VALUES I should go to school because: 1. My parents want me to be in school 2. I want to be with my friends 3. I want to learn about many things in this

VALUES I should go to school because 1 My parents want me to be in school 2 I want to be with my friends 3 I want to learn about many things in this

world 4 I like to prepare for serious work later in my

life 5 I need education to help my family 6 I want to become an engineer doctor

teacher etc some day

EAST vs WEST

Different concept between the East and the West ndash lsquoGoodnessrsquo vs lsquoRightsrsquo -- Fred Dallmayr

Ours (The West) is largely a rights-based moralityrdquo --Henry Rosemont

Individuals have rights and there are things no person or group may do to them (without violating their rights) -- Robert Nozick

Classical Confucian -- qualities of personsldquo and with persons who have or do not have these qualities where western morality invokes abstract principlesldquo

1 Asia ndash the Worldrsquos bright economic spot

Asia-Pacific region will be the fastest growing regional economic block from 2003 to 2007 estimated growth rate at 59

Economic Intelligence Unit amp the Asian Development Bank

In Nov 1993 on national TV facing the horizon the ex-President Eduardo Frei depicted the economic importance of the Pacific Ocean


Chile hopes to strengthen its relations with Asia to advance global free trade

Chile was the first South American country to establish relations with Beijing in Dec 1970

Chile has Free Trade Agreement with South Korea and China In June 2005 Pacific Four (P4) ndashChile

Singapore Brunei and New Zealand

Chile signed with Japan in Sept 2007

2 Inventing ldquoAsiardquo Asia ndashthe East and OrientndashEuropean invention from

ancient Greeks It refers to the vast land and people east of Europe borders

The Near (Middle) East the Far East

Southeast Asia

Regionalism in East Asia --- historical patterns of cooperation common challenge of the West the quest for an Asian identity growing economic interdependence

3 Region-building in Asia ndash ldquoAsia Consciousnessrdquo Post-second World War numerous region-building --The

Inter-Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi South East Asia Command (SEAC) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (Seato) Maphilindo (for Malaya the Philippines amp Indonesia uniting the Malay peoples) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian States)

The ASEAN +3 regionalism

ldquoEast Asia Communityrdquo

Many ldquoAsiasrdquo ndash religious civilization divisions

4 Challenges on Region-Building IR divisions -- The ChinaJapan division antagonism between

Japan and Korea Thailand and Burma Indian and Pakistan over Kashmir hellip

Different impact of colonialism between British Dutch French American and Japanese colonialism

North-South divide within the region

What type of regionalism prevails - an exclusive regionalism or an inclusive regionalism embracing the United States Australia and other Western countries - It will be determined partly by the success of the promotion of Asia consciousness

5 The East and the West Key questions to ask about ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo

What are these lsquoAsian Valuesrsquo Are they different from ldquowestern valuesrdquo

What are the contexts and the origin of the ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo debate

Are ldquoAsian valuesrdquo the culprit for Asian Financial Crisis

How do lsquoAsian Valuesrsquo relate to globalization and development

6 Overview of the Presentation Part One

Historical Roots European Advance Background Context The Concept of lsquoOccidentrsquo and lsquoOrientalrsquo Development of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo Debate Proponents of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo

Part Two The Essence of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo The Assumptions of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo Empirical Studies on ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo Why did they clash with the West Asian Values and Democracy ndash Divergent views Asian Values and Human Rights ndash Divergent views

Part Three ldquoAsian valuesrdquo and Economic Development The lsquomythrsquo of Asian Economic Miracle The Asian Financial Crisis Were ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo the culprit The Asian Financial Crisis Going beyond culture and values

Part Four Are these values particularly Asian in nature The illusion of

lsquoAsia exceptionalismrsquo Criticisms on ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ndash the model of the future or the model in decline ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ndash Local VS Global Conclusion

7 Overview of the Presentation

Part One

Historical RootsEuropean advanceOrigin Background amp ContextThe Concept of Occident and

