VATICAN II CLASS IIIDEATH OF POPE JOHN XXIII, ELECTION OF PAUL VI, SECOND SESSION OF THE COUNCIL

REV. JOHN MAYO

The 1958 Conclave

• Some will claim that the 1958 Conclave actually elected Cardinal Giuseppe Siri was elected not Roncalli • “VATCAN CITY (AP) - Cardinals

balloted Sunday without electing a pope. A mix up in smoke signals made it appear for about half an hour that Pius XII’s successor had been chosen. For a time, 200,000 Romans and tourists in huge Saint Peter’s Square were certain the church had a new pontiff. Millions of others who listened to radios throughout Italy and Europe also were certain. They heard the Vatican radio speaker shout exultantly, ‘A pope is elected.’

The 1958 Conclave

• “The scene around the Vatican was one of incredible confusion. White smoke from a little chimney atop the Vatican is the traditional signal announcing the election of a new pope. Black smoke indicates failure. Twice during the day smoke billowed from the chimney. At noon the smoke at first came white but it quickly turned unquestionably black. This was the sign the Cardinals had failed to elect a pope on the first two ballots. At nightfall white smoke billowed from the slender chimney for a full five minutes. For all the outside world knew, a new pontiff had been chosen.• Then it was black smoke.

• So what happened?

Conspiracy?

• In 2003, a former FBI consultant revealed information that the FBI had discovered that Roncalli and Montini were Communist sympathizers.

• On the fourth ballot of the conclave, Siri was elected.

• However, the French Cardinals pulled their votes, claiming that such a pope would cause “...widespread riots and the assassination of several prominent bishops behind the iron curtain.”

• Strongly Anti-Communist, intransigent theologically, and a skilled bureaucrat.

• Finally John XXIII is elected.

How To Explain?

• Simplest- Look at what happened during Pope John Paul II-Benedict XVI!

• Sensus Fidei

• Holy Spirit and Christ’s Promise

Death of Pope John XXIII

The 1963 Conclave

• Giovanni Montini, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan entered the conclave as the heavy favorite to be elected.

• Usually a strike against.

• Pope was elected after six ballots

• Montini accepts election- “In the name of the Lord”

• Takes name Paul VI

• Ecumenical gesture

• Coalition building

• Connections inside the Roman Curia after 30 years in the Secretariat of State

• 8 years as Archbishop of Milan

• Oddity- “Liberal” Italian- Protege of Pius XII, yet friend of John XXIII

After Election

• Has lunch with the Cardinals

• Reappoints Cardinal Cicognani Secretary of State

• Immediately enters Papal Apartments and gets to work

• Next day- announces Vatican II will continue and orders the date of the second session to begin on September 29th

• July 3rd- Coordinating council meets

A Council Insider

Pope Paul VI Begins to Put His Mark On The Council

• September 15th: Appoints four Cardinals to a steering committee, with an “executive mandate” to direct the work of the session

• Allows bishops to wear the mozzetta

• Maximos IV and other eastern bishops granted “associate membership” in Congregation of Eastern Churches

Reform of the Curia

• During the time between session 1 and 2, the Curia, Bishops, and periti, had not been getting along • Liturgy • Theological commission

• September 21st, 1963 at exactly 10:00 am, Paul VI addresses and audience • Raise for all workers • Announces a reform of

the curia• Decentralize• Simplify• De-Italianization of the

Curia

Opening of Session II

• Less formal

• Mitre vs. tiara

• Paul VI’s Opening Address

• Church must impart a new awareness of her inner nature

• Renewal and reform of the Church

• Unity of all Christians

• Dialogue between Church and the World

New Rules

• Moral unanimity

• Changes for interventions

• Secrecy of the council

• Lay auditors

Schema on The Church

• Total revision of the text

• Chapter II “The People of God”

• “Liberal” Theology

• Ottaviani

• Deposit of Faith to be guarded AND presented to all

• Tersely- Must speak in a way accessible to all

• Schema not perfect

The Debate

• Generally positive

• Virgin Mary

• Accessibility?

• Episcopal College?

• Approved for discussion 2,231-43

Chapter I

• Debate begins by discerning an image of the Church, which will be inviting to Protestants and non-Christians

• Cardinal Lercaro makes an important speech on the text

• Mystical body vs. visible Church

• Incorporation into the Church

• Revision of the text

• Cardinal Ritter

• Church as Sacrament of Union

• Renewed emphasis on preaching

• 2 Roman Cardinals- Peter alone and Hell

Collegiality

• Do the bishops constitute a real or metaphorical “college?”

• For some- whole reason of the second session

• Key questions

• Episcopacy a real sacrament?

• How is it acquired?

• Role vis a vis Pope

Patriarch Maximos IV

A Restored Diaconate

• Not important theologically, but generated a lot of discussion

• Cardinal Spellman: “God exercises his Providence over the Church according to the present conditions... it must be decided whether it is better to by-pass the divine will and have fewer priests along with permanent deacons, or more priests without them.”

• Cardinal Ricketts: Married diaconate would help us!

• Celibacy: should it be dismissed?

• Rumors run wild.

• Communique from press office

The People of God

• Move from Chapter III to Chapter II

• Cardinal Ruffini:

• Clergy do need the help of the laity, but we cannot speak of a “mission of the laity”

• “They do not share in the mission conferred by Christ on the Apostles.”

