 arc, curve

beak~j’t 6 behavior

beak~j’t fluait-wibt fluàsetkaksj=rt 0,6 compulsion

beak~j’t fluait-wibt fluàsetkaksj=rt vlètk-rj-ct

0,6 compulsive personality

beak~j’t sfàbaatai=pj 0,6 behavior therapy

beakbj-j 0,1,2 flat, floor

beakbj-j fcaak~usj 0,1,2 keyboard (n.)

beakbj-raj 0 bisect

bèak-j-at-k’t 0,1,2 never

beak-k 0 feet

bèat-i’k 0,2,4 vertical

beattebj-j-ak 0,1,2,4 divide

beattebj-j-ak leia-aksj 3,4 quotient

bèbaakatpj-a 0,1,2 develop

bèbaiaat-akpj-k 1,2 cheap

151

bèbaiatksj-t’j 0,1,2 business, busy

bèbaitiafj-lùpj 1 background

bèbataai-pj-a 0,2 excuse, forgive, waive

bèbfeat=fj’e 1,2 psychology

bèbfeat=fj’e sfàbaatai=pj 6 psychotherapy

bèbfeat=fj’e vetk=vxe 6 psychoanalysis

beia~oi 0,1,2,6 frustration

beia~oi sàitci-ui 6 frustration tolerance

beia~re 5 biology

Bèia=k 2 Berkeley

bèiani=k 1,6 beer

bèia-zsj 1 blue

bèitst-a’e 1 between you and me

bèitwi-a-at 1,2,6 direct (adj.), sober, straight

beke~ak 1,2 walk

betect-bt 0,1,2,5 body

bètewi=ia 1 anthropology

bfàatI-a 0,1,2,7 future, will (v.)

bfake=fj 0 vagina

buaak-k-rta 1,2 kangaroo

buàbaai-akpj 1 again

buàbaat=pj 0,1,2 often

buàbaieitfj-pj-suj 1,2 list

buàbaitti-k 0,2,3 reduce

buàbakttipj=t 0,1,2 new

buàbatkai-rk-pj 0,2,4 middle, center

buàiaK=k 1,2 child

buàiaK-i 0,1,2 grow up

buaia-kt-t 0,1,2 introduction

buàie=cj 0 shoulder

buaie-itsuj 0,1,2,4 limit

buait~i’k 0,1,2 balance

buait=fj 1,2,3,4,

5 equal, equivalence, fair, identity

(math.)

buait=fj ffòatfj’a-j 0,3,4 equation

buaitfj-j 0 even

buaitfj-j fuoitatfj-atit 0 even number

buàitui-z 0,1,2,6 tobacco

buàit-wi 0,1,2 know

buàit-wi bàitI-ie 0,1 familiar

buàitwi-a-baia 0,2 don’t know

152

buàitwi-j-yà 0,1,2 why

buàkeI=oi 1,2 pizza

buàkt=bt 0,1,6 instinct

buàkt-bt 0,1,2 welcome

buakt-t 0,1,2,7 host, introduce

buàseaktk=sj 1,2 night

buaseaktksj-j 0,1,2 every night

buatebt-ct 0,1,2 alive, live

buate-ct 1,2 have

buatect=zsj 0,5 animal

buatect-bt 0,1,2 human

buatect-bt bèbfeat=fj’e 0,6 humanistic psychology

buàtkni-te 1,2 shy

bueiabj-j 3 plane (math.)

buitatpj=j-buo 0,1,2,7 story

buitatpj=j-buo baat-k 0,7 narrator

bùitwi=buò 1,2 boy

buoai-a-sa 0,1,2 smooth

buoaict=a-a’k 0,1,2 heritage, inherit, pass down

buoaifj-j-sa 0,1,2,3,

4,5 dissolve, heal, melt, soluble, solve

buoak~j’t 0,2 motion

buoak-raj’ret 1,2 move, movement

buòbaatpj-bàpj 0,2 document (v.), note (v.)

buòbaitfj-pj 1 note (v.), transcribe

buòbaktai=pj 0,1,2 money

buòbaktaipj-rta 1,2 buy

buòia-a-ak 0,1 insert, put

buòiaI-fùie 0,1 sun

buoitwi=a 0,1,2 teach

buoitwi=a baat-k 0,1,2 teacher

buòkt-a 0,1,2 give

buoktcj=rt-a 0,2,5 heritage, inherit, pass down

buotk~re 1,2 pack

bxèbaiatk-pj 0 element

bxèbaiatkpj-zsj 1,2 elementary

bxèbaiatkpj-zsj fàbatkai=pj 0,1,2 elementary school

bxèbateaipj=e 0,1,2,7 encyclopedia

bxèbatiai=pj 0,1,2 economy, economic

bxeia~re 1,2,5 experiment

bxeiaiepj-ieia 0 evolve

153

bxèia-tr 1,2 east

bxèitI-zsj 3 exponent

bxèleiafj-ri-ie 0,1,2,5 environment

bxèleiafj-ri-ie sfata~re 5 environmental science

bxetest~rt 0,1,2 emotions

bxètkcj-tiluj 1,2,5 energy

F

faai=t’j 1,2 what

faak=buoct 0,1,2 acceptible, passive

faak=buoct 0,1,2,6 passive

faak=buoct saitct~rt vlètk-re-ct 0,6 passive aggressive personality

faakai-t-sapj-j 0,1,2 destroy

faak-buoct 1,2 accept

faakI-zfj-k 0,1,2 snow

fàak-usj 1,2 hey

faat-e-sebj 1,2 receive

faatoi-a’k 0,6 vomit

faat-sebj 1 abbreviate, abstract (n.), summary

Faatsj-zfj 1,2 Germany

fàat-z 2 finish

faat-zsj 6 anxiety, nervous, panic

fàat-zsj 0,2 moderate (adj.), sort of

faat-zsj sèleatia-fj 6 panic attack

faat-zsj vxetktefj-tetkfj 6 panic disorder

fàbaakaipj-fuòwi 0,1,2,6 learn

fàbaakaipj-fuòwi baat-k 0,2 student

fàbaakaipj-fuòwi fuaak-k 0,6 learned helplessness

fàbaakti-rei 1 abstract (adj.)

fàbaaktkfuj-fuò 0,2 substance

fàbaiatepj-z 0,1,2 movie

fàbaiatk-sèsj 1,2 habit

fàbaiatk-sèsj leiedjcj-ai sfàsatiai=luj

0,6 drug habit

fàbaieteui-fuj-k-zfj 0,1,5 blood

fàbaietk=ri-zfj 1,2,5 boil

fàbaitpj-j-fuò 1,5 copy, duplicate

fabàittklj-zfj 0,1,2,5 tree

fàbateaifj-e-sè 2 collect, earn, wage

fàbateiasj-zfj-e 0,2 before, previous, prior

fàbateia-zfj-fuj 1 before, prior, until now

154

fàbatkai=pj 1,2 school

fàbatkaipj=e 0,1,2 paper

fàbatkakI-ri 0,1 space

fàbatkatpj-zfj 0,1,2 study

fàbcoaite-fuòtkbj 1 include

fàbuoaiat-fuòakbj’a 0,1,2 involve, include

fàbuoat-fuòdj 0,4 add

fàia=xfj 0 flexing

fàia-ie 0,1,2 fifth

faiaka-fuoaiakfj 0,1,2,4,

5 altogether, sum, total

fàia-re 1,2,3 approximate, estimate (adj.)

fàia-zfj 0 wiggle

fàia-zsj 1,2 bye

faie=usj 2 cool (adj.)

