Variable-Exercise sc spm.pdf

Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables ________________________________________________________________________

Scientific Skills :Variables

Constant(same/fixed)

MANIPULATED( different)

RESPONDING (result of experimen)

Can be identified from: (a) Table (b) Graph (c) Statement

(d) Diagram

From table

Example: (i) Manipulated Responding

variable variable

Substance Boiling Point /0CDistilled water 100Distilled water + common salt ......................

(ii) Manipulated variable

Height of students (cm) 146-150 151-155 156-160 161-165 166-170Number of students

Responding variable

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ManipulatedResponding

ManipulatedResponding }


From graph

From statement:

(1) To study the effect of manipulated variable on responding variable To study the effect of thickness of convex lens on focal length

Example :

(a) Diagram (a) and (b) shows an experiment to compare the reactivity rate of metal L and metal M in dilute hydrochloric acid

Important points from statementSame Different Result

Dilute hydrochloric acid Metal L and metal M Reactivity rate

Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding variable

Volume of hydrochloric acid

Concentration of hydrochloric acid

Type of metal Reactivity rate of metal

From Diagram

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Distilled waterFresh milk

SterilizeCotton wool Fresh

milik

SterilizeCotton wool

Incubating Incubating Incubating IncubatingTemperature temperature temperature temperature

370C 00C 1000C 600C

Fresh milk

(Responding )Temperature

(Manipulated )Time


Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding VariableVolume of fresh milk (incubating) temperature Condition of fresh milk

Growth of bacteria

Constant variable Manipulated variable Responding variable

Volume of nutrient broth Type of bacteria Volume of bacteria culture

Incubating temperature Cloudiness of mixture

Steps in writing variables:

Parameter of materials

. of nutrient broth

. of yeast

of metal

Example: Must write parameter for each variable Apparatus is not considered as constant variables

SOLID LIQUID GASMass of metalThickness of wireLength of rodType of nailPresence of saltWeight of substanceSize of spongeDepth of dent

Volume of culture solutionVolume of hydrochloric acidConcentration of hydrochloric acid

Volume of hydrogen

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SCIENTIFIC SKILLS EXERCISE: VARIABLESLATIHAN KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK : PEMBOLEHUBAH

1 Table 3 shows the result of the reaction between 3.0 g of zinc metal with 100cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid.

Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan bagi tindakbalas antara 3.0 g logam zink dengan100cm3 asid hidroklorik cair.

Time /minitMasa/minit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Volume of gas/ cm3Isipadu gas / cm3

0 27 46 57 64 67 67

TABLE 3JADUAL 3

VariablePembolehubah

AnswerJawapan


2 Table 5 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of temperatureon bacterial growth.Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan suhu ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria

Temperature/0CSuhu/0C

Size of bacteria colony after 24 hoursSaiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam

0 215 525 1035 1560 3

TABLE 5 JADUAL 5


AnswerJawapan


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3 Diagram 7 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of different concentration of an antibiotic on bacterial growth.Rajah 7 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan antibiotik yang berbeza ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria


AnswerJawapan


4 Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the relationship between the thickness of convex lens with the focal length of the convex lens.Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji hubungan antara ketebalan kanta cembung dengan jarak fokus kanta cembung.


AnswerJawapan

ConstantManipulatedResponding

5


AnswerJawapan


6 Diagram shows an experiment to study the effect of pH on the growth of bacteria.

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Kawasan jernih

Cakera antibiotik berkepekatan tinggi

Bakteria

Cakera antibiotik berkepekatan rendah

Kawasan jernih


Rajah menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pH ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria

After two days, the

appearance of the mixture in each test tube is observed.Table 3 shows the result of this experiment.Selepas dua hari, keadaan campuran di dalam setiap tabung uji diperhatikan.Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut.

Test tubeTabung uji

pH valuenilai pH

Cloudiness of mixtureKekeruhan campuran

P Acid (pH less than 7)Asid (kurang daripada 7)

Slightly cloudyKeruh sedikit

Q Alkali (pH more than 7)Alkali (pH lebih daripada 7)

Slightly cloudyKeruh sedikit

R Neutral (pH 7) Very cloudySangat keruh

Table 3 Jadual 3


AnswerJawapan


7 Diagram 1.1 shows an experiment to study the pressure produced by metal blocks, P and Q of the same mass.

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Lekuk P Lekuk Q


Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh bongkah logam P dan Q yang mempunyai jisim yang sama.

Figure 1.2 shows the effect on the plasticine when metal blocks P and Qwere dropped.Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan kesan ke atas plastisin apabila bongkah logam P danQ dijatuhkan.


AnswerJawapan


8 Diagram 2(a) and 2(b) show an experiment to compare the reactivity of metalL and metal M with dilute hydrochloric acid.Rajah 2(a) dan 2(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan kereaktifan logam L dan logam M dengan asid hidroklorik cair

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Bongkah logam P Bongkah logam Q

Plastisin


(a) Write down one observation for the above experiment.


