v ÃUokv - KERALA...Anand Saxena, Reader , Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi Davinder K. V aid, Professor , DESSH, NCER T, New Delhi Garima Gupta, Lectur er, PGDA V

¢m v

_nkn-\ v ÃUokv

tIcf k¿°m¿

hnZym-`ymk hIp∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn

tIcfw 2018

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

XI

First EditionMarch 2006 Phalguna 1927

Reprinted

June 2014

PD 120T RNB

© National Council of EducationalResearch and Training, 2006

` 99.00

Printed on 80 GSM paper

Published by the SCERT,ThiruvananthapuramDepartment of Education,Government of Kerala&Printed at:Centre for Advanced Printing andTraining (C-apt) (Government ofKerala), Thiruvananthapuram

ISBN 81-7450-530-X

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

q No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior

permission of the publisher.

q This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of

trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the

publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in

which it is published.

q The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any

revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other

means is incorrect and should be unacceptable.

BapJw

ae-bmf `mj am[y-a-am-°n-s°m≠v GXp hnj-bhpw FX Bg-Øn¬

]Tn-°m\pw GXp -K-l-\-amb Bi-bhpw ]Im-i\w sNøm\pw Ign-tb-≠-

Xp-≠v. tijvT- m-j-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ \ΩpsS mj-bn¬ lb¿sk-

°‚dn ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-Øns‚ `mK-am-bmWv

]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ ]cn- m-j-s∏-SpØn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Xbm-dm-°nb F√m tIm¿ hnj-b-ß-fp-sSbpw ]pkvX-I-

ßƒ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v kzX¥ ]cn- mj \SØn

]pd-Øn-d-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-ßƒ amXr- mjbmWv hnZym- ym-k-

Øn\p≈ am[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂-Xv. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ an°

a’-c-∏-co-£-Ifpw ]mtZ-inI mj-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-

®n-cn-°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Øn-

ep≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS

amXr- m-j-bn¬Øs∂ ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cu ]pkvX-

I-ßƒ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°pw.

]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ ]c-am-h[n

ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°m≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-Øn\v

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ ae-bmf en]n-bn¬ AtX ]Sn \ne-\n¿Øm\pw

ian-®n- p-≠v. Ipń-I-fpsS Bi-b-K-lWw IqSp-X¬ Ffp-∏-am-°p-∂-tXm-

sSm∏w ae-bmf mj-bpsS hf¿®bv°pw Cu ]cn- mj ]pkvX-I-ßƒ klm-

b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v \ap°v ]Xym-in-°mw.

tUm.sP. ]kmZvUb-d-IvS¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. tIcfw

]mT-]p-kvXI hnh¿Ø\w

1. jnhn IrjvW≥, F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. sImtagvkv,Kh. F®v.-F-kv.Fkv. ao\-ßm-Sn, hb-\mSv

2. kpIp Fkv., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. sImtagvkvKh. F®v.-F-kv.Fkv. Be, sNß-∂q¿, Be-∏pg

3. tXmakv ]n.hn., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. sImtagvkvKh. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. Bd-fw, IÆq¿

4. lcn-Zmkv bp., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. sImtagvkvFw.F≥.-sI.-Fw.-F-®v.F-kv.Fkv. Nn‰n-ew-tNcn, ]me-°mSv

5. APnXv ]n.]n., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. sImtagvkvFkv.-sI.-Fw.-sP. F®v.-F-kv.Fkv. I¬∏-‰, hb-\mSv

6. A\n¬Ip-am¿ Pn., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. sImtagvkvKh. F®v.-F-kv.Fkv. Aø≥tIm-bn-°¬, sIm√w

7. A-timIv Ipam¿ Sn.F≥., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. sImtagvkvKh. F®v.-F-kv.Fkv. BZq¿, ImkdtKmUv

8. ]Imiv ]n.F≥., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. sImtagvkvKh. F®v.-F-kv.Fkv. Bd-fw, IÆq¿

hnZ-Kv[¿

1. tUm.sI.-a-t\m-l-c≥ \mb¿, t^m¿a¿ Atkm-kn-tb‰v s]m -k¿ & slUv,]n.Pn.-Un-∏m¿ vsa‚ v Hm v tImtagvkv B‚ v dnk¿®v sk‚¿,Fw.Pn.-tIm-tf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

2. tUm. _nt\m tPmb v, Akn. s]m^-k¿ & slUv, sIm-tagvkv hn`mKwKh. tImtfPv, tIm´bw

3. knPp k_mÃy≥, Akn. s]m -k¿, sIm-tagvkv hn`mKw,Kh. tImtfPv, aWn-ae°p∂v

4. tUm.\nΩn tZhv, Akn. s]m -k¿, sIm-tagvkv hn`mKwKh. tImtfPv t^m¿ hna¨, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

5. tUm. _nPp F.hn., Akn. s]m -k¿, sIm-tagvkv hn`mKw,Kh. tImtfPv, s\Sp-a-ßmSv

A°m-U-anIv tImUn-t\-‰¿

cRvPnXv Fkv., dnk¿®v Hmôk¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.

FOREWORD

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at schoolmust be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from thelegacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap betweenthe school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis ofNCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rotelearning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. Wehope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centredsystem of education outlined in the National Policy of Education (1986).

The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teacherswill take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginativeactivities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, childrengenerate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults.Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasonswhy other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiativeis possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers ofa fixed body of knowledge.

These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode offunctioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour inimplementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teachingdays are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching andevaluation will also determine how effective this book proves for makingchildren’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stressor boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem ofcurricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at differentstages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time availablefor teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by givinghigher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering,discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development committeeresponsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisorygroup in Social Sciences, Professor Hari Vasudevan and the Chief Advisorfor this book, Prof. Sanjay K. Jain, for guiding the work of this committee.Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to theirprincipals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisationswhich have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, materials and personnel.We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointedby the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource

Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P.Deshpande for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemicreform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomescomments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision andrefinements.

Director

New Delhi National Council of Educational

20 December 2005 Research and Training

TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT

COMMITTEE

CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS AT THE

HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL

Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Calcutta,

Kolkata

CHIEF ADVISOR

Sanjay K. Jain, Professor, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi,Delhi

MEMBERS

Anand Saxena, Reader, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi

Davinder K. Vaid, Professor, DESSH, NCERT, New Delhi

Garima Gupta, Lecturer, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi

G.L. Tayal, Reader, Ramjas College, University of Delhi

J.K. Parida, Professor, Department of Commerce, Utkal University,Bhubaneswar, Orissa

K.V. Achalapati, Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, OsmaniaUniversity, Hyderabad

M.M. Goyal, Reader, PGDAV College, University of Delhi

M. Usha, Associate Professor, University College of Commerce and BusinessManagement, Osmania University, Hyderabad

Pooja Dasani, PGT, Convent of Jesus and Mary School, Gol Dakkhana,New Delhi

Shailendra Nigam, NIILM Centre for Management Studies, Sher Shah SuriMarg, New Delhi

MEMBER-COORDINATOR

Minoo Nandrajog, Reader, DESSH, NCERT, New Delhi

viii

D≈-S°w

BapJw

`mKw 1 _nkn-\- ns‚ ASn-Ød

A[ymbw 1 _n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz- m-h-hpw e-£y-hpw

A[ymbw 2 _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS hn-hn-[ cq-]-ßƒ

A[ymbw 3 kzImcy s]mXp BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ

A[ymbw 4 _nkn\ v tk-h\ßƒ

A[ymbw 5 _nkn\knse \qX\ ]hWXIƒ

A[ymbw 6 _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I DØchmZnXzhpw _n-kn-\- v [¿-Ω-hpw

`mKw 2 tIm¿∏-td‰v ÿm]-\-ßƒ, [\-Im-cyhpw hym]m-chpw

A[ymbw 7 Iº\n cq]oIcWw

A[ymbw 8 _nkn\ v [\-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-ßƒ

A[ymbw 9 sNdpInS _nkn\ v

A[ymbw 10 B`y¥c hym]mcw

A[ymbw 11 A¥mcm„ _nkn\ v ˛ 1

A[ymbw 12 A¥¿tZ-iob _nkn-\ v ˛ 2

`mKw I

_nkn-\- ns‚ ASn-Ød

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz- m-h-hpw e-£y-hpw(NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS)

]T\ t\´ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®p Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv:

$ _nkn\ v F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ a\pjy ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kmº-ØnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf∂pw kmº-Øn-tI-Xc]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf∂pw Xcw Xncn-°p-∂p.

$ _nkn-\ v, hnZKvZ sXmgn¬, sXmgn¬ F∂nh th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

$ _nkn-\- nse \jvS-km-[y-X-bpsS kz`m-hhpw Imc-W-ßfpw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.

$ hnhn-[-Xcw hyh-km-b-ßsf°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ hmWn-Py-Øns‚ A¿∞w hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

$ I®-h-Shpw I®-hS A\p-_‘ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.

$ Hcp _nkn-\ v Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

A-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bw - - - - - 1

11_n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz-`m-h-hpw e-£y-hpw

\n-kv-X¿-°-am-Wv. hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ, tIm-tf-Pp-

Iƒ, B-ip-]-Xn-Iƒ, cm-„o-b-]m¿-ń-Iƒ,

a-X-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ F-∂n-h Nn-e D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-

fm-Wv. F-∂m¬ C-h-bn¬ \n-s∂-√mw hy-Xy-

kv-X-am-bn \-Ωp-sS \n-Xy Po-hn-X-Øn¬ G-‰-

hp-a-[n-Iw kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øp-∂ ÿm-]-\wG-sX-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ A-Xn-\p-Ø-cw _n-kn-

\- v BsW-∂v \n- w-i-bw ]-d-bm≥ I-gn-bpw.

B-b-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- v F-∂ B-i-b-sØ-

°p-dn-®pw A-Xn-s‚ kz-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®pw

A-h-bp-sS e-£y-sØ-°p-dn-®p-sa-√mw A-dn-

™n-cn-t°-≠-Xv h-f-sc A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv.

1.2 _n-kn-\- v F-∂ B-i-bw

(Concept of Business)

D-]-t`m-‡r-kw-Xr-]v -Xn-bn-eq-sS em-`wF-∂ e-£y-sØ ap≥-\n¿-Øn-bp -≈km-[-\-ß-fp-tS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-tS-bpwD¬-∏m-Z-\w, hn-X-c-Ww, hn-]-W-\w Xp-S-ßn-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bnsN-øp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv _n-kn-\- v F-∂p]-d-bp-∂Xv.

1.1 B-ap-Jw (Introduction)

ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-® k-l-]mTn-I-fp-sS N¿-®-

bn¬ A-h¿ Du-∂¬ \¬-In-b-Xv H-cp _n-kn-

\- n-s‚ A¿-∞-hpw kz- m-h-hpw e£y-hp-sa-

√m-am-bn-cp-∂p. F-√m a-\p-jy¿-°pw A-h-cp-sSB-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\v \nc-h[n D¬-

∏-∂-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-

∂v \-ap-°-dn-bmw. Cu B-h-iy-I-X, D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ \n¿Ωn-®v hn¬-]-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-te-bv-

°pw tk-h-\-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-te-°pw

a\pjy-sc \-bn-®p.

D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS \n¿-Ωm-W-hpw hn-¬∏\-bpw

tk-h-\-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-

ß-fp-sa-√mw km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬

G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\-am-b _n-kn-\- v B-sW-∂v

\-ap-°-dn-bmw. G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚-bpwDt±-iyw a-\p-jym-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-eq-

sS [\-k-ºm-Z\w F-∂-Xm-Wv. \-Ωp-sS Po-hn-

Xw ap-t∂m- p t]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ \nc-h[n ÿm-]-

\-ß-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w D-s≠-∂p-≈ Im-cyw

kp-\n-X, P-jo-\, dn-kzm≥, jm-Pn F-∂o k-l-]mTn-Iƒ ]-Ømw- ¢m-kv ]-co-£ I-gn-™va-s‰m-cp kp-lr-Øm-b _o-\-bp-sS ho-ń¬ H-Øp-Iq-Sn. ]-co-£m-\p-`-h-ßƒ ]-¶p-h-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS _o-\-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv io. tPm¿-÷v A-h-cp-sS N¿-®-bn¬ C-S-s]-Sp-I-bpw `m-hn ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®v tNm-Zn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. F-∂m¬ B¿-°pw X-s∂ hy-‡-am-b `m-hn]T-\ ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ A-Xp-h-sc B-kq-X-Ww sN-øm≥ I-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√. _n-kn-\- p-Im-c-\m-b A-t±-lw _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-[y-X-I-sf-∏-‰n-bpw B ta-J-e-bp-sS t\-´-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bpwkq-Nn-∏n-®p. H-cp F-©n-\o-b¿-t°m tUm-Œ¿-t°m I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn ]-Ww k-ºm-Zn-°m-\pw k-aq-l-Øn-\pw cm-„-Øn-\pw t\-´-ap-≠m-°p-∂ \n-c-h-[n Im-cy-ß-fpw _n-kn-\- n-eq-sS km-[y-amsW∂pw At±lw ]d™p. C-Xv A-h-cp-sS a-\- n¬ Nn-e ]p-Ø≥ Nn-¥-Iƒ-°v Xn-cn-sIm-fp-Øn. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ _n-kn-\- v F-∂-Xv sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-sX-¥m-Wv?[-\-k-ºm-Z-\-a-√m-sX a-s‰-s¥-√mw Im-cy-ß-fm-Wv _n-kn-\ v e-Iv-jyw h-bv-°p-∂-Xv?_n-kn-\ n-s‚ t\-´-ßƒ F-s¥-√m-am-Wv? C-X-c -]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂v _n-kn-\ vFßns\ hy-Xym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p? H-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-c-w`w B-cw-`n-°phm≥ F-s¥-√mwB-h-iy-am-Wv? Xp-S-ßn-b Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-s®-√mw A-h¿ N¿-® sN-øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

12 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

a-\p-jy≥ X-s‚ B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n hn-hn-[ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. Cu]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf ]-[m-\-am-bpw c-≠m-bnX-cw-Xn-cn-°mw ˛ km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw km-º-Øn-tI-X-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw.-

ssZ-\w-Zn-\ Po-hn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b [-\wk-ºm-Zn-°pI F-∂ e-£y-tØm-sS-bp-≈]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf km-º-Øn-I -]-h¿-Ø-\-sa-∂pw, [-\-k-ºm-Z-\-sØ e-£ywsh-bv -°m-sX-bp-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sfkm-º-Øn-tI-X-c -]-h¿-Ø-\-sa-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p.

H-cp ^m-Œ-dn sXm-gn-em-fn, B-ip-]-Xn \-S-Øp-∂ tUm-Œ¿, Hm-ô-kv am-t\-P¿,hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬ tPm-en-sN-øp-∂ A-[ym-]-I¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sc-√mw km-º-Øn-I]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-h-cmWv. F-∂m¬ X-s‚ Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ßƒ-°m-bn `-£-Ww ]m-Iw-sN-øp-∂ ho-´-Ω,h-gn-bn¬ ho-Wp-In-S-°p-∂-bm-sf B-ip-]-Xn-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂ h-gn-bm-X-°m-c≥Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sc-√mw sNøp-∂Xv km-º-Øn-tI-X-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. Cu ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ]-[m-\-am-bpw kv-t\-lw, k-lm-\p-`q-Xn Xp-S-ßn-b hn-Im-c-ß-fn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf ho -≠pw hn -Z -K v -[ -sXm -gn¬,sXm-gn¬, _n-kn-\- v F-∂n-ß-s\ aq-∂m-bn Xn-cn-°mw. a-\p-jym-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\m-bn em-t`-—-tbm-Sp- Iq-Sn D-¬∏m-Z-\w, hn-]-W-\w, tk-h-\w F-∂o ta-J-e-I-fn¬ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn \-S-Øp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf _n-kn-\- v F-∂v hn-fn-°mw.

hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn¬ (Profession)

D-b¿-∂ hn -Zym -`ym -k tbm-Ky -X-bpw]m-tbmKn-I ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw B-h-iy-ap-≈ta-J-e-bm-Wv hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn¬ A-Y-hms]m-^-j≥. h-°o¬, tUm-Œ¿, Nm¿-t´¿-Uv A-°u-≠‚ v, F≥-Pn-\o-b¿ F-∂otPm-en-I-sf-√mw C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.C-h¿ \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ-°v e-`n-°p-∂ ]-Xn-^-e-am-Wv ô-kv.

sXm-gn¬ (Employment)

a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v th-≠n H-cp tk-h-\ I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sN-øp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ sXm-gn¬ F-∂v hn-fn-°mw. sXmgn¬\¬-Ip-∂-bm-sf sXm-gn¬-Zm-Xmhv F-∂pwsXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-bm-sf sXm-gn-em-fnF-∂pw hn-fn-°p-∂p. sXm-gn-en-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ ta¬-∏-d-™ sXm-gn¬I-cm-dn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw.sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ th-X-\-sØi-º-fw A-Y-hm Iq-en F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.ssU-h¿, A-°u-≠‚ v, ¢m¿-°v Xp-S-ßn-bh sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ°v Nn-e D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv.

_n-kn-\- v (Business)

a-\p-jym-h-iy-ßƒ Xr-]v -Xn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn\p th-≠n em-t`-—-tbm-sS D-¬∏-∂-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpwhn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ km-º-ØnI ]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ _n-kn-\- v F-∂p\n¿-∆-Nn-°mw.

1.3 _n-kn-\ n-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ(Characteristics of business

activities)

hn-hn-[ -_n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS


]-h¿-Ø-\ ta-J-e-Iƒ, h-en-∏w, kz- m-hw,D-S-a-ÿ-Xm-cq-]w F-∂n-h-sb-√mw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-sW-¶n-epw F-√m-‰n-\pw k-am-\-am-bNne k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v, A-h G-sX-√m-sa-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.

i) km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\w

(Economic Activity)

_n-kn-\- v H-cp km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww, [-\-k-ºm-Z-\-am-Wv C-h-bp-sS ]-[m-\ -e-£yw. A-√m-sX kv-t\lw,Z-b Xp-S-ßn-b hn-Im-c-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønep≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-f-√.

ii) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw

ti-J-c-W-hpw D-¬∏m-Z-\-hpw (Production or

procurement of goods and services)

D-]-t`m-K-Øn-\m-bn P-\-ßƒ-°v D¬∏-∂-ßƒ e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap≥-]m-bn A-hD¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-tbm a-‰p-≈-h¿ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv ti-J-cn-°p-I-tbm A-h kw-`-cn-°p-I-tbm sN-tø-≠-Xp-≠v. C-h D-]-t`m-‡r D¬∏∂-ß-tfm (sam-ss_¬ t^m¨,I-ºyq-´¿, [m-\y-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h) aq-e-[-\ D¬∏∂-ß-tfm (^¿-Wn-®¿, b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h) B-hmw. F-∂m¬D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ ku-I-cy-ß-sfbm-Wv tk-h-\-ßƒ F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.sS-e-t^m¨, ssh-Zyp-Xn, P-e-hn-X-c-Ww,_m-¶n-wKv, C≥-jq-d≥-kv, K-Xm-KXw Xp-S-ßn-b-h tk-h-\-ßƒ-°v D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv.

iii) a-\p-jym-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\m-bn

km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw

hn¬-∏-\ A-s√-¶n¬ ssI-am-‰w sN-ø¬

(Sale or exchange of goods and services

for the satisfaction of human needs)

]Xn- -e-Øn-\mbn D¬∏∂ßtfm tkh-\-ßtfm ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbmssIam‰w sNøp-∂Xpw hnev]\ \S-Øp-∂Xpw _nkn-\ v ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv.hy‡-n]-c-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn km[-\-ßƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂XvHcp _nkn-\ v ]h¿Ø-\-a-√. IqSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ°mbn hoń¬ `£Ww ]mNIwsNøp-∂Xv Hcp _nkn-\ v ]h¿Ø-\-a-√, F∂m¬ Xøm-dm-°p∂ `£Ww a‰p-≈h¿°mbn Hcp tlm´ -en¬ IqSnhnev]\ \S-Øp-tºmƒ AXns\ _nkn-\ mbn IW-°m-°mw. Hcp _nkn-\ v]h¿Ø\Øn¬ hmßp-∂-h\pw hn¬°p-∂-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ km[-\-ß-fpsStbmtkh-\-ß-fp-sStbm hn¬]\ As√-¶n¬ssIam‰w \n¿_-‘-am-Wv.

iv) km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw Xp-S¿-®-bmbn

ssI-Im-cyw sN-ø¬ (Dealings in goods

and services on a regular basis)

em-`w t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-bn km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn e-`y-am-°p-tºmƒ am-X-ta A-Xv H-cphym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Ip-∂p-≈q. H-cphy‡n X-s‚ kz-Im-cy h-kv-Xp-°ƒ em-`-Øn-\v hn-‰m¬ AXns\ _n-kn-\- v BbnI-W-°m-°n-√.

v) em-`-k-ºm-Z-\w (Proft earning)

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\ e-£y-am-Wv em-`w t\-Sp-I-sb-∂-Xv. H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\pw em-`-an-√m-sX \n-e-\n¬-°m-t\mh-f-cm-t\m km-[n-°n-√. ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚k¬-t∏-cv \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\pw em-`w A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Hm-tcm _n-kn-\- p-

14 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Im-c-\pw X-s‚ em-`w h¿-≤n-∏n-°m≥B-h-iy-am-b F-√m ]-cn-i-a-ß-fpw \-S-Øm-dp-≠v.

vi) h-cp-am-\-Øn-se A-\n-›n-X-Xzw

(Uncertenity of return)

`m-hn-bn¬ D-≠m-Im≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈ hcp-am-\-sØ-°p-dn -®p-≈ A-\n-›n-X-Xzw_nkn-\-kn-s‚ ]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. ]-c-am-h-[n i-a-ßƒ \-S-Øn-bm-epw \-„km[y-X-Iƒ _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v.

vii) \-„-km-[y-X (Element of risk)

Hm-tcm hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-hpw `m-hn-bn¬\nch-[n A-]-Xo-£n-X km-l-N-cy-ß-sft\-cn-tS-≠n h-cm-dp-≠v. C-Ø-cw \-„-km[y-X-I-sf A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿-°vam-X-ta em-`w t\-Sm-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw

ssI-h-cnIbp-≈q. A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS Zu¿-e-`yw, a-‰v hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ a-’-cw, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-ep-≠mIp∂ am-‰w, D-]-tbm-‡m-°-fp-sS A-`n-cp-Nn-bn-ep-≈ am-‰w F-∂n-h Nn-e D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. ta¬-∏-d-™ A-\n-›n-X-Xz-ßƒ H-‰-b-Sn-°v H-gn-hm-°m≥ _n-kn-\- n-\v Ign-b-W-sa-∂n-√. Zo¿-L-ho-£-W-tØm-sS-bp-≈ k-ao-]-\w sIm-≠v A-h-bp-sSXo-h-X Ipd-bv°m≥ km[n-°pw.

kw-cw- X-e-Øn-se _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

(Business Functions at Enterprise Level)

Hm-tcm kw-cw- -hpw hn-hn-[-X-cw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. km-º-Øn-I k-am-l-c-Ww, D-¬-]m-Z-\w, hn-]-W-\w, a-\p-jy hn- -h I-ao-I-c-Ww, F-∂n-h-bm-Wv A-h-bn¬ ]-[m-\-s∏- -Xv. H-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-cw- w \-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v B-h-iy-am-b [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-I-bpw B-b-Xv ]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv n-\m≥-knwKv F-∂-Xp -sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-sf D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ B-°n am-‰p-I-bpw am-\-h-cm-in-°v B-h-iy-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I-bpwsN-øpI F-∂-Xm-Wv D-¬]m-Z-\w sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬ hn-]-W-\w F-∂-Xp -sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv, s]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b h-kv-Xp-°-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D-ev-]m-Z-I-cn¬-\n-∂v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn-te-°v B-h-iy-am-b ÿ-e-Øv, B-h-iy-am-b k-a-b-Øv, \ym-b-am-b hn-e-bn¬ F-Øn-®p \¬-Ip-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. hn-hn-[ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-Øv \-S-Øm-\p-≈ ss\-]p-Wyw t\-Sn-b-h-cp-sS e-`y-X D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv a-\p-jy hn-`-hI-ao-I-c-Ww F-∂-Xp sIm-≠v e-£y-am-°p-∂-Xv.


1.4 _n-kn-\- v, hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn¬, sXm-gn¬ F-∂n-h-bp-sS Xm-c-X-ayw

(Comparison of Business, Profession and Employment)

D¬-∏m-Z-\w, ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w, \n¿Ωm-WwXp-S-ßn-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv hy-h-km-bw. D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS-bpwtk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hn-\n-a-b-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf hm-Wn-Pyw F-∂vhn-fn-°mw.

A-Sn-ÿm-\w _n-kn-\ v sXm-gn¬

1. B-cw-`n-°p-∂ kw-cw-`-I-s‚ Xo-cp- tk-h-\ I-cm-dpw co-Xn am-\-hpw \n-b-a-]-c-am-b \n-b-a-\ D-Ø-c-hpw

Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw

2. ]-h¿-Ø-\- s]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ- sXm-gn¬ Zm-Xm Øn-s‚ °m-h-iy-am-b km-[-\- -hn-s‚ \n¿-t±-im-\p- kz-`m-hw ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw k-c-Ww ]h¿

e-`y-am-°p-∂p -Øn-°p-∂p

3. tbm-Ky-X ]-tXy-I-am-b sXm-gn-ep-S-ahn-Zym-`ym-k tbm-Ky-X \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂B-h-iy-an-√ tbm-Ky-X

4. ]-Xn-^-ew em-`w i-º-fw/Iq-en

5. ap-X¬-ap-S-°v _n-kn-\-kn-s‚ ap-X¬-ap-S-°v h-en-∏-hpw B-h-iy-an-√ kz-`m-h-hpw A-\p-k-cn-®p-≈

ap-X¬-ap-S-°v

6. \-„km-[y-X IqSp-XemWv C-√

7. D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i- km-[y-am-Wv km-[y-a-√ ss°-am-‰w

8. s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w C-√ tk-h-\ I-cm-dn-s‚\n-_-‘-\-Iƒ-°vA-\p-kr-X-am-bn

hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn¬Aw-Ko-Ir-X k-an-Xn-bn-se Aw-K-Xz-hpw \n-›n-X tbm-Ky-X-bpwssh-Z-Kv-[y-ap-≈hy-‡n-]-c-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p

s]m-^-j-W¬ tbm-Ky-X-bpw ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw \n¿-_-‘-am-Wv.

ô-kv

]-cn-an-X-am-b ap-X¬-ap-

S-°v B-h-iy-ap-≠v

]-cn-an-X-am-b A-f-hn¬ D≠vkm-[y-a-√

]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂s]m-^-j-W¬ kw-L-S-\ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂Xv

1.5 hnhn[ Xcw _nkn\ v ]h¿Ø-\ßƒ (Classification of Business

Activities)

_nkn\ v ]h¿Ø\ßsf ][m\-ambpw c≠mbn XcwXncn°mw.i) hy-h-km-bw

ii) hm-Wn-Pyw

16 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

1.6 hy-h-km-bw (Industry)

hn-`-h-ß-ƒ, b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fp-sS-bpwkm-t¶-Xn-I-⁄m-\-ap-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw k-lm-b-tØm-sS cq-]-am-‰w -hcp-ØnD]-tbm-K-]-Z-am-b km-[-\-ßƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-tbm \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wvhy-h-km-bw. ]-cp-ØnØp-Wn hy-h-km-bw,C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv hy-h-km-bw Xp-S-ßn-b-hD-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≈ Nm¿-ń-eq-sS _n-kn-\- n-s‚ X-cw-Xn-cn-hp-I-sf ]-cn-N-b-s∏Smw:

_m¶nwKv

Zzn-Xobw]mY-anIw XrXobw

P\n-XIw ]IrXn P\yw

_nkn-\ v

hy-h-kmbw hmWn-Pyw

I®-hS A\p_‘ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒI®-hSw

\n¿amWwF≥Sn-t]m v

B`y -¥cw hntZiw

samØw Nn√d Cd-°p-aXn

DZvKY\w C≥jp-d≥kvkw -cWwKXm-KXwkwtbmP\w

D¬∏m-Z\w

]c-k-y-ßƒ

]In-bm-]cw

Ib-‰p-aXn

A]-KY\w

hn-hn-[-X-cw hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬hy-h-km-b-ß-sf aq-∂m-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw:

a) ]m-Y-an-I hy-h-km-b-ßƒ(Primary Industries)

b) Zzn-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ(Secondary Industries)

c) Xr-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ (Tertiary Industries)


a) ]m-Y-an-I hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Primary Industries)

]-Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßfpsS ti-J-cWw, Ah-bpsS D¬-]m-Z-\w F-∂o ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv ]m-Y-an-Ihy-h-km-b-ßƒ. C-h-sb ho-≠pw c-≠mbnXn-cn-°mw.

i) ]-Ir-Xn-P-\y hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Extractive Industries)

a-Æv, P-ew, hm-bp Xp-S-ßn-b ]-Ir-Xnhn-` -h-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v a-\p-jy-cm-in -°vB-h-iy-am-b h-kv-Xp-°ƒ ]p-d-sØ-Sp-°p-I-tbm D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-tbm ti-J-cn-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂ hy-h-km-b-ß-fm-Wv ]-Ir-Xn-P-\y hy-h-km-b-ßƒ. [m-Xp-°ƒ J-\-\w sN-ø¬, a¬-ky-_-‘-\w, h-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ ti-J-cn-°¬ Xp-S-ßn-b-h D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Cu hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sSD¬∏∂-ßƒ t\-cn-´v D-]-t`m-Kw sN-øp-I-tbm a-‰p hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-tbmsN-ømw.

ii) P-\n-X-I hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Genetic Industries)

k-ky-ß-fp-sS-bpw ar-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw ]P-\-\hpw ]-cn-]m-e-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´hy-h-km-b-ß-fm-Wn-h. tIm-gn- h-f¿-Ø¬,k-ky-ß-fp-sS t\-gv-k-dn, I-∂p-Im-en h-f¿-Ø¬ F-∂n-h D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

b) Zzn-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Secondary Industries)

]m-Y-an-I hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS D¬∏∂-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v D-]-t`m-‡r D¬∏-∂-

ß-tfm hym-h-km-bn-I D¬-∏-∂-ß-tfm \n¿-an-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv Zzn-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ.D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn a-’y-_-‘-\w ]m-Y-an-Ihyh-km-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ, Cu a-’yw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v `-£y h-kv-Xp-°ƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂Xv Zzn-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-am-Wv. C-Ø-cwhy-h-km-b-ß-sf ]-h¿-Ø-\ kz-`m-h-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ c-≠m-bn Xn-cn-°mw.

i) D¬-∏m-Z-\ hy-h-km-bw(Manufactur--ing industry)

ii) \n¿-Ωm-W hy-h-km-bw(Construction industry)

i) D¬-∏m-Z-\ hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Manufacturing Industries)

A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-sf D¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-°n am-‰p-∂-h-bm-Wv D¬-∏m-Z-\ hy-h-km-b-ßƒ. C-cp -º-bn-cn¬ \n-∂v C-cp -ºpwD-cp-°pw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I, A-kw-kv-Ir-XF-Æ-bn¬- \n-∂v s]-tSm-fn-bw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-I F-∂n-h Nn-eD-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. C-Ø-cw hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn¬ \n--tXym-]-tbm-Kh-kv-Xp-°-fpw (h-kv-X-ßƒ, tkm-∏v,t]-\, t]-∏¿, `-£y h-kv-Xp-°ƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h) \n¿-Ωm-W ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°vB-h-iy-am-b D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw (kn-a‚ v,D-cp-°v, C-„n-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h) Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.Cu hy-h-km-b-Øn-\v Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂\m-ev D-]-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-≠v.

$ A-]-K-Y-\ hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Analytical Industries)

H-cp A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-hn¬ -\n-∂vhnhn[ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p∂]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv C-Ø-cw hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

18 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

c) Xr-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Tertiary Industries)

]m-Y-an-I hy-h-km-b-Øn-\pw Zzn-Xo-bhy-h-km-b-Øn-\pw k-lm-b-I-c-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂ hy-h-km-b-ß-sf Xr-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°mw. K-Xm-K-Xw, C≥-jp-d≥-kv, _m-¶nw-Kv,kw-`-c-Ww, ]-c-kyw, hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bw,]m-t°-Pn-Mv F-∂n-h C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.C-h ]-[m-\-am-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fm-Wv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.

1.7 hm-Wn-P yw (Commerce)

hm-Wn-Py-Øn¬ c-≠p-X-cw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv, I-®-h-S-hpw I-®-h-S-Øn-\vth-≠ A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw. D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hm-ß-epw hn¬-°-epw B-WvI-®-h-Sw F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂Xv. Cu hm-ß-epw hn¬-°-epw kp-K-a-am-bn \-S-°-W-sa-¶n¬ H-t´-sd ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS ]n-¥p-W B-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu]n-¥p-W -]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf I-®-h-S-Øn-s‚A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ F-∂v hnfn-°mw. K-Xm-K-Xw, _m-¶nw-Kv, C≥-jq-d≥-kv,B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw, ]-c-kyw, ]m-t°-Pn-Mv,kw-` -c -Ww Xp -S -ßn -b-h-sb-√mw Cu]n-¥pW ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂p.

D-¬∏m-Z-I-tcbpw D-]-t`m-‡m°tfbpwIqńbnW-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ]h¿Ø-\ßƒ hm-Wn-Pyw ]Zm\w sNøp∂p.km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpwkp-K-a-am-b ssI-am-‰w D-d-∏p-h-cp-Ø-em-Wvhm-Wn-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-[m-\ e-£yw.

\-S-Øp-∂-Xv. F-Æ ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-eCXn\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

$ DZvK-Y\ hy-h-km-b-ßƒ (Synthetic Industries)

C-Ø-cw hy-h-km-b ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ]-e-hn-[ A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v ]p-Xn-b D¬∏∂w D-≠m-°p-∂p. t]-∏¿\n¿Ωm-Ww, kn-a‚ v hy-h-km-bw F-∂n-hNn-e D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

$ ]-In-bmhy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Processing Industries)

C-Ø-cw hy-h-km-b-ßƒ H-cp D¬∏∂w\n¿-an-°p-∂-Xn-\p- th-≠n A-Xn-s‚ A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-sf hn-hn-[-ß-fm-b \n¿-Ωm-W L-´-ß-fn-eq-sS I-S-Øn- hn-Sp-∂p.h-kv-X \n¿-Ωm-Ww C-Xn-s\m-cp am-Xr-I-bmWv (\q¬-\q¬-°¬, \n-dw ap-°¬, s\-bv-Øv Xp-S-ßn-b ]-In-b-Iƒ C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p).

