v-net frence machine mechanical project

L.C. Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering Department

1 INTRODUCTION

It is therefore a general object of the present invention to provide an improved

knuckler for a V net fence weaving machine. It is a particular object of the present

invention to provide an improved knuckler for bending over the cut ends of coated v-

net fabric. It is another particular object of the present invention to provide an

improved apparatus for bending over the cut ends of woven V net fence having a

coating there on to perform selvage without hamming the coating. It is another

particular object of the cut ends of coated with fabric which knuckling apparatus

rotary bending elements and it is still further particular object of the present invention

to bend the cut ends of a coated V net material to form knuckled ends having no cuts

mars or scrapes thereon.

These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by providing

apparatus for bending the cut ends of coated wire woven into a v net material. The

bending of the cut ends of the coated V net material is performed at sewage stations at

both ends of the fabric in a v net fence weaving machine the cut ends of the coated

v-net material are bent into a desired position at the selvage stations without cutting

marring or scraping the coating there on.

V net fence is simply a woven steel wire fence coated with zinc to prevent

rust, commonly referred to as galvanized fence there are two kinds of galvanized

chain link GBW or GAW: galvanized before weaving (GBW) or galvanized after

weaving (GAW).The vast majority on the market today is galvanized after weaving.

Color v net fence is sometimes called vnyle or color coated. In this process

steel wire is first coated with zinc and then covered with a vinyl polymer coating that

helps prevent to both the frame work and the fabric of the fence.

Some v net products use an aluminized coating to cover the steel in place of

the zinc that creates a highly reflective finish; regardless of the finish all v net

products offer a durable economical fence system.

1V-Net Fence Weaving Machine


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 THE THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE SELECTING V-NET

FENCE WEAVING MACHINE:-

Primary Use - If the system is mainly used to accent your landscaping or

define property boundaries, you may be able to use a lighter mesh than if you

were containing pets or protecting property.

Visual Aesthetics - If you desire a fence system that blends into the

environment then you should consider a colour coated system.

Potential Stress - If there is the potential for climbing, or leaning on the fence

you may want to consider a heavier mesh than normal.

Longevity - If the system is to remain for many years, be sure to consider the

finish coating of the mesh. The color coated meshes have a long life

expectancy, holding the appearance from day one throughout.

2.2 APPLICATION: -



V-net mesh is used as fencing for

sports field, river banks, construction and residence, also animal fencing.

Especially, well suitable for a wide range of application, for example for

enclosing Lawn, Road. Steel diamond mesh has a heavy galvanized coating to

ensure a long life.

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS:-



The V-net mesh wire construction is:

strong

with wide application

convenient in station

lower price

safe and flexible

does not break

Does not sag or roll up at the bottom.

2.3 V-NET FENCE WEAVING MACHINE:-



2.3.1 INTRODUCTION OF BELT AND DRIVES

FIG. 1 – BELT DRIVES

The belts or ropes are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by

means of pulleys which rotate at the same speed or at different speeds. The amount

of power transmitted depends upon the followings factors:

1. The velocity of the belt.

2. The tension under which the belt is placed on the pulleys.

3. The arc of contact between the belt and the smaller pulley.

4. The condition under which the belt is used.

It may be noted that

1. The shafts should be properly in line to insure uniform tension across

the belt section.

2. The pulleys should not be too close together, in order that the arc of

contact on the smaller pulley may be as large as possible.

3. The pulleys should not be so far apart as to cause the belt to weigh

heavily on the shaft, thus increasing the friction load on the bearings.



4. A long belt tends to swing from side, causing the belt to run out of the

pulleys, which in turn develops crooked spots in the belt.

5. The tight side of the belt should be at the bottom, so that whatever sag

is present on the loose side will increase the arc of contact at the

pulleys.

6. In order to obtain good results with flat belts, the maximum distance

between the shafts should not exceed 10 metres and the minimum

should not be less than 3.5 times the diameter of the larger pulley.

2.3.1.1 VELOCITY RATIO OF BELT DRIVE:-

It is the ratio between the velocities of the driver and the follower or driven. It

may be expressed, mathematically, as discussed below:

Let = Diameter of the driver

= Diameter of the follower

= Speed of the driver in r.p.m., and

= Speed of the follower in r.p.m., and

So length of the belt that passes over the driver, in one minute

=

Similarly, length of the belt that passes over the follower, in one minute

=

Since the length of belt that passes over the driver in one minute is

equal to the length of belt that passes over the follower in one minute,

therefore

=



Velocity ratio, =

When the thickness of the belt (t) is considered, then velocity ratio,

=

2.3.1.2 VELOCITY RATIO OF A COMPOUND BELT DRIVE:-

Sometimes the power is transmitted from one shaft to another, through a number of

pulleys Consider a pulley 2. Since the pulley 2 and 3 are keyed to the same shaft,

therefore the pulley 1 also drives the pulley 3 which, in turn, drives the pulley 4.