AnswerJawapan


9 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.1 shows an experiment to study the reactivity of metals with dilute hydrochloric acidRajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.1menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kereaktifan logam dengan asid hidroklorik cair

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Asid hidroklorik cair

Asid hidroklorik cair

5 g logam L

5 g logam M

Buret X

Dilute hydrochloric acid Dilute hydrochloric acid

Zinc platePlat zink

Magnesium platePlat magnesium

BubbleGelembung gas

BubbleGelembung gas

Asid hidroklorik cair Asid hidroklorik cair


Dia

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.1 Rajah 5.2


AnswerJawapan


10 Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show an experiment to study the electrical conductivity of lead (II) bromide.Rajah 6.1 dan Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkajiKekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II) bromida.

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AnswerJawapan


11 Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 show an experiment to study the collision between trolleys of different masses with a plasticine block.Rajah 8..1 dan Rajah 8..2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkajiPerlanggaran antara troli yang berlainan jisim dengan bongkah plastisin

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Elektrod karbon

Elektrod karbon

Elektrod karbon

Pepejal Plumbum (II) bromida

LeburanPlumbum (II) bromidaElektrod karbon

Panaskan

Diagram 6.1Rajah 6.1





(b)(i) What can you observe about the plasticine block after the collisin?Apakah yang dapat anda perhatikan pada bongkah plastisin selepasperlanggaran?


AnswerJawapan


12 Diagrams 9.1(a) and 9.1(b) show an experiment to study the hardness of copper block and bronze block when the weights are dropped onto a steel ball. Rajah 9.1(a) dan 9.1(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekerasan blok kuprum dan blok gangsa apabila pemberat dijatuhkan ke atas bola keluli.

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WeightPemberat( 5 kg )


DIAGRAM 9.1(a)

Diagram 9.1(a) Diagram 9.1 (b)

The effects on the copper block and bronze block are shown in Diagram 9.2(a) and 9.2(b).Kesan pada blok kuprum dan blok gangsa ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 9.2(a) dan 9.2(b).

Copper block Bronze block Blok kuprum Blok Gangsa

DIAGRAM 9.2 (a) DIAGRAM 9.2 (b)


AnswerJawapan


13 Diagram 2(i) and Diagram 2(ii) shows the image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at different distance.

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DentLekukan

Steel ballBola keluli

Copper blockBlok kuprum

X 0.6 cm

Bronze blockBlok gangsa

Diagram 2(i)Rajah 2(i)

Diagram 2(ii)Rajah 2(ii)

object

image

object

image



AnswerJawapan


14 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show an experiment to study the characteristics of an image formed by a pin hole camera.Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji ciri imej yangdibentuk oleh satu kamera lubang jarum.

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Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1

Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.2


AnswerJawapan


AnswersJawapan:1


AnswerJawapan

ManipulatedDimanipulasikan

TimeMasa

RespondingBergerakbalas

Volume of gasIsipadu gas

2Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

Jawapan

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Temperaturesuhu


Size of bacteria colony after 24 hoursSaiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam

3Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanManipulated

DimanipulasikanConcentration of antibiotic

Kepekatan antibiotikResponding

BergerakbalasGrowth of bacteria

Pertumbuhan bakteria

4Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanConstant

DimalarkanSize of convex lensSaiz kanta cembung


Thickness of convex lensKetebalan kanta cembung


Focal length of convex lengthJarak fokus kanta cembung

5Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanManipulated

DimanipulasikanConcentration of antibiotic

Kepekatan antibiotikResponding

BergerakbalasSize of clear area

Saiz kawasan jernih

6Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanConstant

DimalarkanVolume of nutrient broth// Volume of bacteria culture

Isipadu kultur bakteria// Isipadu kultur bakteriaManipulated

DimanipulasikanpH of mixturepH campuran


Cloudiness of mixtureKekeruhan campuran

7Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

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ConstantDimalarkan

Mass of metal blockKetinggian bongkah logam


Type of metal blockJenis bongkah logam


Depth of dentKedalaman lekuk

8Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanConstant

DimalarkanMass of metal// Concentration of hydrochloric acid

Jisim logam// Kepekatan asid hidroklorikManipulated

DimanipulasikanType of metalJenis logam


Volume of gas// reactivity of metalIsipadu gas // kereaktifan logam

9Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanConstant

DimalarkanSize of metal plate

Saiz plat logamManipulated

DimanipulasikanType of metalJenis logam


Reactivity of metal// Number of bubbleKereaktifan logam// Bilangan gelembung gas

10Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanConstant

DimalarkanMass of lead(II) bromide

Jisim plumbum(II) bromidaManipulated

DimanipulasikanPhysical state of lead (II) bromide

Keadaan fizikal plumbum (II) bromidaResponding

BergerakbalasAmmeter reading // electrical conductivity of lead (II) bromideBacaan ammeter// kekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II) bromida

11Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

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ConstantDimalarkan

Size of plasticineSaiz plastisin


Mass of trolleyJisim troli



12Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanConstant

DimalarkanMass of weight// size of steel ballJisim pemberat// saiz bola keluli


Type of blockJenis blok



13Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanConstant

DimalarkanSize of convex lensSaiz kanta cembung


Distance of objectJarak objek


Size of imageSaiz imej

14Variable

PembolehubahAnswer

JawapanManipulated

DimanipulasikanDistance of object

Jarak objekResponding

BergerakbalasSize of image

Saiz imej

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Variable-Exercise sc spm.pdf