fàie-a 0,1,2 five

fàieI=k-fuò 0,1,2 sleepy

faie-ia 0,1,2 finish

fàieI-j’t 6 autism

faieI-k 0,1,2 sad, tragedy

fàieI-k-fuò 1,2 sleep

fàieI-k-fuò sòie-lèui 0,6 sleeping pills

fàieI-re 1 face (n.)

fàieI-re-fuò 1,2 beautiful

faie-i-zfj 0,1,2 fire

faieI-zfj-j 1,6 friendly

faieI-zfj-j leit=pj 0,6 extrovert

faiete-fj 1,2 jail, prison

fàieui-zfj 1,2 color

fait=ct 1,2 holiday, vacation

fàit=st 1,2 fine

fàit=ui 1,2 mother

fàit=wi 2 father

faitbj-a-at 0,1 disgust, hate

fàitcj=rj 2 long ago

fàitI-zfj-e 1 past

faitpj’ct~rj 0 past

fàitst=rt 1 fancy, formal, proper

faitui-a-at 1 disgust, hate

fàitui-a-at 2 disgust, hate

fàitui-st 1 female, woman

155

fàitui-st fàitst=rt 0,1,2 lady

fàitui-wi 1,2,5 parent(s)

fàitui-zfj 1 mother

fàitwi-st 1,2 male, man

fàitwi-zfj 2 father

fàke=usj 1,2 not yet

fakect-k 6 depressed, depression

fakect-k-ak 0,1,2 dress

fakeie~rk 0,1,6 mingle, socialize

fakeie~rk bèbfeat=fj’e 6 social psychology

fakeie~rk bxèleiafj-ri-ie 0,6 social environment

fakeie~rk fuòbaiatksj-a-fà 6 social influence

fakeie~rk lcèatui=it 0,6 social drinking

faktA-k 0,1,2,3 leave behind, remainder

falèattesj-zsj 0,1,2,5 leaf

fàleiatk-ra-fuòaifj 0,3,4 perimeter (math.)

falèitsj-zfj 1 candle

fàletkitfj-ria 5 atmosphere

fàseakatbj-rk 0,1,5 area, region

faseaktebj=k 0,1,2,5,

6 pressure, stress

fàseaktebj-a-zfj 0,1,2 abundant, plenty

fàseatdj-k 0,2,5 defecate, feces

fasetkatbj-k 0,1,2 oppress, repression

fate~rj 2 style

fàte=bt 1,2 stomach

fàte=st 0 chest

fate=t 6 fear, phobia, scared

fate=t buatk-baat-buatk 0,6 claustrophobia

fatect=ak 1,2 clothes

fatefj~a’e 0,1 irrelevant, whatever

fatefj’e-j-at 2 cage

Fatefj’e-ri’rk 1 America

fàtest-a-flò 0,1,2 like (v.)

fàtest-a-fuò 0,1,2 white

fàtest-a-fuò-i-fàteI 1,2 caucasian, white (skin)

fatestbt=a 3 breathe, respiration

fàtilj-k-fuò 0,1,2 poor

fatist-k 0 be (1st person)

fàtkI=a’e 0,1,2 noise, sound

fatkjk-e-saia 0,1,2 leave (v.)

156

fàtklj=k 1,2,5 fall (season)

fàtkui-zfj 1,2 dirty

fcaai=k 0,5 heavy, mass (physics)

fcàai=ui 2,5 grass

fcaai-xfj 0,1,2 want

fcaak~usj 0,1,2 type (v.)

fcaakai~a’e 0,1,2 laughter

fcaakai-sapj-j 0,1,2,5 damage, destroy

fcaakI=usj 0,1,2,3 rain

fcaak-ra 2 active

fcaak-xfj 0,1,2 firm, freeze, ice

fcaatfj-j 0,1,2 a lot, how much, much

fcaat-zfj-sfasuj 0,1 catch up

fcàbaitatpj-k-sà 1 subtract

fcàbaitpj-zfj 2,4 calculator

fcàbasj-fuj-fj 0,1,2 grapes

fcàbatkaipj-i 0,1 cake

fcàfateaipj-e-sè 0,1,2 earn

fcaia-ie 0,3 set (math.)

fcaia-ie bcaia-ie 3 subset

fcaia-ie sfàbaatai=pj 6 group therapy

fcaie-a 2 audience

fcaiect-a-se 1,2 brave, health, healthy

fcaiect-a-se bèbfeat=fj’e 6 health psychology

fcàieoi-xfj 1,2 angry, mad (emotion)

fcaie-tefj’e 1 match

fcàieui-k-sè 1 cherish, precious

fcait=fj 1,2 ball

fcàkebt-a 0,1,2 pregnant

fcàkebt-a sfàtkbt-j 0,6 caesarean section

fcatefj’e=i’k 0,1,2,5 factory, machine, machinery

fcatefj’e-sa 0,3 factor (v.) (math.)

fcate-sebj 0,1,2,7 abbreviate, abstract (n.), summary

fcàte-st 0,1 complain

fcatifj’e-j’t 1 liquid

fceakai~rk’ri 0,1,2,5 mix

fceakai~rk’ri _fòak-i 0 random sample

fceakai~rk’ri bceai-ak 0 random (math.)

fceakai~rk’ri fuoitatfj-atit 0 mixed number

fceakai~rk’ri yleat=bj leakfj=j bcèatoi-it

6 mixed drinks

157

fcèbuoat-fuòbj 1 contain, include

fceiaiefj-ieia 0 sphere

fceia-ra 0,1 decorate

fcèieoi-a-ia 0,1,2,5 heat, hot

fcèieoi-a-ia llètkiafj=i’k 0,2 fever

fcèiewi-a-sè 0,1,2 memorize

fcèit-ni 1,2 thick

fceit-t 0,5 matter (physics)

fcèleatia-sètefj 1,6 arrest

fceseiatksj-k-se 1,2 tradition

fcetbj-e-se 1,2 get

fcètect-a-sè-z 0,1 dominant

fcetibj-k-se 0,1,2 confident

fcètk-e-sète 0,1,2 take

fcèyeattefj-zsj 0,1,2 berry

fcòbaakaipj-fàpj 0,1 document (v.)

feakI-ek 6 center of attention

feakqi-a-ia 0,1 eyelashes

featI=k 1 download

fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 0,2,4,5 graph

fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 0 table, chart

fèia-ie 1,2 fourth

fèie-a 0,1,2 four

fèit=ui 1,2 speak, talk

fèitui-k 6 drool

feitwi~rt 0,1,6 create, invent, make up

fèitwi-a 0,1,2 create, invent, make up

fèletefj=k 0,1,2 leak

fètest-j 0,1,2 stripes

ffàatte=fj’a 0,1,2 senior

ffàatte=fj’l 2 junior

ffàatte=fj’v 2 sophomore

ffàatte=fj’w 0,1,2 freshman

ffàiaiepj-re 0,1,2 ambiguous, vague

ffàkeiefj-ra-ie 1 rainbow

ffòatfj’a-j 1,3,4 expression, sentence

ffòat-fj-ak 1,2 simple

ffòat-fj-ak fuoitatfj-atit 0 prime number

ffòatsuj-rj-suj 0,1,2,4 instead, replace, substitute

ffòatsuj-rj-suj muete-a-ak 0 substitution method

ffòiaie-ra-fj’a 0,1,2 perfect

158

ffòitat-fj’a 0,1,2 connect, join

ffòitatfj’a=at 1,2 infer, interpret

ffòitatfj’a-j-fà 0,1 disconnect

flcèseaktkfuj-zsj 0,1 geography

Flcèseaktksj-zsj 0,1,2,5 Earth

flcèseaktksj-zsj seia~j’t 0,1,2 earthquake

Flcèseaktksj-zsj sfata~re 5 Earth science

flòia-a 0,1,2 eight

flòia-ie 1,2 eighth

flòieui=flù 0,1,2,5 light

flòieui=flù bbàtkbj-ri-fàdj 1 shadow

floit-fa 1 awful, traumatic

floit-fa faseaktebj=k vxetktefj-tetkfj

0,6 posttraumatic stress disorder

fluaak-rk’ri 1 tape player

fluàbaakaipj-i-flà 0,1,2 advantage (negative), exploit, take

advantage of

fluàbaaktksj-a 1,2 early

fluabaattksj-rt 2 obsess

fluabaattksj-rt lèie-a bbàai-k-raj 0,6 fixate, fixation

fluàbateit=dj 1,2 technology

fluàbatkaipj-zsj 0,1,2,6 drug (medicinal), medicine (pills)