Let = Diameter of the pulley 1,

= Speed of the pulley 1 in r.p.m.,

and = Corresponding values for pulleys 2, 3 and4.

We know that velocity ratio of pulley 1 and 2,

= ........ (1)

Similarly, velocity ratio of pulley 3 and 4,

= .......... (2)

Multiplying equations 1 and 2,



A little consideration will show, that if there are six pulleys, then

=

=

2.3.1.3 LENGTH OF OPEN BELT DRIVE :-

We have already discussed in Art that in an open belt drive, both the

pulleys rotate in the same direction as shown in fig.

FIG. 2- LENGTH OF OPEN BELT DRIVE

Let and = Radii of the larger and smaller pulleys,



X = Distance between the centres of two pulleys

(I.e. ) and

L = Total length of the belt.

Let the belt leaves the larger pulley at E and G and the smaller pulley

at F and H as shown in fig . Through , draw M parallel to FE.

From the geometry of the fig. We find that will be perpendicular to

Let the angle = radius.

We know that the length of the belt,

L = Arc GJE + EF + Arc FKH + HG = 2( Arc JE + EF + Arc FK ) ............(1)

from the geometry of the fig, we find that

= = =

Since is very small, therefore putting

= = ................ (2)

Arc JE = ............... (3)

Similarly Arc FK = ................ (4)

And EF=

=



=x

Expanding this equation by binomial theorem,

EF=x [1-

=x- .................... (5)

Substituting the value of arc JE from equ. (3), arc FK from equ. (4) and EF fromEquation (5) in equation (1), we get

L= .... (In terms of pulley

radii)

L= .... (In terms of

pulley dia.)

2.3.1.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF V-BELT DRIVE OVER FLAT BEET DRIVE:-

Following are advantages and disadvantages of the V-belt drive over flat belt

drive.

ADVANTAGES :

1. The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between the

centre of pulleys.

2. The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and the pulley groove

is negligible.



3. Since the V-belt are made endless and there is no joint trouble, therefore the

drive is smooth.

4. It provides longer life, 3to 5 years.

5. It can be easily installed and removed.

6. The operation of the belt and pulley is quiet.

7. The belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are started.

8. The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.

9. The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives high value of limiting ratio

of tensions. Therefore the power transmitted by V-belts is more than flat belts

for the same coefficient of friction, arc of contact and allowable tension in the

belts.

10. The V-belt may be operated in either direction with tight side of the belt at

the top or bottom. The centre line may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

DISADVANTAGES:-

1. The V-belt drive cannot be used with large centre distances.

2. The V-belts are not so durable as flat belts.

3. The construction of pulley for V-belts is more complicated than pulleys for

flat belts.

4. Since the V-belts are subjected to certain amount of creep, therefore these are

not suitable for constant speed application such as synchronous machines, and

timing devices.

5. The belt life is greatly influenced with temperature changes, improper belt

tension and mismatching of the length.

6. The centrifugal tension prevents the use of V-belts at speeds below 5 m/s and

above 50 m/s



2.3.2 INTRODUCTIN OF BELTS:-

2.3.2.1TYPES OF BELTS:-

FIG 3-FLAT BELT

Though there are many types of belts used these days, yet the following are important from the subject point of view:

1. Flat belt 2. V-belt 3. Circular belt or rope



2.3.2.2 STANDARD PITCH LENGTH OF V-BELTS:-

According to IS: 2494 -1974, the V-belts designated by its type and nominal

inside length. For example, a V-belt of type A and inside length 914 mm is designed

as A914-IS: 2494.

