VB Classes - 2

ISYS 573

Creating an Array of ObjectsDim emps(2) As empDim i As IntegerFor i = 0 To emps.GetUpperBound(0) emps(i) = New emp()Nextemps(0).Eid = "e1"emps(0).Ename = "peter"emps(0).salary = 5000

Implementing a 1:M Relationship With Object Array

Public did As StringPublic dname As StringPublic emps(2) As Employee

Public eid As StringPublic ename As StringPublic salary As Double

Class Department

Class Employee

Code Example

Dim tempDep As New department()

tempDep.did = "D1"

tempDep.dname = "Accounting"

tempDep.emps(0) = New emp()

tempDep.emps(0).Eid = "E1"

tempDep.emps(0).Ename = "Peter"

MessageBox.Show(tempDep.emps(0).Ename)

Implementing a 1:M Relationship With ArrayList

Public did As StringPublic dname As StringPublic emps As New ArrayList

Public eid As StringPublic ename As StringPublic salary As Currency

Class Department

Class Employee

ExamplePublic Class Dept Public did As String Public dname As String Public emps As New ArrayList Public Sub addemp(ByVal id As String, ByVal name As String) Dim e As New Emp e.eid = id e.ename = name emps.Add(e) End SubEnd ClassPublic Class Emp Public eid As String Public ename As StringEnd Class

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load Dim test As New Dept test.did = "d1" test.dname = "MIS" test.addemp("e1", "peter") test.addemp("e2", "paul") MessageBox.Show(test.emps.Item(0).eid) MessageBox.Show(test.emps.Item(1).eid)

Problem with Using ArrayList to Model the Entity on the Many Side of the Relationship

• ArrayList can store different types of objects.

• Because the property is a collection, user may use collection’s Add method to add a object of different type.– Test.Emps.Add(“Other Type”)

Collection Class

• A collection class holds references for a series of objects created from the same class.– Create a hidden Private collection to hold data.– Create methods to simulate collection’s Add,

Count, Items,RemoveAt, … etc.

• Example:

Public Class Dept Public did As String Public dname As String Public emps As New depEmpsEnd ClassPublic Class Emp Public eid As String Public ename As StringEnd ClassPublic Class depEmps Private hiddenList As New ArrayList Public Sub add(ByVal id As String, ByVal name As String) Dim e As New Emp e.eid = id e.ename = name hiddenList.Add(e) End Sub Public ReadOnly Property items() As ArrayList Get items = hiddenList End Get End Property Public ReadOnly Property count() Get count = hiddenList.Count End Get End PropertyEnd Class

Code Using the Collection Class

Dim test As New Dept test.did = "d1" test.dname = "MIS" test.emps.add("e1", "peter") test.emps.add("e2", "paul") MessageBox.Show(test.emps.items(0).eid) MessageBox.Show(test.emps.items(1).eid)

What If We Only Allow Two Employees in Each Dept?

Public Sub add(ByVal id As String, ByVal name As String) Dim e As New Emp e.eid = id e.ename = name Static eCount As Integer If eCOunt > 1 Then MessageBox.Show("too many") Else eCount += 1 hiddenList.Add(e) End If End Sub

• How to implement the Remove method?

• How to implement the RemoveAt method?

Nested Classes

• VB .Net lets you nest class definitions:– Class Outer

• …• Class Inner• …• End Class

– End Class

• The inner class can be declared as:– Dim obj As New Outer.Inner

Public Class Emp

Public Eid As String

Public Ename As String

Public salary As Double

Public dependents As New deps()

Public Class deps

Private dcol As New arraylist

Public Sub add(ByVal did As Integer, ByVal dname As String)

Dim d As New dep()

d.depID = did

d.depName = dname

dcol.Add(d)

End Sub

Public ReadOnly Property items() As ArrayList

Get

items = dcol

End Get

End Property

Public ReadOnly Property count()

Get

count = dcol.Count

End Get

End Property

End Class

End Class

Public Class dep

Public depID As Integer

Public depName As String

End Class

Dim test1 As New Emp()

Dim test2 As dep

test1.dependents.add(1, "peter")

test1.dependents.add(2, "paul")

Dim i As Integer

For i = 1 To test1.dependents.count

MessageBox.Show(test1.dependents.items(i).depname)

Next

For Each test2 In test1.dependents.items

MessageBox.Show(test2.depID.ToString & test2.depName)

Next

Code using collection class

Store Objects in Storage

• Comma delimited file

• Database

• Serialization

Classes and Files

• Two files with 1:M relationship– Dept.dat, and Emp.dat

• Create a Dept class to model the relationship.