fluàbatkaipj-zsj fuaak-k 0,6 sedative

fluàbatkaipj-zsj sòie-lèui 0,2,5 drug (medicinal), medicine

fluàbatkai-rk-pj 1,2 center, middle

fluàbatkai-rk-pj sòia-a 3 center point, midpoint

Fluàfaieia-pj /fluàfaiaie-pj 1,2 Jesus

Fluàfaieia-pj /fluàfaiaie-pj baatpj-aidj

1,2 bible

fluaia~ra 2 computer

fluaie~wi-j fùbceaitebj-k-fuò 0,1,6 amnesia

fluàiewi-j 1 absentminded

fluàiewi-zsj-a 0,2,6 genius, intelligent, smart

fluaitfj’v~zsj 1,2 internet, online

fluàitwi-ie 1,2 sick of

fluàit-zfj 2 why

fluàsetkak-sj 0,1,2 touch

fluàsetkaksj=a 0,1 available, vacant, blank, empty

fluàsetkaksj-a 0,1,2 blank

fluàte=st 1,2,5 heart

fluate=wibt 2,5 disease

159

fluatectbt~i’k 0,6 bipolar

fluatect-k 1,2,6 depressed, depression

fluatect-k-tk 0,1,2 naked

fluatest~rt 0,1,2,6 excited, mania

fluatest~rt fuaak-k vxetktefj-tetkfj 0,6 manic depressive disorder

fluatest~rt setest-faai 0,6 catharsis

fluatestbt-a 2 usual, tendency, typical

fluatestbt-a-fluo 2 interesting, like (v.)

fluàtest-rt 0,1,2 feel, feeling

fluàtest-rt buoia=a-ak 0,6 projection (psych.)

fluàtest-rt fceakai~rk’ri 0,6 ambivalence

fluate-wibt 1,2 sick

foakbj-j 1,2 degree (academics)

fòak-k-k’j 0,1,2 fashion

foat~a’e 1,2,7 describe, explain

foat~i’k 0,1,2,7 determine, judge

foatfj’a-re-bj 1,2 important

foatfj’a-zsj-j 0,7 language

foatfj’a-j 0,2,7 expression, sentence

foat-k 0,2 definitely

fòbaiaaipj-a 1,2,4 count

fòbaiaaipj-a seie-a-fa 0 quantity

fòbaiaitfj-pj 0,1,2,3,

4,5 feature (n.), formula

fòbaiatksj-t’j 1,2,3 function

fòbatiai-pj 0 fact

fòfaakiefj-i 0,1,5 choose, pick, sample, select

fofouitatfj-atit 0 integer

fòia-a 0,2 nine

foiabj-iedj 1,2 family

fòiact-zj 2 shirt

fòia-ie 0,1,2 ninth

FòiaI-ie 1,2 France

fòiani=it 1,2 cat

foiesuj-j-ia 1,2 free, freedom

fòit=gi 0,1 ear

foitatfj’a-atit 1 infer, interpret

foitatfj’a-t’j 0,1,2 connection, relationship

fòit-gi 1 earring

fòitni=usj 1,2 fruit

foitwi~rt 0,2,7 fantasy

160

foleakiefj’l-i 1,2 except, special, unique

folèiatksuj-fj 0,2,3,4 fraction

fòleitiafj=i’k 0,1,2,4 fahrenheit

fòseaktksj-z 0,1,5 skin

fòteoi=a-tk 0,1,2 strawberry

fòtklj-re 1,2 alien, foreign

fsùak-fsuòia 0,1,2 find

fsuoak~j’t 0,1,2 effeminate

fsuòiect=a 0,1,2 apply, candidate, nominate,

volunteer

fsuòit=oi 6 marijuana

fsuòit=oi lèit-wi sete=bj 0,6 stoned

fsuoitatfj’a=j 1 comment

fuai=fuo 1,2 soft

fuàieI-j’t 2,6 insane, mind-numbing

fùai-zfj 0,1 wait

fuak-i-fuobj 0,5 absorb, evaporate

fùat-j-buò 1,2 and

fùbceaitebj-k-fuò 1 absent, missing, pass away

fùieui=k-fuò 0,1,2 jewish

fùitni=k-fuò 1,2 experience

fuoai-zfj 0,5 ground, soil

fuoai-zfj fàbatkak-ri 0,1,2 land

fuoakbj-j-fa 1,2 spread

fuoakbj-j-fake 0,1,6 hierarchy

fuoakbj-j-fake lxèak=usj 0,6 hierarchy of needs

fuòbaaktkfuj-a-fà 0,1,2 advise, effect, influence

fuòbatkaipj-fàpj 2 documentation, entry, note (v.)

fuòbceietepj=i-fà 0,1,2,5 spring (season)

fuòbceietepj-i-fà 0,1,2 grow, plant (n.)

fuòbuoakat=bj 1,2 in, inside, within

fuòbuoakat-ret=bj 0 input

fuoiabj-j-fa 1,2 clear

fuoie~rj-oi faatoi-a’k 6 bulimia

fuòie=oi 0,6 food

fuòie=oi bcèseietksj=e-ek 0,6 anorexia

fuòieni-ri-ni 1,2,5 flower

fuòie-oi 1,2 eat

fuòie-oi ssàtktipj-ri 0,1,5 digestion

fuoiewi=a-faai 0,1,2 information

fuoiewi-a-faai 0,1,2 inform

161

fuoit=fj 1,2 more

fuoitatfj-atitfj 1,2,4 number

fuòitui-ni 1,2 home

fuòitui-ni ssètkak=sj 1 homework

fuòitui-setkaksj 2 homework

fuote-a-faai 0,1 provide

fuote-i-faie 1,2 inspire

fuotifuj-j-faak 1 lost, missing

fvèia-a 0,1,2 seven

fvèia-ie 0,1,2 seventh

H

hàieci=ufj 0,1,2,7 comedy, funny

haitbj=ufj 1,2 rabbit

hàsetkak-rt-sj 0,1,2,5 national, natural, normal, normality

hàsetkak-rt-sj yueatfj-j 0,5 normal line

hatatefj’a-a=ufj 0,1,2,5 hurricane

hcsèie=oi 1 umpire

heatfj’e-ak 0,1,2,5 egg

heatfj’e-a 0,1 called, named

hèat-k-raj 1,2 hard of hearing

hèbaataipj-a 0,1,2 honest

hèbaiatipj-re-i 0,1,2 university

hèbaitai-tkpj 0,1,2 contract (n.)

hèbaitpj=ufj 0,1,2 butter

hèbateaipj-a 0,1,2 holy

hèbateiafj-j-pj-j 0 labels

hèbateiapj-j 0,1,2,6 label, reputation

hèbatkitpj-i’k 0,1,2 paint (artwork)

hèbceitat=atfj’e 0 participate

hèbceitat=atfj’e baat-k 0 participant

hèbceitat-atfj’e 0,1,2 join, participate

hèfluait=fj’v 1 nail polish

hèieui=ufj 0,1 cute

hèiewi-a-ri 2,6 hallucination

hèitI=at 1,2 history

heitwi-k-a 0,1,2 honor

hèseiatksj=t 0,1,2 use, wear

hetect-bt 2 human

hètewi-a-rt 0,1,2,5 hypothesis

hète-yàia-vlèak 3 hypotenuse (f.s.)