The standard inside lengths of V-belts in mm is as follows:

610, 660, 711, 787, 813, 889, 914, 965,991, 1016,1092,1168, 1219, 1295,

1372, 1397, 1422, 1473, 1524, 1600, 1626, 1651, 1727, 1778, 1905, 1981, 2032,

2057, 2159, 2286, 2438, 2464, 2540, 2667, 2845, 3048, 3150, 3251, 3404, 3658,

4013, 4115, 4394, 4572,4953, 5334, 6045, 6807, 7569, 8331, 9093, 9885, 10617,

12141, 13665, 15189,16713

According to IS: 2494 – 1974, the pitch length is defined as the

circumferential length of the belt at the pitch width (i.e. The width at the neutral axis)

of the belt. The value of the pitch width remains constant for each type of belt

irrespective of the groove angle.

The pitch lengths are obtained by adding to inside length: 36 mm for type B,

56 mm for type C, 79 mm for type D and 92 mm for type E. The following table

shows the standard pitch lengths for the various type of belt.

Table.1 Standard pitch lengths of V-belts according to IS : 2494 -1974

Type of belt Standard pitch lengths of V-belts in mmA 645, 696, 747, 848, 925, 950, 1001, 1026, 1051,

1102,1128, 1204, 1255, 1331, 1433, 1458,1509, 1560, 1636, 1661, 1687, 1763, 1814, 1941,2017,2068, 2093, 2195, 2322, 2474, 2703, 2880, 3084, 3287, 3693.

B 932, 1008, 1059, 1110, 1212, 1262, 1339, 1415, 1440, 1466, 1567, 1694, 1770, 1821, 1948, 2024, 2101, 2202, 2329, 2507, 2583, 2710, 2888, 3091, 3294, 3701, 4056, 4158, 4437, 4615, 4996, 5377.

C 1275, 1351, 1453, 1580, 1681, 1783, 1834, 1961, 2088, 2113, 2215, 2342, 2494, 2723, 2901, 3104, 3205, 3307, 3459, 3713, 4069, 4171, 4450, 4628, 5009, 5390, 6101, 6863, 7625, 8387, 9149.

D 3127, 3330, 3736, 4092, 4194, 4473, 4651, 5032,



5413, 6124, 6886, 7648, 8410, 9172, 9934, 10696, 12220, 13744, 15268, 16792.

E 5426, 6137, 6899, 7661, 8423, 9185, 9947, 10709, 12233, 13757, 15283, 16805.

2.3.3 INTRODUCTION OF PULLEY

The pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of

flat belts, V-belts or ropes. Since the velocity ratio is the inverse ratio of the diameter

of driving and driven pulleys, therefore the pulley diameters should be carefully

selected in order to have a desired velocity ratio. The pulleys must be in perfect

alignment in order to allow the belt to travel in a line normal to the pulley faces.

The pulleys may be made of cast iron, cast steel or pressed steel, wood and

paper. The cast materials should have good friction and wear characteristics. The

pulleys made of pressed steel are lighter than cast pulleys, but in many cases they

have lower friction and may produce excessive wear.

2.3.3.1 TYPES OF PULLEYS:-

Following are the various types of pulleys for flat belts:

1. Cast iron pulleys.

2. Steel pulleys.

3. Wooden pulleys.

4. Paper pulleys, and

5. Fast and loose pulleys.



2.3.3.2 STANDARD SIZE OF V-BELT PULLESYS:-

According to Indian Standards (IS : 2494 – 1974), the V-belts are made in five

types i.e. A, B, C, D and E. The dimension for standard V-belts are shown in Table

1. The pulleys for V-belts may be made of cast iron or pressed steel in order to

reduce weight. The dimension for the standard V-grooved pulley according to IS:

2494 – 1974, are shown in table 2.

Table 2. Dimensions of standard V-belts according to IS: 2494 – 1974.

Types of belt

Power ranges in

kw

Minimum pitch

diameter of pulley (D)

mm

Top width (b) mm

Thickness (t) mm

Weight per meter length in newtons

A 0.7-3.5 75 13 8 1.06B 2-15 125 17 11 1.89C 7.5-75 200 22 14 3.43D 20-150 355 32 19 5.96E 30-350 500 38 23 -

Table3. Dimensions of standard V-grooved pulleys according to IS : 2494 -1974.(All dimensions in mm)

Type of belt

W D A c f e no. of sheave grooves

(n)

Groove angel in degrees

A 11 12 3.3 8.7 10 15 6 32, 34, 38B 14 15 4.2 10.8 12.5 19 9 32, 34, 38C 19 20 5.7 14.3 17 25.5 14 34, 36, 38D 27 28 8.1 19.9 24 37 14 34, 36, 38E 32 33 9.6 23.4 29 44.5 20 -



3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design of various parts of V-Netting machine:-

3.1.1 SPEED REDUCTION:-



FIG .4 –SPEED REDUCTION SYSTEM

Data:

=Speed of Motor =1440 r.p.m.