• Create a form that:– Display department Ids in a listbox.– Display selected department info and its

employees in textboxes.

Serializing Classes

• Add a Serializable attribute:– <Serializable()> Public Class Dept

<Serializable()> Public Class Dept Public did As String Public dname As String Public emps As New depEmpsEnd Class<Serializable()> Public Class Emp Public eid As String Public ename As StringEnd Class

Imports System.IOImports System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.BinaryPrivate Sub Form9_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load Dim test As New Dept test.did = "d1" test.dname = "MIS" test.emps.add("e1", "peter") test.emps.add("e2", "paul") Dim fs As New FileStream("c:\testSerializing.txt", FileMode.Create) Dim bf As New BinaryFormatter bf.Serialize(fs, test) fs.Close() End Sub

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click Dim fs As New FileStream("c:\testSerializing.txt", FileMode.Open) Dim testS As New Dept Dim bf As New BinaryFormatter testS = CType(bf.Deserialize(fs), Dept) TextBox1.Text = testS.did TextBox2.Text = testS.dname End Sub

Inheritance

• The process in which a new class can be based on an existing class, and will inherit that class’s interface and behaviors. The original class is known as the base class, super class, or parent class. The inherited class is called a subclass, a derived class, or a child class.

Inheritance ExamplePublic Class Emp

Public Eid As String

Public Ename As String

Public salary As Double

Public Function tax() As Double

tax = salary * 0.1

End Function

End Class

Public Class secretary

Inherits Emp

Public WordsPerMinute As Integer

End Class

Overriding• When a property or method in the base class is not

adequate for a derived class, we can override the base class property or method by writing one with the same name in the derived class.

• The property or method in the base class must be declared with the Overridable keyword.

• The overridden property or method must be declared with the Overrides keyword.

• Note: Keywords Overridable and Overrides apply only to property procedure (not properties declared by public variables) or method.

Overriding a MethodPublic Class Emp

Public Eid As String

Public Ename As String

Public salary As Double

Public Overridable Function tax() As Double

tax = salary * 0.1

End Function

End Class

Public Class secretary

Inherits Emp

Public WordsPerMinute As Integer

Public Overrides Function tax() As Double

If salary > 3000 Then

tax = salary * 0.1

Else

tax = salary * 0.05

End If

End Function

End Class

Overriding a PropertyPublic Class Emp Public Eid As String Public Ename As String Private hiddenSal As Double Public Overridable Property salary() As Double Get salary = hiddenSal End Get Set(ByVal Value As Double) hiddenSal = Value End Set End PropertyEnd Class

Public Class secretary Inherits Emp Private sal As Double Public WordsPerMinute As Integer Public Overrides Property salary() As Double Get salary = sal End Get Set(ByVal Value As Double) If Value > 5000 Then sal = 5000 Else sal = Value End If End Set End PropertyEnd Class

MyBase

• The MyBase keyword refers to the base class. It is useful when you want to reference a field, property, or method of the base class.

Public Overridable Function tax() As Double tax = salary * 0.1 End Function

Public Class secretary

Inherits Emp

Public WordsPerMinute As Integer

Public Overrides Function tax() As Double

If salary > 3000 Then

tax = salary * 0.1

Else

tax = salary * 0.05

End If

End Function

End Class

Public Overrides Function tax() As Double

If salary > 3000 Then

tax = MyBase.tax

Else

tax = salary * 0.05

End If

End Function

Note: With MyBase, we can reuse the code in the base class.

The Scope of Class Properties and Methods

• Public: Available within its own class and to client code and subclasses. No restriction on access in the current or other projects.

• Private: Available only within its own class, not accessible from a derived class.