162

hhèaitk-tkfuj 1,2 gain, increase

hhèat=fj’e 0,1,2 name

hhèteatbj-a-tk 1,2 brief, short (time)

hhèteatfj-zsj 0,1,2,4,

5 weight

hhrèai-k-raj 0,2 resource

hhuèit-fj-/fj-fj 0,1,2 construct

hrèak=oi 1,2,6 cigar

hrèak-k-i-j 3 radical (math.)

hrèat-raj 0 hop

hrèbaakitpj-ia 1,2 review

hrèbaiaitpj-i 1,2 rocket

hrèbaitfj-pj 1,2 rule

hrèbateit-rt-pj 0,1,2,6 role

hrebatkitpj=a 1 represent

hrèbeaktebj-j-k 0,1,2 result

hrèia-lfà fuoitatfj-atit 3 rational number

hrèia-tr 0,1,2 right (direction)

hrèia-tr _/bàta=sj 0,1 right-handed

hreiaui-ak 0,1,2,3 react

hrèieni-ri-ni 1,2 rose (n.)

hrèseteie=dj 2,6 reinforce

hrete~rt 0,1,2 recycle

hrète=rt 0 rotate

hretect-k 2 rabbi

hrfaia=fj’a 1 ruler (tool)

hruèsetkaksj-t 0,2 reference

hrueyueatfj-j 0 axis

huèat-j 3 horizontal

huèia-i 0,1,2 north

huèia-re 1 noun

hueit-fj-/fj-fj 0,1,2 build

hueit-j-zfj 1,2 bacon

huelèiatksuj-z 0,3,4 numerator

hùia=huò 0,1,2 no

L

LàiaI-e-luò 1,2 Gallaudet

làia-yè-slè 1,7 literature (f.s.)

lcaat-j 1,2 large

lcàteui-a-sò 1 interesting

163

lcèatui=it 2 mixed drinks, shots

lcèbaatpj=k 0,1,7 article

lcèitqi-i’j 0,1,2 moon

lcèja=k-raj 3 bar graph

lcèleit=fj 1,7 word

lcèleit=fj sòleiatkbj-j 0,7 underline

lcelèjitksuj-luefj 3 improper fraction

lcètect-k’j-gt saatpj~a’e 1 pageant

lcfait=ct 1 backpack

lcfàteui-a 0,1 watch (v.)

lcseakaifj-aiakfj 0,1,2 friend

lcseat~a’e 0,2,5 control, direct (v.), manage, operate

lcsebaatpj-e 0,1,2 require

lcsèbaitatqi-pj 0,1,2 notice, recognize

lcsèbateiapj-tasj 0,1 metaphor

lcsèiani-ui 2 gender, sex

lcsèiani-ui bcetest~k 0,6 libido

lcsèiani-ui yèbaiait=pj 6 gender identity

lcsèie=oi 2,5 glass

lcsèie=ui 0,1,2,5 metal

lcsèie=ui yueatfj-j 1 wire

lcsèit=wi 1,5 brain

lcseit-at 0,1,2 gift

lcseitI~i’k 1,2 nonmanual feature, facial expression

lcsèitui=a 0,1,3 rubber

lcsèleitat-fuj 0,2 hang

lcsèsetkak=sj 1,2,5 time

lcsèteoi-ie 0,1 jealous

lèai=xfj 2 come hither

lèai-a 0 this

leai-ak 1,2 happen, occur

lèai-rkj 0 these

leak=bj 1,2 identical, same

lèak-a 1,2 you

leakaipj-aiakpj 2 convert, translate

leakfj=k 0,1,2,6 depend, dependent, rely

leakfj-j 0,1 different

leaktk-fj-k 2 cannot

leat=bj 1 correct (adj.)

leat-a 0,1,3,5 parallel

leat-a-fj’e 1,2,7 conflict

164

leat-bj 2 correct (adj.)

lèatui-a 0,1,2 real, really, true

lèatui-a bbàtiai-pj 0,1,2,7 fact

lèatui-a fuoitatfj-atit 0 real number

lèbaiaitpj-i 1,2 tall

lèbaiatepj-fj 0,1,2 week

lèbaiatepj-fj-ria 1 next week

lèbaiatepj-fj-rke 1 last week

lebàietklj-te 2 day

lèbaitaiqi-tkpj-a 0,1,2 inspect, investigate

lèbaitpj-rt 2 hour

lèbateai=pj 0,1,2,7 discuss

lèbateaipj=rt 0,1 sometimes

lèbateaipj-i 0,1,2 once

lèbateia=suj 0 wrist (inside)

lèbateie=sj 0 wrist (outside)

lèbatkaipj=a 0,1,2 research

lèbatkatfj’e-te 0,1,2 begin, originate, start

lèbatkatpj-a’k-pj-e’k 0,2 correct (v.), edit

lèbatkatpj-a’k-pj-e’k bbàatte-pj 0,6 prejudice

lebatkitpj=a 1,7 example

lebatkitpj-a 0,1,2 show (v.)

lèbeaktebj-j-beat-k 0,1 weekend

lèfaiaak-i-fj’e 0,1,2 appear, show up

lèfateiefuj-j 0 knuckles

lèfate-rt 1 et cetera

lèfatkatfj’e-te 0,1,2,5 begin, originate, start

lèfatkitfj’a-’v-’y 5 fingers

lèfuoteatfj-rt-fj 2 about

leia=k-xfj 0,1,2 test

leia=k-xfj lcsèbaitatqi-pj 0,6 recognition test

leiaA~rt-xfj 1,2 interrogate, query, survey

leia-ak 0,1,2 go

leia-aksj 0,3 output, result (math.)

leia-aksj sfàitui-at buate-ct 3 undefined (math.)

lèia-a-lxè 1 ask

leiabj~i’k 1,2 star

leiafj-raj 1,2 but

lèiagi-oi 1 deaf

lèia-i 0,1,2 up

lèia-ie 1 first

165

leiaiepj-ieiapj 0,1,2 convert, translate

lèiaI-zsj 1 where

lèia-tk-ie 0,1,2 only

leiaui-ak 1,2 answer, reply

lèie=ci 1,2 nose

lèie=i-ui 1,2 disappointed

lèie=ui 0 chin

lèie-a 0,1,2 one

lèie-ci letefj-j 1 allergy

lèie-ci letefj-j sèleatia-fj 1 allergy attack

leiedjcj-ai 1,2 until now (since)

lèieI~re 0,1,2 consider

lèieI-re 1,2 face (n.)