$ ïkwtbm-P-\ hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

(Assembling Industries)

C-Ø-cw hy-h-km-b-ßƒ hn-hn-[ m-K-ßƒIq- n-t®¿-Øv ]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂-ß-ƒ kr„n-°p-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-Ww: I-ºyq-´¿, sS-en-hn-j≥, sam-ss_¬ t^m¨ Xp-S-ßn-bh.

ii) \n¿-Ωm-W hy-h-km-b-ßƒ(Construction Industries)

tdm-Uv, sI-ń-Sw, ]m-ew, A-W-s°-´v Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS \n¿Ωm-W ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-cw- -ß-sf \n¿-ΩmWhy-h-km-b-ßƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°mw. C-Xn-\vB-h-iy-am-b A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ]-Ir-Xn-P-\y hy-h-km-b-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pwD¬-∏m-Z-\ hy-h-km-b-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wve-`n-°p-∂-Xv.


km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpwssI-am-‰-Øn¬ hy-‡n, kabw, ÿ-ew,A-dn-hv, [-\w, \-„-km-[y-X F-∂n-h kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-Ip-∂ ]-Xn-_-‘-ß-sf \o-°w-sN-øp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS B-sI-Øp-I-bm-Wv hm-Wn-Pyw F-∂p \n¿-∆-Nn-°mw.hn-]-W-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v ]-e-X-cwX-S- -ßƒ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v. D¬∏∂-ßƒ D¬∏mZIcn¬ \n∂v D]t`m‡m-°fntebv°v FØm≥ klmbn°p∂hym]mc-Øn-eq-sS hy-‡n F-∂ X-S- wC-√m-Xm-hp-∂p. K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-eq-sS ÿe-]-c-am-b X-S- -sØ C-√m-Xm-°p-∂p. kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS ka-b-sa-∂ X-S- -hpw am-‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C≥-jq-d≥-kv, \-„-km-[y-XF-∂ X-S- -sØ C-√m-Xm-°p-∂p. [-\-]-c-am-b X-S- -sØ _m-¶nw-Kn-eq-sS ]-cn-l-cn-°mw. ]-c-ky-ßƒ, B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bkw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ F-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw e`y-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hn-√mbva F∂ X-S- -sØ-bpw ]-cn-l-cn-°mw.

hm-Wn-Py-sØ c-≠m-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw:

i) I-®-h -Sw (Trade) - ˛km -[ -\ -ßƒhm-ßp-I-bpw hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I.

ii) I-®-h-S A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ(Aids to Trade)- I-®-h-S-Øn-\v X-S- w\n¬-°p-∂ L-S-I-ß-sf \o-°wsN-øp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ.

1.7.1 I-®-h-Sw (Trade)

hm-Wn-Py-Øn-se A-hn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-WvI®-h-Sw. km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-¬∏-\, ssI-am‰w, hn-X-c-Ww F-∂n-h-sb-√mw I-®-h-S-

Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. em-`-]-Xo-£-tbm-sSD¬∏∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-I-bpw hn¬-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv I-®-h-Sw. C-°m-e-Øv D¬-∏m-Z-\w km-[m-c-W-bm-bn h≥-tXm-Xn-emWv\-S-°m-dp-≈-Xv. B-b-Xn-\m¬ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿°vA-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ t\-cn- v D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v \¬-Im≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-√. I-®-h-S]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-h¿a-[y-h¿-Øn-I-fm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-®v hn-]-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v km-[-\-ßƒF-Øn-®p sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. hy-‡n-]-c-am-bX-S- w \o-°w sN-ø-em-Wv I-®-h-Sw h-gnkm-[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

hn-hn-[-X-cw I-®-h-S-ßƒ

1. B-`y-¥-c I-®-h-Sw

2. hn-tZ-i I-®-h-Sw

1. B`y¥c I®hSw (Internal Trade)

Hcp cmPyØn\IØv \S°p∂ km[\-ßfpsS hmßepw hn¬°epw BWvB`y¥c I®hSw. cmPyØn\-IØvkm[\ßƒ F√mbnSØpw e`yam°pIF∂XmWv CXns‚ ][m\ e£yw.B`y¥c I®hSsØ hn]W\w sNøp∂km[\ßfpsS Afhns‚ ASnÿm\-Øn¬ c≠mbn Xncn°mw.a) sam-Ø-°-®-h-Sw

b) Nn-√-d°-®-h-Sw

a) sam-Ø-°-®-h-Sw (Wholesale Trade)

h≥-tXm-Xn¬ D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-∂v t\-cn´vD¬∏∂-ßƒ ti-J-cn-®v Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv sam-Ø°-®-h-Sw F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.

20 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

b) Nn-√-d°-®-h-Sw (Retail Trade)

sam-Ø-°-®-h-S-°m-cn¬ \n-t∂m D¬∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-t∂m D¬∏∂-ßƒ hm-ßn D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v sN-dn-b A-f-hn¬ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bm-WvNn-√-d°-®-h-Sw F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. Nn-√-d-°-®-h-S-°m-c≥ sam-Ø-°®-h-S-°m-c-s‚-bpw D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s‚-bpw C-S-bn-ep-≈IÆn-bm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.

2. hn-tZ-i I-®-h-Sw (Foreign Trade)

D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hm-ß¬, hn¬-°¬]-In-b-bn¬ c-≠p cm-Py-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ A-Xn-s\ hn-tZ-i I-®-h-SwF-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. hn-tZ-i I-®-h-Sw hn-hn-[X-c-Øn-ep-≠v.

a) C-d-°p-a-Xn

b) I-b-‰p-a-Xn

c) F≥-Sn-t]m-´v hym]mcw

a) C-d-°p-a-Xn (Import)

hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≈ I-®-h-S-°m-cn¬\n-∂v \nba\S]SnIaßƒ ]men®p-sIm≠v D¬∏∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-s\C-d-°p-a-Xn F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p.

b) I-b-‰p-a-Xn (Export)

hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈ hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-s\I-b-‰p-a-Xn F-∂p- hn-fn-°mw.

c) F≥-Sn-t]m-´v hym]mcw (Entrepot Trade)

H-cp cm-Py-Øv \n-∂v C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-bv-Xva-s‰m-cp cm-Py-tØ-°v I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv F≥-Sn-t]m-´v hym]mcw F-∂vhn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.

1.7.2 I-®-h-S A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

(Auxiliaries to Trade)

I-®-h-S-sØ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ F-√m L-S-I-ß-sf-bpw I-®-h-S-Øn-s‚ A-\p-_-‘]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-bn I-W-°m-°mw. km-[m-c -W-bm-bn C-Ø-cw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒhy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°pw I-®-h-S-ßƒ-°pwhn-hn-[-X-cw tk-h-\-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. K-Xm-K-Xw, _m-¶nw-Kv, C≥-jp-d≥-kv, kw`cWw, ]-c-kyw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw I-®-h-S -Øn-s‚ A-\p -_-‘]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. Cu ta-J-e-bp-sS]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ I-®-h-S-sØ-t∏m-sehy-h-km-b-ß-fpw ]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp- sIm-≠v C-h-sb-√mw _n-kn-\- n-s‚A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-bn am-dp-∂p.G-Xm-\pw Nn-e A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-°p-∂p:

i) K-Xm-K-X-hpw hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b-hpw

(Transport and Communication)

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn D¬∏∂-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv H-cp ÿ-e-Øpw A-h-bp-sS D-]-t`m-Kw \S-°p-∂Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[]-tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-am-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bnKp-P-dm-Øn¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ ]-cp-Øncm-Py-Øn-s‚ \m-\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. D-Ø¿-]-tZ-in-epw _o-lm-dn-epwD¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-©-km-c cm-Py-sØ ap-gp-h≥ P-\-ß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.C-hn-sS ÿ-e-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ X-S- -ßƒ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu X-S- -ßƒH-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn K-Xm-K-X-am¿-§-ß-sfB-i-bn-°mw. tdm-Uv K-Xm-K-Xw, Xo-h-≠nK-Xm-K-Xw, P-e-K-Xm-K-Xw, thyma-K-Xm-K-XwF-∂n-h-bm-Wv \n-e-hn-ep-≈ K-Xm-K-X am¿-


§-ßƒ. A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ D¬-∏m-Z-\ tI-µ-ß-fn-te-°v F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw,D¬∏∂-ßƒ D-]-t`m-K-Øn-\m-bn hn-hn-[ÿ-e-ß-fn-te-°v sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\pwK-Xm-K-Xw Iq-Sn-tb- Xo-cq. K-Xm-K-X-tØm-sSm-∏w I-®-h-S-sØ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b ku-I-cy-ß-fpw A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. D¬-∏m-Z-I-cpw I-®-h-S-°m-cpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈B-i-b hn-\n-a-b-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv I-®-h-Swkm-[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. sS-en-t^m¨ ku-I-cy-ßƒ, X-]m¬ tk-h-\-ßƒ, C≥-d¿-s\-‰vXp-S-ßn-b D-]m-[n-I-sf _n-kn-\- n-s‚A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-bn I-W-°m-°mw.

ii) ]Whym]mchpw [\Imcyhpw -

(Banking and Finance)

_n-kn-\- n-\v B-h-iy-am-b B-kv-Xn-Iƒkz-¥-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\pw ]-Ww B-h-iy-am-Wv. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ Po-h-c-‡-am-Wv ]Ww._n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v B-h-iy-am-b ]-Ww I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw _m-¶p-Iƒ \-sΩk-lm-bn-°p-∂p. _m-¶p-Iƒ s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂v \n-t£-]-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw _n-kn-\ n-\v B-h-iy-am-b ]-Wwe-`y-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Hm-h¿ Um-^v-‰v, Iym-jv sI-Un-‰v, hn-hn-[-X-cw hm-bv-]-Iƒ, sN-°v I-f-£≥, _n¬ Un-kv-Iu-≠n-wKv, hn-X-c-W-°m¿-°p-≈ ]-W-Øn-s‚hn-\n-a-bw Xp-S-ßn H-t´-sd ku-I-cy-ßƒ_m-¶p-Iƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p. C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-cn¬ \n-∂v ]-Ww ]n-cn-s®-Sp-Øv I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿-°v \¬-In-bpw, I-º-\n-I-fp-sS

Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w \n-t£-]-I-cn¬ \n-∂vti-J-cn-®pw _m-¶p-Iƒ _n-kn-\- v k-aq-l-sØ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

iii) C≥-jp-d≥-kv (Insurance)

\-„-km-[y-X-Iƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-Wv _n-kn-\- v F-∂v \-ap-°v A-dn-hp-≈-Xm-W-t√m.B-kv-Xn-Iƒ-°p-≠m-Ip-∂ \m-iw, `q-an-Ip -ep -°w, A-Kv -\n -_m-[, tam-j-Ww,kw`cn® D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ tI-Sm-hp-I Xp-S-ßn-b \-„-ßƒ _n-kn-\- n¬ k¿-∆-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. Iq-Sm-sX Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS kp-c-£-bpw H-cp ]-[m-\ ]-iv-\-am-Wv. B-b-Xn-\m¬ Po-h-\pw kz-Øn-\pw kw-`-hn-°m-hp-∂ B-]-Øp-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc kw-c-£-WwG-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-epw A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. C-hn-sS-bm-Wv C≥-jpd≥-kn-s‚ ]-k-‡n. hn-hn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ B-]-Øp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v kw-c-£-Ww t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\v C≥-jp-d≥-kv F-∂ A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\w_nkn-\- n-s\ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. ]o-an-bwF-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ H-cp sN-dn-b XpI \¬-In G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-\pw C≥-jpd≥-kv I-º-\n-bn¬ \n-∂v A-h¿-°p-≠m-Ip∂\-„-ßƒ-°v ]-cn-lm-cw tX-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

iv) kw-`-c-Ww (Warehousing)

D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf-√mwD-S≥ X-s∂ ]q¿Wambn hn-‰v Xo-c-W-sa-∂n-√. A-h tI-Sp-Iq-Sm-sX kq-£n-®p-h-bv-°p-I-bpw B-h-iy-ap-≈ k-a-b-Øv hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-I-bpw th-Ww. A-Xn-\m-bnD¬∏∂-ßƒ kq-£n-°p -∂-Xn -\m -bn]tXy-Iw kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ H-cp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. C-Ø-cw kw-hn-[m-\-ß-sf-bm-Wv ]≠-I-ime (warehouse) F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.

22 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sShn-X-c-Ww \-S-Øp-hm-\pw A-Xp-h-gn hn-e-ÿn-cX D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm-\pw kw`-c-W-ime-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.

iv) ]-c-kyw sNø¬ (Advertising)

G-sXm-cp D¬-∏-∂-Øn-s‚-bpw hn¬-]-\ h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-c-kyw A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ,hm-l-\-ßƒ, tkm-∏v Xp-S-ßn-b F-√mh-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°pw C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv.F-Æ-a-‰ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ C-Ø-cw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw hn¬-]-\ \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p-≠v. Cu D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p- h-cp-∂ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈hn-h-c-ßƒ t\-cn- v Adnbn°phm≥ Ignbn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈A-Sn-ÿm-\ hn-h-c-ß-fm-b hn-e, k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, D-]-tbm-K-co-Xn Xp-S-ßn-b-h]-N-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßm≥ Xm-¬∏-cy-ap-≈-h¿-°vA-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn -\pw A-h hm -ßm≥ A-h-sct]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw ]-c-ky-ßƒ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

1.8 _n-kn-\- n-s‚ e-£y-ßƒ

(Obectives of Business)

G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚-bpw ]-[m-\-e-£yw ]-c-am-h-[n em-`w t\-Sp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv. _n-kn-\ n-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏v- t]m-epw t\-Sp-∂ em-`-Øn-s‚ A-f-hn-s\B-i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F-∂m¬ k-aq-l-Øn¬- \n-∂v H-‰-s∏-´v H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\pw\n-e-\n¬-°m-\m-hn-√. A-Xn-\m¬ k-aq-l-

Øn-s‚ ]-Xo-£-Iƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂ hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ap-t∂m-´v sIm-≠p-t]m-tI-≠-Xv.k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Xm¬∏-cy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v]-h¿-Øn-®m¬ am-X-ta G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-\pw Zo¿-L-Im-ew Xp-S-cm≥ km-[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. B-b-Xn-\m¬ em-`w t\-S-epwkm-aq-ln-I DØ-c-hm-ZnXzhpw Xp-ey-]m-[m-\y-tØm-sS _n-kn-\- p-Im¿ G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

em-`-k-ºm-Z-\w _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-[m-\e-£y-ß-fn¬ H-∂m-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Im-c-Ww Np-h-sS hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

i) _n-kn-\- p-Im-c-s‚ h-cp-am-\ tkm-X- pw D-]-Po-h-\-am¿-§-hp-am-Wv em-`w.

ii) _n-kn-\- v \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\pw hn-]p-eo-I-cn-°m-\pw B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-cn-°m-\p-ap-≈ km-º-Øn-I D-d-hn-S-hpw em-`-amWv.

iii) D-b¿-∂ em- -\n-c-°v _n-kn-\- n-s‚ hn-P-b-Øn-s‚-bpw h-f¿-®-bp-sS-bpw kq-N-I-am-Wv.

iv) D-b¿-∂ em-`w _n-kn-\- n-s‚ k¬-t∏-cv h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.

v) \-„-km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈]Xn-^-e-am-Wv em-`w.

1.8.1 _n-kn-\- n-s‚ _-lp-ap-J e-£y-

ßƒ (Multiple Objectives of Business)

km-aq-ly DØ-c-hm-ZnXzØn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b em-`-k-ºm-Z-\-w amXta H-cp_n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw h-f¿-®-bv-°pw k-lm-b-I-am-hp-I-bp-≈q F-∂v \mwI-≠p-I-gn-™p. G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-\pw]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ B-h-iy-ß-fpw e-£y-ß-


fp-ap-≠m-hpw. C-h X-Ωn¬ H-cp k-¥p-e-\m-h-ÿ B-h-iy-am-Wv. G-sX-¶n-epw H-cpe£yw am-Xw ssI-h-cn-®-Xv- sIm-≠v H-cp_n-kn-\ n-\v Xn-f-ßm≥ I-gn-b-W-sa-∂n√.F-√m ta-J-e-bn-ep-ap-≈ e-£y-ßƒ t\-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv H-cp _n-kn-\- v b-Ym¿-Y hn-P-bw Im-Wp-∂-Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v aq-e-[\k-am-l-c-Ww, D¬-∏m-Z-\w, hn¬-]-\ F-∂n-h-bn-ep-≈ \n-›-bn-® e-£y-ßƒ t\-Sm≥km-[n-®m¬ ]-kv-Xp-X _n-kn-\- v hn-P-bw ssI-h-cn-®-Xm-bn A-\p-am-\n-°mw._n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\-bpw A-`n-hr-≤n-tbbpw kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ G-Xm-\pwNn-e e-£y-ßƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p.

a) hn-]-Wn-bn-se ÿm-\w(Market standing)

FXn-cm-fn-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp--tºmƒ H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\v hn-]-Wn-bn-ep-≈ ÿm-\w h-f-sc ]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw an-X-am-b hn-e-bn¬ \¬-Im≥I-gn-s™-¶n¬ am-X-ta D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS kw-Xr-]v-Xn ]n-Sn-®p -]-‰m-\pw hn-]-Wn-bn¬ i-‡-am-b ÿm-\w D-d-∏n-°m-\pwI-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q.

b) ]p-Xp-a-Iƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°¬/\-ho-I-c-Ww (Innovation)

]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-I, ]p-Xnb_n-kn-\- v B-i-b-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-ØpI,hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I,D¬-∏m-Z-\ co-Xn-bn-epw hn-X-c-W-Øn-epw\ho-\ B-i-b-ßƒ sIm-≠p-h-cn-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv \-ho-I-c-Ww F-∂-Xp- sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. ITn-\-am-b a-’-cwt\-cn-Sp-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ H-cp _n-kn-

\ n-\v ]n-Sn-®p- \n¬-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ta¬-∏-d-™ Im-cy-ßƒ ]m-en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \ho-I -c -Ww _n -kn -\ - n -s‚ _-lp -ap -Je-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn I-W-°m-°mw.

c) D¬-∏m-Z-\-£-a-X (Productivity)

D¬-∏m-Z-\-£-a-X I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv H-cp D¬-∏-∂w \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\v B-h-iy-am-bA-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-bpw a-\p-jy-]-b-Xv-\-Øn-s‚-bpw aq-ey-sØ D¬-∏-∂-Øn-s‚ aq-ey-hp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv. C-Xv Im-cy-£-a-X-bp-sS A-f-hm-bnI-W-°m-°p-∂p. H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏pw h-f¿-®-bpw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥B ÿm-]-\w e-`y-am-b hn-`-h-ß-sf ]-c-am-h[n \-√ co-Xn-bn¬ ]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn aq-ey-ta-dn-b h-kv-Xp-°-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn D-b¿-∂ Im-cy-£-a-X t\-Sp-I-bpw th-Ww.

d) ù-Xn-I-hpw [-\-]-c-hp-am-b hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS e-`y-X (Availability of physical

and financial resources)

G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-\pw ù-Xn-I-hpw[-\-]-c-hp-am-b hn- -h-ßƒ C-√m-sX ]-h¿-Øn-°m-\m-hn-√. `q-an, sI-ń-Sw, b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw ù-Xn-I hn-`-h-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p. D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°m-h-iy-amb D¬∏-∂-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpwD¬]m-Zn-∏n®v hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ]W-amWv [\-hn- -h-ßƒ. ssIh-i-ap≈ ]-Ww, _m¶nep≈ ]Ww Xp-S-ßn-b-h [-\-]-c-am-b hn-`-h-ß-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-Ø-cw hn-`-h-ßƒ B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww e-`y-am-°m-\pw ^-e-]-Z-am-bn hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\pw G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-Øn-\pw I-gn-b-Ww.

24 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

e) em-` k-ºm-Z-\w (Earning of profits)

aqe-[\ \nt£-]-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-amb em`wt\-Sp-I F-∂-Xv G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚-bpw ]-[m-\ e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. em-`-£-a-X I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv t\-Sn-b em-`-hpwap-X¬-ap-S-°pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-\p-]m-X-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw h-f¿-®-bv-°pwA-Sn-ÿm-\w A-Xn-s‚ em- -k-ºm-Z-\-am-Wv.

f) am-t\-P¿-am-cp-sS an-I-hpw hn-Im-k-hpw

(Manager performance and

development)

_n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS hn-P-b-I-c-am-b \-S-Øn-∏n-\pw G-tIm-]-\-Øn-\pw I-gn-hp-‰ am-t\-P¿-am¿ D-≠m-tb a-Xn-bm-Iq.A-h¿ B-flm¿-∞-am-bpw, an-I-thm-sS-bpw]-h¿-Øn-°p∂-Xn-\mbn A-h¿-°v th-≠-X ]-tNm-Z-\w e-`y-am-Ip-∂ ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒkw-L-Sn-∏n-®v -e-]m-]v-Xn-bn-se-Øn-°p-IF-∂-Xv H-cp ]-[m-\-s∏-´ e-£y-am-Wv.

g)Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS an-I-hpw a-t\m- m-h-hpw(Worker performance and attitude)

H-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-Øn-s‚ D¬-∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw em-`-£-a-X-bpw A-Xn-sesXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS an-I-hn-s\-bpw k-ao-]-\-sØ-bpw B-i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. A-Xn-\m¬ A-h-cp-sS ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ h-f¿-Øm-\pw A-\p-Iq-e a-t\m-`m-hw D-≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m-\pw B-h-iy-am-b ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv _n-kn-\- n-s‚ e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

h) km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw(Social responsibility)

km-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \-S-Øp-I-bpw,

k-aq-l-Øn-\v A-`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-b co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Im-gv-N-sh-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xv _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-lnID-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv.

1.8.2 _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \-„km-[y-X-Iƒ

(Business Risks)

]-Xo-£n-® em-`w e-`n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm\-„w kw- -hn-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv _n-kn-\- n-se \-„-km-[y-X F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. A-\n-›n-X-XzwsIm-≠pw A-]-Xo-£n-X km-l-N-cy-ßƒsIm-≠pw \-„w kw-`-hn-°mw. D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS A-`n-cp-Nn-bn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰waq-ew H-cp D¬-∏-∂-Øn-s‚ hn-¬∏-\bnep-≠m-Ip∂ Ipdhv, hn-]-Wn-bn-se a¬-k-cw,km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´w, A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS hn-e-°-b-‰w Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn _n-kn-\- vkw-cw-`-ßƒ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-[m-\\-„-km-[y-X-Iƒ c-≠p- X-c-Øn-ep-≠v ˛Du-lm-[n-jvTn-X-hpw, ip-≤-hpw.

Du-lm-[n-jvTn-X \-„-km-[y-X(Speculative risk)

C-hn-sS \-„-hpw em-`-hpw D-≠m-Iphm-\p-≈ km-[y-X-bp-≠v. hn-]-Wn-bn-se km-l-N-cyw am-dp-∂-X-\p-k-cn-®v hn-X-c-W-Øn-epw,B-h-iy-IXbn-epw, hn-e-bn-epw am-‰-ap-≠m-Imw. C-Ø-cw am-‰-ßƒ A-\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ em-`-am-bpw, ]-Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \-„-am-bpw `-hn-°mw.


ip-≤ \-„-km-[y-X (Pure risk)

ip-≤ \-„-km-[y-X-bn¬ H-cp kw-`-hw \-S-∂m¬ \-„-ap-≠m-hp-I-bpw, F-∂m¬ A-Xv\-S-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ \-„w D≠m-ImXn-cn-°pI-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Xo-]n-Sn-Øw, tam-j-Ww, ]-Wn-ap-S-°v Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. ta¬-∏-d-™-h kw- -hn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ \-„-am-bn-cn-°pw ^-ew.a-dn-®m-sW-¶n¬ \-„-tam em`tam D≠m-hp-I-bn-√.

1.9 \-„km-[y-X-I-fp-sS kz- m-hw

(Nature of Business Risks)

_n-kn-\- n -se \-„km-[y-X-I-fp -sSkz-`m-hw A-h-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬\n-∂v a-\- n-em-°mw.

i) A-\n-›n-X-Xz-ßƒ \-„-km-[y-X-bv-°v

Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p (Business risks arise due

to uncertainties)

`m -hn -bn¬ kw-` -hn -°m≥ t]m-Ip -∂Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v ap≥Iqń Adn-bm≥ Ign-bn√ F∂-Xn-s\-bmWv A-\n-›n-X-Xz-ßƒF-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. ]-Ir-Xn-t£m- w, D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS A- n-cp-Nn-bn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰w, k¿-°m¿ \-b-Øn¬D-≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰w, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-seIp-Xn-®p-Nm-´w Xp-S-ßn-b-h A-\n-›n-X-Xz-ßƒ-°v D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. C-Ø-cwA-\n-›n-X-Xz-ßƒ aq-ew _n-kn-\- n-\v\-„w kw- -hn-°mw.

ii) G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-epw \-„-km-[yXA-\n-hm-cy -L-S-I-am-Wv

(Risk is an essential part of every business)

\-„-km-[y-X-bn-√m-Ø _n-kn-\- v C-s√-∂p- X-s∂ ]-d-bmw. F-∂m¬ C-Xn-s‚

tXm-Xv Hm-tcm _n-kn-\- n-epw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. \-„km-[yX Ip-d-bv-°m≥I-gn-bp-sa-¶n-epw ]q¿-W-am-bn H-gn-hm-°m-\m-hn-√.

iii) \-„km-[y-X-bp-sS tXm-Xv _n-kn-\- n-s‚ h-en-∏-sØ-bpw kz- m-h-sØ-bpw B-

i-bn-®n-cn-°pw (Degree of risk depends

mainly upon the nature and size of business)

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz-`m-hw F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠vA¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv G-Xp-X-cw tk-h-\-ßƒA-Y-hm D¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-Wv C-h ssI-Im-cywsN-øp-∂-Xv F-∂m-Wv. _n-kn-\- n-s‚h-en-∏w F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-XvD¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚-bpw hn-]-W-\-Øn-s‚-bpwhym-]v-Xn B-Wv. h≥-In-S _n-kn-\- n-\vsN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ß-tf-°mƒ \-„-km-[yXIq-Sp-X-em-Wv. A-Xp-t]m-se s]-s´-∂vam-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ m-j-\p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v \-„km-[y-Xh-f-sc Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw.

iv) \-„-km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈

]-Xn- -e-am-Wv em- w (Profit is the reward

for risk taking)

\-„-hpw em-`-hpw H-tc \m-W-b-Øn-s‚c-≠p- h-i-ß-fm-Wv. \-„-km-[yX Iq-Spt¥m-dpw an-I-® em-`w e-`n-°mw, t\-sc a-dn-®m-sW-¶n¬ em-`w Ip-d -bmw. G-sXm-cp_n-kn-\- p-Im-c-\pw C-Ø-cw \-„-km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-sØ-¶n¬ amX-ta an-I-® em-`wssI-h-cn-°m-\m-hq. B-b-Xn-\m¬ \-„-km-[yX G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]-Xn-^-e-am-bn em`w I-W-°m-°mw.

26 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

1.9.1 _n-kn-\- n-se \-„-km-[y-X-bp-sS

Im-c-W-ßƒ

(Causes of Business Risks)

hn-hn-[ Im-c-W-ßƒ- sIm-≠v _n-kn-\- n-\v \-„w kw- -hn-°m≥ C-S-bp-≠v. A-h-bn¬Nn-e-Xv Xm-sg kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.

i) ]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø Im-c-W-ßƒ(Natural causes)

]-Ir-Xn-t£m-`w aq-ew _n-kn-\- n-\v H-t´-sd \m-i-\-„-ßƒ kw-`-hn-°m≥ km[yX-bp-≠v. C-Ø-cw \-„-km-[y-X-I-fn-t∑¬_n-kn-\- p-Im-c-\v Im-cy-am-b \n-b-¥-WwD-≠m-hn-√. sh-≈-s∏m-°w, `q-an-Ip-ep-°w,kp-\m-an, Np-g-en-°m-‰v Xp-S-ßn-b-h Nn-eD-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

\n¿Øn hbv°p-I, am-t\-P¿-am-cp -sSkma¿∞y-°p-dhv Xp-S-ßn-b-h a-\p-jy-k-l-P-am-b \-„-km-[y-X-Iƒ-°v D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

iii) km-º-Øn-I Im-c-W-ßƒ(Economic causes)

D¬-∏ -∂-ß-fp -sS hn -¬∏-\ -bn -ep -≈A-]-Xo-£n-X-am-b Ipdhv, In-S-a-’-cw,hn-e-bn-se hy-Xn-bm-\w, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-ep-≈ am-‰w Xp-S-ßn-b km-º-Øn-IIm-c-W-ßƒ- sIm-≠v _n-kn-\- n-\v m-cn®\-„w D-≠m-tb°mw.

iv) a-‰p Im-c-W-ßƒ (Other causes)

ap≥-Iq-ń Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø Nn-e Im-c-W-ß-fm-Wv C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. cm-„obA-\n-›n-X-Xzw, b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fp-sS

X-I-cm-dv, hn-\n-a-b-\n-c-°n¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂am-‰w Xp-S-ßn-b Im-c-W-ß-fpw _n-kn-\- n-\v \-„-km-[yX D-f-hm-°p-∂p.

\-„-km-[y-X X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂Xn\p≈ am¿§ßƒ(Methods of Dealing with Risk)

\-„-km-[y-X-bn-√m-Ø _n-kn-\- v kw-cw- -ßƒ C-s√-∂ Im-cyw \-ap-°v A-dn-hp-≈-Xm-W-t√m? C-Ø-cw ]-Xn-k-‘n-I-sf ]q¿-W-am-bpw H-gn-hm-°m-\m-hn-√ F-∂-Xn-\m¬ A-h-sbX-c-Ww sN-øm-\p-≈ am¿-§-ßƒ A-h-ew-_n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-Xv Xm-sg kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.a) h-f-sc-tb-sd \-„km-[y-X-bp-≈ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ H-gn-hm-°p-I.b) A-Kv-\n-i-a-\ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ- t]m-ep-≈ ap≥-I-cp-X¬ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Du¿-÷n-X-am-°p-I.c) _n-kn-\-kv C≥-jp¿ sN-øp-I.d) In- m-°-Sw t]m-ep-≈ \-„-ßƒ a-dn-I-S-°m-\m-bn I-cp-X¬[-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-I.e) hn-e-bn-Sn-hv aq-eap-≠m-Ip-∂ \-„w e-Lq-I-cn-°m-\m-bn D-¬∏m-Z-I-\pw sam-Ø-°-®-h-S-

°m-c-\pw X-Ωn¬ [m-c-W-bn-se-Øp-I.

ii) a-\p-jy-k-l-P-am-b Im-c-W-ßƒ(Human causes)

Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS A-i-≤, I-≈-Ø-cßƒ,A-h-K-W-\, a-d-hn, k-a-cw, I-em-]w,ssh-Zyp-XnØ-I-cm-dp-Iƒ ImcWw ]Wn


1.9.2 _n-kn-\- v B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-I-ßƒ (Starting a

Business - Basic Factors)

a-t‰-sXm-cp a-\p-jy-]-h¿-Ø-\-sØbpwt]m-se-X-s∂-, H-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`wB-cw- n-°p-hm-\pw e-£y-ßƒ t\-Sp-hm\pwH-t´-sd hn-`-h-ßƒ B-h-iy-ap-≠v. H-cpkw-cw- -Øn--s‚ hn-P-bw ]-[m-\-am-bpw kw--cw-`--I-s‚ Im-cy-]m-]v-Xn-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv \n¿-Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. B-b-Xn-\m¬ H-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`w B-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ G-sXm-cm-fpw Xm-sg-∏-d-bp∂A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ßƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

i) Xp-S-ßm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- vG-sX-∂v I-s≠-Øp-I(Selection of line of business)

G-Xp X-c-Øn-ep-≈ _n-kn-\- m-Wv B-cw-`n-t°-≠-Xv F-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I-bm-WvH-cp kw-cw-`-I≥ B-Zyw sN-tø-≠-Xv. C-XvXo¿-®-bm-bpw H-cp hy-h-km-b-tam hm-Wn-Py-tam B-bn-cn-°pw. D¬-∏m-Z-\ ta-J-e-bn-tem, tk-h-\ -ta-J-e-bn-tem D-≈ A-dn-hv,Xm¬-∏-cyw, ap≥-]-cn-N-bw F-∂n-h CuXo-cp-am-\-sØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p.

ii) ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ h-en-∏w (Size of the firm)

ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ h-en-∏-hpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS tXm-Xpw \n-›-bn-°p-I-bm-Wv H-cpkw-cw-`-I≥ A-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn sN-tø-≠-Xv.X-s‚ _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`w h≥-In-S,sN-dp-In-S, C-S-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- p-I-fn¬G-Xm-Wv th-≠-sX-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ D¬∏∂-Øn-s‚ kz-`m-hw, B-h-iy-I-X, em-`-£-a-X, aq-e-[-\ e-`y-X Xp-S-ßn-b-h ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

iii) _n-kn-\- n-s‚ D-S-a-ÿXmcq-]w(Choice of form of ownership)

G-Imw-K _n-kn-\- v, ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- v, k-l-I-c-W kw-Lw, tPm-bn‚ v kvt‰m-°v I-º-\n F-∂o D-S-a-ÿXmcq-]-ßƒ _n-kn-\- v cw-K-Øp-≠v. C-Xn-¬ GXv cq-] -am-Wv kw-cw-`-I≥ Xp-S-ßm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- n-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-sa-∂v Hm-tcm-∂n-s‚-bpwKp-W-tZm-j-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xo-cp-am-\n-°-Ww. A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b D-S-a-ÿXmcq-]w Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ, _n-kn-\- n-s‚ta-J-e, aq-e-[-\Øns‚ B-h-iy-I-X, D-S-a-ÿ-cp-sS _m-[y-X, em-`hn-ln-Xw \¬-I¬, \n-ba\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h Iq-Sn ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

IV) _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ÿm-\w(Location of business enterprise)

H-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`w F-hn-sS Xp-S-ßp-∂pF-∂-Xv A-Xn-]-[m-\-am-b Im-cy-am-Wv. CuXo-cp-am-\w F-Sp-°p-tºm-gpw A-kw-kv-Ir-Xh-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS e-`y-X, ssh-Zyp-Xn, P-ew,K-Xm-K-Xw, _m-¶nw-Kv, kw-`-c-W-im-e-IƒXp-S-ßn-b ku-I-cy-ßƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-t® a-Xn-bm-Iq. A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b ÿ-e-Ø-√ H-cp _n-kn-\- v B-cw-`n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬, hn-P-bkm-[y-XXp-temw Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw.

