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vaccination
By;
Dr.fatma alzahrani
Jan.2009
Vaccination
ObjectivesDefinitionsType of immunization.Contraindication.Discussion of individual vaccines
preparation. admnistration.
precaution&contraindication side effects
Vaccination
Definitions
vaccination :is active immunization.
Vaccine:
antigenic harmless substance that induce specific immunity to specific disease .
Vaccination
Vaccination schedule:
arecomended seires of vaccination that include time of all doses.
Monovalent one organism
Polyvalent more than one organisms
vaccinationvaccineBIRTH2mo4mo6mo12m18mo
BCG
HBV
OPV
DTP
HIB
MMR
Vaccination
General contraindications:-moderate or sever illness with or without fever.
-anaphylactic reaction to vaccine or its constitute.
-live attenuated vaccines
- pregnant women
- immunocompromised children
- withen 3months of IVIG
Vaccination
Types of vaccines
There are four basic types of vaccine in use today 1-Killed vaccines: These are preparations of the normal (wild type)
infectious, pathogenic virus or bacteria that has been rendered non-pathogenic, usually by chemical treatment such as with formalin that cross-links viral proteins.
2-Attenuated vaccines: These are live virus or bacteria particles that grow in the vaccine recipient but do not cause disease because the vaccine virus ,bacteria has been altered (mutated) to a non-pathogenic form; for example, its tropism has been altered so that it no longer grows at a site
that can cause disease .3-Sub-unit vaccines: These are purified components of the virus, such as a
surface antigen4.Toxoid :These are inactivated toxic compound .
Vaccination
Newly developed vaccine:
1 -Conjugate: certain bacteria have outer polysaccharide capsul that is poorly immunogenic,linking this to aprotein will increase the antigenicity.
2-Recombinant vector: by combining the physiology of one microorganism to DNA of other one. .
Vaccination
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG):
Live attenuated bacterium.,S.C,0.5ml
Indications: All newborn.
All tuberculin negative infants.Precaution &contraindications:Pregnency.Immunodefeciency state.
Side effects Local -skin ulceration,regional lymphadenitis. systemic(rare) osteomylitis.
Generalized Anaphylaxis,generalized BCG infection.
Vaccination
Hepatitis B:
Recombenent
0.5ml,IM
Side Effects:
Pain
Arthralgia
Vaccination
Diphtheria,Tetanus(toxoid)&Pertussis(killed):Less than 7years DT,DTaP
More than 7years Td
0.5ml IM.
Precaution&contraindication(pertussis)
Sever reaction -Temp>40.5ºC
Persistent inconsolable crying>3hours.
Collapse episode.
Convulsion or encephalopathy.
Progressive neurological disorders
Vaccination
polimylitis vaccineLive attenuated(sabin)(OPV) 2drops orally.
Killed (salk)(IPV) SC injection.
Precaution&Contraindication:OPV pregnency &immunodef.
IPV neomycin hypersensetivity
Side effect paralytic disease (OPV)
Vaccination
Haemophilus Influenza Tybe B:
2months or older -(HbOC),(PRP-OMP),(PRP-T)
12months or older PRP-D
0.5ml IM
Indication -Compulsory&for high riskchildren
Side Effects: -local pain
mild fever
Vaccination
Mesles,Mumps&Rubella (MMR):Measles
MMR 0.5ml SC.
Precaution&Contraindication:Pregnency
Egg anaphylaxis.
Immunodef.OR IVIG withen 3months.
Side effects: -fever,rash(7days post vaccine)
artheralgia,artheritis(Rubella)
encephalitis (measeles&mumps)
suppression of ppd skin test
Vaccination
Pneumococcal vaccine:Capsular polysaccharide of 23 serotypes of strept.pnumoniae0.5ml IM/SC(pneumovax) >23monthsPCV (7valent)- <23months
Indication:- anatomical OR functional asplenia.
- Sickle Cell Disease.- Nephrotic Syndrome.
- Immunsuppression.Side Effects:
Soreness,erythema,fever. anaphylactic reaction.
Vaccination
Menigococcal Polysaccharide vaccine:Monovalent(AorC)
Bivalent (A&C)
guadrivalent(A,C,Y&W-135)
0.5ml SC
Indication: outbreak
Complement defeciency&asplenia.
Side Effects : transient fever,local erythema
Vaccination
Varicella Zoster:Varivax vaccine0.5ml IM12month+ -----single dose13years +-------2doses.Indications:
All children 12-18 months. 19months-18years (no H/O varicella)
Precaution&Contraindication: immunodefeciency,
withen5months of IVIG long term salicylate treatment.
Side effects: Fever,rash&zoster.