=Speed of intermediate shaft



=Speed of output shaft

=Diameter of driver pulley = 60mm

= =Diameter of pulley B and D =356mm

=Diameter of pulley C=50mm

=

= 60*1440 356

=243 r.p.m.

=

= 60*243 356

=41 r.p.m.



3.1.2 DESIGN OF SHAFT:-

Torque on driver shaft,

Now power of motor is 0.5 BHP

P = P=0.5

=367.5watt

=2.43 Nm

=2430Nmm

Now, tension on driver pulley belt,

T= ( ) R



=

=121.5 ………… (1)

Fig -5 Belt tension in V- belt

Now.

But,

=

=123.70

And, groove angle of pulley

From design data book for A-group pulley is 34



So,

= 9.16 ……….... (2)

Now, from equation (1) & (2)

(Tight side)

15N (Slack side)

3.1.2.1 Design of counter shaft:-

Tension on pulley B is same as on pulley A.So,

Now, torque on counter shaft

= (140-15) 356/2

=22250 N

Now, tension on pulley C

T= ( ) R

=

=635 N ………… (1)

Now.



But,

=

=123.54

So,

= 9.16 ……….... (2)

Now, from equation (1) & (2)

(Tight side)

80N (Slack side)

Load diagram for counter shaft:-



Fig. 6 Load diagram of counter shaft



Now take moment about point D,

Now, moment on point B & C

Equivalent Torque:-

=

Now, diameter of counter shaft

3.1.2.2 Design of driven shaft:

Now take moment about point C,



=115N

Now, moment at point B

Fig .7 Load diagram of Driven shaft



Torque of driven shaft,

= ( ) R

= (715-80)254

=161290Nmm

Therefore, Equivalent torque is,

=

Now, diameter of driven shaft



3.1.3 DESIGN OF BELT:-

Fig -8 length of belt

Length of Belt between Pulley A and B:-

X = Centre distance between pulley A and B = 200mm

=40mm

=254mm

Length of belt (L) = +2X+

= +2(200) +

L = 1380mm

Length of Belt between Pulley C and D:-

X = Centre distance between pulley C and D = 190mm

=50mm

=254mm



Length of belt (L) = +2X+

= +2(190) +

L = 1390mm

Table 4. Dimensions of standard V-belts according to IS: 2494 – 1974.

Types of belt

Power ranges in

kw

Minimum pitch

diameter of pulley (D)

mm

Top width (b) mm

Thickness (t) mm

Weight per meter length in newtons

A 0.7-3.5 75 13 8 1.06B 2-15 125 17 11 1.89C 7.5-75 200 22 14 3.43D 20-150 355 32 19 5.96E 30-350 500 38 23 -

3.1.4 SELECTION OF BEARING:-

FIG. 9 BEARINGS



Designation of ball bearings:-

Generally the ball bearings are designated I three digits, how ever some times

it is designated in 4 or 5 digits.

Last two digits indicate bore diameter (d)

For example:

00 ----- d = 10mm

01 ----- d = 12mm

02 ----- d = 15mm

03 ----- d = 17mm

Digit 04 and after it, when multiplied by 5, give the bore diameter

For example:

04 ----- 4 5 = 20

06 ----- 6 5 = 30

20 ----- 20 5 = 100

25 ----- 25 5 = 125

Third digit from right hand side indicate the series of ball bearing,

For example:

100 – Extra light

200 – Light series

300 – medium series

400 – Heavy series

In 4 digit designation the 3rd and 4th digit from right side indicates series of

bearing.

Example of 4 digit bearing:

In SKF bearing 6205 means

Bore diameter = 05 05=25mm

62 indicate bearing series

Example of 5 digit bearing:



In SKF bearing 51202 means

Bore diameter = 15mm

512 indicate bearing series

Table 5. Deep groove ball bearing Series 62

BearingNo.