V) aq-e-[-\ k-am-l-c-Ww(Financing the proposition)

_n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬X-s∂ B-h-iy-am-b aq-e-[-\w ti-J-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ÿn-cm-kv-Xn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\pwssZ-\w-Zn-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ap-t∂m-´p sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv.B-b-Xn-\m¬ i-cn-bm-b km-º-Øn-Im-kq-X-Ww \-S-Øn Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ Xo-cp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv H-cp kw-cw-`-I-s‚ Np-a-X-e-bmWv.

28 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

][m\ ]Zßƒ][m\ ]Zßƒ][m\ ]Zßƒ][m\ ]Zßƒ][m\ ]Zßƒ

_nkn\ v \„km[yX XrXob hyhkmbw

sXmgn¬ kmaq-lnI DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw kw`cWime/]≠-I-ime

hnZKv[ sXmgn¬ ]mYanI hyhkmbw C≥jqd≥kvem`w ZznXob hyhkmbw hmWnPyw

a) aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚ A-f-hvb) aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚ D-d-hn-Swc) aq-e-[-\w F-ß-s\ Im-cy-£-a-am-b

co-Xn-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww

vi) ù-Xn-I- ku-I-cy-ßƒ

(Physical facilities)

`q-an, sI- n-Sw, b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßnbù-Xn-I ku-I-cy-ßƒ F-√m _n-kn-\- vkw-cw-`-ßƒ-°pw B-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v kw-cw-`-I≥ hy-‡-am-bXo-cp-am-\-ßƒ F-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz- m-hw, h-en-∏w, aq-e-[-\ e- yX,D-¬∏m-Z-\ -]-In-b Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sSA-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B-bn-cn-°-Ww Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ ssI-s°m-t≈-≠-Xv.

vii) b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fp-sS hn-\ym-kw

(Plant layout)

D¬-∏m-Z-\ -]-In-b kp-K-a-am-bn \-S-°p-∂-Xn-\v b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-tf-bpw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tf-bpw a-‰p-]-I-c-W-ß-tf-bpw im-kv-Xo-b-am-bn hn-\y-kn-°-Ww. A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b tc-Jm-Nn-Xw X-øm-dm-°n A-Xn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-Sp- Iq-Sn b-¥-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ÿm-]n-®m¬ e- y-am-b ÿ-e-Øn-s‚ sa-®-s∏-D-]-tbm-Kw, D¬-∏m-Z-\ \-„w Ip-d-bv-°¬,sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS kp-c-£n-X-Xzw F-∂nhD-d-∏p-h-cp-Ømw.

viii) kma¿∞yhpw A¿-∏-W-a-t\m-`m-h-hp-ap≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ

(Competent and Committed Work force)

H-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-I-\pw X-s‚ ÿm-

]-\-Øn¬ B-h-iy-am-b F-√m Im-cy-ß-fpw H‰bv°v sN-bv-Xp Xo¿-°m≥ I-gn-b-W-sa-∂n-√. B-b-Xn-\m¬ B-flm¿-∞-X-bpwI-gn-hp-ap-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf \n-b-an-®vXs‚ D -Ø-c -hm -Zn -Xzw G¬-∏n -®p -sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v B-h-iy-am-b ]-tNm-Z-\-hpw ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p- th-≠ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv kw-cw-`-I-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv.

ix) \n-Ip-Xn B-kq-X-Ww (Tax planning)

C-∂-sØ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ A-Sn-b-¥n-ci-≤ sIm-Sp-t°-≠ Im-cy-am-Wv \n-Ip-XnB-kq-X-Ww. cm-Py-Øv \n-e-hn-ep-≈ \nIp-Xn k-º-Zm-b-ß-fp-sS-bpw A-\p-_-‘\n-b-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw A-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn¬Hmtcm kw-cw-`-I-\pw X-s‚ \n-Ip-Xn_m-[y-X ap≥-Iq- n B-kq-X-Ww sN-ø-Ww.

x) _n-kn-\- v B-cw-`n-°¬

(Launching the enterprise)

ta¬-∏-d-™ hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ F-Sp-Ø-ti-jw kw-cw- -I-\v _n-kn-\- v Xp-S-ßmw. Cu L-´-Øn¬ A-t±-lwù-Xn-I ku-I-cy-ßƒ H-cp-°p-I-bpw Po-h-\--°m-sc \n-b-an-°p-I-bpw D¬-∏m-Z-\˛hn]-W\ ]-In-b B-cw- n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.


kw-K-lwkw-K-lwkw-K-lwkw-K-lwkw-K-lw_n-kn-\ v F-∂ B-i-b-hpw k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fpw

em-`w t\-Sp-I F-∂ e-£y-tØm-sS a-\p-jy-cp-sS B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\m-bn km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw hn¬-∏\ \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ km-º-Øn-I ]h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf _n-kn-\ v F-∂v \n¿-h-Nn-°mw.

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ:

i) km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv.

ii) km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-tbm ti-J-cn-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂p.

iii) a-\p-jym-h-iy-ßƒ Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw hn¬]-\\-S-Øp-I-tbm ssI-am-‰w sN-øp-I-tbm sN-øp∂p.

iv) km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw XpS¿®-bmbn ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp∂p.

v) em-`-k-ºm-Z-\w \S-Øp∂p.

vi) ]-Xn-^-e-Øn-\v ÿn-c-X-bn-√.

vii) \-„-km-[y-X D≠v.

_n-kn-\ v, hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn¬, sXm-gn¬ F-∂n-h-bp-sS Xm-c-X-ayw

em-`-k-ºm-Z\w F-∂ e-£y-tØm-sS km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw hn-X-c-Ww \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-amWv _n-kn-\ v. ]-tXy-I ]-cn-⁄m-\-hpw ss\-]p-Wy-hpw B-h-iy-ap-≈ sXm-gnemWv hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn¬. ]-Xn-^-e-Øn-\m-bn H-cpI-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sXm-gn¬ Zm-Xm-hn-s‚ Io-gn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂XmWv sXm-gn¬.B-cw-`n-°p∂ co-Xn, ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ kz-`m-hw, tbm-Ky-X, ]-Xn-^-ew, ap-X¬-ap-S-°v, \-„-km-[y-X, D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ss°-am-‰w F-∂n-h-sb√mw ta¬-∏-d-™ km-º-Øn-I ]h¿-Ø-\-ßfmb _n-kn-\ v, hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn¬, sXm-gn¬ F-∂n-hbn¬ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmWv.

hn-hn-[ X-cw _n-kn-\ v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

_n-kn-\ v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßsf ]-[m-\-am-bpw hy-h-km-b-sa-∂pw hm-Wn-Py-sa-∂pw c-≠m-bn Xn-cn-°mw. A-kw-kv-Ir-X hkv-Xp-°ƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v D-]-tbm-K-]-Z-am-b D¬∏-∂-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂ km-º-ØnI ]-h¿-Ø-\amWv hy-h-km-bw. ]m-Y-an-Iw, Zzn-Xo-bw, Xn-Xo-bw F-∂n-ß-s\hy-h-km-b-ß-sf aq-∂m-bn Xn-cn-°mw. ]-Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS ti-J-c-Ww, Po-h˛k-ky-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS ]p-\-cp-¬∏m-Z-\hpw ]-cn-]m-e-\hpw F-∂o ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-cw-`-ß-fm-Wv ]m-Y-an-I hy-h-km-b-ßƒ. ]m-Y-an-I hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v D-]-tbm-K-]-Z-am-b a-‰p h-kv-Xp-°ƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂ kw-cw- -ß-fm-Wv Zzn-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ. D¬∏m-Z-\w, \n¿-Ωm-Ww F-∂o ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv C-h ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. D¬-∏m-Z-\ hy-h-km-b-ß-sf ho-≠pw A-]-K-Y-\w, DZvKY-\w, ]-In-bm]cw, kwtbm-P-\w F-∂n-ß-s\ X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw.]m-Y-an-I hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°pw ZznXob hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°pw hm-Wn-Py ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\pwB-h-iy-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ ]-Zm\w sN-øp-∂ kw-cw-`-ß-fm-Wv Xr-Xo-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ.

I-®-h-S-hpw I-®-h-S-Øn-\p th-≠ A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv hm-Wn-Pyw. D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hm-ß-epw hn¬-∏-\-bp-am-Wv I-®-h-Sw. C-h-sb B-`y-¥c I-®-h-S-sa-

30 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

∂pw hn-tZ-i I-®-h-S-sa-∂pw X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw. sam-Ø-°-®-h-S-hpw Nn-√-d-°-®-h-S-hpw B-`y-¥-cI-®-h-S-Øn-s‚ D-]-hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wv. I-b-‰p-a-Xn, C-d-°p-a-Xn, F≥-Sn-t]m-´v hym]mcw F-∂n-h-bm-Wv hn-tZ-i I-®-h-S-Øn-s‚ D]-hn-`mK-ßƒ. I-®-h-S-sØ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ F-√m ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-bpw I-®-h-S-Øn-\v th-≠ A-\p-_-‘ L-S-I-ßƒ F-∂v- hnfn°p-∂p. K-Xm-K-Xw, hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bw, _m-¶nw-Kv, C≥-jq-d≥-kv, kw-`-c-W tI-µ-ßƒ, ]-c-kyw Xp-S-ßn-b-h I-®-h-S-Øn-s‚ A-\p-_-‘ L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv.

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ e-£y-ßƒ

em-`-k-ºm-Z-\-am-Wv _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-[m-\ e-£y-sa-¶n-epw, _n-kn-\ n-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pwhn-I-k\-Øn-\pw D-X-Ip-∂ X-c-Øn¬ _n-kn-\- n-\v _-lp-ap-J-am-b e-£y-ß-fp-ap-≠v. A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-Xv Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p;

$ hn]-Wn-bn¬ i‡-amb ÿm\w Dd-∏n-°p-I.

$ ]pXp-a-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°pI.

$ D¬∏m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°pI.

$ ùXn-I-˛-[-\ hn`-h-ßƒ e`y-am-°pI.

$ em`w t\SpI.

$ amt\-P¿am-cpsS anI-hn\pw hnIm-k-Øn\pw th≠ ]tNm-Z\w \¬IpI.

$ Poh-\-°msc anIhpw A\p-Iqe at\m-`m-h-ap-≈-h-cp-am-°pI

$ kmaq-lnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØmsS ]h¿Øn-°p-I.

_n-kn-\- n-se \-„km-[y-X-Iƒ

A-]-Xo-£n-X km-l-N-cy-ßƒ- sIm-t≠m A-\n-„-kw-`-h-ßƒ sIm-t≠m _n-kn-\- n-s‚em-`w Ip-d-bp-I-bpw \-„w kw-`-hn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-s\ \-„-km-[y-X F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p._n-kn-\- n-se \-„-km-[y-X-bp-sS kz-`m-h-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂p;

i) A-\n-›n-X-Xz-ßƒ \-„-km-[y-X-bv-°v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

ii) \-„-km-[y-X F-√m _n-kn-\- n-\pw H-gn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv.

iii) \-„-km-[y-X-bp-sS tXm-Xv _n-kn-\- n-s‚ h-en-∏-sØ-bpw kz-`m-h-sØ-bpw Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

iv) \-„-km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]-Xn-^-e-am-Wv em-`w.

\-„-km-[y-X-bp-sS Im-c-W-ßƒ

]-Ir-Xn-ZØ ImcW-ßƒ, a-\p-jy-k-l-P-am-b Im-c-W-ßƒ, km-º-Øn-I Im-c-W-ßƒ, a-‰p-Im-c-W-ßƒ F-∂n-h.

_n-kn-\ v B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ßƒ

-]p-Xn-sbm-cp _n-kn-\ v kw-cw-`w B-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ L-S-I-ßƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-XmWv. G-Xv _n-kn-\ v Xp-S-ß-W-sa-∂ Xo-cp-am-\w, ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ h-en-∏w, D-S-a-ÿ-Xm-cq-]w, ÿm-\w, aq-e-[-\ k-am-l-c-Ww, ù-Xn-I-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ, b-¥-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ hn-\ym-kw, I-gn-hp-≈-Xpw A¿-∏-W-a-t\m-`m-h-hpap-≈ Po-h-\-°msc \nb-an-°¬, \n-Ip-Xn

B-kq-X-Ww, _n-kn-\ v B-cw-`n-°¬ F-∂n-h.


]cn-io-e\ tNmZy-ßƒ]cn-io-e\ tNmZy-ßƒ]cn-io-e\ tNmZy-ßƒ]cn-io-e\ tNmZy-ßƒ]cn-io-e\ tNmZy-ßƒ

i-cn-bp-Ø-cw Xn-c-s™-Sp-sØgp-Xp-I.

1. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz-`m-h-a-√m-Ø-Xv G-Xv?

a) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw D¬-∏m-Z-\w

b) \-„-km-[y-X

c) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hn¬-]-\-bpw ssI-am-‰-hpw

d) i-º-fw/Iq-en

2. F-Æ ip-≤o-I-c-Whpw ]-©-km-c D¬∏m-Z-\hpw G-Xp hyh-kmb hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s]-Sp-∂p?

a) ]m-Y-an-Iw b) Zzn-Xo-bw

c) Xn-Xo-bw d) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√

3. I-®-h-S-Øn-s‚ A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\w A-√m-Ø-Xv G-Xv ?

a) J-\-\w b) C≥-jq-d≥-kv

c) kw-`-c-Ww d) K-Xm-K-Xw

4. ]-Xn-^-e-Øn-\p th-≠n a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS Io-gn¬ tPm-en sN-øp-∂ km-º-Øn-I]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cv :

a) _n-kn-\ v b) sXm-gn¬

c) hn-Z-Kv-[ -sXm-gn¬ d) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√

5. a-‰p hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°v B-h-iy-am-b k-lm-b-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS t]-cv :

a) ]m-Y-an-I hy-h-km-bw b) Zzn-Xo-b hy-h-km-bw

c) hm-Wn-Py hy-h-km-bw d) Xr-Xo-b hy-h-km-bw

6. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ _n-kn-\- ns‚ e-£-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xv:

a) \n-t£-]w b) D¬-]m-Z-\-£-a-X

c) \-ho-I-c-Ww d) em-` k-ºm-Z-\w

7. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ \-„-km-[y-X-bv-°v Im-c-W-am-hm-Ø-Xv G-Xv ?

a) k¿-°m¿ \-b-Øn-ep-≈ am-‰w b) Im-cy-£-a-X-bp-≈ am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v

c) Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS h©\ d) ssh-Zyp-Xn X-S- w

32 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ltkzm-Ø-c tNm-Zy-ßƒ

1. hn-hn-[-X-cw km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-sX-√m-sa-∂v ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I.

2. _n-kn-\- ns\ H-cp km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv F-¥p-sIm≠v?

3. _n-kn-\ v F-∂ B-i-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

4. _n-kn-\- n-s\ G-sX-√mw hn-[-Øn¬ X-cw -Xn-cn-°mw?

5. hn-hn-[ X-cw hy-h-km-b-ßƒ G-sX-√mw?

6. I-®-h-S-Øn-s‚ A-\p-_-‘ L-S-I-ß-fm-b G-sX-¶n-epw c≠v _n-kn-\ v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

7. _n-kn-\- n¬ em-`-Øn-s‚ ]-¶v F-¥v ?

8. _n-kn-\- nse \-„-km-[y-X F-∂m-se-¥v ? A-Xn-s‚ kz-`m-h-sa-¥v?

Zo¿-tLm-Ø-c tNm-Zy-ßƒ

1. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n¿-h-N-\w F-gp-Xp-I. _n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2. _n-kn-\- n-s\-bpw hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn-en-s\-bpw Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øpI.

3. hn-hn-[-X-cw hy-h-km-b kw-cw-`-ß-sf D-Zm-l-c-W-k-ln-Xw hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

4. hm-Wn-Py-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p-I.

5. _n-kn-\- n¬ _-lp-ap-J e-£y-ß-fp-sS B-h-iy-sa-¥v? G-sX-¶n-epw A©v_-lp-apJ e-£y-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p-I.

6. _n-kn-\- n-se \-„-km-[y-X F-∂-Xn-s‚ B-i-b-hpw A-Xn-\p-≈ Im-c-W-ß-fpwhn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

7. H-cp _n-kn-\ v B-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠ L-S-I-ßƒ G-sX-√mw?hnh-cn-°p-I.

]m-tbm-Kn-I tNm-Zy-ßƒ

1. k-ao-]-]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ H-cp _n-kn-\ v ÿm-]-\w Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-I. A-h¿ t\-cn-Sp-∂ \-„-km-[y-X-I-fpw A-h-sb a-dn-I-S-°m-\p-≈ am¿-§-\n¿-t±-i-ß-fpw \¬-Ip-I.

2. ]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ H-cp _n-kn-\ v ÿm-]-\w ]n≥-Xp-S-cp-∂ e-£y-ßƒ F-s¥m-s°-bm-sW-∂v I-s≠-Øp-I. F-¥p-sIm-≠v a-‰p e-£y-ß-sfm-∂pw ]-kv-Xp-X_n-kn-\ v ]n≥-Xp-S-cp-∂n-√m-sb-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

A-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bw 2

_n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS

hn-hn-[ cq-]-ßƒ[FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION]

]T\ t\´ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®v Ignbptºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv:

$ GImwK ÿm]-\-Øns‚ kz`m-hw, t\´-ßƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ lnµp Iq´p-Ip-Spw_ _nkn-\- ns‚ kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]¶m-fnØ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

$ Hcp amXrIm ]¶m-fnØ ]amWw Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ hnhn[ Xcw ]¶m-fn-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ hnhn-[-bn\w ]¶m-fnØ ÿm]-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ kl-I-cW kwL-ßsf hnhn-[-ß-fmbn Xcw Xncn-°p-∂p.

$ kl-I-cW kwL-ß-fpsS t\´-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ tPmbn‚ v tÃm°v Iº-\n-I-fpsS kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ hnhn[ Xcw Iº-\n-Isf Xcw Xncn-°p-∂p.

34 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

2.1 B-ap-Jw [INTRODUCTION]

H-cp ]p-Xn-b _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- w B-cw- n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m \n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xv hn-]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-t\m B-K-ln-°p-∂-h¿ _n-kn-\- vvkw-cw`ß-fp-sS hn-hn-[ cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn-®vA-dn-™n-cn-°-Ww. A-Xn¬ \n-∂v G-‰-hpwA-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xv sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\vap-ºm-bn Hm-tcm kw-cw`Øns‚-bpw ]-tXy-I-X-I-fpw Kp-W-tZm-j-ß-fpw Ir-Xy-am-bn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw`ß-fp-sShn-hn-[-cq-]-ßƒ Xm-sg tN¿-°p-∂p:

a) G-Imw-K hym-]m-cwb) ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- vvc) ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vvd) k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒe) tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n

2.2 G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw[SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP]

\-Ωƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn \n-tXym]-tbm-Kh-kv-Xp-°-fpw kv-t‰-j-\-dn km-[-\-ß-fp-sam-s° hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\m-bn k-ao-] ]-tZ-i-Øp-≈]-e ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-bpw B-i-bn-°m-dp-≠-

Un. sI en-an-‰-Uv F-∂ I-º-\n-bp-sS am-t\-Pn-Mv U-b-d-Œ-dm-b tZ-h-In-c¨ X-s‚ I-Y \n-ßƒ-°m-bn ]-¶p-sh-bv-°p-∂p."F-s‚ ap-Ø-»n H-cp X-ø¬-°m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sN-dn-b ]m-b-Øn¬ X-s∂ Rm≥ ap-Ø-»n-bn¬\n-∂v h-kv-X-ßƒ cq]-I¬]\ sNøp-∂Xn-s‚-bpw Xp∂p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw _m-e-]mT-ßƒ kzm-b-Ø-am-°n. F-s‚ ssl-kv-Iqƒ ]T-\-Im-e-Øp X-s∂ Rm-\pw h-kv-X-ßƒ cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ i-≤n-®p- Xp-S-ßn. Rm≥ Un-ssk≥ sN-bv-X Nn-e h-kv-X-ßƒ h-f-sc s]-s´-∂v hn-‰p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv ap-Ø-»n F-s‚ i-≤-bn¬ s]-Sp-Øn. F-\n-°-Xv h-en-b ]-tNm-Z-\-ambn.

]T-\-tØm-sSm-∏w Rm≥ Cu sXm-gn-en¬ ]m-ho-Wyw t\-Sn. Fw. _n. F. ]T-\w ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b ti-jw H-cp h-kv-X-\n¿-am-W bq-Wn-‰v B-cw-`n-®p. B-Zy h¿-j-Øn¬ X-s∂ F-s‚ ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v [m-cm-fw Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ e-`n-®p, A-tXm-sSm-∏w em-`-hpw. F-∂m¬ F-√m Hm¿-U-dp-I-fpwIr-Xy-k-a-b-Øv ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m≥ X-\n-®v I-gn-bm-sXbpw B-h-iy-Øn-\p-≈ ]-Ww ssI-h-iwC-√m-sXbpw Rm-\m-sI ]-bm-k-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ap-Ø-»-s‚ D-]-tZ-i-]-Im-cw F-s‚ kp-lr-ØmbA-`n-Pn-Øn-s\ _n-kn-\- n-¬ ]-¶m-fn-bm-°n. A-t±-lw B-h-iy-am-b ]-Ww -ap-S-°p-I-bpw_n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ F-s∂ k-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. R-ß-fp-sS _n-kn-\- vv\mƒ-°p-\mƒ A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-´p. a-‰p kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-am-bnA-t\-Iw Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ h-∂p-Xp-S-ßn. F-∂m¬ C-Ø-cw h-en-b Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp-°m-\p-≈km-º-Øn-Im-h-ÿ C-√m-Xn-cp-∂ R-ßƒ _n-kn-\- vv I¨-kƒ-´‚pw Nm¿-t´-Uv A-°u-≠‚p-am-b io-a-Xn kn-‘p-hn-s‚ D-]-tZ-i-]-Im-cw R-ß-fp-sS ÿm-]-\-sØ H-cp tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°vI-º-\n-bm-bn c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-øp-I-bpw B-h-iy-am-b aq-e-[-\-k-am-l-c-Ww \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.Xp-S¿-∂v R-ßƒ-°v e-`n-® h≥-In-S Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ A-\m-bm-kw G-s‰-Sp-Øv ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m≥km-[n-®p. C-∂n-t∏mƒ Un.sI en-an-‰-Uv F-∂ ÿm-]-\w h-kv-X \n¿-Ωm-W cw-K-Øv C-¥y-bn-se ]-ap-J hy-h-km-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn am-dn. tI-h-ew G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-Øn¬ Xp-S-ßn ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- neq-sS H-cp tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-bm-bn R-ß-fp-sS ÿm-]-\-sØ am-‰n-sb-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-™-Xn-ep-≈ A-`n-am-\w \n-ß-fp-ambn ]-¶psh-bv-°p--∂p.

35_n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS hn-hn-[ cq-]-ßƒ

t√m? C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ an-°-hm-dpwG-Imw-K hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, H-cm-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-epw \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-ap-≈ _n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.G-Imw-K hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv C-∂vhn-]-Wn-bn¬ FÆ-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Im-c-Ww sN-dp-In-S _n-kn-\- vvkw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-WvC-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.H-cp hy-‡n-bp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-epw \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-ap-≈ _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-am-Wn-Xv.C-Xn¬ H-cp hy-‡n- X-s∂ aq-e-[-\w \nt£-]n°p-I-bpw -c-WIm-cy-ßƒ \n¿-h-ln-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Cu _n-kn-\- n-se ap-gp-h≥em-`-hpw A-Xn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ-\v X-s∂ e-`n-°p-∂p. A-Xp-t]m-se \-„-hpw _m-[y-X-bpwAt±lw- X-s∂ k-ln-t°-≠n- h-cp-∂p. Iq-Sm-sX _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \-S-Øn-∏p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-√mw C-t±-lw X-s∂-bm-Wv ssI-s°m-t≈-≠-Xv.hy-‡n-]-c-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂ _yq-ń-]m¿-e-dp-Iƒ, _m¿-_¿ tjm-∏p-Iƒ, X-ø¬-°S-Iƒ, sN-dp-In-S Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\ tI-µ-ßƒXp-S-ßn-b-h-bv-s°-√mw C-Ø-cw G-Imw-Khym-]m-c kw-cw- -ßƒ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv.

(i) cq-]o-I-c-W-hpw A-S-®p-]q- -epw

[Formation and closure]:

G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-sØ kw-_-‘n-°p-∂ ]-tXy-I \n-b-a-ß-sfm-∂pw- X-s∂ \n-e-hn-en-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ßƒ B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw h-f-sc e-fn-X-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ am-X-ta-bp-≈q.Nn-e k-µ¿-`-ß-fn¬ sse-k≥-kv k-ºm-Zn-t°≠ B-h-iyw am-X-ta-bp-≈q. B-b-Xn-\m¬G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw B-cw- n-°p-hm-\pw A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw h-f-sc F-fp-∏-am-Wv.

(ii) _m-[y-X [Liability]: G-Imw-K hym-]m-cn-bp-sS _m-[y-X ¢n-]v -X-a-√. B-b-Xn-\m¬_n-kn-\- ns‚ F-√m _m-[y-X-Iƒ-°pwA-t±-lw hy-‡n-]-c-am-bn _m-[y-ÿ-\m-bn-cn-°pw. _n-kn-\- nse _m-[y-X-Iƒ Xo¿-°m-\p-≈ B-kv-Xn-Iƒ _n-kn-\- n¬ C-√m-sXh-∂m¬ X-s‚ kz-Im-cy kz-Øn¬- \n-∂vt]m-epw A-Ø-cw _m-[y-X-Iƒ sIm-Sp-ØpXo¿-°p-hm-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw A-t±-l-Øn-\v D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn A-Rv-PenssUIv-fo-t\-gv-kv F-∂ G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-ÿm-]-\w _n-kn-\- vv A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ,A-h-cp-sS _m-ly _m-[y-X 80,000 cq-]-bpw,

H-cp hy-‡n am-Xw ap-X¬ ap-S-°p-I-bpw, \-„ km-[y-X-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw, -c-W Imcyßƒ\n¿-h-ln-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ß-sf GImwK hym-]m-cw F-∂p ]dbp-∂p.

sP. F¬. lm≥-sk≥

_n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-Øn-s‚ X-e-∏-Øv H-cp hy-‡n am-Xw F-√m Im-cy-ßƒ-°pw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bm-hp-I-bpw, F-√m ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw \n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw, \-„ km-[y-X-Iƒ ap-gp-h≥ G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ A-Xn-s\ G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw F-∂p hn-fn-°mw.

F¬. F-®v. lm-s\

k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ [Features]

G-Imw-K hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv:

F-√m B-kv-Xn-I-fpw hn-‰v e-`n-® Xp-I 60,000cq-]-bpw B-sW-¶n¬, _m-[y-X-Iƒ ap-gp-h≥Xo¿-°m≥ B-h-iy-am-b 20,000 cq-] Iq-Sn D-S-a-ÿ≥ X-s‚ kz-Im-cy kz-Øn¬-\n-∂v sIm-≠p -h-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.

36 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(iii) kz-bw \-„w k-ln-°-epw, em- w t\-Sepw[Sole risk bearer and profit recipient]:

_n-kn-\- n-ep-≈ \-„km-[y-X-Iƒ ap-gp-h≥G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw G-Imw-Khym-]m-cn-°v am-X-am-Wv. A-Xp-t]m-se em- wap-gp-h≥ t\-Sm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw A-t±-l-Øn-\v am-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. X-s‚ _n-kn-\- n-seem- w, A-t±-lw G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂ \-„-km-[y-X-bv-°p-≈ ]-Xn- -e-am-bn I-W-°m-°mw.(iv) \n-b-¥-Ww [Control]: G-Imw-Khym-]m-c kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS ]-cn-]q¿-Æ \n-b-¥-Ww A-Xn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ-\m-bn-cn-s°, F-√mXo-cp-am-\-ß-fpw F-Sp-°p-hm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cwA-t±-l-Øn-\v am-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. B-kq-X-WwsN-ø-s∏-ń-´p-≈ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-tºmƒ a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS C-S-s]-S¬ D-≠m-hm-dn√.(v) Xp-S¿-®-bn-√m-bv-a

[Lack of business continuity] :

G-Imw-K _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -I-\pw _n-kn-\- pw hy-Xy-kv-X A-kv-Xn-Xzßƒ A-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-c-Ww, ]m-∏-c-Øw,a-t\m-tcm-Kw, P-bn¬-hm-kw F-∂n-h-sb-√mw

]-kv-Xp-X _n-kn-\- ns‚ A-S-®p-]q-´-en-\vIm-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

Kp-W-ßƒ [Merits]

G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p:

(i) k-Xz-c Xo-cp-am-\w

[Quick decision making]:

_n-kn-\- p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒF-Sp-°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-c-hpw kzm-X-¥y-hpwD-S-a-bn¬ am-Xw \n-£n-]v-X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ A-Sn-b-¥-c-L- -ß-fn¬ th-K-Øn-ep-≈ Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°m≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\v km-[n-°p-∂p.k-Xz-c Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ ]-e-t∏m-gpw H-cp_n-kn-\- n-s‚ hn-P-b-Øn-\v h-gn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p.

(ii) _n-kn-\- vv c-l-kyw

[Confidentiality of information]:

H-cp hy-‡n-X-s∂ _n-kn-\…n-s‚ -c-Ww \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ c-l-kyhn-h-c-ßƒ kq-£n-°p-∂-Xv F-fp-∏-am-Wv.C-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- n-s‚ I-W-°p-Iƒ s]m-Xp-

Hcp ]pXnb XpS°w : sIm-t°m-tIm-f-bp-sS Bcw`w H-cp G-Imw-K hym-]m-cambn ![A Refreshing Start: Coca Cola Owes its Origin to a Sole Proprietor !]

G-sd cp-Nn-I-c-am-b Im¿-_-tW-‰v sN-ø-s∏- e-Lp-]m-\o-bw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ sIm-°-tIm-fB-Zy-am-bn D-¬-]m-Zn-∏n-®-Xv A-ta-cn-°-bn-se tPm¿-Pn-b kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se A-‰v-em‚ F-∂]- -W-Øn-em-Wv. 1886 sa-bv 8 \v H-cp a-cp-∂v I-S-bp-sS D-S-a-bm-b tUm. tPm¨ kv‰n-Øv s]w-t_¿- ≥ F-∂-bm-fm-Wv Cu ]m-\o-bw \n¿-Ωn-®-Xv. A-t±-lw Cu ]m-\o-bw X-s‚ a-cp-∂p-I-S-bn¬ hn¬-]-\-bv-°v h-®p. tI-h-ew 5 sk‚n-\m-Wv H-cp •m-kv ]m-\o-bw hn-¬∏-\ \-S-Øn-b-Xv. F-∂m¬ Cu ]m-\o-bw ]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ tUm. tPm¨ Ãn-Øv hn-P-bn-®n-√. Xp-S¿-∂vC-Xns‚ D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw B-km KnKvkv Im‚ ve¿ F-∂-bmƒ-°v ssI-am-dn. Xp-S¿-∂v1889 ¬ B-km KnKvkv Im‚ ve¿ sIm-°-t°m-f F-∂ G-Imw-K hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\w B-cw- n-®p. ]-X-]-c-ky-ß-fn-eq-sS A-t±-lw Xs‚ D-¬∏-∂-sØ P-\-]n-b-am-°n am-‰n. 1892 -¬A-t±-lw Xs‚ ÿm-]-\w H-cp I-º-\n-bm-bn cq-]o-I-cn-®v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hn-]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn.B ÿm-]-\-am-Wv C-∂v \mw Im-Wp-∂ sIm-°-tIm-f tIm¿-∏-td-j≥.


hm-bn ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ H-cp \n-b-a-hpwA-\p-im-kn-°p-∂n-√ F-∂-Xpw c-l-ky-hn-h-c-ßƒ kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-b-I-c-am-Ip-∂p.(iii) t\-cn-´p-≈ ]-tNm-Z-\w

[Direct incentive]:

G-Imw-K hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-Øn-se ap-gp-h≥em- -hpw a-‰m¿-°pw ]-¶p-sh-°m-sX A-Xn-s‚D-S-a-ÿ-\v X-s∂ e-`n-°pw F-∂-Xv A-t±-l-sØ ]-c-am-h-[n Im-cy-£-a-X-tbm-sS ]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥ ]-tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂p.(iv) t\- w ssI-h-cn-®p F-∂ kw-Xr-]v-Xn [Sense of accomplishment]:

H-cmƒ kz-¥w t\-´-Øn-\m-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-eq-sS ]-Xo-£n-® hn-P-bw t\-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-tºmƒ A-t±-l-Øn-\v B-fl-kw-Xr-]v-Xn e- n-°p-∂p. G-Imw-K hym-]m-c kw-cw--ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn-epw C-Xv i-cn-bm-Wv. Im-c-

Ww kw-cw-`-I≥ kz-¥w _n-kn-\- n¬B-flm¿-Y-am-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw hn-P-bwssI-h-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ B-fl-hn-izm-kw h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw.(v) cq-]o-I-c-W-hpw A-h-km-\n-∏n-°-epw

F-fp-∏-am-Wv [Ease of formation and closure]:

H-cp G-Imw-K hym-]m-c kw-cw-`w B-cw-`n-°p-hm-\pw A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw F-fp-∏-am-Wv.C-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-ß-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn ]-tXy-I \n-b-a-ß-sfm-∂pw\n-e-hn-en-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ h-f-sc e-fn-X-hp-am-Wv.