• Protected: Available only within its own class and derived subclasses, not available to client code.

• Friend: Available within its own class and to client code and subclasses, but only within the current project.

Abstract Classes (Virtual Classes)

• To prevent users from using your class as is and instead force them to inherit from it, you can create an abstract class.

• An abstract class cannot be instantiated, but is designed to be used only as a base class. An abstract class is declared with the MustInherit keyword:– Public MustInherit Class Person

• Abstract classes may have methods that are declared with the MustOverride keyword. Such methods are not implemented in the abstract class but must be implemented in any derived classes.

Abstract Class ExamplePublic MustInherit Class clsEmp

Public Eid As String

Public Ename As String

Public salary As Double

MustOverride Function tax() As Double

End Class

Public Class clsEmpSecretary

Inherits clsEmp

Public Overrides Function tax() As Double

If salary > 5000 Then

tax = salary * 0.1

Else

tax = salary * 0.1

End If

End Function

End Class

NonInheritable Classes (Sealed Classes)

• A class declared with the NotInheritable keyword can be instantiated but cannot be subclassed:– Public NotInheritable Class Emp

• Use NotInheritable when you want others to be able to use your class but not base their own classes on it.

Base Class and Derived Class Constructors

• It is possible for both a base class and a derived class to have constructors. When an instance of the derived class is created, the base class constructor is called first, and then the derived class constructor is called.

Comparing Object Variables with the Is Operator

• Multiple object variables can reference the same object. To determine whether two object variables reference the same object, use the Is operator, not =.– Dim emp1 as new emp()– Dim emp2 as emp– Emp2 = emp1– If emp2 Is emp1 Then

• Msgbox(“Same object”)

– End if

Exception

• Exceptions signal errors or unexpected events that occur while an application is running.

• An error handler is a section of code that intercepts and responds to exceptions.

Structured Error HandlingTry

result = Val(TextBox1.Text) / Val(TextBox2.Text)

TextBox3.Text = result.ToString

Catch except As InvalidCastException

MessageBox.Show(except.Message)

Catch except As DivideByZeroException

MessageBox.Show(except.Message)

Catch except As Exception

'Handle everything else

MessageBox.Show(except.Message)

Finally

MessageBox.Show("I get exdecuted, no matter what")

End Try

User-Defined Application Exceptions

• System.ApplicationException• Throw

– Throw New ApplicationException("Test exception")

• Use Try block to catch the excaption– Try

• Statements

– Catch err ApplicationException

• MessageBox.Show(err.Message)– End Try

Application Exception Example

Public Class emp

Public SSN As String

Public Ename As String

Public DateHired As Date

Private hiddenJobCode As Long

Public Property JobCode()

Set(ByVal Value)

If Value < 1 Or Value > 4 Then

Throw New ApplicationException("Invalide JobCode")

Else

hiddenJobCode = Value

End If

End Set

Get

JobCode = hiddenJobCode

End Get

End Property

End Class

Catch Application Exception

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim myEmp As New emp()

Try

myEmp.JobCode = TextBox1.Text

MessageBox.Show(myEmp.JobCode)

Catch err As ApplicationException

MessageBox.Show(err.Message)

TextBox1.Focus()

End Try

End Sub

User-Defined Exception Class

Public Class JobCodeException

Inherits System.ApplicationException

Sub New(ByVal strMessage As String)

MyBase.New(strMessage)

End Sub

End Class

Using User-Defined Exception in Class

Private hiddenJobCode As Long

Public Property JobCode()

Set(ByVal Value)

If Value < 1 Or Value > 4 Then

Throw New JobCodeException("Invalide JobCode")

Else

hiddenJobCode = Value

End If

End Set

Get

JobCode = hiddenJobCode

End Get

Using User-Defined Exception in Program

Dim myEmp As New Emp()

Try

myEmp.Eid = TextBox1.Text

myEmp.Ename = TextBox2.Text

myEmp.salary = CDbl(TextBox3.Text)

myEmp.JobCode = TextBox4.Text

Catch err As JobCodeException

MessageBox.Show(err.Message)

TextBox4.Focus()

TextBox4.SelectAll()

End Try