lèieI-re yàak-j’t 0,1,2 look like, resemble

lèieI-ri 1,2 something

lèie-i-ui 0,1 miss (feeling)

lèieqi-sè-lèak 0,6 identification, notice

lèie-ri 1 always

lèieui=lxè 0,1 red

lèieui=lxè wxeteI-j 0,6 bloodshot eyes

lèieui-a-ai 0,1,2 tell

lèiewi-a-ia 1,2 for

lèijst-ri 0,1 alone

lèijst-ri buitatpj=j-buo 0,1 soliloquies

leit~ui 1,2 dialogue, discourse

lèit=ci-t 0,1,2,7 fake, fiction

leit=fj’e 0,1,2 multiplication

lèit=gi 0,2 ear

leit=lxe-j 0,1,2 complex, complicated

lèit-ci-t 0,2 false

lèit-ci-t buitatpj=j-buo 0,1 myth

lèit-gi 0,1,2,5 hear

lèit-gi lueat-ra 0 earache

lèit-gi seia~j’t 0,1,2 loud, thunder

Lèitgi-k-yà-zsj 0,1,2 California

leitI~re 6 cognition, think about

leitI~re lete=fj’e 0,6 cognitive disorder

leit-i-fj’e 0,3,4 intercept

leit-i-fj’e 1,2,7 intersect

leit-pj 1,2 meet

lèitui-ie 1,2 serious

166

lèit-wi 1,2 think

lèit-wi baia-buatefuj-st 1 self-centered

lèit-wi bbàataipj-buàte 0,2,6 freak out

lèit-wi bcatkai-pj 1,2 believe

lèit-wi fake-k 0,6 shock

lèit-wi ffòitatfj’a-j-fà 0,6 dissociation, psychosis

lèit-wi fluabaattksj-rt 0,1,2,6 obsess

lèit-wi foat-k 1,2 decide

lèit-wi leak=bj 0,1 agree

lèit-wi letefj-j 1 disagree

lèit-wi llètkit=fj 1 optimistic

lèit-wi seitbjwi-fa-j 0,1 visualize

lèit-wi sfaia-iedj 6 autism

lèit-wi vèbatkatpj-tepj 0,1,2 intent

lèit-wi vxèbaattipj=vè 0,1,6 epilepsy

lèitwi-a 0,2,6 intelligence

lèitwi-a-luò 1 genius

lèitwi-j-xfj 0,1,2 dream

leke-ak-a 0,1,2 during, while

lèlfateatfj’a-fj’l 1 then

lelueattefj-rt 0,1,2 struggle

lèsaiaaiwi-saakpj 0,1,2,6 blackout, faint, pass out

lèseiaatui-fàakbj 0,1,2 commit, confirm, promise

lèseiatkbj-zsj 0,2 tail

lèseitatoi-fàtkbj 0,1,2 commit, confirm, promise

lèseitdj-j-t’k 6 schizophrenia

lèseteie=lj 0 elbow

lèsfateat-fj 1,2,5 first, initial, original

lèsfateatfj-a-rj 0 acceleration

lete~i’k 0,1,2 argue, quarrel

lete~rj 2 sign, signing

lete~rj lfaakfj’a-zsj-j 0,1,2 sign language

lète=wi 0 forhead

lèteci-a-ta 1,2 do not mind

letefj-raj-ie 1,2 contrast, opposite

lète-k-vè 0,1,2 half

lète-rka 0 those

lète-t 0 it

lète-ui 0,1,2 say (spoken)

lèteui=rt 1,2 hearing (adj.)

lètewi=j-lxè 0,1,2,5 summer

167

lètk=ut 0,1 dialect, accent

lètkci-j-lxè 2 ugly

lètkI-rt 2 crazy, insane

lètkni=te 1,2 candy

lètk-rka 0 them, they

lètk-t 0 he, her, him, she

lètkwi-j 1,2 black

lèvetkia=k-fj 0 vector

lfaakfj’a-j-se 0,1,2,6,

7 linguistics

lfaakfj’a-zsj-j 0,1,2,7 language

lfaat=xfj’l 0,1,2 speed

lfaat-xfj’l 0,1,2 fast

lfàbaitfj-pj 1,2,5 law, legal

lfàbataaipj=aj 1 compass (tool)

lfàia-bcè-lò 3,4 least common denominator (f.s.)

lfàia-bcò-lùte 3,4 logarithm (f.s.)

lfàiaI-re 1,2 logic

lfàia-tl 1,2 left (direction)

lfàia-tl _/bàta=sj 0,1 left-handed

lfàitI-a-at 0,1,2 later

lfàitui=xfj 0,1,2 who

lfalceiait=fj 0 quadrant

lfataia=fj’l 0 frame (n.)

lfatebt-ct 1 alive, life, live

lfàteI-rt 0,1,2 hairdryer

lfateni=ufj’l 0,1,2 laugh

lfàvfatkatfj’a-tifj’l-tkfj’v 0 order (sequential), sequence

llcsèatsuj-rj-suj 1 exchange

llèaite-akfj 0,1 to

llèatbj=ra 0,1 appropriate, regular

llèat-ra-fj 0,1,2 specific

llèiaie-tafj 0,1,2 to, until

llèiait=pj-a 0 patient (abstract)

llèiait=pj-raj 0 recipient

llèiateoi-fj-ak 0,1,2 tomato

llèitia=bj 0 agent (abstract)

llèittkbj=usj 3 protractor

llèitwi-a-atfj 1,2 goal, objective

llèketk=fj 0,3,4 perpendicular

llètaia=fuj 0 finger

168

llètefj-rt-fj 1 about, when

llèteia-fj 0,1,2 specific

llèteiafuj-sj 1,2 month

llèteiafuj-sj bbàtatepj-rti 1 calendar

llèteiafuj-sj fèbaiatepj-k-tepj-j 0,2 calendar

llèteia-i’t-fj 7 climax (lit.)

llèteitfj-j-lxè 0,1,2 from

llèteitfj-j-lxè lèbatkatfj’e-te 0,1 origin, source

llètkfj-rt-fj 1,2 season

llètkia=k-fj 1 points, score

llètkiafj=i’k 0,1,2 temperature

llètkit-a-fj’e 0,2 positive

llètkit-a-fj’e fuoitatfj-atit 0,3 positive number

llètkit-fj 0,1,2 plus

llètkitfj=i’k 2 degree

lluèatfj-a 1 width

lluèiafj-i’j 0,3 diagonal

lluèiafj-re-fj 1,4 circle

lluèitfj-i 0,4 height (of object)

lòai=lù 0,1 dog

lòbateaipj=e 0,1,7 dictionary

loiabj-iedj 1,2 department

lòia-ra-k 3 derivative (math.)

loieI~rt 6 delusion

lòleiatkfj-z 3,4 denominator

lòtk-ak 1 damn

lòvaiatefj’a-’v-’a-’l 3 distributivity (math.)

lsòleiafj=i’k 0,2 degree

luai=luo 0,1,2 do

lùakI-zsj 3 quadratic

luatbj=t 1,4 geometry

luatfjcj~rt-a 0,1,2,5 generation (n.)

luatfj-zsj-j 0,1,2 grammar

lùbaiaaipj=luò 0,1,2,7 literature, print, publish, newspaper

lùbaittedj=i 0,1,2,7 journal, magazine

lùbateaipj=e 0 glossary

lueakaifj~rk 0,1,2 tornado

lueat=t 0,2 ache, hurt, pain

lueat-ra 1 ache, hurt, pain

luèbaak-k 0,1,2 deep

luèbaaktkfj-k 2 depth

169

luèbaitia=pj 0,1,2,4 negative

luèbceiaitbj-re-bj 0,3 circumference

luèbceiaitbj-re-bj-j 0,3,4 diameter

lueia-ai 0,2 parenthesis

lueiabj~j-i’k 0,2,4 variable (n.)