]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ/tZm-j-ßƒ [Limitations]

ta¬-∏-d-™ ta-∑-I-sf-√mw H-cp G-Imw-Khym-]m-cn-°v D-s≠-¶n-epw Nn-e ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fpwCu kw-cw- -ßƒ-°p-≠v. A-h G-sX-√m-sa-∂v]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.

(i) ]-cn-an-X-am-b aq-e-[-\w[Limited resources]:

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cn-bp-sS aq-e-[-\w km-[m-c-W-bm-bn ]-cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚kz-Im-cy k-ºm-Zy-hpw a-‰p hm-bv-]-I-fp-am-Wvaq-e-[-\ D-d-hn-S-ß-fm-bn D-≈-Xv. ]-cn-an-X-am-baq-e-[-\-hp-am-bn B-cw- n-°p-∂ H-cp kw-cw- wkm-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -am-bn-cn-°pw. A-Xn-\m¬ _m-¶p-I-fpw a-‰p [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw hm-bv-] \¬-Im≥ a-SnIm-Wn-°pw. hn-`-h ]-cn-an-Xn G-sXm-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚-bpw h-f¿-®-bp-sS tXm-Xv Ip-d-bv-°m≥ C-S-bm-°pw.(ii) ]cn-an-X-amb Bbp v

[Limited life of a business concern] :

G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-ßƒ-°v \n-b-a-]-c-am-b]-tXy-I \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s√-∂ h-kv-Xp-X \-ap-°-dn-bmw. A-Xn-\m¬ kw-cw-`-I-s‚ a-c-Ww,a-t\m-tcm-Kw, ]m-∏-c-Øw Xp-S-ßn-b-h _n-kn-\- ns‚ m-hn-sb _m-[n-°p-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn_n-kn-\- n-s‚ A-S-®p-]q- -en-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.(iii) ]cn-an-X-s∏-SpØm-Ø _m-[y-X

[Unlimited liability]:

G-sXm-cp G-Imw-K _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -I-s‚-bpw _m-[y-X A-¢n-]v-X-am-Wv. B-b-Xn-\m¬A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ kz-Im-cy k-ºm-Zyw t]m-epw_n-kn-\- ns‚ _m-[y-X-Iƒ Xo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n h-t∂-°mw. H-cp]-tXyI km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ ssI-s°m-≈p-∂Xo-cp-am-\w Nn-e-t∏mƒ h-en-b \-„w h-cp-Øm≥ C-S-bp-≠v. A-ß-s\ h-cp-tºmƒkz-Im-cy-kz-Øv t]m-epw \-„-s∏-Sp-sa-∂Nn-¥ kw-cw- -I-s\ ]n-¥n-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw X-∑q-ew _n-kn-\- ns‚ h-f¿-®-tb-bpw hn-Im-k-tØ-bpw _m-[n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

38 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(iv) -c-W ss\-]p-Wy-Øn-ep-≈ Ip-dhv[Limited managerial ability]:

H-cp _n-kn-\- vv hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn \-S-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ssh-Z-Kv-[yw B-h-iy-am-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn hm-ß¬, hn¬-∏-\,[-\-Im-cy \n¿-h-l-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b-h. Cuta-J-e-I-fn-se-√mw H-cp-t]m-se ssh-Z-Kv-[y-ap-≈ H-cmƒ A-]q¿-∆-am-Imw. H-cp hy-‡n-sbam-Xw B-i-bn-®v \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂ G-Imw-Khym-]m-c-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v C-sXm-cp h-en-bt]m-cm-bv-a-bm-Wv. hn-Z-Kv-[-cm-b Po-h-\-°m-sc\n-b-an-®v `-c-Ww \-S-Øm≥ F-√m G-Imw-Kkw-cw- -ßƒ-°pw I-gn-b-W-sa-∂n-√.ta¬-∏-d-™ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ \n-e-hn-ep-s≠-¶n-epw `q-cn-`m-Kw _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-ß-fpwG-Imw-K hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-bm-WvB-cw-`n-°m-dp-≈-Xv. A-Xn-\v ]-e Im-c-W-ß-

fp-≠v. Ip-d-™ ap-X¬-ap-S-°v, sN-dp-In-Skw-cw- -ßƒ-°p-≈ A-\p-tbm-Py-X, hy-‡n-]-c-am-b tk-h-\w ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ ]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-hbmWnXv.

2.3 ln-µp Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- vv[JOINT HINDU FAMILY BUSINESS]

G-‰-hpw ]-g-°w sN-∂-Xpw, C-¥y-bn¬ am-Xw\n-e-\n-∂p h-cp-∂-Xp-am-b H-cp ]-tXy-I-X-cw_n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -am-Wv ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-__n-kn-\- vv. C-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ßƒ B-cw- n-°p-∂-Xv ln-µp A-hn-`-‡ Ip-Spw-_-ß-fm-Wv(Hindu Undivided Family/ HUF). ssl-µ-h\n-b-a-ß-fn-sem-∂m-b ""an-Xm-£-c'' \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv C-h ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ enw-K-k-a-Xzw H-cp bm-Ym¿-Yyw(Gender Equality in the Joint Hindu Family a Reality)

]p-cp-j-∑m-tcm-sSm-∏w kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw Xp-ey A-h-Im-iw e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn 2004 Un-kw-_¿20 \v C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m- m-°n-b ln-µp ]n-¥p-S¿-®m-h-Im-i t`-Z-K-Xn _n¬ N-cn-X-Øn¬ H-cp \m-gn-I-°-√m-bn am-dn. 1956 se ln-µp ]n-¥p-S¿-®m-h-Im-i \n-b-aw t -Z-K-Xn sN-bv-X-Xn-eq-sS kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw ]m-c-º-cy kz-Øn¬ A-h-Im-iw e-`n-®p. kv-Xo-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈tZ-io-b I-Ωo-j-s‚ (National Commission for Women) ip-]m¿-i ]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p ta¬-∏-d-™ t -Z-K-Xn k¿-°m¿ sIm-≠p- h-∂-Xv. C-tXm-sS ln-µp an-Xm-£-c \n-b-a-]-Im-cw \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hn-th-N-\w A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ km-[n-®p.F-∂m¬ tI-c-f-Øn¬ 1975 -¬ tI-c-f Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ hy-h-ÿn-Xn (d-±m-°¬) \n-b-aw ]m- m-b-Xn-eq-sS A-∂p -h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ]m-c-º-cykz-Øn-se P-∑m-h-Im-iw C-√m-Xm-hp-I-bpw`m-K-]-X D-S-º-Sn-]-Im-cw ]p-cp-j-\pw kv-Xo-°pw Xp-ey A-h-Im-iw e- n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.B-‘m-]-tZ-iv (1986) X-an-gv-\m-Sv (1989) I¿-Wm-S-I (1994) a-lm-cm-„ (1994) F-∂o kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpw C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ \n-b-a-ßƒ ]m-km-°n-bn- p-≠v. B-b-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s] -a-°ƒ-°pw ]m-c-º-cykz-Øn¬ Xp-ey A-h-Im-iw e- y-am-bn.kv-Xo-k-a-Xzw F-∂-Xv C-¥y≥ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I D-b¿-®-sb kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂]-[m-\ L-S-I-am-Wv.

A-h-ew-_w: C.kn. tXm-a-kv F-gp-Xn-b "Zn tdm-Uv Sp P≥-U¿ C-Izm-fn-‰n' bn¬ \n∂v.


Cu _n-kn-\- nse Aw-K-Xzw ]-kv-Xp-X Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se ap-gp-h≥ ]p-cp-j-∑m¿-°pwA-h-Im-i-s∏- -Xm-Wv. aq-∂p X-e-ap-d -h-sc-bp-≈ ]p-cp-j Aw-K-ßƒ-°v P-\-\w ap-X¬A-hcp-sS ]q¿-hn-I kz-Øn¬ A-h-Im-iwe- n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, A-h-tcm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n¬ Aw-K-ß-fm-bn am-dp-∂p.kv-Xo-Iƒ-°v Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_ kw-cw-`-ß-fn¬A-h-Im-i-tam Aw-K-Xz-tam e- n-°p-∂n-√. Cu_n-kn-\- n-s‚ `-c-Ww ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xv Ip-Spw-_-Ø-e-h-\m-b I¿-Ø-bm-Wv(Karta). Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ap-Xn¿-∂]p-cp-j Aw-K-sØ-bm-Wv "I¿-Ø' F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se ]p-cp-j Aw-K-ß-sf Iq- -h-Im-in-Iƒ (coparceners) F-∂pwhn-fn-°p-∂p.F-∂m¬ ]›na _w-Km-fn-em-h-s´ ""Z-bm- m-K''F-∂ ssl-µ-h \n-b-a-am-Wv C-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- p-I-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se]p-cp-j-∑m-tcm-sSm-∏w kv-Xo-Iƒ-°pw Iq- -h-Im-in-I-fm-hmw.


ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-[m-\k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xm-sg tN¿-°p-∂p:(i) cq-]o-I-c-Ww [Formation]: C-h cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-hn- -‡ Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ \n-∂p-≈c≠v Aw-K-ß-sf-¶n-epw D-≠m-h-Ww. Aw-K-Xzwe- n-°p-∂-Xv P-∑w -sIm-≠m-b-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cwkw-cw- -ßƒ Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv H-cp I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√. 1956 se ln-µp ]n-¥p-S¿-®m-h-Im-i \n-b-a-]-Im-c-am-Wv ln-µp A-hn- -‡Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- vv ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv.(ii) _m-[y-X [Liability]: Aw-K-ß-fp-sS_m-[y-X ]-cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. F-∂m¬ I¿-Ø-bp-sS _m-[y-X A-¢n-]v-X-am-Wv.

(iii) \n-b-¥-Ww [Control]: Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-__n-kn-\- n-s‚ ap-gp-h≥ \n-b-¥-W-hpw I¿-Ø-bp-sS ssI-I-fn-em-Wv. Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ F-Sp-°p-hm-\pw _n-kn-\- ns‚ -c-W \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\pap-≈ A-[n-Im-cw A-t±-l-Øn-\m-Wv. I¿-Ø-bp-sS Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ a-‰v Aw-K-ßƒ-°pw_m-[-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.(iv) Xp-S¿-® [Continuity]: I¿-Ø-bp-sS a-c-Ww_n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\ _m-[n-°p-∂n√.A-Sp-Ø X-e-ap-Xn¿-∂ Aw-Kw _n-kn-\- ns‚`-c-Ww G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ\n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw F-√m Aw-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw ]-c-kv-]-c -k-Ω-X-tØm-sS B-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ _n-kn-\- vv A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.(v) ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-hm-Ø Aw-K-ßƒ

[Minor Members]:

_n-kn-\- nse Aw-K-Xzw P-∑w- sIm-≠v e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-hm-Ø Aw-K-ßƒ D-≠m-hp-I km-[m-c-W-am-Wv.

Kp-W-ßƒ [Merits]

Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ta-∑-Iƒ Xm-sgkq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p:(i) Im-cy-£-a-am-b \n-b-¥-Ww

[Effective control]:

Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ ssI-s°m-≈p-hm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw I¿-Ø-bv°v B-b-Xn-\m¬ k-Xz-c-hpw

-e-]-Z-hp-am-b Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w a-‰v Aw-K-ß-fp-sS A-\m-h-iy C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ-t°m X¿-°-ßƒ-t°m km-[y-X-bn-√.(ii) _n-kn-\- ns‚ Xp-S¿-®-bm-b \n-e-

\n¬∏v [Continued business existence]:

I¿-Ø-bp-sS a-c-W-tam am-\-kn-I tcm-K-tam]m-∏-c-Ø-tam _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\_m-[n-°p-∂n-√. C-Ø-cw km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬A-Sp-Ø ap-Xn¿-∂ Aw-Kw _n-kn-\- ns‚Np-a-X-e G-s‰-Sp-Øp sIm-≈pw.

40 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(iii) Aw-K-ß-fp-sS _m-[y-X ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv[Limited liability of members]:

I¿-Ø H-gn-sI-bp-≈ a-s‰-√m Aw-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw_m-[y-X ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv. Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pwA-h-c-h-cp-sS Hm-l-cn-°-\p-]m-X-am-b _m-[y-Xam-X-ta-bp-≈q. Aw-K-ßƒ kz-¥-am-bn B¿-÷n-® kz-Øp-°ƒ _n-kn-\- vv I-S-ßƒho- p-∂-Xn-\v hn- p-\¬-tI-≠-Xn-√.

(iv) D-b¿-∂- tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hn-izm-ky-X-bpwk-l-I-c-W-hpw [Increased loyalty and

cooperation]: H-cp Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se Aw-K-ßƒtN¿-∂v \-S-Øp-∂ _n-kn-\- vv B-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ ]-c-kv-]-c hn-izm-k-hpw k-l-I-c-W-hpw C-Xn-s‚ ap-J-ap-Z-bm-Wv. _n-kn-\- ns‚h-f¿-®-bpw hn-Im-k-hpw Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s‚ k¬-t∏-cv -Iq-Sn D-b¿-Øp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ F-√mAw-K-ß-fpw B-flm¿-Y-am-bn k-l-I-cn-°p-hm-\n-S-bp-≠v.

tZm-j-ßƒ [Limitation]

Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- p-I-fp-sS ]-[m-\t]m-cm-bv-a-Iƒ Np-h-sS ]-d-bp-∂p:(i) hn- -h-ß-fp-sS A-]-cym-]v-X-X

[Limited resources]:

]m-c-º-cy kz-Øn-s\ am-Xw A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ H-cp ÿm-]-\-am-b-Xn-\m¬aq-e-[-\ k-am-l-c-Ww H-cp h-en-b ]-iv-\wX-s∂-bm-Wv. Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°p-≈ Cu ]-cn-an-Xn, _n-kn-\- ns‚ h-f¿-®-sb-bpw hn-Im-k-sØ-bpw km-c-am-bn _m-[n-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v.

(ii) I¿-Ø-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø _m-[y-X[Unlimited liability of karta]:

I¿-Ø-bv-°v Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ F-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-s‚-bpw Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-t‚-bpw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw am-X-a-√, _n-kn-\- n-s‚ F-√m _m-[y-X-I-fpw Iq-Sn G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠n h-cp-∂p. A-t±-

l-Øn-s‚ kz-Im-cy kz-Øv t]m-epw _n-kn-\- n\p-≠m-Ip-∂ _m-[y-X-Iƒ Xo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\pth-≠n D-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n h-cp-sa-∂-Xv C-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- p-I-fp-sS H-cp t]m-cm-bv-a-bm-Wv.

(iii) I¿-Ø-bp-sS B-[n-]-Xyw[Dominance of karta]:

Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n¬ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-epw Im-cy-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-epwB-[n-]-Xyw I¿-Ø-bv°m-Wv. C-Xv a-‰v Aw-K-ß-sf ]-e-t∏m-gpw A-tem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°mw.X-∑q-ew Aw-K-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ kw-L¿-j-Øn-\pw Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s‚ X-I¿-®-bv°pw Im-c-W-amIpw.(iv) -c-W- ss\-]p-Wy-Øn-se t]m-cm-bv-a

[Limited managerial skills]:

I¿-Ø th-≠-X -c-W- ss\-]p-Wy-ap-≈-bm-f-s√-¶n¬ ]-e-t∏m-gpw sX-‰m-b Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒF-Sp-°p-hm-\pw A-Xv _n-kn-\- ns‚ X-I¿-®-bv-°v Im-c-W-am-Ip-hm-\pw C-S-bp-≠v. C-Ø-cwsX-‰m-b Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ H-cp-]-t£ _n-kn-\- ns‚ em-`w Ip-d-bv-°p-hm-t\m \-„-Øn¬I-em-in-°p-hm-t\m Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- p-I-fp-sS F-ÆwC-¥y-bn¬ C-∂v h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw Ip-d-™psIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv F-∂XmWv h-kv-Xp-X.C-Ø-cw hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ D-≈ Ip-Spw-_-ß-fp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-™p- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-WvF-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-\v ]-[m-\ Im-c-Ww.

2.4 ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv [PARTNERSHIP]

1932 se C-¥y≥ ]-¶m-fn-Ø \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-am-Wv ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv. aq-e-[-\-k-am-l-c-W-Øn¬ G-Imw-Khym-]m-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- p-I-fpw A-\p- -hn-°p-∂ _p-≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n-bm-Wv ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ßƒ cq-]w -sIm-≠-Xv. C-Ø-cw


_n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fn¬ c-t≠m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam hy-‡n-Iƒ X-ß-fp-sS aq-e-[-\-ti-jn-bpwssh-Z-Kv-[y-hpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v _n-kn-\- vv \-S-Øp-∂p. C-Xn-se Aw-K-ß-sf ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ (Partners)F-∂pw A-h¿ cq-]o-I-cn-® _n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\-sØ ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\w (Firm) F-∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.1932 se C-¥y≥ ]-¶m-fn-Ø \n-b-aw, ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- ns\ \n¿-h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-XvXm-sg ]-d-bpw ]-Im-c-am-Wv. "em- w ]-¶n-s -Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n, c-t≠m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tamhy-‡n-Iƒ tN¿-∂v, H-cp [m-c-W-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, F-√m-h-cpw Iq-Sn tN¿-t∂mA-s√-¶n¬ a-‰p-≈-h¿-°p-th-≠n- A-h-cn-em-sc-¶n-ep-tam \-S-Øp-∂ _n-kn-\- vv' kw-cw- -sØ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\ v F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p.khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ [Features]

(i) cq-]o-I-c-Ww [Formation]: 1932 seC-¥y≥ ]-¶m-fn-Ø \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v H-cpI-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv ]-¶m-fn-Ø_n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ßƒ cq-]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

°m-bn cq-]o-I-cn-® H-cp ÿm-]-\w ]-¶m-fn-Ø_n-kn-\- m-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂n-√.(ii) _m-[y-X [Liability]: ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS_m-[y-X ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v F-¥p _m-≤y-X D-≠m-bm-epw Aw-K-ßƒH-‰-bv-t°m Iq-´m-tbm A-Xv sIm-Sp-Øp Xo¿-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv. _n-kn-\- nseB-kv-Xn-Iƒ- sIm-≠v _m-[y-X-Iƒ Xo¿-°m≥I-gn-bm-sX-h-∂m¬ ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-kz-Øp-°ƒ t]m-epw A-Xn-\m-bn D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xm-Wv. C-ß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂ A-[n-I_m-[y-X-Iƒ Hm-tcm ]-¶m-fn-bpw km-[m-c-W-bm-bn A-h-c-h-cp-sS em- -hn-ln-X-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv k-ln-t°-≠-Xv.(iii) \-„w k-ln-°¬ [Risk bearing]: H-cp]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ \-„-km-[y-X F-√m Aw-K-ß-fpw t\-cn-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.I-cm-d-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ A-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ F-√m]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-°pw ]-c-kv-]-cw em-`w ]-¶n-Smw.\-„w kw- -hn-®m-epw C-tX A-\p-]m-X-Øn¬X-s∂-bm-Wv G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xv.

em-`-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\m-bn H-∂n-e-[n-Iw B-fp-Iƒ H-cp D-S-º-Sn-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b H-cp _n-kn-\-kv kw-cw-`w \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\ ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- v F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂p.

F¬. F-®v. lm-s\

H-∂n-e-[n-Iw t]¿ tN¿-∂v H-cp I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ X-ß-fp-sS B-kv-Xn-I-fpw a-\p-jy ti-jn-bpw ss\-]p-Wn-I-fpw H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\p th-≠n \¬-Ip-I-bpw A-Xn¬- \n-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂ em-`w ho-Xw h-bv-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂-Xn-s\ ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\-kv F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p.

C-¥y≥ I-cm¿ \n-b-aw

Cu I-cm-dn¬ ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS A-h-Im-i-ß-fpwNp-a-X-e-I-fpw em- -\-„-ß-fp-sS ]-¶n-S¬ Xp-S-ßn-b-h ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw. Iq-Sm-sXC-Øcw kw-cw-`-ßƒ \n-b-am-\p-kr-X-am-b_n-kn-\- v sN-øp-∂-h-bpw em- w e-£y-am-°n]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-bpw Iq -Sn -bm -h-Ww.DZm-l-c-W-ambn c-t≠m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam Bfp-Iƒ tN¿-∂v Po-h-Im-cp-Wy ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-

(iv) Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°-epw \n-b-¥-W-hpw[Decision making and control]:

H-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-Øn-se ssZ-\w-Zn-\]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xpw Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ ]-c-kv-]-c-[m-c-W-tbm-sS B-bn-cn°pw.(v) Xp-S¿-® [Continuity]: G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp]-¶m-fn-bp-sS a-c-Ww, a-t\m-tcm-Kw, ]m-∏-c-Øw

42 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

F-∂n-h ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- ns‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\ _m-[n-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v. F-∂m¬ C-Ø-cwkm-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ H-cp ]p-Xn-b I-cm¿]-Im-cw Xm-¬∏cy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ a-‰v ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-°v _n-kn-\- vv Xp-S¿-∂v \-S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.(vi) AwKß-fpsS FÆw

[Number of partners]:

H-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\w Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\v Ip-d-™-Xv c-≠p t]-sc-¶n-epwD-≠m-h-Ww. F∂m¬ ]-c-am-h-[n Aw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw _m-¶nw-Kv _n-kn-\- vv B-sW-¶n¬10 t]-cpw, a-‰v _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ B-sW-¶n¬20 t]-cpw B-hmw.(2013 se C¥y≥ Iº-\n- \n-baw A\p-k-cn®v ]¶m-fnØ ÿm]-\-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n 100t]¿ hsc BImw).(vii) ]-c-kv-]-c ]m-Xn-\n-[yw

[Mutual agency]: ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- ns‚ \n¿-h-N-\-Øn¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xp-t]m-se Cu _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- w H-∂p-In¬F-√m-h-cpw Iq-Sn-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ a-‰p-≈-h¿-°p-th-≠n A-h-cn-em-sc-¶n-ep-tam \-S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.B-b-Xn-\m¬ Hm-tcm ]-¶m-fn-bpw a-‰v ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS ]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bpw ta-[m-hn-bm-bpw]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. A-Xm-b-Xv Hm-tcm]-¶m-fn-bp-sS-bpw ]-h¿-Ø-\w a-‰p ]-¶m-fn-I-sf-bpw _m-[n-°p-∂p-sh-∂¿-∞w.

Kp-W-ßƒ [Merits]

H-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-[m-\-s∏-Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p:(i) cq-]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw A-S-®p-]q- p-hm-\pw

F-fp-∏-am-Wv[Ease of formation and closure]:

H-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\w cq-]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\pwA-S-®p-]q- m-\pw h-f-sc e-fn-X-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ am-X-ta-bp-≈q. ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-h¿ X-Ωn¬ H-cp I-cm¿ X-øm-dm-°n

AwKo-I-cn-®m¬ _n-kn-\- vv cq-]o-I-cn-°mw.]c-kv-]-c [m-c-W-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬]-kv-Xp-X _n-kn-\- vv `m-hn-bn¬ F-t∏mƒth-W-sa-¶n-epw A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bpwsN-ømw. ]-¶m-fn-Ø \n-b-a-]-Im-cw _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n¿-_-‘-an-√.(ii) sa-®-s∏- Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ ssI-s°m-

≈m≥ km-[n-°p-∂p[Balanced decision making]:

_n-kn-\- n¬ Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-tºmƒ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ ]-c-kv-]-cw N¿-® sN-øp-I-bpwhn-i-I-e-\w \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m¬Iq-Sp-X¬ sa-®-s∏-´ Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ \-S-∏n¬h-cp-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.(iii) Iq-Sp-X¬ [-\w [More funds]: H-cp]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- n¬ H-∂n¬- Iq-Sp-X¬]-¶m-fn-Iƒ D-≈-Xn-\m¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ aq-e-[-\k-am-l-c-Ww km-[y-am-Ip-∂p. Iq-Sm-sX_n-kn-\- ns‚ hn-Im-k-Øn-\v Iq-Sp-X¬ aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-ap-≈-t∏mƒ ]p-Xn-b ]-¶m-fn-I-sf tN¿-Øv B-h-iy-am-b -[-\w k-am-l-cn-°mw.(iv) \-„km-[y-X- ]¶n-S¬

[Sharing of risks]:

]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ \-„-km-[y-X-Iƒ F-√m ]-¶m-fn-I-fpwH-cp-an-®v \n-∂m-Wv t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xv. B-b-Xn-\m¬Hm-tcm ]-¶m-fn-°pw A-[n-I _m-[y-X-tbmX-∑q-e-ap-≈ am-\-kn-I ]n-cn-ap-dp-°-tam D-≠m-hp-∂n-√.(v) c-l-kyw [Secrecy]: \n-b-a-]-Im-cw H-cp]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`w A-h-cp-sShm¿-jn-I I-W-°p-Iƒ s]m-XpP-\-Øn-s‚ ap-ºn¬ ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. -am-X-a-√, h-f-sc-°p-d-®v Aw-K-ß-tf-bp-≈p-sh-∂-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- ns‚ c-l-ky- kz- m-hw \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\pw km-[n-°p-∂p.


]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ [Limitations]

H-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-Øn-s‚]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp∂p.(i) ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø _m-[y-X

[Unlimited liability]:

]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS A-¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X-bm-Wv Aw-K-ß-fp-sS G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-cn-an-Xn. ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\-Øn-se ap-gp-h≥ _m-[y-X-bpw F-√m ]-¶m-fn-I-fpw H-‰-bv-°pw Iq- m-bpw G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠n h-cp-∂p F-∂p am-X-a-√,A-h-cp-sS kz-Im-cykz-Øv t]m-epw C-Xn-\m-bnhn-\n-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n h-t∂-°mw.

(ii) ]-cn-an-X hn- -h-ßƒ [Limited resources]:

]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS F-Æ-Øn¬ ]-cn-[n \n-›-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ hn- -h-k-am-l-c-Ww H-cp ]-cn-[nh-sc am-X-ta km-≤y-am-Iq. B-b-Xn-\m¬ h≥-In-S kw-cw-`-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-Øv \-S-Øm≥C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v I-gn-bm-dn-√.

(iii) kw-L¿-j-km-[y-X

[Possibility of conflicts]:

Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-tºmƒ F-√m-h-cp-sS-bpwA- n-]m-b-ßƒ B-cm-tb-≠-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ hn-hn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ A- n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ kzm- m-hn-I-am-Wv. F-∂p-am-X-a-√G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp ]-¶m-fn-bp-sS A-]-Iz-am-bXo-cp-am-\-ßƒ a-‰p ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-°pw [-\-\-„wh-cp-Øn-h-bv-°m≥ C-S-bp-≠v. C-Xv kw-L¿-j-Øn¬ I-em-in-°m≥ Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

(iv) kp-ÿn-c-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏n-√m-bv-a[Lack of continuity]:

]-¶m-fn-bp-sS _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-∂p-≈ hn-c-an-°¬, a-c-Ww, ]m-∏-c-Øw, a-t\m-tcm-Kw Xp-S-ßn-b-h H-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- ns‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\ _m-[n-°p-∂p. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epwa-‰p ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-°v Xm-¬∏-cy-ap-s≠-¶n¬]p-Xn-b I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu

_n-kn-\- vv G-s‰-Sp-Øv Xp-S¿-∂v \-S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.(v) s]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ hn-izm-k-°p-d-hv

[Lack of public confidence]:

]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-h-cp-sS km-º-Øn-I hn-h-c-ßƒ ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂vH-cp \n-b-a-hpw A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂n-√. C-°m-c-W-Øm¬ s]m-Xp-P-\-Øn-\v ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿-∞ km-º-Øn-I A-h-ÿa-\- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-√. Cu A-h-ÿs]m-Xp-P-\-Øn-\v ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ hn-izm-kw Ip-d-bm≥ Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

2.4.1 hn-hn-[ X-cw ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ [Types of Partners]

]-¶m-fn-Ø I-cm-dn-s‚ kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®pw_n-kn-\- nep-≈ Xm¬-∏cy-a-\p-k-cn-®pw ]-¶m-fn-I-sf ]-e-X-c-Øn¬ hn`Pn°mw:(i) k-Po-h ]-¶m-fn [Active partner]: _n-kn-\- n-\v B-h-iy-am-b aq-e-[-\w sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw ssZ-\w-Zn-\ _n-kn-\- vv Im-cy-ß-fn¬k-Po-h-am-bn C-S-s]-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ ]-¶m-fn-sb k-Po-h ]-¶m-fn F-∂v hn-fn-°mw. C-Ø-cw ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \-S-Øn-∏v Im-cy-ß-fn¬ k-Po-h-am-bn C-S-s]-Sp-I-bpw em- \-„-ßƒ ]-¶n-s -Sp-°p-I-bpwsN-øm-dp-≠v. A-Xp-t]m-se -X-s∂ _n-kn-\- n\p-≈ _m-[y-X C-h-cp-sS D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ C-Ø-cw ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-WvH-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- ns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\w.]-h¿-Ø-\ ]-¶m-fn (working partner),\-S-Øn-∏v ]-¶m-fn (managing partner) F-∂ot]-cp-I-fn-epw C-h¿ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

(ii) kp-jp-]v-X ]-¶m-fn [Sleeping partner]:

ssZ-\w-Zn-\ _n-kn-\- vv ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-bm-fm-Wv kp-jp-]v-X ]-¶m-fnF-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F-¶n-epw C-t±-lw B-h-

44 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

iy-am-b aq-e-[-\w sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw em-`-\-„-ß-fn¬ ]-¶m-fn-bm-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w A-¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X-bv-°v D-Ø-c-hm-ZnbpwB-Wv. C-h-sc \n-jv -In-b ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ(Dormant Partner) F-∂pw hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

(iii) Kp-]v-X ]-¶m-fn [Secret partner]: a-‰pIm-cy-ß-fn-se-√mw k-Po-h ]-¶m-fn-sb-t∏m-se-bm-sW-¶n-epw s]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ-°v C-bm-fp-sSkm-∂n-[yw A-⁄m-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. A-t±-l-hpw_n-kn-\- n¬ ap-X¬ ap-S-°p-I-bpw em - \-„-ß-fn¬ `m-K- m-°m-hp-I-bpw ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø_m-[y-X-bv-°v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bm-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.(iv) \m-a-am-X ]-¶m-fn [Nominal partner]:

_n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-Øn-\m-bnH-cm-fp-sS t]-cpw ]-i-kv-Xn-bpw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-Wv C-Ø-cw ]-¶m-fn-I-sf Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≈-Xv. F-∂m¬ C-t±-lw ap-X¬-

ap-S-°p-I-tbm, _n-kn-\- vv Im-cy-ß-fn¬ C-S-s]-Sp-I-tbm sN-øp-∂n-√. C-t±-l-Øn-\v em- -hn-ln-X-Øn-\v A¿-l-X-bn-s√-¶n-epw ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ _m-[y-X-Iƒ-°v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bm-bncn-°pw.(v) A-\n-tj-[y ]-¶m-fn [Partner by estoppel]:

H-cmƒ X-s‚ ]-hr-Øn- sIm-t≠m hm-°p-IƒsIm-t≠m a-‰p-≈-h-sc Xm≥ H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ ]-¶m-fn-bm-sW-∂v sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-Ø-cw hy-‡n-sb A-\n-tj-[y]-¶m-fn-sb-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°mw. A-t±-l-waq-e-[-\w C-d-°pItbm, _n-kn-\- vv Im-cy-\n¿-∆-l-W-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-Itbm sNøp∂n-√.em- -\-„w ]-¶n-Sp-∂n-√. F-¶n-epw ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ _m-[y-X-Iƒ-°v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cn-°pw.Im-c-Ww s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS ap-ºn¬ C-t±-l-hpw ]-kv-Xp-X _n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-¶m-fn-bmWv.

hn-hn-[ X-cw ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ (Types of partners)

X-cw

k-Po-h ]-¶m-fn

kp-jp-]v-X ]-¶m-fn

Kp-]v-X (cl-ky)]-¶m-fn

\m-a-am-X ]-¶m-fn

A-\n-tj-[y ]-¶m-fn

]-Jym-]n-X ]-¶m-fn

aq-e-[-\\nt£]w

aq-e-[-\w ap-S-°p-∂p



aq-e-[-\w ap-S-°p-∂n-√



Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-Ww

]-¶m-fn-bm-Wv

]-¶m-fn-b-√

c-l-ky-am-bn]-¶m-fn-bm-Wv

]-¶m-fn-b-√

]-¶m-fn-b-√

]-¶m-fn-b-√

_m-[y-X

]-cn-[n-bn-√

]-cn-[n-bn-√

]-cn-[n-bn-√

]-cn-[n-bn-√

]-cn-[n-bn-√

]-cn-[n-bn-√

em- -\-„w ]-¶n-S¬

]-¶n-Sp-∂p

]-¶n-Sp-∂p

]-¶n-Sp-∂p

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn ]-¶n-Sp-∂n-√

]-¶n-Sp-∂n-√

]-¶n-Sp-∂n-√


i) km-[m-c-W ]-¶m-fn-Øw(General partnership)

ii) ¢n-]v-X ]-¶m-fn-Øw(Limited partnership)

Im-e-b-f-hn-s‚ A-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈X-cw-Xn-cn-°¬ :(i) b-tY-jvT-]-¶m-fn-Øw

[Partnership at will]:

]-¶m -fn -Ø I-cm -dn¬ _n -kn -\ - ns‚Im-em-h-[n Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-d-™n- n-s√-¶n¬ A-Ø-cw ]-¶m-fn-Ø-sØ b-tY-jvT ]-¶m-fn-ØwF-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂p. C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS Xm¬-∏cy-a-\p-k-cn-®v F-XIm-ew th-W-sa-¶n-epw \n-e-\n¬-°pw. F-t∏mƒth-W-sa-¶n-epw F-√m ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS-bpwk-Ω-X-tØm-sS C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-S-®p-]q-´p-hm≥ km-[n-°pw. G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp]-¶m-fn-°v _n-kn-\- n¬ Xp-S-cm≥ Xm¬∏cy-an-s√-¶n¬ B Im-cyw Im-Wn-®v ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v t\m- o-kv \¬-Inbpw ]-¶m-fn-Øw A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.(ii) \n-›n-X ]-¶m-fn-Øw

[Particular partnership]:

H-cp ]-tXy-I ]-≤-Xn \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p

]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ ]-¶m-fn (Minor partner)

]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv H-cp I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv F-∂ h-kv-Xp-X\-ap-°v A-dn-hp-≈-Xm-W-t√m. F-∂m¬ ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-Ø H-cmƒ-°v I-cm-dn-te¿-s∏-Sm≥\n-b-a-]-c-am-bn A-h-Im-i-an-s√-¶n-epw _n-kn-\- n-s‚ B-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ ssI-∏-‰p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠na-‰v ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS k-Ω-X-tØm-sS Abmsf _n-kn-\- n¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-Ø-cwkm-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ _m-[y-X X-s‚ ap-X¬-ap-S-°n-\v- Xp-ey-am-bn ¢n-]v-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.H-cp ssa-\¿ ]-¶m-fn-°v _n-kn-\- n-s‚ Im-cy-\n¿-∆-l-W-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°m-\m-hn-√. em-`w ]-¶n-Sm≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-¶n-epw \-„w k-ln-°p-hm≥ A-t±-l-tØm-Sv B-h-iy-s∏-Sm≥ I-gn-bn-√.A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Xm¬-]-cy -]-Im-cw B-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ I-W-°p-Iƒ ]-cn -tim-[n -°m≥A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v. ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-Ip-∂-tXm-sS A-t±-lw H-cp km-[m-c-W ]-¶m-fn-bp-sS ]-Z-hn-bn-te-°v D-b-cp-∂p.

