- 1. Variables, Theoreticalframework andHypotheses
2. value varies with respect to time,person and objectProduction
unit may yield different unitswith different workersAbsenteeism:
Value may vary in differentdepartmentsMotivation levels: very high
to very lowVariables 3. Dependentvariable (criterion
variable)Independent variable (predictor variable)Moderating
variableIntervening variableTypes of variables 4. Primary interest
to the researcher To understand and predictExample:A manager is
concerned that the sales of a new productintroduced after test
marketing it do not meet hisexpectationsExercise:A researcher is
interested in investigating the debt-to-equity ratio of
manufacturing companies in IndiaAn applies researcher wants to
increase the performance of organizational members in a particular
bankDependent 5. It influences the dependent variable in either
positiveor negative way Example:Success of a new product will
increase the stock valueof the firmExercise:A manager believes that
good supervision and trainingwould increase the production level of
workersA consultant is of the opinion that much benefit wouldaccrue
by buying and selling at the appropriate timesin a financial
environment where stocks are volatile.Independent 6. It has a
strong contingent effect on the independent-dependent variable
relationshipExample:It has been found that there is a relationship
between availability of reference manuals that manufacturing
companies have success to , and to project rejects. That is, when
workers follow the procedures laid down the manual, they are able
to manufacture the product which are flawless.Moderating 7.
Availability of# nos of rejects Reference ManualDVIVInterest
&InclinationDiagram of RelationshipsMV 8. A research study
indicates that the better the qualityof the training programs in an
organization andgreater need of the growth needs of
theemployees(the need to develop and grow on the jobis strong),
greater is their willingness to learn newways of doing things
Another study indicates that the willingness of theemployees to
learn new ways of doing things is notinfluenced by the quality of
training programs offeredby the organizations to all people without
anydistinction. Only those with high growth needs seemto have the
yearning to learn to do new thingsthrough specialized
training.Distinction between moderateand independent variable 9.
Exercise:A visitor to a factory observes that the workers in
thepacking department have to interact with one another toget the
work done. The more they interact the more theytend to stay after
hours and go to the local pub togetherfor a drink. However, the
women packers , even thoughthey interact with other as the men, do
not stay late, nordo they visit pub after the work hours.Exercise:A
manager find that off-the job classroom training has agreat impact
on the productivity of the employees in herdepartment. However she
also observes that theemployees over 60 years of age do not seem to
derivemuch benefit and do not improve with such
training.Exercise:label variables 10. This variable is on that
surfaces between the time the independent variables start operating
to influence the dependent variable and time their impact is felt
on it.Independent variable workforce diversity influences the
dependent variable organizational effectiveness, the intervening
that surfaces as a function of the diversity of the workforce that
is the creative synergy. Creative energy surface in time t2 as a
function of workforce diversity in t1 and bring about
organizational effectiveness in t3.Intervening
variableWorkforceCreative OrganizationalDiversity (t1)
Synergy(t2)Effectiveness(t3) 11. Failure to follow accounting
principlescause immense confusion, which in turncreates a number of
problems for theorganization. Those with vast experiencein
bookkeeping, however, are able toavert the problems by taking
timelycorrective action.List the variables, explain relationships
anddiagram theseExercise 12. The manager of Haines company observes
that the morale of employees in her company is low. She thinks that
if their working conditions are improves, pay scales are revised,
and the vacations and benefits are made attractive, the morale will
be boosted. She doubts, however, if an increase in pay scales would
raise their morale of all the employees. Her conjecture is that
those who have supplemental incomes will not just be turned on by
higher pay, and only those without side incomes will be happy with
increased pay with resultant boost of morale.List the variables,
explain relationships and diagramthese and also define the problem.
13. Make up three situation where motivation to work would be an
independent variable, intervening variable, and a moderating
variable. 14. FoundationIdentifiesvarious types of variablesNature
and directionElaborate the network of associationInterviews,
literature survey and observationsExperience and intuition also
guidesTheoretical Framework 15. With airline deregulation, there
were price wars among the various airlines that cut costs in
different ways. According to the reports, Delta airlines faces
charges of air-safety violation when there were several near
collisions in the mid air and once accident resulted in 137 deaths
in 1987. Four important factors that seem to have influenced these
are poor communication among the cockpit crew members themselves,
poor coordination between ground staff and cock pit crew, minimal
training given to cockpit crew, and the management philosophy that
encouraged a decentralized structure. It would be nice to know if
these factors did indeed contribute to the safety violations, and
if so, to what extent.Delta Airlines 16. Variables
labeledRelationships discussedLogical relationships are
discussedSchematic diagramTraining Communication among Cockpit crew
Communication between Air safety ground control and
cockpitviolationDecentralization 17. Logically conjectured
relationship between two or more variablesIf pilots are given
adequate training to handle midair crowded situation, air safety
violation would be reducedHypotheses- testing of theserelationships
18. IF- Then statementsIf employees are more healthy will take
sickleave less frequentlyDirectional & Non Directional
Hypotheses (positive,negative, more than, less than and like)
Greater the stress experienced in job, lower thejob satisfaction of
employees Women are more motivated than men There is a relationship
between age and jobsatisfaction There is difference between the
work ethic valuesof American and Asian employeesStatements of
HypothesesFormats 19. Null hypothesis: it is a proposition that
states definitive, exact relationship between two variablesNo
significant relationship or no significant differenceRejection of
null hypothesis accepts alternate hypothesis 20. State null or
alternate hypothesisChoose appropriate statistical parametric or
non parametric testDetermine level if significanceSee the output,
look for critical values as it demarcates the region of rejection
from that acceptance of the null hypothesisResultant value larger
than critical value, null hypothesis rejected and if resultant
value is less, then null accepted, alternate rejectedSteps in
Hypothesis testing 21. Management of Scottys Inc., a popular
hardware dealerwanted to know about the overall image among
knowncustomers within the Atlanta metropolitan market. Theinitial
question was What marketing strategies need tobe either developed
or modified to increase satisfactionamong our current and future
segments?It thus became imperative to know if the
presentsatisfaction level of Scottys among its customers.The logic
was simple - if the satisfaction level whichwas 3.9 the previous
year, shows any improvement thisyear, then Scottys would adopt the
same marketingstrategies as it done for the last few months! 22. H0
Null Hypothesis = 3.9H1 Alternative Hypothesis > 3.9Develop five
different hypotheses for Haines company 23. Z ~ N(0,1) = .05 0 z
I0.91Accept H0 1.6449 Reject H0calculated criticalZcalculated <
Zcritical Accept H0: = 3.9 24. STATE OF NATURE NULL TRUENULL
FALSEFAIL TOREJECT NULLCORRECT DECISION TYPE II ERRORACTION REJECT
TYPE I ERROR NULLCORRECT DECISION 25. Develop five different
hypotheses for Haines companyExercise