OrientalDevelopment of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo

DebateProponents of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo

8 Ideology of Asia consciousness ndash Historical Roots In China nationalist regime of the 1920s spoke of an Asian spiritual

unity Sun Yat-Sen as the father of a Sino-centric movement

Japanese victory over Russia in1905 an impetus to an Asian unity

Japanese Co-Prosperity Sphere of World War II -- ancient glory of the spiritual life of Asian peoples

The Bengali religious leader Vivekananda (1863-1902) --on the material plane Europe has mainly been the basis during modern times on the spiritual plane Asia has been the basis throughout the history of the worldrdquo

The Nobel Prize-winning Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore ndashrenaissance Asian civilization

9 European Advance India Burma Malay Peninsula amp Northern Borneo ndash _____ colonies Philippines ndash __________ and _________ colonies Indonesia ndash __________ colony East Timor ndash __________ colony Vietnam Laos and Cambodia-_________ colonies Central Asia ndash __________

European colonialism spurred nationalist movements and awareness as a region

The Cold War divided the area into __________and ___________ alliance systems centered on the Soviet Union and United States

Singapur

Uno del los puertos con mas trafico en el mundo ndash segundo puerto con maacutes trafico

El Tercer Refinador de petroacuteleo maacutes grande del mundo Uno de los primeros centros financieros de Asia Una de las ciudades maacutes cosmopolitas en el mundo El primero en el ranking mundial de Calidad del

Trabajadores en 49 Paiacuteses ndash MEJORES TRABAJADORES DEL MUNDO

El segundo en el alinea mundial (segundo despueacutes de Estados Unidos) en el informe Global de Competitividad 2000

La puerta entre el Este y el Oeste

10 Background amp Context

ldquoAsian valuesrdquo ndash a long campaign against western colonialism

The idea of `Asian Way existed in late 1970s originated in Singapore moved to international academic debate in the 80s

ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ndash key factor of lsquoAsia miraclersquo in 80s

In the early 1990s the concept of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo was used by Asian political leaders to ensure social stability

11 The Concept of the ldquoOccidentrdquo amp the ldquoOrientalrdquo The Asian Values advocates stress the existence of a shared

identity in Asia and the understanding of Asia (Oriental) as a concept opposite to that of West or Occident

Started in the 19th and early 20th century by European orientalists ndash Max Weber

In the 1950s Western social scientists saw Confucianism as a serious obstacle to economic development

lsquoProtestant ethicsrsquo as providing a unique source of value motivation in the development of capitalist society in the West (Max Weber)

West ndash rationalism individualism tolerance scientific East ndash subservience and intolerance of different views

superstitious

12 Proponents of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo The rise of studies of ldquoAsian valuesrdquo in

the West after the end of colonization and the fast economic growth of the region

The most articulate proponents ndashlsquoSingapore Schoolrsquo-- Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew a retired senior diplomat Tommy Koh Kishore Mahbubani

Other prominent advocates are Malaysia ex-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed and his then deputy Anwar Ibrahim

12 Proponents of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo East Asia `Confucianism emphasis of hard work thrift

filial piety and national pride have fuelled regional economic growthrsquo -- China government official Li Xianglu

Asian elements which have supported Japans economic development `have come to serve as a model for the world ndash Senior diplomat Ogura Kazuo

`Asia can present itself as an alternative to the West and that more people are questioning the Western model of development- Thai academic Chaiwat Satha-Anand

The Asianisation of Asia -- Japanese intellectual Yoichi Funabashi

Part Two

The Essence of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo The Assumptions of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo Empirical Studies on ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo Why did they clash with the West Asian Values and Democracy-

Divergent views Asian Values and Human Rights-

Divergent views

13 The Essence of ldquoAsian ValuesrdquoAsian Values

Western Values

1 Community 2 Individual Freedom

3 Individual right

4 Religion as part of the public sphere

Religion as part of the private sphere

5 Consumerism 6 Hard Work 7 State Interventionism

8 Respect for political leadership

9

Nuclear Family

13 The Essence of ldquoAsian ValuesrdquoTable Asian values vs Western values

Asian values Western values

Community (or group) Individual

Social harmony Individual freedom

Individual duty Individual right

Religion as part of the public sphere


Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time

State interventionism Free market

Respect of political leadership Political disaffection

Emphasis on family ties Atomistic family

14 The Essence of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo Family is the key social organization

Group interests above individual interests

Consensus rather than confrontation in political decision-making

Social cohesion is priority through moral principles and strong government

Economic growth is a natural development of social cohesion and strong government