lueiafj-j 0,1,2 length

lueiafj-j’i-i 3 parabola

lueiafj-j-k’j-k-j’k-fj 0 octagon

lueiafj-j-k-fj 1,2,4 square

lueiafj-j-k-fj fèie-re 0 quadrilateral, rectangle

lueiafj-k’j-fj 0,2,4 triangle

lueiafj-k’j-fj flòia-a 0,2 octagon

lueiafj-k’j-fj yàia-re 3 equilateral triangle

luèia-j-k’t-j llètkia=k-fj 0,3 z-score

lueia-j-k-t 3 matrix (math.)

lueia-k 3 absolute value

lueia-k-at-ak-k-at 0,3 empty set (math.)

luèia-k-i-j 0,3,4 square root

luèia-k-t’i-j yèit-zsj-k 3 asymptote

luèiaoi=luò 1,5 bird

luèia-ra’re 3 infinity

luèleakfj-re-fj-j-t 4 radius

luèleakit-rk 0,1 around

luèleiafj-k-j-fj 3 right triangle

luèlfaiafj’e-j-’a 3 right angle

luèlfaiafj’l-bj-’a 3,4 angle

luèlfaiafj’l-bj-fj’a sòia-a 0 vertex

luèlfaiafj’a-rei-’l 3 obtuse angle

luèluiaitfj’l-bj-’a 3 acute angle

luèsatkaksj-tecj 1,2 long

luètect-ri-ct 0,1,2 all of us, we

luète-st 1,2 I, me

luetkti-zfj-ri 0,1,2 tornado

luiabj-iedj 2 group

luiafj-j-ja-k-ia-fj 0,1,2 frame (n.)

lùia-j-j’k 0 rows (graph)

lùitct=luò 0,1,2 pin

Luitfj-j-luo 1,2 Japan

lùit-zsj 1,2 green

lùja-fàie 0 polynomial

lùja-k 0,5 term (math.)

170

lùja-k fuoitatfj-atitfj luèiaI-a 4 power (math.)

lùja-k-raj 0 columns (graph), terms (math.)

lùja-lèie 0,4 monomial

luja-ret-sj-raj 3 commutativity (math.)

lùja-vàie 0,4 trinomial

lùja-vèie 0,3,4 binomial

lulèjitksuj-lcefj 3 proper fraction

luoiabj-j-lfa 0,1 web browser window

luoitqi-j-lfa 1 surprise, wake up

lùsfaitatfj-a-luò 0 velocity

lùtkct-k’j-gt 0,1,2 queen

lxèak=usj 1,2 need

lxèbaattepj-k 0,1,2 cost, price

lxèbatkakpj-a’e 1,2 scan, xerox

lxèbatkatpj=te 1,2 key

lxèia=ci 1,2 eagle

lxèia-ak 1,2 must, should

lxeiaiepj=ieia 0,1 conjugate, modify

lxeiaiepj-ieia 1 change

lxèia-z leit-i-fj’e 0,3,4 x-intercept

lxèie=ni 0,1,2 just, recent

lxèitoi-te 1,2 cool (emotion)

lxete=fj 1,2,5 electricity, power (electricity)

lxete=fj lèit-wi fake-k sfàbaatai=pj 6 electroconvulsive shock therapy

lxèteoi-j 6 addicted

lxètewi-j 0,1 mentally scarred, traumatized

lxètkui=te 0,1,2 apple

M

mèitwi-hrè 0,2,6 mental retardation (f.s.)

mete-ak 1,2 method

mueatbj=t 1,2,4 mathematics

muèbaiaitpj-fj 0,1 maturation, mature

muèyueatfj-j 0 translation (math.)

S

saai-pj-ba-j 1 everything

saai-sj-fa-j 1 everything

saakbj-rke-bj 4,5 area

saat-fate 2 fear

sàat-lè-vlè-wè 2 few

171

sàat-lè-vlè-wè-fè 1 few

saat-pj 1,2 with

saatpj~a’e 2 compete, race, sports, athletic

saatpj=a 0,1,2 together

saatpj-j-faak 1 without

sàbaakaipj-j-k-fà 0,1,2 abolish, abortion

sabaatfj-a 1,2 guide, lead, tour

sàbateitsj-a 1,2 skill, fluent

saiabj-iedj 0,1,2 association (n.)

sàia-sè-là 1,2 ASL (f.s.), American Sign

Language (f.s.)

saiesuj-ct 1,2 love (animate object)

sàit=ni 1,2 menstrual period, menstruation

sàit=oi 1,2 private, secret

sait=sj 2 defense

sait=sj baat-a 6 defense mechanism

sàitci=ui 1,2 tolerate

sàitci-ui 1 patience

saitcj-tk-test 0,1,2 coat

saitct~rj 1,2,7 drama, perform, theater, show (n.),

acting

saitct~rt 2 aggressive

sàitni=a 1,2 daily, everyday

sàitni-a-at 1,2 tomorrow

sàitoi-k 1,2 patient (to be patient)

sàit-re-ct 1 attitude

sàit-rt-ct 6 attitude

sàja-ta 2 tennis

saji-rt 0,1,2 jump rope

sàleaktefj-j’t 1,2 practice

saleiasj=usj 6 autism

sàseaktk=sj 0,1,2 rock

sàseaktk-sj 0,2,5 hard (physically), solid

sàseaktk-sj-fà-i’a 0,1,2,5 mountain

sàte-fùai 7 plural

sàtest-re 1,2 apologize, sorry

seaibj-j-k 0,1,2 system

seai-fu-zfj 1 burn up

seai-i-fa 0,1,2 how many, quantity

sèai-j-fè 0,1,2 few

sèai-lè-vè-wè-fè 1,2 several

172

sèai-ra 0,1,2 hold

seaisuj-ak 6 arrest

sèai-t’j-t-fà 1,2 gamble

seak~rt 0 out-of-phase

seak=rt 0 in-phase

seak=usj 2 possible

seak-faia 0,1,2 abandon, give up, sacrifice

sèak-fù 1,2 drop (v.)

seak-usj 0,1,6 ability, can

seatbj=t 0,1,2,4 statistics

seatpj-e-j-te 0 cabinet, cupboard

sèbaatti-pj-wè-pj 0,1,2 social work

sèbaiaitfj-pj 0,1,2 state (n.)

sebaiaitpj=a 1 symbol

sèbateaipj-a-fà 0,2 waste

seia~j’t 1 shake, vibrate

sèia=usj 1,2 yes

seiabj-iedj 1,2 society

sèia-k 2 south

sèia-lò 0 standard deviation (f.s.)