(SKF)

Bearing dimension Basic loadRating in KN

Dynamic Static

Limiting speedin r.p.m.

lubrication

din

mm

Din

mm

Bin

Mm

Rin

mm

C in KN

in

KN

Grease Oil

6200 10 30 9 1 3.90 2.24 24000 300006201 12 32 10 1 5.30 3.10 22000 280006202 15 35 11 1 6.00 3.55 19000 240006203 17 40 12 1 7.35 4.50 17000 200006204 20 47 14 1.5 9.80 6.20 15000 180006205 25 52 15 1.5 10.80 6.95 12000 150006206 30 62 16 1.5 15.00 10.00 10000 130006207 35 72 17 2 19.60 13.70 900 110006208 40 80 18 2 23.60 16.60 8500 100006209 45 85 19 2 25.50 18.60 7500 90006210 50 90 20 2 27.00 19.60 7000 85006211 55 100 21 2.5 33.50 25.00 6300 75006212 60 110 22 2.5 36.50 28.00 6000 70006213 65 120 23 2.5 43.00 34.00 5300 63006214 70 125 24 2.5 47.50 37.50 5000 60006215 75 130 25 2.5 51.00 40.50 4800 56006216 80 140 26 3 54.00 45.00 4500 53006217 85 150 28 3 64.00 53.00 4300 50006218 90 160 30 3 73.50 62.00 3800 45006219 95 170 32 3.5 83.00 69.50 3600 43006220 100 180 34 3.5 95.00 78.00 3400 40006221 105 190 36 3.5 102.00 90.00 3200 38006222 110 200 38 3.5 112.00 100.00 3000 36006224 120 215 40 3.5 112.00 100.00 2800 34006226 130 230 40 4 120.00 112.00 2600 32006228 140 250 42 4 127.00 122.00 2400 3000



6230 150 270 45 4 134.00 137.00 2000 2600

3.2 Specification of the V-Netting machine:-

1. COUNTER SHAFT:-

Length of shaft = 175 mm

Smaller diameter = 25 mm

Larger diameter = 28m

Intermediate diameter = 25m

2. DRIVEN SHAFT:-



Length of shaft = 255 mm

Larger diameter = 28m

Smaller diameter = 25 mm

Intermediate diameter = 28 mm

Dimension of slot (for accommodation of flat plate)

Length= 45 mm

Thickness=5 mm

Width = 50m

3. PULLEYS:-



Type = “A” group Type = “A” group

Diameter = 60mm Diameter = 356

Hub diameter =28mm Hub diameter = 32mm

4. HOLLOW CYLINDER AND FLAT PLATE:-



Length of cylinder = 200 mm Length of flat = 360 mm

Outer diameter = 78 mm Thickness of flat = 5 mm

Inner diameter = 50 mm Width of flat = 50 mm

Pitch of internal thread = 38.15 mm

5. ELECTRIC MOTOR:-

Speed = 1440 r.p.m.

Current = 15 Amp

Voltage = 240 v

Phase = 1

6. ASSEMBLY:-





7. PROJECT MODEL:-



3.3 Estimating and Costing:

Sr.No Name Of Part Size

(mm)

Weight

(Kg)

No Of

Component

Rate

(Rs)

Cost

(Rs)

1 Angle for chassis - - 475

2 Rod for Shaft 45×300 5 2 37 370

3 Flat plate 400×50×6 1.5 1 37 55

4 Rod for hollow threaded

cylinder

75×300 18 1 35 630

5 Pedestal 25 - 4 150 600

6 Pulley (“A” Group) 60 - 1 125 125

7 Pulley (“A” Group) 356 - 1 550 550

8 Pulley (“B” Group) 60 - 1 100 100

9 Pulley (“B” Group) 356 - 1 525 525

10 Belt (“A” Group) 50 No. - 1 150 150

11 Belt (“B” Group) 46 No. - 1 135 135

12 Nut & Bolts - - - - 120

13 G- Sheet 1 150 150

14 1 A.C. Motor 0.5 Bhp - 1 2500 2500

15 Electric wire - 1 150 150

16 U-Clamp 75 - 2 30 60

17 M.S. Wire 1 2 - 50 100

Total material Cost 6795



Direct material cost:6795 Rs

Direct labor cost: 2000 Rs

Total Cost

(1) Total cost = Material Cost + Labor Cost

= 6795 + 2000

= 8795 Rs



4. FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of this machine, we can use sensor which automatically

measure the length of net and cut it according to requirement.



5 REFERENCES

1. www.wiremesh-machine.com

2. www.youtube.com

3. www.begrandi.com

4. www.tradeindia.com

5. www.google.com

6. Machine design by R.S.KHURMI

7. Theory of machine by R.S.KHURMI


http://www.google.com/

http://www.tradeindia.com/

http://www.begrandi.com/

Documents

v-net frence machine mechanical project