(vi) ]-Jym-]n-X ]-¶m-fn[Partner by holding out]:

H-cp hy-‡n, H-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-Øn-se]-¶m-fn-bm-sW-∂v a-‰p-≈-h¿ ]-Jym-]n-°p-I-bpw ]-kv-Xp-X hn-h-cw A-t±-lw A-dn-™n-´pw \n-tj-[n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬A-t±-l-sØ ]-Jym-]n-X ]-¶m-fn-sb-∂v hn-fn-°mw. C-bm-fpw _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-I-tbm ap-X¬-ap-S-°p-I-tbm em- -\-„-ßƒ ]-¶n-Sp-I-tbm sN-øp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚_m-[y-X-Iƒ Xo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\v DØ-c-hm-ZnbmWv.

2.4.2 hn-hn-[-X-cw ]-¶m-fn-Øßƒ[Types of Partnerships]

]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- ns‚ Im-e-b-f-hn-s\A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n ]-¶m-fn-Ø-sØ c-≠m-bnXn-cn-°mw.i) b-tY-jvT -]-¶m-fn-Øw (Partnership at will)

ii) \n-›n-X ]-¶m-fn-Øw(Particular partnership)

]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS _m-[y-X-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- ns\ c≠mbn X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw.

46 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

th-≠n am-X-tam, H-cp \n-›n-X Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°v th-≠n-tbm cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-¶m-fn-Øÿm-]-\-ß-sf \n-›n-X ]-¶m-fn-Øw F-∂p-hn-fn-°mw. H-cp h¿-jw am-Xw \o-≠p \n¬-°p-∂ ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\w, H-cp ]m-ew]-Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vvF-∂n-h-sb-√mw D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. ]-≤-Xn]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-∂ ap-d-bv-°v A-Y-hm Im-em-h-[n ]q¿-Øn-bm-bn-°-gn-™m¬ Cu _n-kn-\- vv A-h-km-\n-°p-∂p._m-[y-X-bp-sS A-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn-ep -≈X-cw- Xn-cn-hv :(i ) km-[m -c -W ]-¶m -fn -Øw [General

Partnership]: km-[m-c-W ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS _m-[y-X ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø-Xpw Iq-´m-b-Xp-am-Wv. F-√m ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-°pw_n-kn-\- v am-t\-Pv -sa‚n¬ C-S-s]-Sm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw F-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w Hm-tcm ]-¶m-fn-bp-tS-bpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ _n-kn-\- ns\ H-∂m-sI-bpw a-‰p ]-¶m-fn-I-tf-bpw _m-[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n¿-_-‘-a-√.]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS a-c-Ww, am-\-kn-I-hn-`m-¥nXp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw Cu ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚\n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\ _m-[n-°pw.(ii) ¢n-]vX ]-¶m-fn-Øw [Limited Partnership]:

¢n-]vX ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fn¬

Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv H-cp ]-¶m-fn-sb-¶n-epw ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø _m-[y-X-bv-°v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bm-Wv.F-∂m¬ a-‰v ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS _m-[y-X ¢n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ¢n]v-X]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS a-c-W-tam ]-c-∏-c-Ø-tam aq-ew]n-cn-®p hn-tS-≠-Xn-√. ¢n-]v-X-]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-°vkm-[m-c-W-bm-bn am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v Im-cy-ß-fn¬]-s¶-Sp-°m≥ A-h-Im-i-an-s√-∂v am-X-a-√,C-h-cp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ a-‰p ]-¶m-fn-I-tf-bpw _m-[n-°m-dn-√. ¢n-]vX ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-tø-≠-Xv \n¿-_-‘-am-Wv.B-Zy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ C-¥y-bn¬ C-Ø-cw ¢n-]v-X ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ßƒ A-\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. 1991 se sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ßƒkw-_-‘n-® ]p-Xn-b \-bw \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv ¢n-]v-X -]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏- -Xv. km-[m-c-W ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS _m-[y-X ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬C-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- n¬ ap-X¬-ap-S-°m≥ X-øm-dm-hm-Xn-cp-∂-h-sc-°q-Sn Cu ta-J-e-bn-te-°v B-I¿-jn-°p-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bm-Wvk¿-°m¿ C-ß-s\-sbm-cp \-bw kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.

2.4.3 ]-¶m-fn-Ø ]-am-Ww [Partnership Deed]

s]m-Xp-hm-b e-£yw t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠nH-∂n-e-[n-Iw B-fp-Iƒ kz-ta-[-bm Iq-Sn-t®¿∂v

ss]kv hm´¿lukv Iqt∏gvkv Hcp ]¶mfnØ ÿm]\ambncp∂p[Price Waterhouse Coopers was a Partnership Firm earlier]

1998 ¬ ss]kv hm´¿lukv, sse_m≥Uv B‚ v Iq∏¿ F∂o Iº\nIfpsS eb\ØneqsStemIØnse G‰hpw anI® A°u≠≥kn ÿm]\ßfn¬ H∂mb ss]kv hm´¿lukvIqt∏gvkv \nehn¬ h∂p. 19- mw \q‰m≠nse tK‰v _n \nte°v XncnsIt∏mbm¬ c≠vÿm]\ßƒ°pw 150 h¿jw ]g°ap≈ NcnX]camb thcpIƒ ImWmw. 1850 ¬ kmaph¬temh¬ ss]kv e≠\n¬ Xs‚ A°u≠nwKv _nkn\ v Bcw n®p. 1865- ¬ hneyw F®v.tlmfnem≥Uv, FUzn≥ hmt´gvkv F∂nh¿ ]¶mfnIfmbn tN¿∂p. Iº\nbmbnhf¿∂t∏mƒ, s]m^jW¬ Ãm nse tbmKyXbp≈ AwKßsf°qSn ]¶mfnIfm°n.1800 IfpsS Ahkm\tØmsS ss]kv hm´¿lukv Hcp A°u≠nwKv ÿm]\ambnhfscb[nIw AwKoImcw t\Snbncp∂p.DdhnSw: sImfw_nb k¿hIemimebnse ss]kv hm´¿lukv Iqt∏gvkv Ncn-X-tc-J-Iƒ.


H-cp I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -am-W-t√m ]-¶m-fn-Ø_n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\-ßƒ. ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ X-Ωn¬`m-hn-bn¬ X¿-°-ß-fpw sX-‰n-≤m-c-W-I-fpwD -≠m-hm -Xn -cn -°m≥ hy -‡-am -b H -cpI-cm¿ Iq-Sn-tb- Xo-cq. F-∂m¬ Cu I-cm¿hm-°m-ep-≈-tXm F-gp-X-s∏-´-tXm B-hm-sa-¶n-epw, F-gp-X-s∏-´ I-cm-dp-Iƒ `m-hn-bn¬kp-K-a-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v k-lm-b-I-am-hpw. ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ Ir-Xy-am-b [m-c-W-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ I-cm¿ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]m-en-®p-sIm-≠v ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv\-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn F-gp-Xn X-øm-dm-°n-bI-cm-dn-s\ ]-¶m-fn-Ø ]-am-Ww F-∂p]-d-bp∂p.km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ hy-h-ÿ-IƒH-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø I-cm-dn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øpw:$ ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cv

$ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz-`m-h-hpw ÿm-]n-®n-cn-

°p-∂ ÿ-e-hpw

$ _n-kn-\- ns‚ Im-em-h-[n

$ Hm-tcm ]-¶m-fn-bp-sS-bpw ap-X¬-ap-S-°v

$ em- -\-„-ßƒ ]-¶p-h-bv-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ A-\p-

]m-Xw

$ ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS I¿-Ø-hy-ß-fpw D-Ø-c-hm-

Zn-Xz-ß-fpw

$ ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS i-º-f-hpw hy-‡n-K-X Bh-

iy-ßƒ-°m-bn ]n≥-h-en-°m-hp-∂ Xp-I-

bpsS ]-cn-[n-bpw

$ ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS ]-th-i-\w, hnc-an-°¬,

]p-d-Øm-°¬ F-∂n-h-sb kw-_-‘n-®

hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ

$ aq-e-[-\-Øn-\pw kz-Im-cy B-h-iy-ßƒ-

°m-bn ]n≥-h-en-°p-∂ Xp-Ibv-°p-ap-≈

]-en-i

$ ÿm-]-\w A-S-®p-]q-´p-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-

s∏´ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ

$ I-W-°p-Iƒ X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xpw A-h-bp-sS

]-cn-tim-[-\-sb-°p-dn-®p-ap-≈ (Hm-Un-‰v)

hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ

$ X¿-°-]-cn-lm-c hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ

2.4.4 c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ [Registration]

-cPn-kv-tS-j≥ F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cpw a-‰p-hn-h-c-ß-fpw]-¶m-fn-Ø c-Pn-kv-Sm-dp-sS c-Pn-Ã-dn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-ØpI F-∂-Xm-Wv. c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\kq-Nn-∏n-bv-°p-∂ A-Sn-ÿm-\ tc-J-bm-Wv.]-¶m-fn-Ø \n-b-a-]-Im-cw ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n¿-_-‘-a-√.F-∂m¬ c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-X ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°vH-t -sd t\- -ß-fp-≠v. c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \-S-Øm-Xn-cp-∂m-ep-≈ A-\-¥-c-^-e-ßƒ Xm-sgkq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p:a) c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-øm-Ø ÿm-]-\-Øn-se ]-¶m-

fn-°v ÿm-]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-tbm, a-s‰m-cp]-¶m-fn-s°-Xn-sc-tbm tI-kv sIm-Sp-°m≥I-gn-bn√.

b) ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v aq-∂mw- I-£n-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc tI-kv sIm-Sp-°m-\m-hn-√.

c) ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v kz-¥w ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc tI-kv sIm-Sp-°m-\m-hn-√.

ta¬-∏-d-™- hkvXp-X-Ifp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ H-cp ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\w c-Pn-Ã¿sN-tø-≠-Xn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X hy-‡-am-W-t√m.1932 se C-¥y≥ ]-¶m-fn-Ø \n-b-a-]-Im-cwc-Pn-Ã¿ sN-tø-≠-Xv A-Xm-Xp ÿ-e-sØ]-¶m-fn-Ø c-Pn-kv-Sm-dp-sS ap≥-]m-sI-bm-Wv.ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ cq-]o-I-c-W-k-a-b-tØm a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw L- -Øn-tem c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ B-hmw.c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \-S-]-SnI-a-ßƒ G-sXm-s°-sb-∂p t\m-°mw:

48 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

1.\n-›n-X A-t]-£m t^m-d-Øn¬ ]-¶m-

fnØ c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-

°pI. Cu A-t]-£-bn¬ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-

Imcy-ßƒ D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww:

a) ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cv

b) ÿm-]-\w ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ ÿ-ew

c) a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ _n-kn-\- vv

\-S-Øp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ A-Xn-s‚ hniZmw-

ißƒ

d) Hm-tcm ]-¶m-fn-bpw _n-kn-\- n¬ tN¿∂

Xo-b-Xn

e) ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS t]-cpw hn-em-k-hpw

f) _n-kn-\- ns‚ Im-em-h-[n

Cu A-t]-£-bn¬ F-√m ]-¶m-fn-I-fpw H-∏vh-®n-cn-°-Ww:2. \n-›n-X ô-kv c-Pn-kv-Sm-dp-sS ]-°¬

A-S-bv-°p-I.3. A-t]-£ ]-cn-tim-[n-®v t_m-[y-s∏- p-I-gn-

™m¬ Cu ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cv ]-¶m-fn-Ø c-Pn-Ã-dn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v \¬-Ip-I-bpwsN-øpw.

cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-am-Wv k-l-I-c-Wkw-L-ßƒ. a-‰p _n-kn-\- p-I-fn¬ \n-∂vhy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn a-[y-h¿-Øn-I-fp-sS Nq-j-W-Øn¬ \n-∂v tam-N-\w t\-Sp-I F-∂ e-£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv C-Ø-cw kw-L-ßƒ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. 1912-- se k-l-I-c-W \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-ø-Ww F-∂-Xv \n¿-_-‘-am-Wv. H-cp k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\vXm-c-X-tay-\ e-fn-X-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ am-X-ta-bp-≈q. ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-b 10 t]-sc-¶n-epw D-s≠-¶n¬ H-cp kw-Lw B-cw-`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-h-bp-sS aq-e-[-\w Aw-K-ßƒ°vHm-l-cn-Iƒ \¬-In-s°m-≠m-Wv k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. c-Pn-kv-tS-j-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn Cu ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn ]-tXy-I-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏p-≠m-Ipw.


k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-IƒF-s¥m-s°-sb-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw:(i) kz-ta-[-bm-ep-≈ Aw-K-Xzw

[Voluntary membership]:

k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fn¬ Aw-K-Xz-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv kz-¥w C-„-]-Im-c-am-Wv. C-°m-cy-Øn¬H-cm-sf-bpw \n¿-_-‘n-t°-≠ F-∂-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂ H-cmƒ-°v F-t∏mƒ th-W-sa-¶n-epwXs‚ Aw-K-Xzw b-Ym-hn-[n t\m- o-kv \¬-Inbti-jw D-t]-£n-°p-I-bp-am-Imw. k-l-I-c-W

""X-ß-fp-sS t£-a-Øn-\m-bn Ip-td-t∏¿ kz-ta-[-bm Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-am-Wv k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ''.

C. F-®v. Im¬-sh¿-´v

""k-l-I-c-W X-Xz-ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n kw-Lmw-K-ß-fp-sS km-º-Øn-I t£-aw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bncq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´ ÿm-]-\-am-Wv k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ''.

C-¥y≥ k-l-I-c-W \n-b-aw 1912

2.5 k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ[COOPERATIVE SOCIETY]

k-l-I-c-Ww F-∂ hm-°p-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv, s]m-Xp e-£yw t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-bn F-√m-h-cpw H-cp-an-®v ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv.X-ß-fp-sS t£-a-Øn-\m-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n Ip-td-t∏¿ kz-ta-[-bm Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v


kw-L-ß-fn-se Aw-K-Xzw F-√m-h¿-°pw H-cp-t]m-se e-`y-am-Wv. Pm-Xn, a-Xw, enw-KwF-∂n-h-sbm-∂pw C-Xn-s\m-cp X-S- -a-√.(ii) \n-b-a-]-c-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v [Legal status]:

k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fp-sS c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn \n¿-_-‘-am-Wv. c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\n-eq-sS k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ-°v \n-b-a-]-c-am-b hy-‡n-Xzw (\n-e-\n¬-∏v) D-≠m-Ip-∂p.A-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cw kw-L-ßƒ-°v kz-¥w t]-cn¬ I-cm-dn-te¿-s∏-Sm-\pw kz-Øv k-ºm-Zn-°m-\pw hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm-\pw km-[n-°pw. ]p-Xn-b Aw-K-ß-fp-sS h-c-hpw \n-ehn-ep-≈ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS ]n-cn-™p-t]m-°pw k-l-I-c -W-kw-L-ß-fp -sS \n -e-\n¬-∏n -s\_m-[n-°pIbn√.(iii) ¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X [Limited liability]:

k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fn-se Aw-K-ß-fp-sS_m-[y-X-bp-sS ]-cn-[n A-h-cp-sS ap-X¬-ap-S-°n-\v Xp-ey-am-bn ¢n-]v-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.B-b-Xn-\m¬ Hm-tcm Aw-K-hpw G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠_m-[y-X F-X-bm-sW-∂v A-h-c-h¿-°v ap≥-Iq- n A-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.(iv) \n-b-¥-Ww [Control]: k-l-I-c-Wkw-L-ß-fp-sS `-c-Ww \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xvam-t\-PnwKv I-Ωn-‰n-bm-Wv. Cu I-Ωn-‰n-bn-te-°v Aw-K-ß-sf Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv F-√m Aw-K-ß-sf-bpw ]-s¶-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ thm-s -Sp-∏n-eq-sS B-bn-cn-°pw. B-b-Xn-\m¬ k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ P-\m-[n-]-Xy co-Xn-bn-em-Wv \n-b-¥n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

(v) tk-h-\amWv e£yw [Service motive]:

k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\-e-£ywA-Xn-se Aw-K-ßƒ-°v tk-h-\w e- y-am-°pIF-∂-Xm-Wv. B-b-Xn-\m¬ em-`-tØ-°m-fp-]-cn ]-c-kv-]-c k-l-I-c-W-tØm-sS-bp-≈tk-h-\-Øn-\v ]m-ap-Jyw \¬-Ip-∂p. F-¶n-epw]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v D-≠m-Ip-∂ em-`w,

kw-L-Øn-s‚ \n-b-am-h-en-°-\p-kr-X-am-bnAw-K-ßƒ-°v hn-X-c-Ww sN-øpw.

ta-∑-Iƒ [Merits]

k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ X-ß-fp-sS Aw-K-ßƒ-°v H-t -sd t\- -ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øm-dp-≠v. A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-Xv Xm-sg- ]-d-bp-∂p:(i) Xp-ey-am-b thm-´-h-Im-iw [Equality in

voting rights]: H-cmƒ-°v H-cp thm-´v F-∂X-Xz-Øn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-bm-Wv k-l-I-c-Wkw-L-ß-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F-X Hm-l-cn-Iƒ D-s≠-¶n-epw H-cpAw-K-Øn-\p H-cp thm-´v am-X-ta D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bp-≈q. B-b-Xn-\m¬ F-√m-h¿-°pwXp-ey-am-b thm- -h-Im-i-am-Wp-≈-Xv.(ii) ¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X [Limited liability]:

k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fn-se Aw-K-ß-fp-sS_m-[y-X A-h-cp-sS ap-X¬-ap-S-°n-\v B-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn \n-P-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B-b-Xn-\m¬ A-h-cp-sS kz-Im-cy kz-Øv bm-sXm-cpIm-c-W-h-im-epw _n-kn-\- ns‚ I-S-ßƒ Xo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n- h-cp-∂n-√.(iii) ÿm-bn-bm-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v [Stable

existence]: Aw-K-ß-fp-sS a-c-Ww, ]m-∏-c-Øw,a-t\m-tcm-Kw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sbm-∂pw k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fp-sS \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\ _m-[n-°n-√.Aw-K-ßƒ am-dn-am-dn h-∂m-epw ÿm-]-\wF-s∂-∂pw \n-e-\n¬-°pw.(iv) Ip-d-™ ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hv [Economy

in operations]: k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fn-seAw-K-ßƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn kw-L-Øn-\vB-h-iy-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ ku-P-\y-am-bn \¬-Im-dp-≠v. a-[y-h¿-Øn-I-sf ]-c-am-h-[n H-gn-hm-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-s‚ e-£yw. A-tXm-sSm-∏w ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hv Np-cp-°m-\pw C-Xvk-lm-bn-°p-∂p. C-h-cp-sS D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fpwD¬-∏m-Z-I-cpw kw-L-Øn-se Aw-K-ßƒ- X-s∂-

50 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

bm-b-Xn-\m¬ In-´m-°-Sw t]m-ep-≈ \-„km-[y-X-I-fpw Ip-d-hm-Wv.(v) k¿-°m¿ k-lm-bw

[Support from government]:

P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ k¿-°m¿ G-P≥-kn-I-fp-sS k-lm-bw C-Ø-cw kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°ve-`y-am-Wv. \n-Ip-Xn B-\p-Iq-eyw, Ip-d-™]-en-i-\n-c-°v, k-_v-kn-Un Xp-S-ßnb km-º-Øn-I t]m-’m-l-\-ßƒ Nn-e D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.(vi) cq-]o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ F-fp-∏w [Ease of

formation]: tI-h-ew 10 Aw-K-ßƒ F-¶n-epwD-s≠-¶n¬ H-cp k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw B-cw-`n-°mw. c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \-S-]-SnI-a-ß-fpwh-f-sc e-fn-X-am-Wv. 1912 se k-l-I-c-W\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv C-h c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-tø-≠Xv.


k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bnt\cn-tS≠n hcp∂ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ F-s¥m-s°-bm-sW-∂v t\m-°mw:(i) hn- -h-ßƒ ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv

[Limited resources]:

k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fp-sS aq-e-[\ k-am-l-c-Ww Aw-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ip-d-™ \n-c-°n-ep-≈ em- -hn-ln-Xw \¬-Ip-∂-XvIq-Sp-X¬ \n-t£-]w \-S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n-∂v Aw-K-ß-sf ]n-¥n-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv aqew kw-L-ß-fp-sS aq-e-[-\ hn- -h-ti-jn ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.(ii) am-t\-Pv-sa‚n-ep-≈ Im-cy-£-a-X-°p-d-hv

[Inefficiency in management]: D-b¿-∂th-X-\w \¬-In an-Sp-°-cm-b am-t\-P¿-am-sc\n-b-an-°m-\p-≈ km-º-Øn-Im-h-ÿ F-√mk-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ-°pw D-≠m-h-W-sa-∂n-√. Aw-K-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂ ku-P-\y tk-h-

\w ssh-Z-Kv-[yw \n-d-™-Xm-hm≥ C-S-bn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ kw-L-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-Wti-jn Xp-temw Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw.

(iii) c-l-kyw kq-£n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-√[Lack of secrecy]:

AwK-ß-fpsS s]mXp-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ Xpd∂N¿® \S-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw kl-I-cW kwL-\nb-aw A\p-k-cn®p≈ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø¬_m[y-X-aq-ehpw CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS]h¿Ø-\-Im-cy -ß-fpsS cl-ky-ßƒImØp-kq-£n-°pI Gsd ]bm-k-I-c-am-Wv.

(iv) k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-Ww [Government control]:

k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ-°v ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈k¿-°m¿ k-lm-b-ßƒ e- y-am-sW-∂ -Im-cywap≥-]v kq-Nn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. A-Xn-\m¬ Nn-e k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw C-h¿-°v _m-[-I-am-Wv. Hm-Un-‰pw hm¿-jn-I I-W-°p-I-fp-sSk-a¿-∏-W-hp-sa-√mw Nn-e D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.Iq-Sm-sX k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈kw-ÿm-\ k-l-I-c-W h-Ip-∏n-s‚ C-S-s]-S¬]-e-t∏m-gpw C-h-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-kzm-X-¥y-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂p.(v) A- n-]m-b hy-Xym-kw

[Differences of opinion]:

kw-L-Øn-se Aw-K-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ A- n-]m-b `n-∂-X-I-fpw hy-‡n Xm¬-∏-cy-ß-fpwkz-P-\-]-£-]m-X-hpw kw-L-Øn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf ]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn _m-[n-°pw.

2.5.1 hn-hn-[-X-cw k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ[Types of Cooperative Societies]

]-h¿-Ø-\ kz- m-h-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬k-l-I-c-W- kw-L-ß-sf Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ XcwXn-cn-°mw:(i) D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W- kw-L-ßƒ[Consumer’s cooperative societies]: km-[m-


c-W-°m-cm-b D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bm-WvC-Ø-cw kw-L-ßƒ B-cw- n-°p-∂-Xv. a-[y-h¿-Øn-I-sf H-gn-hm-°n D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬- \n-t∂msam-Ø-°-®-h-S-°m-cn¬- \n-t∂m Ip-d-™\n-c-°n¬ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ D-¬∏∂-ßƒh-en-b-tXm-Xn¬ hm-ßn kw-L-Øn-se Aw-K-ßƒ-°v ]-c-am-h-[n Ip-d-™ hn-e-bn¬ hn¬-°p-Ibm-Wv Cu kw-cw-`-ßƒ sN-øp-∂-Xv.C-Xn¬ F-s¥-¶n-epw em- w D-≠m-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Aw-K-ß-fp -sS ap -X¬-ap -S -°n -s‚A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-tem D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßn-b-

s°-Xn-sc t]m-cm-Sp-I-bpw sN-dp-In-S D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS hn-e-t]-i¬ ti-jn D-b¿-Øp-I-bpwA-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°-tfm-sSm-∏w D-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw a-‰v B-h-iy-am-b h-kv-Xp-°-fpw hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-I-bpw, Aw-K-ß-fp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒhm-ßp-I-bpw C-h-bp-sS ]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. C-h¿-°v e-`y-am-Ip-∂ em-`w Aw-K-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-®p-\¬-In-b D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sSA-f-hn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-tem A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hm-ßn-b-Xn-s‚ A-\p-]m-X-Øn-tem hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂p.

A-aq¬ k-l-I-c-W-ta-J-e-bn-se A-¤p-Xw!

(Amul's amazing Cooperative ventures!)

Zn-\w-]-Xn 4.5 e-£w en-‰¿ ]m¬ kw- -c-Ww, 2.12 Z-i-e-£w £ocI¿-j-I¿ (`q-cn- m-K-hpw

\n-c-£-c¿), C-h-cp-sS ITn-\m-[zm-\-Øn-eq-sS, ]-i-kv-X-am-b "A-aq¬' F-∂ _m≥-Uv

\m-a-Øn¬ ]m-epw ]m-ep¬-]-∂-ß-fpw, B-sI hn-‰p-h-c-hv Zn-h-kw- tXm-dpw 6 tIm-Sn -cq-],

A-©p-e-£-tØm-fw sN-dp-In-S hn-ev-]-\ tI-µ-ßƒ. C-Xn-s\-√mw Xp-S-°w 1946 Un-kw-_-

dn¬ Kp-P-dm-Øn-se B-\-µv F-∂ Km-a-Øn¬ B-cw- n-® A-aq¬ ]m¬ k-l-I-c-W kw-Lw

F-∂ ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ h-c-hmWv. A-aq¬ C-∂v tem-I-sa-ºm-Spw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ _m≥Uv

B-bn am-dn-°-gn-™p. C-h¿ ]m¬, ]m¬-s∏m-Sn, sh-Æ, s\-øv, sF-kv-Iow, A-aq-ey,

\yp-S-aq¬ F-∂n-h-tbm-sSm-∏w ]m-N-I F-Æ, an-\-d¬ hm-´¿ Xp-S-ßn-b D-Xv-]-∂-ß-fpw

D-Xv-]m-Zn-∏n-®v hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂p.

Xns‚ A-\p-]m-X-Øn-tem ho-Xw- sh-®p \¬-Ip∂p.

(ii) D¬-∏m-Z-I- k-l-I-c-W -kw-L-ßƒ[Producer’s cooperative societies]: sN-dp-In-SD¬-∏m-Z-I-sc k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bmWv C-Ø-cw kw-L-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Aw-K-ß-sf-√m-h-cpw sN-dp-In-S D¬-∏m-Z-I-cm-bn-cn-°pw. A-h¿-°m-h-iy-am-b A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ ti-J-cn-®v Ip-d-™ -hn-e-bn¬ e- y-am-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv Cu kw-L-ß-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\- e-£yw. Ip-Ø-I i-‡n-Iƒ-

(iii) hn-]-W-\ k-l-I-c-W -kw-L-ßƒ[Marketing cooperative societies]:

sN-dp-In-S D¬-∏m-Z-I-sc D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn¬ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n-bm-WvC-Ø-cw kw-L-ßƒ \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. X-ß-fp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v D-b¿-∂ hn-e e-`n-°-W-sa-∂v B-K-ln-°p-∂ G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw Cukw-L-Øn-se Aw-K-am-hmw. C-S-\n-e-°m-scH-gn-hm-°n sN-dp-In-S D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ti-J-cn-®v sam-Ø-am-bn hn-]-Wn-bn¬F-Øn-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b K-Xm-K-X

52 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ku-I-cy-ßƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw kw- -c-Wku-I-cy-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-I-bpw ]m-bv-°n-ßn¬ k-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏whn-]-Wn-bn-se D-b¿-∂-hn-e t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p-≈ i-a-ßƒ \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. kwL-Øn-s‚ em- w Hm-tcm Aw-K-hpw \¬-Ip-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS A-f-hn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ho-Xn-®p \¬-Ip-∂-Xpw C-h-bp-sS ]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.(iv) I¿-j-I k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ

[Farmer’s cooperative societies]:

C-Ø-cw kw-L-ßƒ ]-[m-\-am-bpw I¿-j-I-cp-sS Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn\n-e-sIm-≈p-∂p. I¿-j-I-cm-Wv C-Xn-seAw-K-ßƒ. Im¿-jn-Im-h-iy-ßƒ-°p-≈ Akw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, hn-Øv, h-fw, b¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, \q-X-\ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h e-`y-am-°p-I-bm-Wv C-h-cp-sS e£yw.Iq- p-Ir-jn k-º-Zm-b-sØ t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap≥-K-W-\ \¬-Im-dp-≠v. I¿-j-I¿-°v D-b¿-∂ tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hn-f-hv e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b k-lm-b-ßƒ sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w Xp-≠v -IjW-ß-fm-b `q-an-bn¬Ir-jn sN-øp-tºmƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒe-Lq-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw C-Ø-cw kw-L-ßƒi-≤n-°m-dp≠v.(v) hm-bv-]m k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ

[Credit cooperative societies]:

Ip-d-™ ]-eni \n-c-°n-epw e-fn-X-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw B-h-iy-°m¿-°v hm-bv-]-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bm-Wv hm-bv-]mk-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°-p-∂-Xv.

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn hm-bv-] e-`n-°-W-sa-∂vB-K-ln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv Cu kw-L-Øn¬ Aw-K-am-bn tN-cp-∂-Xv. Aw-K-ß-fp-sS ap-X¬-ap-S-°pw a-‰v \n-t£-]-ß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv hm-bv-]-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv. A-Xn-eq-sS sIm-≈-∏-en-i-°m-cn¬-\n-∂pw a-‰v ]-W-an-S-]m-Sv Nq-j-I-cn¬ \n-∂pw Aw-K-ß-sf kw-c-£n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.(vi) `-h-\ \n¿-Ωm-W k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ [Cooperative housing societies]

Ip-d-™ h-cp-am-\-°m-cm-b-h¿-°v \ym-b-am-bsN-e-hn¬ ho-Sp-Iƒ \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xn-\v B-h-iy-am-b k-lm-b-ßƒ sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv -h-\ \n¿-Ωm-W kw-L-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p∂Xv. Ip-d-™ sN-e-hn¬ H-cp ho-Svkz-¥-am-°-Ww F-∂v B-K-ln-°p-∂-h-cm-WvC-Xn-se Aw-K-ßƒ. Aw-K-ß-fm-b-h¿-°vX-h-W hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ ho-Sv \n¿-Ωn-°m≥B-h-iy-am-b ku-I-cy-ß-fpw C-h¿ H-cp-°nsIm-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. sI-ń-S k-ap-®-b-ßƒ \n¿-an-®pw ho-Sv \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-am-b ÿ-e-ku-I-cy-ßƒ H-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-Øpw C-h¿Aw-K-ßƒ-°v B-h-iy-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p.

2.6 tPm-bn‚v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n[JOINT STOCK COMPANY]

H-cp _n-kn-\- vv \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n H-cp-Iq- w hy-‡n-Iƒ kz-ta-[-bm H-Øp-tN¿-∂v cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂ kw-cw-`-sØ tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-sb-∂p- hn-fn-°mw. C-Xn-\v Aw-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v th-dn-´ hy-‡n-Xzw D-≠v. C-Ø-cw

""H-cp-Iq-´w hy-‡n-Iƒ kz-ta-[-bm Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v em-`w ]-¶p-sh-®pw aq-e-[-\w Hm-l-cn-I-fm-bn \n-t£-]n-®pwDS-a-ÿ-cm-bn h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-sØ tPm-bn‚v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n F-∂p- hn-fn-°mw"".

s]m- : lm-s\


ÿm-]-\-ß-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv 1956 seC-¥y≥ I-º-\n \n-b-a-am-Wv. Ir-Xn-ahy-‡n-Xz-hpw ÿm-bn-bm-b \n-e-\n¬-∏pwAw-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw th-dn-´ A-ÿn-Xz-hpws]m-Xp ap-Z-bpw tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fm-Wv H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS b-Ym¿-∞ D-S-a-ÿ-¿. F-∂m¬ -c-W-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\m-bn H-cp am-t\-Pnw-Kv I-Ωn-‰n-sb Aw-K-ß-fpsS thm-s´-Sp-∏n-eq-sS Xn-c-s™-Sp-ØvNp-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sSB-sI aq-e-[-\-sØ Xp-ey- m-K-ß-fm-bn m-Kn-®-Xn¬ H-cp `m-K-sØ-bm-Wv Hm-l-cn (share)F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Hm-l-cn-Iƒ H-cm-fn¬\n-∂v a-s‰m-cm-fn-te-°v ssI-am-‰w sN-øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv (kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-IfpsS HmlcnssIam-‰-Øn\v \n_-‘-\-I-fp-≠v).


tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmsg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.(i) Ir-Xn-a hy-‡n-Xzw [Artificial person]:

\n-b-aw-aq-ew kr-„n-°-s∏-´ _n-kn-\- vkw-cw- -am-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°vI-º-\n-sb Ir-Xn-a hy-‡n-Xzw F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. H-cp km-[m-c-W a-\p-jy-s\-t∏m-seI-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw kz-¥-am-bn kz-Øv ssI-h-iwh-bv-°p-hm-\pw [-\-k-ºm-Z-\w \-S-Øp-hm-\pw,I-cm-dp-I-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-hm-\pw hm-bv-]-Iƒkzo-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp -hm-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v. F-∂m¬b-Ym¿∞ a-\p-jy-sc-t∏m-se iz-kn-°p-hm-t\m-£-Ww I-gn-°m-t\m Hm-Sm-t\m \-S-°m-t\m

I-gn-bm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ A-h-sb Ir-Xn-a hy-‡nF-∂p hn-fn-°mw.