sèiaoi-a 0,1,2 love (inanimate object)

seie=xfj 0,2 say (signed)

seie-a 0,1,2 strong

seie-a-fa 1,2 many, multiple

seie-a-fa leakfj=j vlètk-rj-ct 0,6 multiple personality

sèieI-ia 2 protest

sèieoi-a-fà 0,1,2,5 warm

Sèie-ri 1,2 Saturday

seiesuj-j-ia 0,1,2 liberty, rescue, safe, save (animate

object)

seiesuj-j-ia lùitct=luò 0,1 safety pin

sèij=ct 1 gang

seit=t’j 1,2,5 cold, winter

seit=xfj 0,1 articulate, signing

seitbjwi-fa-j 2 imagine

SèitI-a’e-a-fà 7 Shakespeare

sèitI-a-fà 0,1 spear

seitI-bce-se 1,2 amazed

sèitoi=k 1,2 ice cream

sèitoi-rj 1,2 ice cream

sèitwi-j-t’k-ba 1,6 schizophrenia

173

sèkt-i’k 1,2 bag

sèleatia-fj 2 attack, hit

selèatsuj=a-fà 5 ejaculation, sperm

sèleiafj-ri-ie 0,1,2 situation

sèleteiafuj-t-lè 0,2 deviate, off topic

sete~i’k 1 car

setebj=atbj 1,2,5 generate, make, produce

setect-a-faak 1 abandon, give up, sacrifice

setest-faai 0,1,2 express, poetry

sètk=a 0,1,2,6 resist

setk-a 0,1 guard (v.), protect

setkbj-j-fait 0,1,5 expand

setk-fuj-/fuj-fuj 0,1,2,5 structure

sfaakfj=a 0,1,3 continue, constant

sfaakfj=rt 2,5 continuous

sfaakfj=rt-a 0,1,2 continue, persistent

sfaakfj-a 0,1,2 continue, permanent

sfàak-j-ai 0,1,2 other

sfaak-k-at-ak 0,1,2 satute, sculpture, shape

sfaak-k-at-ak _bàai-t’j 3 base (math.)

sfàat-aj 2 decline (v.), reject

sfaatsuj-a 1,2 follow

sfàat-z 0 thumbs up

sfàat-zsj 1,2 ten

sfabaakatpj-e 0,2 impress

sfàbaatai=pj 0,1 help, therapy

sfàbaiaitfj’a-’v-’y 1 handshape

sfàbaiaitpj-ak 0,1,2 emphasis

sfàbaitaioi-kepj 2,7 letter (document)

sfàbataaipj=e 0,1,2 page

sfabataaipj-k 1 press

sfàbatk-tefuj 1 based, set up (v.)

sfàet=k 2 back

sfaia~re bbàatbj-a 0,5 scientific field

sfàiaoi-gi 1,2 yesterday

sfàit=ci 0,6 cocaine

sfàit-ci 0,2,6 snort

sfàitni=ui 1,2 girl

sfàitni=ui beak~j’t fsuoak~j’t 6 effeminate

sfàitni-batiluj 1 daughter

sfàitni-lfàleatbj 1 sister

174

sfàit-t’k-ta 1,2,6 drunk

sfaitui~at 6 denial

sfaitui~at baat-a 6 denial mechanism

sfaitui-at 1,2 deny

sfàitui-at 1,2 not

sfàitui-at buait=fj foatfj’a-j 0,1,3 inequality (math.)

sfàitui-at yàak-j’t 0,1,5 dissimilar, unlike

sfàitui-at yyuèatfj-j 0,4 nonlinear

sfàitwi-batiluj 0,1,2 son

sfàitwi-lfàleatbj 1,2 brother

sfàitwi-tk 0 memorize

sfàleteia=sj 2 itself (animate)

sfàsaat=sj 1 itself (inanimate)

sfàsatiai=luj 0,2,6 drug (illicit), narcotic

sfàsatiai-luj fluàbatkaipj-zsj leakfj=k

6 drug dependence

sfàsatiai-luj lxèteoi-j 6 drug addiction

sfàsete-tabj 2 fuel, gas

sfata~re 0,1,2,5 science

sfatate~rk 2 each other

sfate=fuj 1,2 game

sfàte-a’e 0,2 transit, commute

sfate-a-it 0,1,2 try

sfatefujst=xfj 0,1,7 sweethearts

sfàte-ia 0,1 any

sleatbj=t 0,2,4 trigonometry

slèbaatti=pj 2 therapy

slèbateaipj=e 0,7 thesaurus

slèia-a leia=k-xfj 0,3 t-test

slèia-zsj 1,2,5 toilet

slèitI-re 1,2 theorem, theory

slèitwi-a 0,5 theorem, theory

soakai=pj 0,1,7 detail

soatsuj=it 0,1,2 dig

sòbatkaipj-a 0,1,2,7 compose, write

sòbatkaipj-a 0,1,2 write

sòia-a 3 dot, point (n.)

sòia-a sfàat-zsj 3,4 decimal

sòia-a vleatbj=t leia-aksj 0,3 dot product

sòia-lèak 1 ask, query

sòie=lèui 0,6 pills

175

sòieI=lè 1 comprehend, understand

sòieI-lè 1,2,7 comprehend, understand

sòie-lèui bbuàitfuj-i 0,6 overdose

sòie-lèui fluatest~rt 0,6 stimulant

sòit-gi 0,1,2 earring

sòitni-z 2 cheek, skin

sòleatit=lè 0,1,6 signal, stimulus

sòtebt-i 1,2 zipper

sotisuj=a 0,2 mop

sotisuj-e 0,1 pull

ssàatpj-rak 0 sub-, subordinate

ssàatte=i-fuj 0,1,2 danger, dangerous

ssàtebj-rt-bj 3 atom

ssàtktipj-ri 0,1,2 chew

ssèatbj-a-fà 0,1,2 cause (v.)

ssèattebj=a-lè 1,2 annually, yearly

ssètebj=i 0,1,2 umbrella

ssètebj-i-fàit-zfj 0,1 torch

ssètebj-rt-bj 1,2 year

ssèteie=dj 0,1,2 support

ssètkak=sj 0,1,2,5 job, labor, work

ssètkdj-a 0,1 extend, stretch

ssfàajat-ra-suj 2 behind

ssfàaktefj-te 1 how

ssfàat=ra-suj 1,2 chase

ssfàatfj-a 1,2 distance, far

ssfàatpj-i 0,1,2 most

ssfàatpj-i yaia=fj fuoitatfj-atit 0,4 mode (math.)

ssfàatsuj=k 0,1,2 every

ssfàatsuj-e 1,6 avoidance

ssfàatsuj-k 1,2 each

ssfàitatwi-akfj 0,1,2 remember

ssfàitteoi-akfj 0 letter (symbol)

ssòakai-ra-pj 0,1,2 exact, precise

V

vàia-ie 0,1,2 third

vàie-a 0,1,2 three

vcèak-rei 0,1,2 journey, travel, trip

vceia=ai 0,2 idiom

vceia-ai 0,1,2,7 quote, theme, title, topic

176

vcèia-rei 0,1,2 journey, travel, trip

vcèia-rei lcfait=ct 0,1 backpacking

Vcèsetkak-rt-sj 0,1,2 Ireland

vcetk-rt 0,1 gallop

vcsèat-rej-aj 1 transfer

vcsetest-rja-ta 6 transference

vèai=j’t 1,2 pairing

vèai=j’t 2 two of them, pair

veak~re 2 observe

veakbj-rei-bj 1 valuable, value

veakfj~i’k-j 0 variation, vary

vèak-j 1 look around

vèbaiait-rt-slèpj 0,1,2 video

vèbateaipj-i 0,1 twice

vèbateaipj-i lfaakfj’a-zsj-j 0,1 bilingual

vèbatiaipj-a 1,2 fail

vèbatiaipj-j 0,1,2,6 blackout, faint, pass out

vèbatkai-pj 1 lose (game)

vèbatkatpj=usj 0,1,2 read

vèbatkatpj=usj sòbatkaipj-a 0,1 literate

vèbatkatpj=usj vxetktefj-tetkfj 6 dyslexia

vèbatkatpj-tepj 0,1,2 meaning

vèbatkatpj-tepj foat~a’e 0,1,2,7 definition

vèbatkte-dj-t-hè 1 cut off

vèbceietepj-k-hè 1,2 both

vebèaktkfj-rja 2 predict

vèia-bcò-là 2,3 volume (f.s.)