Organic view of society

15 The Assumptions of ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo

A set of core civilizational values common to both the Confucian and non-Sino traditions of East Asia

A questioning of the legitimacy and efficacy of the Western model developments universal application

A conviction on the rise of the ldquoEastrdquo and the fall of the ldquoWestrdquo

lsquoAsian valuesrsquo play in a part in shaping the lsquoAsian miraclesrsquo

16 Empirical Studies on ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ndash conceptualization

One of the most authoritative empirical works to date is a ground-breaking study by David Hitchcock (1994)

The most prominent values for East Asians

The most prominent values for Americans

1 Orderly Society 1 Freedom of expression 2 Societal harmony 2 The rights of the individual 3 Ensuring the accountability of public officials

3 Personal freedom

4 Being open to new ideas 4 Open debate 5 Freedom of expression 5 Thinking for oneself 6 Respect for authority 6 Accountability of public officials


The Most Important Personal Values for East Asians

The Most Important values for helliphellip

1 Respect for learning 2 Achieving success in life

3 Self-discipline 4 Fulfilling obligations to others

5 Personal achievements


The most important personal values for East Asians

The most important personal values for Americans

1 Respect for learning 1 Self-reliance 2 Achieving success in life 2 Personal achievement 3 Self-discipline 3 Hard work 4 Fulfilling obligations to others 4 Achieving success in life 5 Personal achievement 5 Helping others

Case Study-BANGKOK DECLARATION The Ministers and representatives of Asian States

meeting at Bangkok from 29 March to 2 April 1993 pursuant to General Assembly resolution 46116 of 17 December 1991 in the context of preparations for the World Conference on Human rights

Adopt this Declaration to be known as The Bangkok Declaration which contains the aspirations and commitments of the Asian region

Case Study-BANGKOK DECLARATION 4 Discourage any attempt to use human rights

as a conditionality for extending development assistance

5 Emphasize the principles of respect for national sovereignty and territorial integrity as well as non-interference in the internal affairs of States and the non-use of human rights as an instrument of political pressure

Case Study-BANGKOK DECLARATION 7 Stress the universality objectivity and

non-selectivity of all human rights and the need to avoid the application of double standards in the implementation of human rights and its politicization and that no violation of human rights can be justified

Double Standard Argument

Nowhere is the double-standard approach to human rights more glaring than in the Westrsquos evasion of its responsibilities through its inaction in the face of the massive and gravest violations of human rights in Bosnia-Herzegovina Surely their apathetic and meek response to genocide ethnic cleansing and rape in the heart of Europe makes a total mockery of their preaching and posturing on the promotion and protection of human rights in far corners of the world

We ask ourselves what credentials do they still have to preach about human rights when the most blatant abuse of those rights before their very eyes goes unpunished -----The Malaysia Minister of Foreign Affairs

Case Study-BANGKOK DECLARATION 18 Recognize that the main obstacles to the

realization of the right to development lie at the international macroeconomic level as reflected in the widening gap between the North and the South the rich and the poor19 Affirm that poverty is one of the major obstacles hindering the full enjoyment of human rights

Priorities Argument

The right to development should be given priority over civil and political rights

Poverty and lack of development are directly attributable to macroeconomic policies that increase ldquothe widening gap between the North and the South the rich and the poorrdquo

Priorities Argument

The Chinese government which argued during the Vienna Conference that ldquo[w]hen poverty and lack of adequate food and clothing are commonplace and peoplersquos basic needs are not guaranteed priority should be given to economic development Otherwise human rights are completely out of the questionrdquo

Case Study-BANGKOK DECLARATION

8 Recognize that while human rights are universal in nature they must be considered in the context of a dynamic and evolving process of international norm-setting bearing in mind the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical cultural and religious backgrounds