(ii) \n-b-a-]-c-am-b ]-tXy-I \n-e-\n¬∏v[Separate legal entity]: c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ ap-X¬-

X-s∂ H-cp I-º-\n-°v Aw-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂vth-dn- \n-b-a-]-c-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v e- n-°p-∂p.B-b-Xn-\m¬ H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS B-kv-Xn-I-fpw_m-[y-X-I-fpw Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-tS-Xn¬- \n-∂vth-dn- v \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂p.

(iii) cq-]o-I-c-Ww [Formation]: I-º-\ncq-]o-I-c-Ww h-f-sc k-a-b-ta-dn-b-Xpw sN-e-hp-≈-Xpw k-¶o¿-W-hp-am-b ]-In-b-bm-Wv.C-Xn-\m-bn \n-b-aw A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ H- -t\Iw]-am-W-ßƒ X-øm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. 1956 seIº-\n \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v H-cp tPm-bn‚ vkv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw c-Pn-Ã¿sN-bv-Xn-cn-°-Ww.

(iv) ÿm-bn-bm-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v [Perpetual

succession]: \n-b-aw- aq-ew cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b H-cpI-º-\n-bp-sS A-S-®p-]q-´-epw \n-b-a-]-Im-cwamX-ta km-[y-am-Iq. I-º-\n \n-b-aw A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fn-eq-sS am-X-ta H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS _n-kn-\- vv Ah-km--\n-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bq. C-Xn-se Aw-K--ßƒam-dn-am-dn h-t∂-°m-sa-¶n-epw AsXm-∂pwI-º-\n-bp-sS \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\ _m-[n-°p-∂n-√.(v) \n-b-¥-Ww [Control]: I-º-\n-I-fp-sS-c-Ww \-S-Øm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw Hm-l-cn D-S-

a-I-fm¬ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂ U-b-d-Œ¿t_m¿-Un-s‚ I-c-ß-fn-em-Wv. A-h-sc k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn tbm-Ky-cm-b am-t\-P¿-am-sc\n-b-an-°p-∂-Xpw -c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xpw U-b-d-Œ¿ t_m¿-Un-se Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. B-b-Xn-\m¬ F-√m Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ-°pw -c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn-epw ssZ-\w-Zn-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw C-S-s]-Sm≥ I-gn-bm-dn-√.(vi) _m-[y-X [Liability]: Aw-K-ß-fp-sS_m[y-X A-h-cp-sS Hm-l-cn-bn-ep-≈ \n-t£-]-Øn-s‚ ap-J-hn-e h-sc-bp-≈ Xp-I-bv-°v kam-\-am-bn \n-P-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. I-º-\n-bp-sS I-S-_m-[y-X-Iƒ Xo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn

54 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

I-º-\n-bp-sS B-kv-Xn-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂-√m-sX Aw-K-ß-fp-sS kz-Im-cy B-kv-Xn-IƒD-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ I-gn-bn-√. I-º-\n-°v D-≠m-Ip-∂ \-„w \n-I-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn Hm-l-cn D-S-a-IƒA-h-cp-sS Hm-l-cn-I-fn-t∑¬ A-S-bv-°m-\p-≈_m-°n-Xp-I D-s≠-¶n¬ A-Xp am-X-ta sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≈q. D-Zm-l-c-Ww: io A-£bvH-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS 10 cq] hne-bp≈ 2000

Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-I-bpw \m-fn-Xp-h-scG-gp -cq-] A-S-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp-sh-¶n¬,C-\n-bp-≈ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ _m-[y-X tI-h-ew 6000 cq-] (2000 x 3) am-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.(vii) s]m-Xp ap-Z [Common seal]: tPm-bn‚ vkv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n H-cp Ir-Xn-a hy-‡n Bb-Xn-\m¬ A-Xn-s‚ U-b-d-Œ¿ t_m¿-Un-seAw-K-ß-fm-Wv I-cm-dp-I-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv.

hn-P-b-°p-Xn-∏p-am-bn Sm-‰m Kq-∏v I-º-\n-Iƒ(From Strength to Strength – Tata Group of Companies)

hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I cw-K-Øpw hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b cw-K-ß-fn-epw F≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-wKv, tk-h-\-ta-J-e, Du¿-÷w, D-]-t`m-‡r D¬∏-∂-ßƒ, cm-k-]-Zm¿-∞- \n¿-am-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b \nc-h[ncw-K-ß-fnepw X-\-Xm-b ÿm-\w \n-e-\n¿-Øns°m-≠v 91 I-º-\n-I-fp-am-bn ssP-X-bm-XXp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv Sm-‰m Kq-∏v I-º-\n-Iƒ.

19 -mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ PmwjUv-Pn Sm-‰ Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® Sm-‰ Kq-∏v C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-bI-º-\n-bm-Wv F-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w A-h-cp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \m-¬∏tXm-fw tem-I cm-„-ß-fn-te-°v Iq-Sn hym-]n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Sm-‰ Kq-∏v ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂ aq-ey-ßƒ :

1. k-Xy-k-‘-X (Integrity): -[m¿-Ωn-I-X-bpw k-Xy-k-‘-X-bpw ssI-hn-Sm-sX-bm-h-WwHm-tcm _n-kn-\-kv kw-cw- -hpw \-S-tØ-≠-Xv.

2. [m-c-W (Understanding): k-l-]-h¿-Ø-I-tc-bpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tf-bpw a-\- n-em-°p-I-bpw A-h-tcm-Sv am-\y-am-bpw _-lp-am-\-tØm-sS-bpw a-\p-jy-Xz-]-c-am-bpw s]-cp-am-dpIbpw thWw.

3. ta-∑ (Excellence): \¬-Ip-∂ D¬-∏-∂-hpw tk-h-\-hpw D-b¿-∂ \n-e-hm-cw ]p-e¿-Ø-Ww F-∂v D-d-® Xo-cp-am-\w D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

4. H-sØm-cp-a (Unity): ]-c-kv-]-c k-l-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bpw £-am-io-e-Øn-eq-sS-bpwk-l-]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-am-bpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bpw Du-jv-a-f-am-b _-‘w ÿm-]n-°p-I.

5. D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw (Responsibility): Hm-tcm _n-kn-\- pw X-ß-fp-sS k-aq-l-tØm-Spw]-Ir-Xn-tbm-Spw C-W-ßn-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ am-X-ta C-S-s]-Sm-hq. H-cp _n-kn-\-kn-\v e- n-°p-∂-sX-√mw k-aq-l-Øn¬ \n-∂m-b-Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xn-te-sd Xn-cn-sI sIm-Sp-°m-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v F-∂ Im-cyw hn-kv-a-cn-°-cp-Xv.


Cu I-cm-dp-I-fp-sS km-[p-X D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn I-º-\n-bp-sS t]-tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b s]m-Xpap-Z H-∏m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Cu s]m-Xp-ap-Z ]-Xn-°m-Ø H-cp I-cm-dn¬ I-º-\n-°v bm-sXm-cp D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hpw D-≠m-bn-cn-°n-√. 2013se Iº\n \nb-aØn¬ 2015 ¬ hcp-Ønbt`Z-KXn A\p-k-cn®v Hcp tPmbn‚ v tÃm°vIº-\nbv°v s]mXp-apZ thW-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-an√.(viii) \-„w k-ln-°¬ [Risk bearing]:

H-cp tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-bp-sS I-S-_m-[y-X-Iƒ Gs‰Sp°p-∂-Xv A-Xn-s‚ F-√mHm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fpw tN¿-∂m-b-Xn-\m¬ Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cp-sS-bpw \-„w h-f-sc sN-dp-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.A-Xv A-h-cp-sS Hm-l-cn ap-J-hn-e-bv-°vA-∏p-d-tØ-°v t]m-hp-I-bp-an-√. F-∂m¬ H-cpG-Imw-K hym-]m-c-am-sW-¶n¬ F-√mw \-„-hpwH-cmƒ -X-s∂ k-ln-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Kp-W-ßƒ [Merits]

I-º-\n kw-cw- -ßƒ-°v a-‰v _n-kn-\- p-I-sf-°mƒ \nc-h[n ta-∑-I-fp-≠v. A-h-bn¬Nn-e-Xv Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p:(i) ¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X [Limited liability]:

Hm-tcm Hm-l-cn D-S-a-bp-tS-bpw _m-[y-X A-t±lwhm-ßn-bn- p-≈ Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS ap-J-hn-e-bn¬A-Sbv°m≥ _m-°n-bp-≈ Xp-I-bv-°v Xp-ey-am-bn \n-P-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn -°p-∂-Xn-\m¬Aw-K-ß-fp-sS kz-Im-cy kz-Øn-s\ I-º-\n-bp-sS _m-[y-X-Iƒ _m-[n-°p-∂n-√. A-Xn-\m¬I-º-\n-bp-sS A-S-®p-]q- -en-eq-sS Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v Im-cy-am-b \-„w kw- -hn-°m-\n-S-bn-√.(ii) D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ssI-am-‰w [Transfer of

interest]: H-cp ]-ªn-Iv I-º-\n-bp-sS Hm-l-cn-Iƒ b-tY-„w ssI-am-‰w sN-øm-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬Hm-l-cn D-S-a-bv-°v F-t∏mƒ th-W-sa-¶n-epwX-s‚ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v ssI-am-dn-s°m-≠v ]-W-am-°n am-‰m≥ km-[n-°p-∂p.

C-Xv Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-t£-]-I-sc I-º-\n-bp-sSHm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fm-hm≥ t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.F-∂m¬ kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-Ifn¬ Nn-e \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-bn am-X-ta D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw ssI-am-dm≥ km-[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.(iii) ÿm-bn-bm-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v [Perpetual

existence]: Aw-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v th-dn-´v \n-e-\n¬-∏p-≈-Xn-\m¬, H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS Aw-K-ß-fp-sS a-c-Ww, ]m-∏-c-Øw, ]n-cn-™p-t]m-I¬, a-t\m-tcm-Kw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sbm-∂pw-X-s∂ ]-kv-Xp-X I-º-\n-bp-sS \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\_m-[n-°p-∂n-√. H-cp I-º-\n-bn-se ap-gp-h≥Aw-K-ß-fpw a-cn-®p-t]m-bm¬ t]m-epw ]-kv-Xp-X I-º-\n \n-e-\n¬-°p-sa-∂-Xv hm-kv-X-h-am-Wv. H-cp I-º-\n A-S-®p-]q-´-W-sa-¶n¬I-º-\n \n-b-a-]-Im-c-ap-≈ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ]m-en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.(iv) hn-]p-eo-I-c-W km-[y-X [Scope for

expansion]: G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-ß-fp-am-tbm]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ß-fp-am-tbmXm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ H-cp I-º-\n-°vh-f-sc-tb-sd km-º-Øn-I hn-`-h-ßƒ k-am-l-cn-°p-hm≥ km-[n-°p-∂p. ¢n-]v-X-_m-[y-X-bpw Hm-l-cn ssI-am-‰-hpw t]m-ep-≈ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ \n-t£-]-I-sc I-º-\n-bn¬ ap-X¬ap-S-°p-hm≥ t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. A-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n kw-cw- -ßƒ-°v h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ aq-e-[-\wk-am-l-cn-°p-hm-\pw A-Xp-h-gn _n-kn-\- vvhn-]p-eo-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw km-[n-°p-∂p.(v) hn-Z-Kv-[ am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v [Professional

management]: D-b¿-∂ ]-Xn-^-ew \¬-In]-K¬- -cm-b am-t\-P¿-am-sc \n-b-an-°p-hm≥ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v km-[n-°p-∂p. X-∑q-ew I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v \-√ ]-h¿-Ø-\w Im-gv-N-h-bv-°m-\pwD-b¿-∂ em- w t\-Sm-\pw I-gn-bp-∂p. h≥-In-S_n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -am-b-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n-I-fn¬sXm-gn¬-hn- -P-\w km-[y-am-Wv. B-b-Xn-\m¬

56 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Xqen-I-bmWv ]S-hm-fn-s\-°mƒ alØcw [Pen is mightier than the Sword: ]

eIvk¿ ssd‰nwKv C≥kvSpsa‚ v ss]h‰v enan‰Uns‚ A\p`hIY[The Case of Luxor Writing Instruments Pvt. Ltd.]

1963 ¬ BKlßfpw ITn\m[zm\hpw ssIapXembp≈ Hcp bphmhv, (Davinder Kumar Jain) 5,000cq] apS°papXepambn FgpØp]IcW cwKØv Hcp ]pXpbpKØ\v Bcw`w Ipdn®p.sNdp]mbØn¬Øs∂, 19-˛-mw hb n¬ At±lw U¬lnbnse kZ¿ _kmdn¬ ssIsI≠vt]\bp≠m°p∂ Hcp sNdnb AkwªnwKv tjm∏v Bcw`n®p. AhnsS At±lw eIvk¿ ssd‰nMvC≥kvSpsa‚ vkv ss]h‰v enan‰Uv (LWIPL) F∂ t]cn¬ û≠≥ t]\ \n¿ΩmWw XpSßn.

XpS¿®bmbn aq∂v h¿j°mew Ascbpw sImXn∏n°p∂ '\º¿ h¨ ssd‰nMv C≥kvSpsa‚ vFIvkvt]m¿´¿' Ahm¿Uv InńbtXmSpIqSn ss]e‰v, t]∏¿ta‰v, ]m¿°¿, hm´¿am≥ F∂o \mepA¥mcm„ _m≥UpIƒ C≥Uybn¬ \n¿Ωn°p∂Xn\pw hnXcWw sNøp∂Xn\pap≈ AhImiweIvk¿ ssd‰nwKv C≥kvSpsa‚ vkv ss]h‰v enan‰Un\v amXambn e`n®p.

C∂v eIvk¿ ssd‰nwKv C≥kvSpsa‚ vkv ss]h‰v enan‰Uv 500 tImSn cq]bne[nIw hn‰phchpambnhn]WnbpsS 20% ¬ IqSpX¬ hnlnXhpambn ap∂nemWv. C∂v C¥ybn¬ ap≥\ncbnse t]\D¬∏mZIcpw Ib‰paXn°mcpw eIvk¿ BWv. \nehn¬ D¬]mZ\Øns‚ 15 iXam\hpw Ib‰paXnsNøp∂p≠v. \nehn¬ U¬lnbn¬ \mepw apwss_bn¬ aq∂pw \n¿ΩmWimeIƒ D≠v.BbnctØmfw t]¿°v sXmgn¬ \¬Ip∂p. hnhn[ Bhiyßƒ°p≈ sshhn[yam¿∂ t]\IƒhnXcWw sNbvXpsIm≠v am¿°‰ns‚ an° taJeIfnepw apt∂‰w XpScp∂p.

tkmX v : http://www.luxorparker.com

Hm-tcm hn- m-K-Øn-epw A-Xm-Xv ta-J-e-bn-se]m-ho-Wy-ap-≈-h-sc \n-b-an-°p-hm≥ I-º-\n-°v km-[n-°pw. ]-K¬-`-cm-b am-t\-P¿-am-cp-sS ta¬-t\m- -Øn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ hn- m-K-ßƒ-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fn-eq-sS D-b¿-∂ Im-cy-£-a-X ssI-h-cn-°m≥I-gn-bp-∂p.


tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-I-fp-sS ]-[m-\t]m-cm-bv-a-Iƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p:(i) cq -]o -I -c -W-Øn -se k-¶o¿ -Æ-X[Complexity in formation]: I-º-\n cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`w B-cw-`n-°p-hm≥H-t´-sd \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ ]m-en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.A-Xn-\v h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw k-a-b-hpw ]-b-Xv-\-hpwB-h-iy-am-Wv. a-‰v _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-ß-fm-b G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-hpw ]-¶m-fn-Ø-_n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ß-fp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-Ww h-f-sc k-¶o¿-Æ-am-sW-∂p ]-d-bmw.

(ii) c-l-kyw kq-£n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-√[Lack of secrecy]: I-º-\n \n-b-a-]-Im-cwIm-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ I-º-\n-sb kw-_-‘n-®hn-h-c-ß-sf-√mw I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm-sd A-dn-bn-°-W-sa-∂p-≠v. Cu hn-h-c-ßƒ ]-e-Xpws]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ-°pw e- y-am-Ip-∂p. A-Xn-\m¬c-l-ky-kz-`m-hw \n-e-\n¿-Øp-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂n√.(iii) hy-‡n ku-lr-Z-]-c-a-√m-Ø

sXm-gn¬-km-l-N-cyw[Impersonal work environment]:

D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-hpw am-t\-Pp-sa‚pw c-≠v hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS ssI-h-i-am-I-bm¬ _n-kn-\- ns‚ hn-P-b-Øn-\m-bn am-t\-P¿-am-cp-tS-bpwA-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-tS-bpw m-K-Øp- \n-∂v th-≠XC-S-s]-S-tem ]-b-Xv-\-tam D-≠m-h-W-sa-∂n-√.am-X-hp-a-√ h≥-In-S ÿm-]-\-am-b-Xn-\m¬Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°pw am-t\-Pv-sa‚n-\pw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-am-tbm D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-tbmsI-Un-t‰-gv-kp-am-tbm hy-‡n-]-c-am-b _-‘wÿm-]n-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bp-Ibn√.


(iv) \n-c-h-[n \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ [Numerous

regulations]: I-º-\n-I-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ\n-c-h-[n \n-b-a-ßƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-Wv. Cu\n-b-a-ßƒ A-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ I-W-°v ]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fpw dn-t∏m¿-´v X-øm-dm-°-epw hn-hn-[tc-J-Iƒ c-Pn-kv-Sm-dn¬ \n-∂pw sk-_n (SEBI-

Securities and Exchange Board of India)bn¬\n-∂pw kw-L-Sn-∏n-°-ep-sa-√mw h-f-sc ]-bm-k-ta-dn-b Im-cy-ß-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n-bp-sS]-h¿-Ø-\-kzm-X-¥yw \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.(v) Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p-≈ Im-e-Xm-a-kw[Delay in decision making]: P-\m-[n-]-Xyco-Xn-bn¬ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ t_m¿-UvHm- v U-b-d-tŒ-gv-km-Wv I-º-\n-bp-sS -c-Ww\n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xn-\m¬ G-sXm-cp Xo-cp-

`m-c-Xv sl-hn C-e-Œn-°¬-kv en-an-‰-Uv H-cp s]m-XpI-º-\n-bp-sS Kp-W-ta-∑m bm-X(Bharath Heavy Eletcricals Limited – A Public Company's Journey in Quality)

C-¥y-bn-se ap≥-\n-c s]m-XpI-º-\n-I-fn¬ H-∂m-b "s`¬' (BHEL) I-gn-™ 40 h¿-j-ß-fmbn Du¿-t÷m¬-∏m-Z-\ cw-K-Øv B-h-iy-am-b D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn¬ hym-]r-X-cm-Wv .

Du¿-÷ D-¬]m-Z-\w, hn-X-c-Ww, K-Xm-K-Xw, hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bw Xp-S-ßn-b ta-J-e-Iƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b 180 ¬ A-[n-Iw D¬-∏∂-ß-fp-am-bn C-¥y≥ km-º-Øn-I hy-h-ÿ-bv-°v H-cp s\-Spw-Xq-Wm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p. s`¬ At\-Iw Kp-W-ta-∑m A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v.ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001 Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-Xn¬ NneXm-Wv .

s -√ns‚ ]-[m-\ i-‡n A-h-cp-sS 43,500 ¬ A-[n-Iw h-cp-∂ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv. Hm-tcm sXm-gn-em-fn-°pw kz-bw hn-I-kn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-k-c-ßƒ \¬-In-s°m-≠m-Wv Cu ÿm-]-\-Øns‚]-h¿-Ø-\w ap-t∂m- v t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. A-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b ]-cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\m-¥-co-£-hpw H-cp-°m≥ am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v k-Zm Pm-K-cq-I-cm-Wv. A-Xn-eq-sS "s`¬'D-b¿-∂ D-¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw Kp-W-ta-∑-bpw C-∂pw \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂p.

Iº-\n-bpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS aqey-h¿≤-\hv e£y-am°n ]h¿Øn-°p∂ "s`¬'hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂Xv temtIm-Øc F©n-\n-b-dnwKv ÿm]-\-ambn hf-cp-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv.-cm-Py-Øns‚ ]Xo-£-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v, BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ it≤-b-amb ÿm\w t\Sm-\p≈ ia-ß-fp-ambn Iº\n ap≥t]m´v IpXn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ah-ew_w : s`¬ sh_vssk‰v

am-\-hpw hn-hn-[ X-e-Øn-ep-≈ am-t\-Pv-sa‚p-I-fp-sS (D-∂-X-X-ew, a-[y-X-ew, Xm-gv-∂-X-ew) A-dn-thm-Spw Aw-Ko-Im-c-tØm-Spw-Iq-Sn am-X-ta km-[y-am-hq F-∂-Xn-\m¬Im-e-Xm-a-kw D-≠m-hm-\n-S-bp-≠v.

(vi) Np-cp-°w t]¿ tN¿-∂p-≈ `-c-Ww[Oligarchic management]:X-Xz-Øn¬ H-cpI-º-\n-bp-sS -c-Ww P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-sW-¶n-epw b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ `-c-W-\n¿-∆-l-Ww\-S-Øp-∂-Xv U-b-d-Œ¿-am-cm-Wv. h-f-sc-b-[n-IwHm-l-cn-I-fp-≈ h≥-In-S ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬`qcn-]£w Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°pw -c-W Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Im-cy-am-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øm≥I-gn-bm-dn-√. Cu Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ cm-Py-Øn-

58 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

s‚ \m-\m-`m-K-Øp-\n-∂p-≈-h-cpw, A-h-cn¬-X-s∂ h-f-sc Ip-d-™ B-fp-Iƒ am-X-taP-\-d¬-t_m-Un ao-‰nw-Kn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-I-bpwsN-øm-dp-≈q-sh-∂-Xm-Wv A-Xn-\p-≈ Im-c-Ww.A-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n D-S-a-I-fp-sS Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ°v hn-cp-≤-am-b Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ U-b-d-Œ¿-t_m¿-Uv ssI-s°m-≈m≥ C-S-bp-≠v. A-Xn¬A-Xr-]v-Xn-bp-≈-h¿-°v I-º-\n-bn¬ \n-∂v]n-cn-™p t]m-Im-sa-∂-√m-sX a-‰p am¿-K-sam-∂p-an-√. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ I-º-\n-bp-sS -c-Ww Np-cp-°w Nn-e¿am-Xw tN¿-∂v \-S-Øp-∂ km-l-N-cyw kw-Pm-X-am-Ip-∂p.

2.6..1 hn-hn-[-X-cw I-º-\n-Iƒ[Types of Companies]

I-º-\n-I-sf km-[m-c-W-bm-bn kz-Im-cy-I-º-\n-I-sf-∂pw s]m-XpI-º-\n-I-sf-∂pw X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw. C-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒXm-sg ]-d-bp-∂p:

kz-Im-cy I-º-\n [Private Company]

H-cp kz-Im-cy I-º-\n F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv:a) Hm-l-cn-Iƒ ssI-am-dm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw

\n-b-¥n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.b) Aw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv 2 Dw,

]-c-am-h-[n 50 Dw B-bn \n-P-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p (2013 se Iº\n \nb-a-]-Imcw]c-am-h[n AwK-ßƒ 200 BWv).

(c) Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\m-bn s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf £-Wn-°p-∂n-√.

(d) A-S-®p-Xo¿-Ø aq-e-[-\w Ip-d-™-XvH-cp e-£w cq-]-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \n-›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Xp-I-tbm B-bn-cn-°pw.

Iq-Sm-sX H-cp kz-Im-cy I-º-\n A-h-cp-sSt]-cn-\v ti-jw ss]-h-‰v en-an-‰-Uv (Private

Ltd.) F-∂v tN¿-Øn-cn-°-Ww. ta¬-∏-d-™G-sX-¶n-epw \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ-s°-Xn-cm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-®m¬ kz-Im-cy I-º-\n F-∂ ]-Z-hn C-√m-Xm-hp-I-bpw A-h¿-°p-≈ hn-tijm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ \-„-am-hp-I-bpw sN-øpw.s]m-XpI-º-\n-I-fn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bnkz-Im-cy -I-º-\n-I-fp-sS hn-ti-jm-[n-Im-c-ßƒXm-sg- sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.1. H-cp kz-Im-cy I-º-\n cq-]o-I-cn-°m≥

tI-h-ew 2 Aw-K-ßƒ am-Xw a-Xn-bm-Ipw,F-∂m¬ H-cp s]m-Xp-I-º-\n-bn¬ 7 Aw-K-ßƒ \n¿-_-‘-am-Wv.

2. s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßm≥£-Wn-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ t]m-kv-s]-Œv-kvhn-X-c-Ww sN-tø-≠-Xn-√.

3. Hm-l-cn-Iƒ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\v Ipd™h-cn-kw-Jy (Minimum Subscription) e- n-°-W-sa-∂n-√.

4. c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ I-gn-™v cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xw (Certificate of incorporation) e-`n-®m-ep-S≥, kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v _n-kn-\- vv B-cw- n-°mw. t\-sc a-dn-®v s]m-Xp-I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v _n-kn-\- vv B-cw-`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ _n-kn-\- vv Xp-S-ßm-\p-≈ A-\p-a-Xn]-Xw (Certificate of commencement of

business) Iq-Sn e- n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.5. H-cp kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-°v Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv

c-≠p U-b-d-Œ¿-am¿ am-Xw a-Xn-bm-Iptºmƒ, H-cp s]m-Xp-I-º-\n-°v aq-∂v U-b-d-Œ¿-am¿ F-¶n-epw D-≠m-I-Ww.

6. kz-Im-cy- I-º-\n-Iƒ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS t]-cp-hn-h-c-ß-fp-≈ ]- n-I X-øm-dm-t°-≠-Xn-√.F-∂m¬ s]m-XpI-º-\n-Iƒ-°v C-XvA-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv.

7. U-b-d-Œ¿-am¿-°v hm-bv-]-Iƒ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\v kz-Im-cy-I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v ]-tXy-I\n-_-‘-\-I-sfm-∂pw C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬C-°m-cy-Øn¬ k¿-°m-cn-s‚ ap≥-Iq¿A-\p-a-Xn B-h-iy-an-√. F-∂m¬ s]m-XpI-º-\n-Iƒ-°v C-Xv B-h-iy-am-Wv.


s]m-XpI-º-\n [Public Company]

kz-Im-cy-I-º-\n-I-f-√m-Ø I-º-\n-I-sfs]m-XpI-º-\n-Iƒ F-∂p hn-fn -°p-∂p.C-¥y≥ I-º-\n \n-b-a-]-Im-cw s]m-Xp-I-º-\n F-∂-Xv sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv:(a) A-S-®p-Xo¿-Ø aq-e-[-\w Ip-d-™-Xv

A-©p e-£-tam A-s√-¶n¬ Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \n-jv-I¿-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Xp-I-tbmB-bn-cn-°-Ww.

b) Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv 7 Aw-K-ß-sf-¶n-epw D-≠m-hp-I-bpw ]-c-am-h-[n F-X-sb-∂v \n-›-bn-®n- n-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b I-º-\n.

c) Hm-l-cn ssI-am-‰-Øn-\v \n-_-‘-\-I-sfm-∂p-an-√.

d) Hm-l-cn-I-tfm \n-t£-]-ß-tfm kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf £-Wn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hn-e-°v G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- n-√.

A-tXm-sSm-∏w H-cp s]m-XpI-º-\n-bp-sS A-\p-_-‘ I-º-\n-bm-b (Subsidiary Company)kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-bpw s]m-XpI-º-\n-bm-bnI-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

2.7 _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-Øn-s‚ cq-]wXn-c-s™-Sp-°¬ [CHOICE OF FORM

OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION]

hn-hn-[ X-cw _n-kn-\- vv kw-L-S-\m cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v \mw a-\- n-em-°n-°-gn-™p. Hm-tcm-∂n-\pw A-Xn-t‚-Xm-b Kp-W-ß-fpw tZm-j-ß-fp-ap-s≠-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. Cu]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-bH-∂v Xn-c-s™-Sp-°¬ h-f-sc ]-[m-\-s∏-Ím-cy-am-Wv. A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b _n-kn-\- vvcq-]w Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂L-S-I-ßƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v:(i) ÿm-]n-°m-\p-≈ sN-e--hpw cq-]o-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ F-fp-∏-hpw [Cost and ease in setting up

the organisation]: cq-]o-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ F-fp-∏hpw cq-]o-I-c-W-s®-e-hpw ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw sN-e-hp- Ip-d-™-Xv G-ImwKhym-]m-cw X-s∂-bm-Wv. Iq-Sm-sX \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ e-Lp-hm-b-Xpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-tØm-Xvhfsc sN-dp-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]-¶m-fn-Ø_n-kn-\- n\pw ta¬-∏-d-™-h _m-[-I-am-Wv.

ASn-ÿm\w

Aw-K-ßƒ

U-b-d-Œ¿-am-cp-sS F-Æw

G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ A-S-®p -Xo¿-Øaq-e-[-\wAw-K-ß-fp-sS ]-ń-I

Hm-l-cn ssI-am-‰w

Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-hm≥ s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf £-Wn-°p-∂-Xv

s]m-XpI-º-\n

Ip-d-™-Xv - 7]-c-am-h-[n ]-cn-[n-bn-√

Ip-d-™-Xv - 3

5 e-£w

\n¿-_-‘-am-Wv

b-tY-„w ssI-am-dmw

£-Wn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw

kz-Im-cy I-º-\n

Ip-d-™-Xv - 2]-c-am-h-[n - 50 (2013 seIº\n \nb-a-]-Im-cw˛200)

Ip-d-™-Xv - 2

1 e-£w

\n¿-_-‘-an-√

\n-_-‘-\-Iƒ-°v hn-t[-bw

£-Wn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√

60 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

F∂m¬ k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fpw I-º-\n-I-fpw \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-ø-s∏-S-W-sa-∂p-≠v. I-º-\n-bp-sS cq-]o-I-c-Ww ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b-Xpw h-f-sc sN-e-th-dn-b-Xp-am-Wv.]m-cw- -s®-e-hp-I-fp-sS Im-cyw ]-cn-K-Wn-®m¬G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ sN-e-hn¬ cq-]o-I-cn-°m-hp∂ÿm-]-\w G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-am-sW∂vC-Xn¬ \n-∂v a-\- n-em-°mw. I-º-\n-Iƒcq-]o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ h-f-sc-tb-sd ]-W-s®-e-hp-≈-tXm-sSm-∏w \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ k-¶o¿-Æ-hp-am-Wv.(ii) _m-[y-X [Liability]: G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-ß-fn-epw ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- nepw D-S-a-ÿ-cp-sS _m-[y-X ]-cn-[n C-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. A-Xn-\m¬Aw-K-ß-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-kz-Øv t]m-epw _n-kn-\- ns‚ I-S-ßƒ Xo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n- h-cpw. ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n-em-sW-¶n¬ I¿-Ø-bv-°v am-X-am-Wv]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø _m-[y-X-bp-≈-Xv. F-∂m¬k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fn-epw I-º-\n-I-fn-epwsI-Un-t‰-gv-kn-\v, A-h¿-°v In- m-\p-≈ Xp-ICu-Sm-°m≥ ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ B-kv-Xn-IƒD-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ am-X-ta A-h-Im-i-ap-≈q.B-b-Xn-\m¬ \n-t£-]-I-cp-sS m-K-Øp \n-∂vNn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ I-º-\n cq-]-am-Wv G-‰-hpwA-\p-tbm-Py-sa-∂p Im-Wmw.(iii) Xp-S¿-® [Continuity]: G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-Øn-epw ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- nepw Aw-K-ß-fp-sS \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wvÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚-bpw \n-e-\n¬-∏v. A-Xm-b-XvAw-K-ß-fp-sS a-c-Ww, ]m-∏-c-Øw Xp-S-ßn-b-h ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ A-S-®p-]q- -en-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. F-∂m¬ Cu H-cp ]-iv-\w Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°pw k-l-I-c-Wkw-L-ßƒ-°pw I-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw _m-[-I-a-√.Zo¿-L-Im-ew \n-e-\n¬-t°-≠ _n-kn-\- m-WvB-cw-`n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ I-º-\n-cq-]-am-Wv

G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Pyw. Ip-d-™ Im-e-tØ-°vam-X-am-bp-≈ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v G-Imw-Khym-]m-c-tam ]-¶m-fn-Ø-tam B-bn-cn-°pw\-∂m-hp-I.(iv) Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-ti-jn [Management

ability]: F-√m ta-J-e-I-fn-epw ]m-K-¤yw sX-fn-bn-°p-I F-∂-Xv H-cp G-Imw-K _n-kn-\- n\vF-fp-∏-ap-≈ Im-cy-a-√. F-∂m¬ ]-¶m-fn-Økw-cw-`-ßƒ-°pw I-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw C-sXm-cp]-iv-\-a-√. C-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ß-fn¬ sXm-gn¬hn- -P-\w km-[y-am-hp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-¿°pw A-h-c-h-cp -sS ta-J-e-I-fn¬]m-K¬-`yw t\-Sm\m-Ip∂-tXm-sSm-∏w Iq-Sp-X¬ sa-®-s∏-´ Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°m-\pwI-gn-bp-∂p. ta¬-∏-d-™ Kp-W-ß-tfm-sSm-∏wA-`n-]m-b hy-Xym-k-ßƒ-°p-≈ km-[y-X-bpw X-≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.Iq-Sm-sX k-¶o¿-Æ-hpw ssh-Z-Kv-[y-hpw B-h-iy-ap-≈ ÿm-]-\-am-Wv Xp-S-ßm≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ I-º-\n-I-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ \-∂m-hp-I. t\-sc-a-dn-®v e-fn-X-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw ]-cn-an-X-am-b I-gn-hp-I-fpw am-XwB-h-iy-am-b kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v G-Imw-Khym-]m-c-tam ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\-tkm B-bn-cn-°pw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-`n-Im-ayw. A-Ø-c-Øn¬Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\ kz- m-h-hpw am-t\-Pv-sa‚n-\m-h-iy-am-bssh-Z-Kv-[y-hpw I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øp-th-Wwÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ cq-]w Xo-cp-am-\n-°m≥.(v) aq-e-[-\ ]-cn-K-W-\

[Capital considerations]:

h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-ap-≈ _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- w Xp-S-ßm≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂-h¿I-º-\n-Iƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv \-√-Xv.Im-c-Ww Hm-l-cn-Iƒ \¬-In-s°m-≠v \n-t£-]-I-cn¬ \n-∂v B-h-iy-am-b-X aq-e-[-\-k-am-l-c-Ww I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v km-[y-am-Wv. ]-¶m-fn-


Ø _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v H-cp-]-cn-[n-h-sc X-ß-fp-sS ]-¶m-fn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v D-b¿-∂ aq-e-[-\wk-am-l-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p. F-∂m¬ G-ImwKhym-]m-cw C-°m-cy-Øn¬ h-f-sc ]n-∂n-em-Wv.

h≥-In-S _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ßƒ-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xv I-º-\n-Iƒ X-s∂-bm-Wv. F-∂m¬sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-tam ]-¶m-fn-Ø kw-cw- -tamB-bn-cn-°pw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-\p-tbm-Pyw. A-tXm-sSm-∏w m-hn-bn¬ hn-]p-eo-I-c-W km-[y-X-Iƒe-£yw h-®v \o-ßp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬, tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-bm-bnB-cw- n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ sa-®w.(vi) \n-b-¥-W-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xv

[Degree of control]:

_n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-cn-]q¿-Æ A-[n-Im-c-hpwXo-cp-am-\w F-Sp-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw D-S-a-ÿ-\n¬-X-s∂ \n-£n-]v -X-am-h-W-sa-∂vB-K-ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-am-Wv A-\p-tbm-Py-am-hp-I. F-∂m¬ A-[n-Im-cw]-¶p-h-bv -°p-∂-Xn-\v a-Sn -bn -√m-Ø-h-sckw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\-tkm, I-º-\n-tbm B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv \-∂m-bn-cn-°pw. C-Xn¬-Ø-s∂ I-º-\n-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-hpw am-t\-Pv-sa‚pwhy-Xy-kv-X I-c-ß-fn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ ]-K-¤-cm-b-h-sc am-X-ta I-º-\n-bp-sS \-S-Øn-∏v Np-a-X-e G¬-∏n-°m-\n-S-bp-≈q F-∂-Xv Im-cy-£-a-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. C-XvI-º-\n-Iƒ-°v am-X-ap-≈ H-cp t\- -am-Wv.(vii) _n-kn-\- ns‚ kz-`m-hw [Nature of

business]: D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bn t\-cn-´p-≈hy-‡n-_-‘w B-h-iy-ap-≈ _n-kn-\- vvkw-cw- -ßƒ-°v G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-am-bn-cn-°pwIq-Sp-X¬ A-\p-tbm-Pyw. t\-sc-a-dn-®v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bn t\-cn- v k-º¿-°w B-h-iy-an-

√mØ D¬-∏m-Z -\-tI-µ-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-bm-bn cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv \-∂m-bn-cn-°pw. F-∂m¬ A-°u-≠nw-Kv, \n-b-a-k-lm-bw Xp-S-ßn-b tk-h-\-ßƒ\¬-Ip-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv cq-]-ß-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ tbm-Pn-°p-I.ta-ev-]-d-™ L-S-I-ß-sf-√mw ]-c-kv-]-cw_-‘-s∏- -h-bpw ]-c-kv-]-cw kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚cq-]w sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ aq-e-[-\ hym-]v-Xn, \-„-km-[y-X-bp-sS tXm-Xv, _n-kn-\- n-s‚kz- m-hw, h-en-∏w Xp-S-ßn-b F-√m L-S-I-ß-sf-bpw hn-i-I-e-\w sN-tø-≠-Xp-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, H-cp tI-°v \n¿-Ωm-W bq-Wn-‰v h≥-In-S co-Xn-bn¬ B-cw-`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ò-a-am-b aq-e-[-\-\n-t£-]w B-h-iy-ap-≈-t∏mƒ,H-cp Ip-Sn¬ hy-h-km-b-am-bn Cu D¬-∏-∂w\n¿-Ωn-°p-hm≥ h-f-sc Ip-d-™ aq-e-[-\-taB-h-iy-ap-≈q. B-b-Xn-\m¬ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b _n-kn-\- vv cq-]w Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ]-kv-Xp-X _n-kn-\- p-am-bn _-‘-s∏- F-√mL-S-I-ß-fpw hn-i-I-e-\w sN-tø-≠-Xp-≠v.(]ńI 2.4 ImWp-I).