• Cannot speak of “rights” without speaking first of limits

• Bishop is only a servant!?

• Charisms are common!?

Universal Priesthood of the Faithful

• Bishop Rastouil: Praises the schema

• Bishop Elchinger: Way of combating individualism

• Bishop Wright: People are waiting for this positive statement

• Bishop McGrath: People must be included in bringing perfection to creation

Universal Priesthood of the Faithful

• Bishop Meyer: Must distinguish between the spotlessness of the Church and the sins of her members

• Cardinal Suenens: More lay auditors including women!

• Fallout

• Separation of Church and state?

An Olive Branch to America

Vocation to Holiness

• Section almost universally agreed upon to be too monotonous and repetitious

• Holiness viewed too ethically and not as a grace of God

• Cardinal Léger: Stress on laity, but could even be greater

• Cardinal Urbani and Cento: Need to include the saints

• Cardinal Ruffini: “In the mystery of the Church... all are called to holiness.”

• Distinction between Church of charity and juridical church?

A Council in Crisis

• The Schema De Ecclesia took 23 days to debate- half the total days to debate

• No document in sight- at least a year.

• Suspicion was growing that the conservative minority was silently hoping for this.

• Cardinal Ottaviani

• Communism

Cardinal Suenens

• Moderator on October 15th

• Seek a vote to express the council’s mind on matters:

• Collegiality

• Relationship of Bishops and Pope

• Restoration of the Diaconate

• Goal- help the commission to speed up revision

• One week- no vote taken

Crisis in Authority

• Trouble is that the moderators had decided this without consulting the other levels of authority and there was no hierarchy.

• Emergency meeting of moderators, presidents, coordinators, and secretariat held.

• Anger at moderators: how dare they!

• 11-9- moderators cannot propose test votes on the floor

• Pope: quietly in the wings

• 11-9- Questions slightly changed

• Marian question

Next Day

• Discussion on whether or not to include schema on BVM

• Vote announced for the following week

• A weekend of lobbying

• Cardinal Suenens, Monday Oct. 28th

• Revive spirit of John XXIII

• Crisis

• Secretary General Felici announces vote tomorrow

Debate on Bishops

• Schema Presented by Cardinal Marella on November 5th, 1963

• Final text written by Rome in Rome

• Bishop Carli accused • 4 Cardinals- Good text• Bishop de Bazelaire- too

juridical• Archbishops Garrone, Marty,

and Baudoux- No collegiality? • Cardinal Ruffini- Not

developed enough and not definitive

• A Real College of Bishops?• Accepted 1,610-477 • Patriarch Maximos IV

The Calm Before the Storm

• Cardinal Ritter

• Armenian Patriarch Ignace Pierre XVI Batanian

• Archbishop Florit

The Storm- November 8th, 1963

• Cardinal Frings: Hits the problems of the Council

• Full Frontal Assault on the Curia- Met with stunned silence

• Cardinal Lercaro and Cardinal Rugambwa: Council should ask the pope for another schema erecting an episcopal body to help him govern the Church.

• Certain principles still held.

• Who’s the next speaker???????????????????????????????????????????

Cardinal Ottaviani

• Cardinals Browne and Ruffini- Gets up and AGREES and FURTHERS the attack

• Archbishop Eugene D’Souza- moderates and tries to thread a needle

• Paul VI gets involved

• Behind the scenes

• In public

• Cloud over the council

Search for a Compromise

Debate on Bishops Continues...

• Mandatory retirement age of Bishops

• Episcopal Conferences and Roles

• Cardinal McIntyre

• Cardinal Meyer

• Cardinal Ritter

• Collegiality

• Decides because of tension and slow progress to have another meeting of Council leadership.

• Cardinal Lercaro’s idea

• Not a change in rules

• An application of the rules for a quicker pace

Pope Paul VI

Schema on Eccumenism

• Debate to get it printed

• Debate to get it on the floor

Debate on Ecumenism, Chs. 4-5

• Debate generated much warmth

• Cardinal Ritter

• “The schema responds to the aggiornamento urged by John XXIII and Paul VI. It rings the death knell of the Counter Reformation.”

• Religious liberty

• Concern of perception

November 21st

• Pope Paul VI enlarges the commissions

• Schema on Ecumenism- Chs. 1-3 accepted 1,996-86

Death of President Kennedy

Communications Media

• Scema passes with 1598 yeas, but 503 of these want modification

• Still some dissatisfaction with it

• Pope allows it to go through

Satisfaction on Debate on Ecumenism

• Dr. Cullmann and Dr. Skysdsgaard- Praise the work of the Council

• Bishiop Tomášek- Round table discussion with Orthodox

• Cardinal Rufini

• Condemns “... unscholarly articles” of Gregory Baurm, Rene Laurentine, Jean Danielou, Yves Congar, and Karl Rahner

• We have nothing to learn and nothing to be sorry of

End of the Second Session

• Inglorious end

• Holy Mass- Not all the Holy!

• Reading of Schema on Liturgy and Communications Media

• Vote right, now!

• Liturgy approved 2,147-4 (Irregular pronouncement!)

• Communications Media approved 1,969-164

• Closing speech- Diplomatic, balanced, no enthusiasm

Until Next Week...