Case Study-BANGKOK DECLARATION 9 Recognize further that States have the

primary responsibility for the promotion and protection of human rights through appropriate infrastructure and mechanisms and also recognize that remedies must be sought and provided primarily through such mechanisms and procedures

Case Study-BANGKOK DECLARATION call[s] for greater recognition of the

immense complexity of the issue of human rights due to the wide diversity in

history culture value systems geography and phases of development among the nations of the worldrdquo

Context Argument

Western over-reaction to [Paragraph 8rsquos] simple description of realitymdashthat moreover explicitly recognized the ideal of universality led to much of the acrimony that characterized the debate between the West and Asia at the Vienna Conferencerdquo

What seemed to be controversial about the position is that it suggests a contradiction the rights cannot be both viewed as universal and interpreted differently according to onersquos culture

17 Why did ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo clash with the West

1 The fallacy of the lsquouniversality of the western model of developmentrsquo

Mahbubani criticized the Westerners for their inability of `to see that non-Europeans may have reached a stage of development where they can progress without having to repeat Europes mistakes


Convergence with the West yet divergence from the West modernization but not westernization

From former President Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin till Hu Jintao they have revived the ldquospiritual civilizationrdquo to promote the ldquosocialist ethical and cultural progressrdquo of the Chinese people

For decades Western commentators considered lsquoAsian valuesrsquo as the cause of backward development in Asian societies

Asian values ndash freed Asians from their low self-esteem the legacy of years of western colonization


2 The different interpretation of lsquodemocracy and human rightsrsquo

The West perceives the Asian regimes employ ldquoAsian valuesrdquo to defend an illiberal form of government

Asians question why Western countries impose their cultural values and ethnocentric definitions of human rights on Asia


ldquoWhat is clear is that there is a general discontent throughout the region with a purely Western interpretation of human rightsrdquo - Bilahari Kausikan

ldquoThere is suspicion arising from Malaysia to Korea to Japan that the Western medias agenda of human rights and environmental protectionare means to keep Asia from developing further economicallyrdquo -- The Seoul Bureau Chief for the Far Eastern Economic Review commented in 1994

18 ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo and Democracy ndashDivergent Views

Ref Yi-Huah Jiang 2003 Type I -- Asian values as distinct from the West and

Asian countries need not embrace the model of liberal democracy

1048708 If Singapore became a Western-style individualistic society he says wed go down the drain we would have more drugs more crime more single mothers with delinquent children and a poor economymdashFormer Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew (Bell 1997 7)


Type II - Asian values as distinct from the West but liberal democracy is the universal model for all

1048708 lsquoThe future of Asian countries depends not only on continuing economic growth but more importantly on a strong commitment both to human rights and democracy and to the revitalization of Asian traditional values and cultures The two sets of values complement each other and are equally importantrsquo (Chan 1997 46)


Type III ndash Asian values are more rhetoric than actual and democracy is a universal value which is not culture-bound

1048708 Therefore the distinction between East Asian and Western values is false (Alatas 1998 11)

It makes little sense to ask whether Asia needs democracy for it is the same as asking whether America or Europe needs democracy (Ng 1997 12)


Type IV -- Asian values are more rhetoric than actual and liberal democracy is not the only choice available to mankind

Yet even if there are no essentially Asian values it challenges us to think what we mean by ldquodemocracyrdquo

Different democratic societies may have different view of the relative importance of social order versus individual rights it follows that alongside liberal democracies there could be non-liberal --or at any rate less liberal -- variants of democracy (Emmerson 1995 96)

ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo and Economic Development

ldquoThe lsquomythrsquo of Asian Economic Miracle

The Asian Financial Crisis Were ldquoAsian valuesrdquo the culprit

The Asian Financial Crisis Going beyond culture and values

Part Three

19 Asian Values and Economic Development

FREE MARKET + DEMOCRACY =

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

19 Asian Values and Economic Development To most Asian leaders economic and social rights precede over

civil and political rights Economic growth and development are prioritized over individual freedom

The manifestation of ldquoAsian valuesrdquo have produced divergent social and economic outcome