2.8 hn-hn-[-X-cw _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS Xm-c-X-ay-]T-\w [A COMPARATIVE

ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF

BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS]

hn-hn-[-X-cw _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ \-Ωƒ N¿-® sN-bv-Xp-I-gn-™p.Hm-tcm-∂n-\pw A-Xn-t‚-Xm-b Kp-W-hpwtZm-j-hpw D-s≠-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw sN-bvXp.A-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C-h Hm-tcm-∂pwX-Ωn-ep-≈ Xm-c-X-ay-]T-\w A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b_n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- w Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v\-sΩ k-lm-bn-°pw.(]ńI 2.5 ImWp-I)

62

_nk

n-\

v Ã

Uok

v

hn-hn-[-bn-\w _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS Xm-c-X-ay ]T-\w

Xm-c-X-ay-Øn-s‚

A-Sn-ÿm-\w

cq-]o-I-c-Ww

Aw-K-ßƒ

ap-X¬-ap-S-°v

_m-[y-X

am-t\-Pvsa‚pw

\n-b-¥-W-hpw

Xp-S¿-®

G-Imw-K

hym-]m-cw

cq-]o-I-c-Ww h-f-sc F-fp-∏-hpw \n-b-a-]-c-am-b\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ e-fn-X-hp-am-Wv.

H-cmƒ am-Xw

sN-dn-b ap-X¬ap-S-°v

]-cn-[n-bn-√

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cn-bn¬

\n-£n-]v-Xw, s]s´∂v

Xocp-am\w FSp-°p∂p

C-√, _nkn-\ pw

_nkn-\- p-Im-c\pw

H∂v

]-¶m-fn-Ø

_n-kn-\- vv

cq-]o-I-c-Ww F-fp-∏-am-Wv, c-Pn-kv-tS-

j≥ \n¿-_-‘-an-√

Ip-d-™-Xv - : 2

Iq-Sn-b-Xv : _m-¶nw-Kv - 10

a-‰p-≈-h - : 20

(2013 se Iº\n \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v ]c-

am-h[n 100)

G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-sØ°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬

H-‰-bv-°pw Iq- m-bpw ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø _m-

[y-X

]-¶m-fn-Iƒ Iq-´m-bn Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ

F-Sp-°p-∂p

ÿn-c-X GImwK hym]m-c-tØ-°mƒ

IqSp-X¬

ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_w

c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ B-h-iy-an-√, cq-

]o-I-c-Ww F-fp-∏w

Ip-d-™-Xv - 2

Iq-Sn-b-Xv - ]-cn-[n-bn-√

]-c-º-cm-K-X kz-Øv

I¿-Ø-bp-sS _m-[y-X-bv-°v ]-

cn-[n-bn√, a-‰v Aw-K-ß-fp-sS

_m-[y-X ]-cn-an-Xw

I¿-Ø Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂p

Xp-S¿-®-bp-≠v, I¿-Ø a-c-W-

s∏- m-epw _n-kn-\- vv Xp-S-cpw

tPm-bn‚v kv-t‰m-°v

I-º-\n

c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n¿-_-‘-am-Wv,

\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X-epw

sN-e-th-dn-b-Xp-am-Wv

Ip-d-™-Xv :

kz-Im-cy-I-º-\n - 2

s]m-XpI-º-\n - 7

Iq-Sn-b-Xv:

kz-Im-cy-I-º-\n - 50 (200)

s]m-XpI-º-\n - ]-cn-[n-bn-√

h-f-sc h-en-b ap-X¬-ap-S-°v

¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X

t_m¿-Uv Hm-^v U-b-d-tŒ-gv-kv

Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂p

]-tXy-I \n-e-\n¬-∏p-≈-Xn-

\m¬ ÿn-c-X-bp-≠v

k-l-I-c-W kw-Lw

c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n¿-_-‘-am-

Wv, \n-b-a-]-c-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-

a-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv

Ip-d-™-Xv 10

Iq-Sn-b-Xv - -]-cn-[n-bn-√

]-cn-an-X-am-b ap-X¬-ap-S-°v

¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X

sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- ]-Xn-

\n-[n-Iƒ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-

°p-∂p

]-tXy-I \n-e-\n¬-∏p-≈-Xn-

\m¬ ÿn-c-X-bp-≠v

]ńI 2.5


]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv I¿-Ø ]-c-kv-]-c ]m-Xn-\n-[yw

¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X I-º-\n kp-ÿn-c-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v Ir-Xn-a hy-‡n-Xzw

s]m-Xpap-Z A-\p-_-‘- I-º-\n tlmƒ-Unw-Kv I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥

Z-bm-`m-K an-Xm-£-c Iq´-h-Im-in-Iƒ ln-µp Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_(tIm]m¿k-t\¿kv) _n-kn-\- v

]ńI 2.4 _nkn-\kv cq]w Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wnt°≠ LS-I-ßƒ

LS-I-ßƒ

aq-e-[-\ e-`y-X

cq-]o-I-c-W-s®-e-hv

cq-]o-I-cn-°m≥ F-fp-∏w

D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ss°-am-‰w

Im-cy-\n¿-∆-l-W ti-jn

\n-b-¥-W-ßƒ

A-b-hp-≈-Xv

Xp-S¿-®

_m-[y-X

G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xv

I-º-\n

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw

I-º-\n (kz-Im-cy I-º-\n H-gn-sI)

I-º-\n

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw

I-º-\n

I-º-\n

A-\p-tbm-Py-X- Ipd-™Xv

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw

I-º-\n

I-º-\n

]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw

I-º-\n

I-º-\n

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw

_n-kn-\- vv kw-L-S-\m-cq-]w

64 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

kw-K-lwkw-K-lwkw-K-lwkw-K-lwkw-K-lw

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ hn-hn-[-cq-]-ßƒ X-cw-Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv Hm-tcm _n-kn-\- n-s‚-bpw D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw, ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv, ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- vv, k-l-I-c-W -kw-L-ßƒ, tPmbn‚ v tÃm°v I-º-\nIƒ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv ]-[m-\-s∏-´ _n-kn-\- vv kw-L-S-\m cq-]-ßƒ.

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw :- H-cmƒ X-s∂ ap-X¬ ap-S-°p-I-bpw `-c-Ww \-S-Øp-I-bpw \n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw F-√m \-„-km-[y-X-I-fpw k-ln-°p-I-bpw ap-gp-h≥ em-`w t\-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ kw-cw-`-ß-sf G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw F-∂p-hn-fn-°mw. C-h-bp-sS ]-[m-\ t\-´-ßƒ; s]-s´-∂p-≈ Xo-cp-am-\w,hy-‡n-]-c-am-b kw-Xr-]v-Xn, t\-cn- p-≈ t]m-’m-l-\w, cq-]o-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ F-fp-∏w Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. C-Ø-cw kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ; hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS Zu¿-e-`yw, _n-kn-\- n-s‚ A-ÿn-c-X, ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø _m-[y-X, Im-cy-\n¿-hl-W-Øn-ep-≈ an-I-hn-√m-bv-a F-∂n-h-bm-Wv.

]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv -: c-t≠m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam B-fp-Iƒ tN¿-∂v H-cp I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ em- -\-„-ßƒ ho-Xn-®v \-S-Øp-∂ _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -sØ ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. C-h-bp-sS ]-[m-\ t\- -ßƒ; F-fp-∏-Øn¬ cq-]o-I-cn-°mw, Iq-Sp-X¬ aq-e-[-\-e- y-X,\-„-km-[y-X-bp-sS hn-`-P-\w F-∂n-h-bm-Wv. ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø _m-[y-X, kw-L¿-j-km-[y-X,Xp-S¿-®-bn-√m-bv-a, s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS hn-izm-k-°p-d-hv Xp-S-ßn-b-h ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- n-s‚][m\ t]m-cm-bv-a-I-fm-Wv. k-Po-h-]-¶m-fn, kp-jp-]v-X ]-¶m-fn, Kp-]v-X-]-¶m-fn, \m-a-am-X ]-¶m-fn, A-\n-tj-[y ]-¶m-fn, ]-Jym-]n-X ]-¶m-fn F-∂n-h-cm-Wv ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fn-se hn-hn-[-X-cw ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ.

ln-µp Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- vv -: ln-µp Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se Aw-K-ß-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-am-Wn-Xv. Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ap-Xn¿-∂ ]p-cp-j Aw-K-am-b I¿-Ø-bm-Wv Cu _n-kn-\- n-s\ \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv. C-h-bp-sS ]-[m-\ Kp-W-ßƒ; Im-cy-£-a-am-b\n-b-¥-Ww, kp-ÿn-c-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v, ¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X, D-b¿-∂-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ s]m-Xp-P-\hn-izm-kw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. aq-e-[-\ Zu¿-e-`yw, t]m-’m-l-\-°p-d-hv, I¿-Ø-bp-sS B-[n-]-Xyw, ]-cn-an-X-am-b Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-ti-jn Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-h-bv-°p-≈ Nn-e t]m-cm-bv-a-I-fm-Wv.

k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ :- s]m-Xp-hm-b Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pth-≠n kz-ta-[-bmH-Øp-tN-cp-∂ hy-‡n-I-fp-sS H-cp Iq-´m-bv-a-bm-Wn-Xv. Xp-ey thm-´-h-Im-iw, ¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X,kp-ÿn-c-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v, Ip-d-™ ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hv, k¿-°m¿ k-lm-bw, cq-]o-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ F-fp-∏w Xp-S-ßn-b-h k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\ Kp-W-ß-fm-Wv. F-∂m¬ aq-e-[-\Zu¿-e-`yw, ]-cn-an-X-am-b Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W ti-jn, c-l-ky-kz-`m-h-an-√m-bv-a, k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-Ww, A-`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\ t]m-cm-bv-a-I-fm-Wv. k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-sf cq-]o-I-c-W-e-£y-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]-e-Xm-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw. D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W -kw-L-ßƒ, D¬∏m-Z-I k-l-I-c-W- kw-L-ßƒ, hn-]-W-\k-l-I-c-W- kw-L-ßƒ, I¿-j-I k-l-I-c-W- kw-L-ßƒ, hm-bv-]m k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ,`-h-\ \n¿-Ωm-W k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ F-∂n-h Nn-e D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

tPmbn‚ v tÃm°v I-º-\n :- tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-I-sf \n-b-aw kr-„n-® Ir-Xn-a-hy-‡n-I-fm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°mw. C-h \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]n≥-_-e-tØm-sS cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xpw ÿm-bn-bm-bn\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xpw ]-tXy-I-am-b hy-‡n-Xz-ap-≈-Xpw s]m-Xp ap-Z-bp-≈-Xp-am-b _n-kn-\- vv


kw-cw-`-ß-fm-Wv. Aw-K-ß-fp-sS ¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X, Hm-l-cn -ssI-am-‰w, ÿm-bn-bm-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v,hn-]p-eo-I-c-W km-[y-X-Iƒ, ssh-Z-Kv-[y-ap-≈ a-t\-Pv-sa‚ v F-∂n-h C-Ø-cw kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sSt\-´-ß-fm-Wv. F-∂m¬ cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-ep-≈ k-¶o¿-W-X, kz`mhan-√m-bv-a, \nc-h[n \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ, Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p-≈ Im-e-Xm-a-kw, Np-cp-°w Nn-e¿ tN¿-∂p-≈ `-c-Ww, Hm-l-cnD-S-a-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h Nn-e tZm-j-ß-fm-Wv. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn c-≠p-X-cw I-º-\n-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv; kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-Iƒ, s]m-XpI-º-\n-Iƒ F-∂n-h. Hm-l-cn- ssI-am-‰-Øn¬ \n-b-¥-W-ap-≈-Xpw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\m-bn s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf £-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-e-°p-≈-Xp-am-b I-º-\n-I-sf-bm-Wv kz-Im-cy- I-º-\n-Iƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.t\-sc-a-dn-®v Hm-l-cn-Iƒ b-tY-„w ssI-am-dp-hm-\pw Hm-l-cn hn-X-c-W-Øn-\m-bn s]m-XpP-\-ß-sf£-Wn-°m≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-≈-Xp-am-b I-º-\n-I-sf s]m-XpI-º-\n-Iƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°mw.

_n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`-Øn-s‚ cq-]w Xn-c-s™-Sp-°¬ :- H-cp _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw-`w B-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b H-cp kw-L-S-\m-cq-]w Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ ]-e L-S-I-ß-fpw ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]m-cw-` sN-e-hp-Iƒ, _m-[y-X, Xp-S¿-®, aq-e-[-\ ]-cn-K-W-\-Iƒ, Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W ti-jn, \n-b-¥-W-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xv, _n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz-`m-hw Xp-S-ßn-b L-S-I-ß-fp-sSA-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-h-Ww A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b kw-L-S-\m-cq-]w Xn-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv.


icn-bp-Øcw Xnc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-Xp-I

1. D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-hpw am-t\-Pv-sa‚pw th-dn-´p- \n¬-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- vv kw-L-S-\m cq-]-Øn-s‚ t]-cv:

a) G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw b) ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vvc) I-º-\n d) F-√m _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -ß-fpw

2. ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n¬ I¿-Ø-bp-sS _m-[y-X:a) ¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X b) A-¢n-]v-X _m-[y-Xc) I-S-_m-[y-X C-√ d) Iq-´m-b _m-[y-X

3. k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ ]n≥-Xp-S-cp-∂ X-Xzw:a) H-cp Hm-l-cn-°v H-cp thm- v b) H-cp Aw-K-Øn-\v H-cp thm- vc) thm- -h-Im-i-an-√ d) H-∂n-e-[n-Iw thm- p-Iƒ sN-ømw

4. tPm-bn‚ v-kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-bn-se Ub-d-IvS¿ t_m¿-Uv AwK-ßsf Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv:a) s]m-Xp-P-\w b) k¿-°m¿ ]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒc) Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ d) Po-h-\-°m¿

5. _m-¶nw-Kv _n-kn-\- vv \-S-Øp-∂ ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- n-se ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS ]-c-am-h-[nF-Æw:

a) 20 b) 10c) ]-cn-[n-bn-√ d) 2

66 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

6. ë"em- w ]-¶p-h-bv-t°-≠-Xn-√' Cu ]-kv-Xm-h-\ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-hp-∂-Xv:a) ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv b) ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- vvc) G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw d) I-º-\n

7. H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS aq-e-[-\w ]-e- m-K-ß-fm-bn hn- -Pn-®-Xn¬ H-cp m-K-sØ hn-fn-°p-∂ t]-cv:a) Un-hn-U‚ v b) em- wc) ]-en-i d) Hm-l-cn

8. ln-µp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n-se X-e-h-s\ hn-fn-°p-∂ t]-cv:a) D-S-a-ÿ≥ b) U-b-d-Œ¿c) I¿-Ø d) am-t\-P¿

9. Aw-K-ßƒ-°v \ym-b-am-b \n-c-°n¬ Xm-a-k-ku-I-cy-ßƒ e- y-am-°p-I-sb-∂ e-£y-tØm-sS ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv:

a) D-¬∏m-Z-I k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ b) D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W -kw-L-ßƒc) -h-\ \n¿-Ωm-W k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ d) hm-bv-]m k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ

10. H-cp ]-¶m-fn-bp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Øw s]m-Xp-P-\w A-dn-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ A-t±-l-sØ hn-fn-°p-∂t]-cv:

a) k-Po-h ]-¶m-fn b) kp-jp-]v-X ]-¶m-fnc) \m-a-am-X ]-¶m-fn d) Kp-]v-X- ]-¶m-fn

l-tk-zm-Ø-c tNm-Zy-ßƒ1. Xm-sg- X-∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ G-Imw-K hym-]m-c _n-kn-\- n-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-h G-sX√mw?

F-¥p-sIm-≠v?a) ]-e-hy-Rv-P\ hn¬∏-\-im-e b) a-cp-∂v hn-¬∏-\-im-ec) \n-b-a-k-lm-b ÿm-]-\w d) I-c-Iu-i-e hn¬-∏-\tI-µwe) C≥-d¿-s\-‰v I-t^ f) Nm¿-t -Uv A-°u-≠≥-kn ÿm-]-\w

2. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -Øn-\v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-hG-sX-√mw? F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

a) ]-e-hy-Rv-P\ hn-¬∏\-im-e b) a-cp-∂v hn-¬∏-\-im-ec) \n-b-a-k-lm-b ÿm-]-\w d) I-c-Iu-i-e hn¬-∏-\tI-µwe) C≥-d¿-s\-‰v I-t^ f) Nm¿-t -Uv A-°u-≠≥-kn ÿm-]-\w

3. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.a) ÿm-bn-bm-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v b) s]m-Xp ap-Zc) I¿-Ø d) Ir-Xn-a hy-‡n-Xzw

4. Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n-se ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-Ø Aw-K-sØ-bpw ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- n-se ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-Ø Aw-K-sØ-bpw Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-I.

5. ]-¶m-fn-Ø kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n¿-_-‘-a-s√-¶n-epw C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒkz-ta-[-bm c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-øm-dp-≠v. F-¥p-sIm-≠v? hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

6. kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-Iƒ-°p-≈ hn-ti-jm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ G-sX-√mw?


7. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw a-tX-X-c-Xz-hpw ap-J-ap-Z-bm-°n ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ kw-cw- -am-Wv k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ. F-ß-s\-sb-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

8. A-\n-tj-[y ]-¶m-fn F-∂m-se-¥v? hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

Zo¿-tLm-Ø-c tNm-Zy-ßƒ1. G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw F-∂m¬ F-¥v? A-Xn-s‚ Kp-W-tZm-j-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.2. Xm-c-X-tay-\ P-\-]o-Xn Ip-d-™ _n-kn-\- vv cq-]-am-bn ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- n-s\ Nn-e¿

I-W-°m-°p-∂p. F-¥p-sIm-≠v? ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- n-s‚ t\- -ß-fpw t]m-cm-bv-a-I-fpwhn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

3. G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- vv B-cw- n-°p-tºm-gpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b cq-]w- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-W-sa-∂v]-d-bp-∂-Xn-s‚ ]m-[m-\y-sa-¥v? _n-kn-\- vv Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠ L-S-I-ßƒ G-sX-√m-sa-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

4. k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, Kp-W-ßƒ, tZm-j-ßƒ F-∂n-h N¿-®sN-øp-I. hn-hn-[-X-cw k-l-I-c-W- kw-L-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

5. Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n-s‚-bpw ]-¶m-fn-Ø _n-kn-\- n-s‚-bpw hy-Xym-k-ßƒ I-s≠-Øp-I.

6. H-t -sd ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D-s≠-¶n-epw [m-cm-f-am-fp-Iƒ G-Imw-K hym-]m-c kw-cw- -ßƒ-°m-Wvap≥-K-W-\ \¬-Im-dp-≈-Xv F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

]m-tbm-Kn-I tNm-Zy-ßƒ1. Hcp I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ H-∂n-e-[n-Iw t]¿ tN¿-∂v cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂ _n-kn-

\- vv kw-cw- w G-sX-∂p Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I. \n-ß-fp-sS A- n-]m-b-sØ km-[q-I-cn-°p-I.2. H-cp _n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ B-kv-Xn-I-fp-sS aq-eyw 50,000 cq-]-bm-Wv. A-h-cp-sS

B-sI _m-[y-X 80,000 cq-]-bpw. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ sI-Un-t‰¿-kn-\v kzo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂ \-S-]-Sn hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

a) ÿm-]-\w H-cp G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-am-Wvb) A-en-bpw a-tl-jpw tN¿-∂p- \-S-Øp-∂ ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-am-sW-¶n¬ sI-Un-

t‰¿-kn-\v A-h¿-°v e-`n-°m-\p-≈ Xp-I Xn-cn-sI In-´p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n C-h-cn¬B-sc-bm-Wv k-ao-]n-t°-≠-Xv? \n-ß-fp-sS ]-Xn-I-c-W-sØ km-[q-I-cn-°p-I.

3. I-gn-™ H-cp Z-im-–-°m-e-am-bn A-`n-Pn-Øv X-s‚ kv-t‰-j-\-dn _n-kn-\- pw B-`-c-Wim-e-bpw _m-Kv hn¬-∏\tI-µ-hpw \-K-c-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[ ]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F-√m ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ t\m-°n \-S-Øp-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw X-s‚ ÿm-]-\w H-cp tPm-bn‚ v kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n B-°n am-‰m≥ A-t±-lw B-K-ln-°p-∂p. A-tXm-sSm-∏w cm-Py-Øm-I-am-\w ]p-Xn-b im-J-Iƒ Xp-d-°m-\pw ]-≤-Xn-bp-≠v.

a) Cu ÿm-]-\w H-cp G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-am-bn Xp-S-cp-∂-Xn-s‚ 2 Kp-W-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

b) H-cp I-º-\n-bm-°n am-‰p-∂-Xn-s‚ 2 Kp-W-ßƒ hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

68 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

c) A-t±-lw Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- vv kw-L-S-\m-cq-]w cm-Py-hym-]-I-am-bn im-J-Iƒ B-cw- n-°-W-sa-∂ Xo-cp-am-\-Øn¬ h-ln-°p-∂ ]-¶v hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

d) I-º-\n-bm-bn ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ-F-s¥-√mw?

t]m-P-Iv-‰v / A-ssk≥-sa‚ v

Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-sf hn-hn-[ Kq-∏p-I-fm-bnXn-cn-°p-I.

a) k-ao-]-]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ G-sX-¶n-epw 5 ]-e-hy-Rv-P-\ hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-fp-tS-tbm kv-t‰-j-\-dn hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-fp-tS-tbm D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hn-h-c-ßƒ(profile) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I.

b) H-cp Iq- p-Ip-Spw-_ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I.c) G-sX-¶n-epw 5 ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´

hn-h-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v (profile) A-t\z-j-Ww \-S-Øn dn-t∏m¿- v X-øm-dm-°p-I.d) ]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ ]n≥-Xp-S-cp-∂ X-Xz-ß-fpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-co-Xn-

I-fpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I.e) G-sX-¶n-epw 5 I-º-\n-I-fp-sS (kz-Im-cyIº-\n-Ifpw s]m-XpI-º-\n-I-fpw) hn-h-c-

ßƒ (profile) ti-J-cn-°p-I.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. ta¬-kq-Nn-∏n-® ]T-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ kq-N-\-Iƒ hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v \¬-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv:

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz- m-hw, aq-e-[-\-\nt£-]Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚h-en-∏w, Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS F-Æw, hn-‰p-h-c-hv, ÿm-]-\w A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ,]-kv-Xp-X _n-kn-\- vv kw-L-S-\m-cq-]w Xn-c-s™-SpØ-Xn-\v ]n-∂n-ep-≈ Im-c-W-ßƒ, Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ ssI-s°m-≈p-∂ co-Xn, hn-]p-eo-I-c-W km-[y-X-Iƒ, Xn-c-s™-Sp-Økw-L-S-\m cq-]-Øn-s‚ D-]-bp-‡-X Xp-S-ßn-b-h.

2. ta¬-∏-d-™ ]T-\-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ t]m-P-Œv dn-t∏m¿- p-I-fpw aƒ- n-ao-Un-b]-k-t‚-j-\p-I-fpw X-øm-dm-°n h-cp-∂-Xn-\m-bn hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-sf t]-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

A[ymbA[ymbA[ymbA[ymbA[ymbw w w w w 3

(PRIVATE, PUBLIC AND GLOBAL ENTERPRISES)

kzImcy, s]mXp, BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ

]T\ t\´ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®v Ignbptºmƒ ]Tn-Xm-hv :

$ _nkn\ v ÿm]-\-ßsf s]mXp-ta-Je F∂pw kzImcy taJe F∂pw XcwXncn-°p-∂p.

$ kΩni kº-Zvhy-hÿ F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]e-Xcw s]mXp-ta-Jem kwcw- -ß-fpsS kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, t\ -ßƒ, tIm -ßƒ F∂nh Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.

$ C¥y≥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpsS ]¶v hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ k¿°m-cns‚ ]pXnb \bßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

$ C¥y-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ ][m\ _lp-cmjvS Iº-\n-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ BtKmf kwcw- -ß-fpsS kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-ZoIcn-°p-∂p.

70 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

3.1 BapJw

\Ωƒ F√mhcpw Xs∂ ssZ\wZn\ PohnX

Øn¬ ]eXcw _nkn\ v ÿm]\ßfpambn _‘s∏Smdp≠v. \ΩpsS kao]

]tZißfn¬ GImwK DSaÿXbnep≈

hym]mcÿm]\ßfpw henb Iº\nIfpsS

\nb¥WØnep≈ kq∏¿ am¿°‰pIfpw

H∂n¬°qSpX¬ hy‡nIƒ tN¿∂p

\SØp∂ ]¶mfnØ _nkn\ pIfpwImWs∏Sp∂p≠v. Chsbms°Øs∂

kzImcy hy‡nIfpsS \nb¥WØnep≈

ÿm]\ßfmWv. AXpt]mse Xs∂

k¿°m¿ \nb¥WØnep≈ At\Iw

ÿm]\ßfpw \ap°p ]cnNbap≠v.

C¥y≥ sdbn¬th, sI.Fkv.B¿.Sn.kn

(KSRTC), t]mkvt‰môkv XpSßnbh]q¿Wambpw k¿°m¿ \nb¥WØnep≈

ÿm]\ß-fmWv. ]≠pImeØv IØnS]mSp-

Iƒ \SØphm≥ \mw t]mÃv Hmôkns\

amXamWv Bibn®ncp∂sX¶n¬ Ct∏mƒ

hyXykvX cmPyßfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂

kzImcy sImdnb¿ tkh\ ÿm]\ßsfthKØnep≈ IØnS]mSpIƒ°mbn \mw

Bibn°p∂p. Cßs\ H∂n¬ IqSpX¬

cmPyßfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ ÿm]\ßƒ

BtKmf ÿm]\ßƒ F∂v Adnb

s∏Sp∂p. s]mXptaJe Ft∂m kzImcy

taJe Ft∂m BtKmf taJesbt∂mXcwXncnhn√msX F√mØcw ÿm]\

]Xns\m∂mw ¢mkv hnZym¿∞n\nbmb A\nX ]X hmb\°nSbn¬ Nne Xes°´pIƒGsd i≤n®p. Ahbn¬ NneXv k¿°m¿ Nne Iº\nIfnse AhcpsS \nt£]w]n≥hen°m≥ Xocpam\n°p∂Xv kw_‘n®mbncp∂p. ]nt‰Znhkw Hcp ]pXnb hm¿Ø IqSnImWm≥ CSbmbn. AXv òaamb \„w hcpØnh® s]mXptaJem Iº\n AS®p]q´p∂Xpambn _‘s∏´Xmbncp∂p. Cu hm¿Øbv°v hncp≤ambn ]e kzImcy kwcw`ßfpw\√ coXnbn¬ em`w t\Sp∂ hm¿ØIfpw AhfpsS i≤ BI¿jn®p. kzImcytaJe (Privatesector), Hmlcn hn‰gn°¬ (Disinvestment), kzImcyh¬°cWw (Privatisation) F∂ohm°pIƒ A\nXbn¬ Pn⁄mk Dfhm°n. sdbn¬th t]msebp≈ Nne taJeIfn¬k¿°m¿ amXta ]h¿Øn°p∂p≈q F∂pw a‰p Nne taJeIfn¬ k¿°m¿\nb¥WØnepw kzImcyhy‡nIfpsS \nb¥WØnepap≈ ÿm]\ßƒ ]h¿Øn°p-∂ps≠∂pw Ahƒ a\ nem°n. L\hyhkmb kwcw`ßfn¬ Ão¬ AtXmdn‰n Hm v C¥yenan‰Uv(SAIL), `mcXv slhn CeŒn°¬kv enan‰Uv (BHEL), Sm‰m Ão¬ enan‰Uv (TataSteel Ltd.), dneb≥kv (Reliance), _n¿em (Birla) XpSßnb Iº\nIƒ \ne\n¬°p∂p.

sSentImw taJebn¬ Sm‰ (Tata), dneb≥kv (Reliance), Fb¿sS¬ (Airtel) XpSßnb kzImcykwcw`ßfpw _n.Fkv.F≥.F¬ (BSNL), Fw.Sn.F≥.F¬ (MTNL) XpSßnb k¿°m¿kwcw`ßfpw tXmtfmSptXmƒ tN¿∂p ]h¿Øn°p∂p. thymabm\ taJebn¬ k¿°m¿kwcw`ßfmb C¥y≥ Fb¿sse≥kv (Indian Airlines) , Fb¿ C¥y (Air India)F∂nhtbmsSm∏w kzImcy taJebn¬ \n∂v Fb¿sse≥kv klmdm (Airlines Sahara),sP‰v (Jet), C≥UntKm (Indigo) XpSßnbhbpw ]h¿Øn°p∂p. sIm°t°mf (Cococola),s]]vkn (Pepsi), lyp≠mbn (Hundai) F∂nh ChnsSØs∂ D≈h Bbncpt∂m AtXmat‰sX¶nepw cmPyßfn¬ ]h¿Øn®v sIm≠ncp∂hbmbncpt∂m F∂mbn AhfpsS ASpØNn¥. Ahƒ hmb\imebnte°v t]mhpIbpw AhnsS I≠ ]pkvXIßfnepw _nkn\ vhmcnIIfnepw h¿Øam\ ]Xßfnepw Xs‚ kwibßƒ ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\mbn CXb[nIwhn⁄m\ßƒ e`yamWt√m F∂v I≠v AXnibn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

71kzImcy, s]mXp, BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ

ßfpw cmPyØv _nkn\ v \SØp∂Xmbn

ImWphm≥ Ignbpw. Cu A[ymbØn¬

CØcØnep≈ hnhn[- ÿm]\-ßsf°pdn-

®mWv ]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv.

