Values and Values SystemsValues and Values Systems

ValuesValuesValuesValues

Basic conviction: Basic conviction: ““A specific A specific

mode of conduct or end-statemode of conduct or end-state

of existence is of existence is personally or personally or

socially preferablesocially preferable to an to an

opposite or converse mode opposite or converse mode

of conduct or end-state of of conduct or end-state of

existence.”existence.”

Community ValuesCommunity Values Relative importance individual Relative importance individual

assigns to values such as:assigns to values such as: FreedomFreedom PleasurePleasure Self-respectSelf-respect

Value SystemsValue Systems

•Honesty•Obedience•Equality

Rokeach Value SurveyRokeach Value Survey

1.1. Terminal ValuesTerminal Values• Desirable end-states of Desirable end-states of

existenceexistence• Desired goals to be Desired goals to be

achieved during achieved during lifetimelifetime

2.2. Instrumental ValuesInstrumental Values• Preferable modes of Preferable modes of

behaviorbehavior• Means of achieving the Means of achieving the

terminal valuesterminal values

Terminal ValuesTerminal Values• A comfortable life (a prosperous life)A comfortable life (a prosperous life)• A sense of accomplishment (lasting A sense of accomplishment (lasting

contribution)contribution)• A world of peace (free of war and A world of peace (free of war and

conflict)conflict)• A world of beauty (beauty of nature A world of beauty (beauty of nature

and the arts)and the arts)• Equality (brotherhood and equal Equality (brotherhood and equal

opportunity for all)opportunity for all)• Family security (taking care of loved Family security (taking care of loved

ones)ones)• Freedom (independence, free choice)Freedom (independence, free choice)• Happiness (contentedness)Happiness (contentedness)• Inner harmony (freedom from inner Inner harmony (freedom from inner

conflict)conflict)• Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life)Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life)• Salvation (saved, eternal life)Salvation (saved, eternal life)• Social recognition (respect, Social recognition (respect,

admiration)admiration)• True friendship (close companionshipTrue friendship (close companionship))

Examples: Terminal and Instrumental Values Examples: Terminal and Instrumental Values in Rokeach Value Surveyin Rokeach Value Survey

Instrumental ValuesInstrumental Values• Ambitious (hardworking, Ambitious (hardworking,

aspiring)aspiring)• Capable (competent, effective)Capable (competent, effective)• Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful)Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful)• Clean (neat, tidy)Clean (neat, tidy)• Courageous (standing up for Courageous (standing up for

your beliefs)your beliefs)• Helpful (working for the welfare Helpful (working for the welfare

of others)of others)• Honest (sincere, truthful)Honest (sincere, truthful)• Imaginative (daring, creative)Imaginative (daring, creative)• Logical (consistent, rational)Logical (consistent, rational)• Loving (affectionate, tender)Loving (affectionate, tender)• Obedient (dutiful, respectful)Obedient (dutiful, respectful)• Polite (courteous, well Polite (courteous, well

mannered)mannered)• Responsible (dependable, Responsible (dependable,

reliable)reliable)

Source: Adapted from M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).

Values and Ethical BehaviorValues and Ethical Behavior

Values of Values of upperupper managementmanagement bear bear significantly on the significantly on the entire ethical entire ethical climateclimate within an organizationwithin an organization