China Japan Indonesia India Burma and North Korea Singapore and Malaysia


1China has great economic growth but without political freedom2 Japan is the richest amp has most freedom

3 Indonesia practices democracy but with poor economy 4 India has more freedom in politics than economics 5 Burma and North Korea are the poorest and have the

least freedom among the Asian countries6 Singapore and Malaysia are rich and half free

19 Asian Values and Economic DevelopmentCommon characteristics of the East Asian Tigers are- Focused on exports to richer industrialized nations Trade surplus with aforementioned countries Sustained rate of double-digit growth for decades Non-democratic and relatively authoritarian political

systems during the early years Undervalued currencies High level of US treasury bond holdings High savings rate

20 The lsquoMythrsquo of Asian economic miracle Paul Krugman compared East Asia

lsquospectacularrsquo growth to Communist economies in the 1960s

Input-driven growth (growth in education employment stock of physical capital) vs Output-driven growth (better management and efficient use of resources)

Input-driven growth runs into diminishing returns inevitably limited

20 The lsquoMythrsquo of Asian economic miracle A nation can only continue to growh economically if there

is a rise in output not just input

Rapid Soviet economic growth was due to the willingness to save to sacrifice current consumption for the sake of future production

Soviet economy grew by its ability to mobilize resources not its ability to use them efficiently

Asian growth similar to the Soviet Union seems to be caused by growth in labor and capital rather than by gains in efficiency

The Asian miracle seems to have been based on perspiration rather than inspiration

ldquoIf there is a secret to Asian growth it is simply deferred gratification the willingness to sacrifice current satisfaction for future gainrdquo (Paul Krugman 1994)

Simple economic principles ndash openness to foreign investment with state-managed market

A balanced perspective cultural and economic factors to shape the success of the Asian miracles

20 The lsquoMythrsquo of Asian economic miracle

21 The Asian Financial Crisis Were

ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo the culprit ldquoThe current crisis punctures the idea of Asian exceptionalism The

laws of economics have not been suspended in Asia (Francis Fukuyama)

Asian values have become Asian liabilities (US News and World Report)

ldquoYesterday we admired Asian values and almost despised our own

Today deregulated America is in fashion (The New Statesman)

Some conservative Americans ponder whether Asian values might teach Americans something In fact however America now has the opportunity especially through the IMF to spread its worldview at almost no cost to itself (Sebastian Mallaby in The National Interest)


ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo the culprit Asian government were accused of fostering crony capitalism that

led to overinvestment in bad projects

Asian values did not cause the crisis Corruption and nepotism are a debasement of Confucianist values If Asian values were at fault why arenrsquot Hong Kong and Singapore affected (Lee Kuan Yew 1998)

Poor system was the primary cause weak banks inadequate supervision and weak exchange-rate policies and excessive borrowing in the past three to four years (Linda Lim 1998)

Both domestic and international banks gave loans indiscriminately during the euphoria Thai baht was the most vulnerable and was attacked in early 1996

21 The Asian Financial Crisis Going

beyond culture and values

The core of the problem Volatility of global financial markets ndash sudden huge inflow of capital starting from 1993 and 1994 and then the sudden outflow in 1997 (Eisuke Sakakibara)

ldquoThe West has pushed us to open our markets but what are we getting in return Through globalization we have created a monsterrdquo ndash Park Yung Chul President of Korea Institute of Finance

Implications Too much freedom too fast in both markets and politics can lead to downfall

Are these values particularly Asian in nature The illusion of lsquoAsia exceptionalismrsquo

Criticisms on ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ndash the model of the

future or the model in decline ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ndash Local VS Global Conclusion

Part Four

22 Are these values particularly Asian in nature The illusion of lsquoAsia exceptionalismrsquo

Is lsquoEast-Westrsquo model exclusive

Western industrialism was built in the 19th century upon values of strong government moral propriety hard work and thrift similar to ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo

The Asian values are favorable to Asiarsquos present stage of the economic development just as ldquoVictorian valuesrdquo suited 19th century Britain


lsquoI do know that many of these lsquoAsian valuesrsquo were once also lsquowestern valuesrsquo (New Straits Times March 16 1995 10) ndash Mahatir Margaret Thatcher

ldquoAsian valuesrdquo are similar to the Christian principles - Former British career diplomat Hugh Cortazzi