vèia-i 0,3 vertical

vèia-ie 0,1,2 second

vèia-ie bxèitI-zsj 0,3 squared (math.)

vèia-tk-ie 0,3,4,5 inverse, reciprocal

veia-vceat 0,1 quote, theme, title, topic

vèie=oi 0,1,2,6 smoke (v.)

vèie-a 1,2 two

veieI~rt 2 visit

veieI~rt baat-k 0,1,2 visitor

veieI-usj 1,2 vain

vèieqi-a 1,2 see

vèieut-ui-a 1,2 voice

vèit-k 1 fall (v.)

vèleaktk=fj 0,1,2 vocabulary

177

vèleaktkfj-zfj 0,2 salt

vèleitia-tkfj’e 1,2 apply, assign

vèseiete=sj 2,5 preserve, save (inanimate object),

store (v.)

vèta-te 3 inverse, reciprocal

vete=vxe 0 meta-analysis, self-analysis

vèteui=j 1 verb

vetewi-a-vxe 6 lobotomy

vetk=j-xfj 1,2,4,5,

7 analyze

vfàbateai=pj 0,1,2 parking

vleak-k 0,2 person

vleak-k-raj 1,3,5 proportion

Vlèakwi-k slèitI-re 0 Pythagorean theorem

vlèak-yèia 3 pi (f.s.), π (f.s.)

vlèak-yèia-vxè-j-t’k-j-sà 0,2 pizza (f.s.)

vlèak-zsj 2 purple

vleatbj=t 0,1,2,3,

4 calculate, figure out, multiply

vleatbj=t leia-aksj 0,3,4,5 product (math.)

vleatfj’v-rk-fj’v 0,1,2 place, position

vleatfj-ria-fj 1,2 location, place, position

vlèbaakitfj-pj 2,5 principle

vlèbaaktksj-hrèsj 1 Puerto Rico

vlèbatkatbj-a 0,2 professional

vlèbatkiepj-i-fuj 1,2 program

vlèbceiatepj-i-ak 5 plant (n.)

vleia~rt 0,1,2 people

vleia~rt bèbfeat=fj’e 6 community psychology, humanistic

psychology

vlèie=e’a 0,1,2 two of us

vlèieci-a-bcòit-fò 0,1,2 pissed off

vlèieui=k 1,2 pink

vlèitwi-a-bcòat 0,6 blackout, faint, pass out

vleitwi-zsj 0,1,2,6 paranoia

vleitwi-zsj lèseitdj-j-t’k 0,6 paranoid schizophrenia

vleitwi-zsj vlètk-re-ct 6 paranoid personality

vleitwi-zsj vxetktefj-tetkfj 6 paranoid disorder

Vlèsetkak-rk-sj 0,2 Philippines

vlèsetkak-rt-sj 0,1,2 principal

vlètecj-t-cj-k 2 patient (medical)

vletkct-bt 0 physical (adj.)

178

vlètk-rj-ct 0,1,2,6 personality

vlfàat-zsj 0 dimension (math.)

vuèbatkaipj-a-te 0,1,2 fall (v.)

vuèbatkaipj-i-pj 0,1,2 jump

vuèbatkaipj-vèti 0,1,2 fall (v.)

vuèbatkai-zsj 1,2 dance

vueiaqi-rja 1 look forward to

vuèie=ut 2 victim, vodka

vuèieI-rj 0,2 look at me continously

vuèieqi-rke 0,1,2,6 flashback, reminisce

vuèie-ut 1,2 stuck

vuèleiafj-ri-ie 6 perspective, point of view

vvèaktkfj-zfj 0,1,5 salt

vvlèat=bj 0,1,2 keep, take care of

vvlèit-k’t-/k’t 0,3 cross product

vvlètebj-rt-bj 0,1,2 type (n.)

vvxète-fj 0,1 difficult, hard (mentally)

vxàletkit-fj 1,2 champ, champion

vxèbaattipj=vè 0,1 seizures

vxeie=suj 1,5 bone

vxete=fj 0,1,2 physics

vxetefj~i’k 1 problem

vxetktefj-tetkfj 2,5 problem

W

wèia-e-lò 1,6 withdrawal

wèia-tl 0,1,2 west

wèit=ui 0,1,2,5 water

wèit=ui baat~t’j-a 0,1,2,3 river

wèit=ui faak-i 1,2,5 flood

wèit=ui faak-k’i-a 1,2,5 ocean

wèit=ui fuai=fuo 0,1,2 damp, wet

wòia-a 0,1,2 six

wòia-ie 0,1,2 sixth

wòitni-rt 1,2,6 wine

wwètebj-rt-bj 1,2,5 world

Y

yaai=k 0,1,2 today

yaakfj-j 0,1,2 size

yaakfj-ri 1,5 common, standard

179

yaakfj-ri hèbateiapj-j 6 stereotype

yàak-j’t 0,1,2,5 alike, similar

yaak-k 1 remain, stay

yaat-zsj 0,1,2 play

yabàtklj-usj-j 1 whale

yaia=fj 0,1,2,4,

5 measure

yaia-a 3 congruent

yàia-ak 1,2 that

yàia-re 0,1 also, too

yàia-z leit-i-fj’e 0,3,4 y-intercept

yàia-zsj 0,1 yellow

yaie~ui 5 error

yàie=ui 5 error

yaie-k 1,2 now

yaie-k buàbakeaipj=t 0,1 modern

yàie-ui 1,2 wrong

yàit=oi 1,6 beer, bar, pub

yait-e’a 6 empathy, me too

yait-e’a foaitefj’a-a’e 0,6 empathy

yait-e’a sòieI-lè 0,1,6 empathy

yàitui-ie 2 mistake

yàitwi-a 0,1,3 forever, infinite

yàtelj-re 1,2 country

yèbaiait=pj 1,6 identify

yèbateaipj=e 2 jam

yèbateatpj-k 0,1,2 draw

yèbatetksj-ri 0,1,2 interest (finance), island

yeia=ai 0,1 idiom

yèia-zsj fuoitatfj-atit 3 imaginary number

yeieI~rt 1,2 imagination, imagine

yeiesuj-j-ia 1,2 independent

yèieui-a 0,1,2 if, suppose

yèiewi-a 0,1,2 idea

yeit~ui 1,2 interview

yèitoi-ie 1,2 juice

yèit-st 2 I

yèseteaksj-rk 0,1,2 island

yètkI-k-it-tk 3 integral (math.)

ylaakfj-j-ya 0,1 at the same time, simultaneous

ylàakI=a 1,2 airplane

180

ylàia-a 0,1,2 I love you

ylàieI-re 6 narcissism, self-love

ylàieI-re vlètk-rj-ct 6 narcissistic personality

ylaitpj~rt 2,6 romance

yleat=bj 6 alcohol

yleat=bj baat-k 6 alcoholic

ylèleaktk=fj 1,2,6 cigarette

ylèleaktk=fj lxèteoi-j 0,6 chain smoker

ylètkci-zsj 1 kid

yòij=ct 2 gang

yueatfj-j 1,2,4 line, linear

yuèbcoatitfj-j 0 origin (line) (math.)

yyàiafj=usj 0,1,2,5 engineering

yyèattefj-k 0,1,2,5 final, last, ultimate

yylèitteci-tebj-t 0,1,2,7 irony, sarcasm

yyuèatfj-j 0,3,5 linear

Documents

Vèbateaipj-i Lfaakfj a-zsj-j STEM Lòbateaipj=e...there is a dominance relation,3 described in the Random House Webster’s Pocket American Sign Language Dictionary as, “Flick the