Why did the West move away from these values

1 A process of moral decline2 Democracy has its own backlash lsquoDemocracies are

beginning to learn that too much freedom is dangerousrsquo -- Mahatir

23 Criticisms on ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo

1 Cultural Relativism Ignore heterogeneity and diversity

Asian values may in fact be lsquoChinese capitalismrsquo are in fact lsquotypicalrsquo to a restricted part of the region in particular the East Asian countries

Cultural Stereotype Stereotyping oversimplification and

mutual misunderstanding

24 ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ndash the model of the future or the model in decline

Is Asian model an alternative to liberalism

Problems in the West society to reconcile individual rights with the interests of the larger community a call to restraint lsquoexcessive liberalismrsquo

Too much democracy blockage to economic growth

The ldquoAsian valuesrdquo thesis received support in the New Right in the 1980s ndash ex-US President Reagan and ex-UK Premier of Margaret Thatcher ndashTraditional values are conducive to the freedom of the market


Current social and economic problems of the West are not the causes but the products of social change inherent in the development of capitalist society

The central question of the viability of lsquoAsian modelrsquo if this model is confined to only the period of early growth of capitalism ndash intensive mobilization of labor and capital

Individualistic Protestant ethic good for early capitalist development Collectivist ethic of a Confucian type good for later global capitalism development (Levy 1992)


International pressures on Asia to reform human rights labor relations legal system ndashUS and other Western industrial powers to break into Asian markets by imposing liberal market rules

Asian leaders see them as destroying the competitive advantage of the country

ldquoAmerican political leaders hold double standards when it is in their interests but are less inclined to maintain the same standard when it is not in their economic interest based on human rights rhetoricrdquo (Mahbubani 1998 Mauzy 1997 212 in Michael Hill p 25)

25 ldquoAsian Valuesrdquo ndash Local VS Global East Asian form of modernity -complexity relationship between

globalization on the one hand and localization on the other

Asian Values ndash a lsquolocalrsquo voice to counteract globalization The biased perception of lsquoWest is the BEST and SUPERIORrsquo and the Mc-culture pervades among the young generation in Asia

The Globalization of the local and the localization of the global

Globalization in effect is the lsquouniversalisationrsquo of Western particularism

The American sociologist Peter Berger claims that East Asia has made a lsquosecond casersquo of lsquocapitalist modernityrsquo after the model of Western Europe

26 Conclusion ldquoAsian valuesrdquo produced distinct political and economic

institutions than the West

Most social problems in advanced capitalist countries in Asia resemble western nations but with differing degree

The inherent problems of global capitalist development and modernization ndash In search for a model

lsquoEast-Westrsquo ndashrsquoAsian values debatersquo reflects deeper unresolved political amp ideological issues

A call for a fusion between the best practices of the East and the West

EAST vs WEST

Different concept between the East and the West ndash lsquoGoodnessrsquo vs lsquoRightsrsquo -- Fred Dallmayr

Ours (The West) is largely a rights-based moralityrdquo --Henry Rosemont

Individuals have rights and there are things no person or group may do to them (without violating their rights) -- Robert Nozick

Classical Confucian -- qualities of personsldquo and with persons who have or do not have these qualities where western morality invokes abstract principlesldquo














Southeast Asia
























Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four






















































Southeast Asia
























Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four


















































Southeast Asia
























Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four












































Southeast Asia
























Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four































































Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four


























































Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four





















































Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four
















































Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four













































Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four









































Part One













Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four


















































Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four












































Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four









































Singapur

















superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four




















































superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four















































superstitious










Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four


















































Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four














































Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four









































Part Two



Divergent views


Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four










































Western Values


3 Individual right





9

Nuclear Family








Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



Priorities Argument









Context Argument





































Part Three

















































Part Four
















































Thrift Consumerism

Hard work Free time




















3 Personal freedom

























Priorities Argument



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VALUES I should go to school because: 1. My parents want me to be in school 2. I want to be with my friends 3. I want to learn about many things in this