3.2 kzImcytaJebpw s]mXptaJebpw(PRIVATE SECTOR AND PUBLIC

SECTOR)

\ΩpsS cmPyØv hnhn[ XcØnep≈_nkn\ v ÿm]\ßƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. Ch kzImcy \nb¥WØnep≈tXm k¿°m¿ DSaÿXbnep≈tXmBIp∂p. \ΩpsS ssZ\wZn\ kmºØnIImcyßsf kzm[o\n°p∂Xn\m¬ Cuÿm]\ßƒ C¥y≥ kºZvLS\bpsS][m\ `mKamIp∂p. C¥y≥ kºZvLS\bn¬ kzImcytaJebnepw s]mXptaJebnepw ]h¿Øn°p∂ ÿm]\ßƒD≈Xn\m¬ \ΩpsS kºZvLS\ Hcp anikºZvLS\ (Mixed Economy) F∂dnb-s∏Sp∂p.

`mcX k¿°m¿ kzImcy taJ-e-bp-sSbpws]mXp-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ anikºZvLS-\-bmWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

C¥y≥ kºZvLS\sb ][m\ambpwkzImcytaJesb∂pw s]mXptaJesb∂pwc≠mbn XcwXncn°mw.

kzImcyhy‡nItfm kzImcy ÿm]\ßtfm \SØp∂ _nkn\ v ÿm]\ßfmWv kzImcy taJebn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv.GImwK hym]mcw, ]¶mfnØ hym]mcw,lnµp Ahn`‡ IpSpw_ _nkn-\ v,klIcW ÿm]\ßƒ, Iº\nIƒXpSßnbh kzImcytaJebnse ÿm]\-ßƒ°v DZmlcWßfmWv.

k¿°mcns‚ DSaÿXbnepw \nb¥WØnepw D≈ ÿm]\ßfmWv s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßƒ. CØcw ÿm]\ßƒ ]q¿Wamtbm mKnIamtbm tIµk¿°mcns‚tbm kwÿm\k¿°mcns‚tbmDSaÿXbn¬ Bbncn°pw. Ch ]m¿esa‚ v]mkm°nb ]tXyI \nbaØns‚tbmGsX¶nepw a¥mebØns‚tbm `mKamImw. cmPysØ kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ CSs]Sp∂Xn\p≈ am¿§ambns]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßsf k¿°m¿D]tbmKn°p∂p.

k¿°m¿ ImemImeßfn¬ hyhkmb \b ]tabßfneqsS IrXyambnkzImcytaJebpsSbpw s]mXptaJebpsSbpw ]h¿Ø\ßsf∏‰n ]Xn]mZn°mdp≠v. 1948 se hyhkmb \b ]tabØn¬ k¿°m¿ hyhkmb taJebpsS]ptcmKXn°v th≠ kao]\w apt∂m´ph®p.CXneqsS k¿°m¿ kzImcy taJebpsSbpw s]mXptaJebpsSbpw ]¶vhy‡am°pIbpw hnhn[ \nbaßfneqsSbpw \nb¥WßfneqsSbpw ChbpsSkmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ta¬t\m´whln°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1956 se hyhkmb\b ]tabw hyhkmbh¬°cWhpwhf¿®m\nc°pw XzcnXs∏SpØp∂Xn\pth≠n s]mXptaJebv°v ]m[m\yw\¬In Nne e£yßƒ apt∂m´phbv°pIbpw AtXmsSm∏wXs∂ kzImcytaJebpsS km∂n≤yw Dd∏p hcpØpIbpwsNbvXp. F∂m¬ 1991 se hyhkmb \b]tabw ap≥ \b ]tabßfn¬ \n∂vhyXykvXambn kzImcy taJebv°vIqSpX¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂Xpw C¥ybnte°v t\cn´v hntZi\nt£]w BI¿jn°p∂Xpw Bbncp∂p. AXphgn H∂n¬

72 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

IqSpX¬ cmPyßfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂BtKmf ÿm]\ßƒ C¥y≥ kºZvLS\bnte°v ]thin®p. \ΩpsS kºZv-LS\bn¬ s]mXptaJe, kzImcy taJe,BtKmf _nkn\ v kwcw`ßƒ F∂nh\ne\n¬°p∂p≠v.

3.3 s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsSkwLS\m cq]ßƒ(FORMS OF ORGANISING PUBLIC

SECTOR ENTERPRISES)

kzImcy taJebnse hnhn[ Xcw_nkn\ v kwLS\m cq]ßfmb GImwKhym]mcw, ]¶mfnØ _nkn\ v, lnµpIq´pIpSpw_ _nkn-\ v, klIcWÿm]\ßƒ, Iº\n F∂nhsb°pdn®vIgn™ A[ymbØn¬ \mw ]cnNbs∏ń´p≠v. AXpt]mseXs∂ _nkn\ vcwKØv k¿°mcns‚ CSs]SepIƒ°v NnekwLS\m cq]ßƒ Bhiyap≠v.

s]mXptaJebpsS cq]oIcWØn¬k¿°mcn\v \n¿WmbIamb ÿm\wD≈Xn\m¬ Ah Fßs\ cq]oIcn°WwGXv kwLS\mcq]w kzoIcn°WwF∂p≈Xv k¿°mcns\ kw_‘n®v][m\s∏´ Imcyw Xs∂bmWv. F∂m¬k¿°m¿ AhnSpsØ P\ßƒ, HmôkpIƒ, Poh\°m¿ F∂nhbneqsS ]h¿Øn°pIbpw k¿°mcn\v th≠n Ah¿Xocpam\ßsfSp°pIbpw sNøp∂p.cmPysØ kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬]s¶Sp°pI F∂ Dt±iytØmsSbmWvk¿°m¿ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒcq]oIcn®n´p≈Xv. amXa√ C∂sØDZmch¬°rX a’ctemIØv Ch cmPy-Øns‚ kmºØnI ]ptcmKXn°v t\áp-≠m°pw F∂pw ]Xo£n°p∂p. s]mXpDSaÿXbnep≈ CØcw ÿm]\ßƒAhbpsS IW°v ]m¿esa‚neqsS s]mXpP\ßsf t_m[ys∏SptØ≠Xp≠v.

C¥y≥ kºZvLS\

s]mXp-taJe kzImcy-taJe

hIp∏pXekwcw`ßƒ

s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj-\pIƒ

k¿°m¿ Iº-\nIƒ

GImwK hym-]mcw

]¶mfnØ_nkn\ v

lnµp Iq´pIpSpw__nkn\ v

klIcWkwLßƒ

Iº\n

_lpcm„Iº-\nIƒ

kzImcyIº\n(Pvt. Ltd.)

s]mXpIº\n(Ltd.)


s]mXp DSaÿX, s]mXpapX¬ D]tbmKw,s]mXpP\ßtfmSp≈ DØchmZnXzwXpSßnbhbmWv ChbpsS ]tXyIXIƒ.

Hcp s]mXptaJem ÿm]\Øn\vAXns‚ ]h¿Ø\ kz`mhØns‚bpw k¿°mcpambp≈ _‘Øns‚bpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ GXpXcw kwLS\mcq]hpw kzoIcn-°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ AhbpsS Bhiy-IXbv°v A\pkcn®mbncn°pw A\ptbmPy-amb kwLS\mcq]w Xocpam\n-°pI.s]mXptaJebnse GsXmcp ÿm]\hpws]mXpXXzßƒ°\pkcn®v kwLS\m-]camb D¬∏mZ\£aXbpw KpW\ne-hmchpw Dd∏mt°≠Xp≠v. ][m\ambpwaq∂v cq]ØnemWv s]mXpta-Jem ÿm]\-ßƒ kwLSn°s∏ńcn-°p∂Xv.

1. hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßƒ(Departmental Undertaking)

2. s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ(Statutory Corporation/Public Corporation)

3. k¿°m¿ Iº\nIƒ(Government Company)

3.3.1 hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßƒ

(Departmental Undertakings)

k¿°mcns‚ Hcp ]tXyI a¥mebØns‚\nb¥WØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ ÿm]\ßfmWv hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßƒ. s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßfn¬ G‰hpw ]g°wsN∂Xpw ]mcºcmK-X-am-bn-´p≈hbpam-Wnh. Ch kzbw `cWmhImiap≈ÿm]\ßf√. tIµ k¿°mcns‚tbmkwÿm\ k¿°mcns‚tbm DtZymKÿ∑mcmWv hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßfpsS

]h¿Ø\ßƒ \nb-¥n°p∂Xv. Ch tIµk¿°mcns‚tbm kwÿm\ k¿°mcns‚tbm \nb¥WØnep≈Xpw AXXvk¿°mcns‚ \nbaßƒ°v hnt[bhpamWv.C¥y≥ sdbn¬th, C¥y≥ t]mÃ¬k¿∆okv, BImihmWn, ZqcZ¿i≥apXembh hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßƒ°vDZmlcW-ßfmWv.

]tXyIXIƒ (Features)

hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßfpsS ]tXyIXIƒNphsS tN¿°p∂p.1. CØcw kwcw`ßfpsS ]h¿Ø\Øn\v

Bhiyamb ]Ww k¿°m¿ JP\mhn¬\n∂v s]mXp_P‰v hgn A\phZn°p∂p.ChbpsS hcpam\w k¿°m¿ JP\m-hnte°v \¬Ip∂p.

2. F√m k¿°m¿ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°pap≈kmºØnI ]cntim[\m kwhn[m\wChbv°pw _m[IamWv.

3. CØcw ÿm]\ßfnse Poh\°m¿k¿°m¿ Poh\°mcmbncn°pw. AhcpsS\nba\ tkh\ hyhÿIƒ k¿°m¿Poh\°mcptSXn\v XpeyamWv. ChbpsSta[mhnIƒ sF.F.Fkv (IAS) XeØnep≈ DtZymKÿ\mbncn°pw.

4. Ch k¿°m¿ a¥mebØns‚ t\cn p≈\nb¥WØn¬ Bbncn°pw.

5. amt\Pvsa‚ v _‘s∏´ a¥mebØns‚\nb¥WØnembXn\m¬ a¥meb-tØmSv DØcw ]dbm≥ Ch¿ NpaXe-s∏ńcn°p∂p.

ta∑Iƒ (Merits)hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßfpsS ta∑Iƒ NphsShnhcn°p∂p.

74 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

1. ChbpsS ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ Imcy£aamb CSs]SepIfpw\nb¥Whpw km[yamIp∂p.

2. kmaqlnI]Xn_≤X Dd∏phcpØp∂p.3. Chbn¬ \n∂p≈ hcpam\w k¿°m¿

JP\mhn¬ apX¬ Iq´p∂p.4. _‘s∏´ a¥mebØns‚ t\cn´p≈

ta¬t\m´Ønepw \nb¥WØnepambXn\m¬ tZiob kpc£bv°vG‰hpw A\ptbmPyamWnXv.

]cn-anXnIƒ (Demerits)hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßfpsS t]mcmbvaIƒNphsS tN¿°p∂p1. _nkn\ ns‚ kpKaamb ]h¿Ø

\Øn\v th≠hn[Øn¬ am‰ßƒhcpØphm≥ km[n°p∂n√.

2. _‘s∏´ a¥mebØns‚ ap≥Iq¿A\paXn AhiyambXn\m¬ Xocpam\-ßsfSp°p∂Xn¬ ImeXmakwD≠mIp∂p.

3. DtZymKÿcpsS AanX PmKXbpwbmYmÿnXnI kao]\hpw aqew ]pXnb_nkn\ v Ahkcßƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØphm≥ km[n°msX hcp∂p.

4. Nph∏p\mS (Red tapism) ChbpsS ssZ\wZn\ ]h¿Ø\ßsf Xf¿Øp∂p.

5. cm„ob CSs]SepIƒ CØcw ÿm]\ßfpsS kpKaamb ]h¿Ø\sØXS s∏SpØp∂p.

6. D]t`m‡mhns‚ BhiyßtfmSv A\p`mh]q¿Wamb kao]\w kzoIcn°Wsa∂n√.

3.3.2 s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ

(Statutory Corporations)

]m¿esat‚m \nbak`tbm ]m m°p∂\nbaØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ cq]oIcn

°s∏Sp∂ kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßfmWvs]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ. CØcw ÿm]\ßƒ°v k¿°m¿ hIp∏pambp≈ _‘sØbpw \S]SnIaßsfbpw A[nImcßsfbpw Poh\°mscbqw kw_‘n°p∂Imcyßƒ ChbpsS \nbaØn¬ hy‡am°nbncn°pw.

Hcp ]tXyIXcw hmWnPy ]h¿Ø\Øntem taJebntem ]q¿W \nb¥Wap≈, \nba\n¿ΩmWk`bneqsS kr„n°s∏´, hy‡amb A[nImcßfpw NpaXeIfpw kmºØnI kzmX¥yhpap≈ \nba]camb kanXnbmWv s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ. kz¥w \nebv°v ]h¿Øn°phm≥ Ignbp∂ \nba ]Zhnbp≈ Hcpÿm]\amWnXv. BbXn\m¬ Chbv°vk¿°mcns‚ A[nImcßfpw kzImcykwcw`ßfpsS ]h¿Ø\£aXbpwD≠mbncn°pw. dnk¿∆v _m¶v Hm^v C¥y(RBI), kvt‰‰v _m¶v Hm v C¥y (SBI), Fb¿C¥y (Air India), F¬.sF.kn (LIC),sI.Fkv.B¿.Sn.kn (KSRTC) XpSßnbhs]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ°v DZmlcWßfmWv.


s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIfpsS ]tXyIXIƒ Xmsg ]dbp∂hbmWv.

1. \nba\n¿ΩmWkÌfpsS ]tXyI\nbaØm¬ cq]oIcn°s∏´XmIp∂p.CXns‚ e£yßfpw A[nImcßfpwHs° Xs∂ \nbaØn¬ hy‡am°nbncn°pw.

2. Ch ]q¿Wambpw k¿°m¿ DSaÿXbn¬ BWv. CXns‚ kmºØnIDØchmZnXzhpw em`\„ßfpw k¿°mcn¬ \n£n]vXamWv.


3. ]tXyIw \nba]camb ]Zhnbp≈Xn\m¬ kz¥w t]cn¬ IcmdpIfn¬G¿s∏Sm\pw kzØp kºmZn°phm\pw,hyhlmcw \SØphm\pw km[n°pw.

4. Chbv°v kmºØnI kzmX¥ywD≈Xn\m¬ kz¥w hcpam\w D]tbmKn-°m≥ km[n°p∂Xnt\msSm∏w s]mXp-P\--ßfn¬ \nt∂m k¿°mcn¬ \nt∂mhmbv]bpw kzoIcn°mw.

5. k¿°mcns‚ A°u≠nwKnt\m ]cntim[\m \nbaßƒt°m hnt[ba√. tIµ_P‰pambpw CXn\v _‘an√.

6. CXnse Poh\°m¿ k¿°m¿ Poh\°m¿ A√mØXn\m¬ AhcpsS \nba\hpw tkh\ coXnIfpw tIm¿∏tdjs‚\nbaØnse hyhÿIƒ°\pkcn®vamXambncn°pw. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿hIp∏pIfn¬ \n∂v Poh\°mscChntS°v \nbp‡ \nba\mSnÿm\Øn¬ (deputation) Dƒs∏SpØmdp≠v.

KpWßƒ (Merits)

s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIfpsS KpWßƒXmsg ]dbp∂hbmWv.

1. hfscb[nIw ]h¿Ø\kzmX¥ywD≈Xn\m¬ k¿°mcns‚ A\mhiyamb\nb¥Wßfpw \S]SnIaßfpwChsb _m[n°mdn√.

2. ChbpsS kmºØnItkmX v k¿°mcns‚ _P‰n¬ \n∂v A√mØXn\m¬kmºØnI Imcyßfn¬ k¿°mcns‚CSs]SepIƒ D≠mImdn√.

3. kzbw`cW ÿm]\ambXn\m¬ \nba]cn[n°p≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠v \bßfpw\S]SnIaßfpw kzta[bm cq]oIcn°m≥ Ignbp∂p.

4. k¿°m¿ ÿm]\ßfpsS ]ZhnbpwkzImcy kwcw`ßfpsS ]h¿Ø\kzmX¥yhpw D≈Xn\m¬ Chbv°vDb¿∂ Imcy£aXtbmsS ]h¿Øn°m≥ Ignbpw.

]cn-an-XnIƒ (Demerits)

s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIfpsS tZmjßƒXmsg∏dbp∂hbmWv.

1. s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIfpsS ]h¿-Ø\w At\Iw \nbaßfpsSbpw\S]SnIa ßfpsSbpw ASnÿm\-ØnembXn\m¬ Chbv°v ]cnanXamb]h¿Ø\ kzmX¥yw amXta D≈q.

2. k¿°mcns‚bpw cm„ob°mcpsSbpwCSs]SepIƒ ][m\ Xocpam\ßƒFSp°p∂Xn¬ XS ambn \n¬°p∂p.

3. s]mXpP\ßfpambn CSs]Sp∂ taJebmbXn\m¬ hym]Iamb AgnaXn°vCShcpØp∂p.

4. k¿°m¿ \nban® D]tZiIkanXn s]mXptIm¿∏tdj\pIfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂-Xn\m¬ Xocpam\ßƒ FSp°p∂Xn\p≈ ChbpsS kzmX¥ysØ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂p. A`n]mb hyXymkap≠mbm¬ A¥na Xocpam\Øn\mbnk¿°m¿ D]tZiØn\mbn ImØncnt°≠n hcp∂p.

3.3.3 k¿°m¿ Iº\nIƒ

(Government Companies)

C¥y≥ Iº\n \nba]Imcw cPnÃ¿sNbvXv Bcw`n®n´p≈ s]mXptaJemÿm]\-ßfmWv k¿°m¿ Iº\nIƒ.]q¿Wambpw hym]mcØn\v th≠nbpwkzImcytaJe-bnse Iº\nIfpambn

76 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

a’cn°p∂Xn\v th≠nbpamWv k¿°m¿,Iº\nIƒ Bcw`n®n´p≈Xv. lnµpÿm≥sajo≥ Sqƒkv enan‰Uv (HMTL), C¥y≥Hmbn¬ tIm¿∏tdj≥ (IOC), Ão¬AtXmdn‰n Hm^v C¥y enan‰Uv (SAIL)XpSßnbh k¿°m¿ Iº\nIƒ°v DZmlc-WßfmWv.

Iº\n \nba]Imcw Hcp Iº\nbpsS51 iXam\Øn¬ IpdbmØ AS®p-Xo¿ØHmlcn aqe[\w tIµ k¿°mcn-s‚tbmGsX¶nepw kwÿm\ k¿°mcn-s‚tbmAs√¶n¬ `mKnIambn tIµ-k¿°mcpwkwÿm\k¿°mcpw AXp-as√¶n¬ H∂n¬IqSpX¬ kwÿm\ k¿°mcpIƒ Hcpant®mssIhiw h®ncn°p∂psh¶n¬ Ahsbk¿°m¿ Iº\n F∂p hnfn°p∂p. k¿°m¿Iº\n s]mXp-I-º-\n-bmtbm kzIm-cy- I-º-\n-bmtbm ]h¿Øn-°mw.

CØcw Iº\nIfnse AS®p Xo¿ØHmlcn aqe[\Øns‚ \nb¥Wwk¿°mcn\v Bbncn°pw. Iº\nbpsSHmlcnIƒ C¥y≥ cm„]XnbpsS t]cn-emWv hmßpI. CXns‚ ][m\ Hml-cnbpSabpw cW \nb¥Whpw k¿°m-cn¬Xs∂ BbXn\m¬ Ch k¿°m¿Iº\nIƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.


k¿°m¿ Iº\nIfpsS ]tXyIXIƒXmsg∏dbp∂hbmWv.

(i) 1956 sesbm 2013 sesbm Iº\n \nb-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-®mWv CXv cq]o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

(ii) Chbv°v kz¥amb AkvXnXzap≈Xn\m¬ kz¥w \nebv°v IcmdpIfn¬ G¿s∏Sm\pw kzØp°ƒkºmZn°phm\pw km[n°pw .

(iii) Iº\n°v kz¥w \nebv°v hyhlmcwsNøm\pw hyhlmcs∏Sphm\pwkm[n°pw.

(iv) ChbpsS amt\Pvsa‚ v a‰v GXv s]mXp¢n]vX Iº\nItfbpw t]mse Iº\n\nbaØnse hyhÿIƒ°\pkcn®m-bncn°pw.

(v) Iº\nbpsS e£yßfpw \nbaßfpwN´ßfpw ]Xn]mZn°p∂ satΩm-dm≠w Hm^v Atkmkntbj\pwB¿ń°nƒkv Hm^v Atkmkn -tbj\pw ChbpsS ][m\ tcJ-IfmWv. Cu tcJIfn¬ ]Xn]m-Zn®n´p≈ \nbaßƒ°pw \S]Sn-Iaßƒ°pw A\pkcn®mWv ChbpsSPoh\°msc \nban°p∂Xv.

(vi) k¿°m¿ hIp∏pIƒ°v _m[IambA°u≠nwKv ]cntim[\m \S]SnIaßƒ Chbv°v _m[Ia√.k¿°m¿ Chbv°mbn ]tXyIw]cntim[Is\ \nban°pIbpw hm¿jnI IW°v hnhcßƒ \nba\n¿ΩmWk`°v ka¿∏n°pIbpwsNøp∂p.

(vii) k¿°m¿ Iº\nIfpsS aqe[\wkzImcy hy‡nIfn¬ \n∂pw k¿°mcn¬ \n∂pamWv kzcq]n°s∏Sp∂Xv.AXpt]mse Xs∂ Chbv°v [\-Imcyhn]Wnbn¬ \n∂v aqe[\w Is≠Øm-hp∂XmWv.

t\´ßƒ (Merits)

k¿°m¿ Iº\nIfpsS t\´ßƒ Xmsg]dbp∂p.


(i) Ffp∏Øn¬ cq]oIcn°m≥ km[n°p∂p. ImcWw ]m¿esa‚ n¬]tXyI \nbaw ]mkmt°≠Xn√.

(ii) k¿°mcn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambnChbv°v kz¥amb AkvXnXzw D≠v.

(iii) `cWImcyßfn¬ Zo¿Lho£WtØmsS Xocpam\ßƒ FSp°phm\pw Ah thKØn¬ \S∏nem°phm\pw Ignbp∂p.

(iv) km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw anXamb\nc°n¬ \¬Ip∂Xn\m¬ Chbv°vhn]Wnsb \nb¥n°phm\pw A\mtcmKy _nkn\ v kºZmbßsfHgnhm°m\pw km[n°p∂p.

tZmjßƒ (Limitations)

k¿°m¿ Iº\nIfpsS tZmjßƒ NphsStN¿°p∂p.

(i) k¿°m¿ Iº\nIfpsS HmlcnbpSaIƒk¿°m¿ amXambXn\m¬ Iº\n\nbaØnse hyhÿIƒ°v th≠X]m[m\yw e`n°p∂n√.

(ii) ChbpsS kmºØnI klmbw k¿-°m¿ JP\mhn¬ \n∂v BbXn\m¬]m¿esa‚nt\mSv t\cn v DØcw ]dtb-≠Xn√. AXn\m¬ cWLS\m]-cambDØchmZnXzØn¬ \n∂v Hgn™pamdp∂p.

(iii) Iº\nbpsS \nb¥Whpw \SØn∏pw]q¿Wambn k¿°mcn¬ \n£n]vXambXn\m¬ \nba]Imcw cPnÃ¿sNbvX k¿°m¿ Iº\nbpsS ][m\Dt±iysØ ]cnKWn°p∂n√ .

3.4 s]mXptaJebpsS amdns°m≠ncn

°p∂ ]¶v(CHANGING ROLE OF PUBLIC SECTOR)

s]mXptaJe ÿm]\ßƒ°v t\cn´v_nkn\ v ]h¿Ø\ßfnte¿s∏´psImt≠m As√¶n¬ AXn\v klmbIcamb IaoIcWßƒ \¬Ins°mt≠mC¥y≥ kºZvLS\bpsS Nne e£yßƒt\Sp∂Xn¬ \n¿WmbIamb ÿm\whln°m≥ Ignbpw F∂v C¥y kzmX¥ywt\Snb kabØv ]Xo£n®ncp∂p. s]mXptaJe, X¥][m\ taJeIfn¬ \nt£]n°pIbpw a‰p taJeIƒ°p th≠ASnÿm\ kuIcyßfpsS \n¿ΩmWØn¬ G¿s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Zo¿LImeImØncn∏pw IqSpX¬ apX¬apS°pw th≠nhcp∂ ]≤XnIfn¬ \nt£]w \SØphm≥kzImcytaJe hnapJX Imńbncp∂p.BbXn\m¬ CØcw ASnÿm\ kuIcyhnIk\Ønepw kºZvLS\bv°v th≠Ahiy km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw \¬Ip-∂Xn\pw th≠ Imcyßƒ k¿°m¿ kzbwGs‰Sp°pIbmWp≠mbXv.

C¥y≥ kºZvLS\ am‰Øns‚]mXbnemWv. s]mXptaJebv°v IqSpX¬]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂hbmbncp∂p BZyIme]©h¬kc ]≤XnIƒ. F∂m¬ 90 Ifnse]pØ≥ kmºØnI \bØneqsS DZmch¬°cWw, kzImcyh¬°cWw, BtKmfh¬°cWw F∂nh°v XpS°w Ipdn®p.CXneqsS s]mXptaJebpsS ÿm\w ]p\¿\n¿hNn°s∏´p. s]mXptaJe AtXhyhkmbØnse kzImcy taJem kwcw`ßfpambn a’cØnte¿s∏´psIm≠vIqSpX¬ kPohamIphm≥ ian®Xn\m¬Chbv°v AhbpsS em`\„ßfnepw\nt£] ]XnêØns‚ ImcyØnepwDØchmZnXzap≠v.

78 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Hcp s]mXptaJem ÿm]\w XpS¿®bmbn \„Ønembm¬ AØcw ÿm]\-ßfpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWØn\mbn As√-¶n¬AS®p]q´p∂Xn\v th≠n hymhkmbnI[\Imcy ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW kanXnsb (Board

for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction

(BIFR)) \v Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØp∂p. Imcy£-aa√mØ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS]h¿Ø\w hnebncpØp∂Xn\pw AhbpsS`cW\n¿hlWhpw em`£aXbpwFßs\ sa®s∏SpØmw F∂v ]cn-tim[n°p-∂Xn\pw th≠n ]eXcw kanXnIsf\ntbmKn®n´p≠v. F∂m¬ Xo¿®bmbpw\nehn¬ s]mXptaJ-em ÿm]\ßfpsSÿm\w Adp]Xp-Ifnepw Fgp]XpIfnepwhn`mh\w sNbvXXpt]mse A√ F∂v

hyhkmbh¬°cWw aµKXnbnembn-cp-∂p.aXnbmb hm¿Ømhn\nab kwhn[m\ßƒ,C‘\ Du¿÷w, a‰v ASnÿm\-hyhkm-bßƒ F∂nhbpsS A`mhØn¬ icnbmbhyhkmbh¬°cW ]Inb km[yambn-cp∂n√. ASnÿm\ hyhkmb-ßfpsShnImkØn\pw Ahbn¬ \nt£]w\SØp∂Xn\pw kzImcytaJe ap≥ssIsb-SpØncp∂n√. amXhpa√ Ch Bcw`n-°phm≥ Ch¿°v th≠ hnZKv[ ]cnioe\we`n® Poh\°mtcm aXnbmb kmºØn-Itijntbm C√mbncp∂p.

k¿°mcn\p amXta henb aqe[\wkzcq]n°p∂Xn\pw hymhkmbnI \n¿ΩmWw GtIm]n∏n°p∂Xn\pw kmt¶XnIhnZKv[¿°pw a‰v sXmgnemfnIƒ°pw th≠

kvt‰‰v _m¶v Hm^v C¥y

C¥ybnse GXv _m¶n\mWv G‰hpw IqSpX¬ F.Sn.FΩpIƒ D≈Xv?GXv _m¶n\mWv C¥ybn¬G‰hpw IqSpX¬ imJIƒ D≈Xv?.kvt‰‰v _m¶v Hm^v C¥y AØcØnep≈ Hcp _m¶mWv.AhcpsS KmaoW taJebnep≈ kzm[o\hpw D]t`m‡m°fpsS _mlpeyhpw t\csØ Xs∂tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≈XmWv. 2005--˛¬ Fkv._n.sF AhcpsS ]Xn—mbbpsS \hoIcWØns‚`mKambn G‰hpw kaImenIhpw kmt¶XnIhnZybn¬ A[njvTnXhpw D]t`m‡r kulrZhpambam‰ßƒ ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ hcpØn. s]mXptaJem _m¶pIƒ°v hn\miIcambn `hn®psIm≠ncp∂AXns‚ ]h¿Ø\ coXnIsf ]q¿Æambpw Hgnhm°nbXneqsS 16 iXam\w hf¿®m \nc°nte°vFØphm≥ km[n®p. Fkv._n.sF (SBI) °v Cu hf¿®m\nc°v \ne\n¿Øm≥ km[n°pIbpwAXns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ B[p\nIh¬°cn°m≥ ]‰pIbpw P\kaqlØnep≈ kzm[o\wh¿[n∏n°m≥ IgnbpIbpw sNbvXm¬ Xo¿®bmbpw s]mXptaJem _m¶pIfpsS ]Xn—mbsa®s∏SpIXs∂ sNøpw.

ImWmw. CXn\p≈ ImcWßƒ ]eXmWv.Ah-bn¬ ][m\s∏´h NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

(i) ASnÿm\ kuIcyßfpsS hnIk\w(Development of Infrastructure)

cmPyØns‚ ]ptcmKXn°v ASnÿm\kuIcyßfpsS hnIk\w G‰hpwAXy¥mt]£nXamWv. kzmX¥yØn\vap≥]p≈ Imebfhn¬ ASnÿm\ kuIcyßfpsS hnImkw C√mXncp∂Xn\m¬

]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂Xn\pw km[n®ncp∂p≈q. sdbn¬, tdmUv, thyma KXmKXkwhn[m\ßfpsS ]h¿Ø\w k¿°mcns‚DØchmZnXzØn¬ Bbncp∂Xn\m¬hymhkmbnIh¬°cWØns‚ B°wh¿[n°pIbpw AXn-eqsS `mhnbnsekmºØnI hf¿® Dd∏m°pIbpw sNbvXp.AtXkabw Nne afießfn¬ amXtas]mXptaJ-e ]h¿Øn®ncp∂p≈q. F∂m¬


NphsS kqNn∏n°p∂ Nne taJ-eIfn¬IqSn k¿°m¿ \nt£]w D≠mtI-≠Xp≠v.

(a) henb apX¬apS°pw Db¿∂ kmt¶XnIhnZybpw henb kwLS\mkwhn[m\hpw Bhiyamb kwcw`ßfmbÃo¬ πm‚ v, sshZypX D¬∏mZ\ πm‚ v,thymabm\w, sdbn¬th, I¬°cnapXembh.

(b) kzImcytaJebn¬ IrXyamb coXnbn¬ ]h¿Ø\an√mØ taJeIfmbs]tSmsIan°¬kv, cmkhfßƒ,^m¿akyqń°¬kv XpSßnbh.

(c) tlm´¬, I¨kƒ´≥kokv, hkvX\n¿ΩmWw, hml\ \n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßnb kwcw`ßƒ.

(ii) ]mtZinI k¥pe\w(Regional Balance)

cmPysØ hnhn[ ]tZißƒXΩnep≈ kmºØnI Ak¥penXmhÿ]cnlcn°pI F∂Xv k¿°mcns‚ DØchmZnXzamWv. kzmX¥yØn\v apºp≈hymhkmbnI hnIk\w ][m\ambpw \KctIµoIrXambncp∂p. F∂m¬ 1951 \ptijw D≠mb ]©h’c ]≤XnIfneqsSkmºØnIambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂]tZißƒ°v ]m[m\yw \¬In s]mXptaJem hyhkmbßƒ Bcw`n®p. CXns‚`mKambn´mWv cmPysØ ][m\s∏´4 Ão¬ πm‚pIƒ kmºØnIambn]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ ]tZißfn¬ÿm]n°pIbpw AXphgn AhnSßfnsekmºØnIhf¿® sa®s∏SpØm\pwIqSpX¬ sXmgnehkcßƒ kr„n°phm\pwA\p_‘ hyhkmbßfpsS hf¿®km[yam°m\pw Ign-™Xv. cmPysØ

]mtZinI k¥pe\w Dd∏m°p∂Xn\v]nt∂m° ]tZißfpsS hnIk\w Bkq-XnXamb hnIk\Øns‚ ][m\ e£yß-fnsem∂mt°≠XmWv. BbXn-\m¬ k¿-°m¿ ]pXnb kwcw`ßƒ ]nt∂m°]tZißfn¬ Bcw`n°pIbpw AtXk-abw hnIknX ]tZißfnep≈ kzImcykwcw`ßfpsS s]s´∂p≈ hf¿®sb\nb¥n°pIbpw sNbvXm¬ ]mtZinIk¥pe\w km[yam°n Xo¿°mw .

(iii) h≥tXm-Xn -ep≈ D¬∏mZ\Øns‚

t\´-ßƒ (Economies of Scale)

kºZvLS\bpsS ]ptcmKXn°v Db¿∂aqe[\\nt£]w Bhiyamb h≥InS hyhkmb ÿm]\ßƒ Bcw`nt°≠Xp≠v.ChbpsS ]tbmP\w t\Sm≥ s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßƒ°v Ign™p. CeŒnIv]h¿ πm‚ v, ]IrXnhmXIw, s]tSmfnbw,sSent^m¨ hyhkmbw XpSßnb h≥InShyhkmbßƒ Bcw`n°phm≥ k¿°m¿hn`hßfneqsS amXta km[n°q F∂-Xn\m¬ Ch s]mXptaJem ÿm]\-ßfmbn cq]oIcnt°≠-XmWv.

(iv) kºØns‚ tIµoIcWsØ

\nb¥n°p∂p (Check over

concentration of economic power)

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ kzImcytaJebpsS ta¬ Hcp \nb¥Wambn]h¿Øn°p∂p. h≥InS hyhkmb taJe-bn¬ apX¬apS°m≥ kzImcy taJebn¬\n∂v Ipd®p t]¿ amXta Xm¬∏cywImWn°p∂p≈q. CXns‚ êambn Nne-cpsS ssIIfn¬ amXambn kºØvIpan™pIqSpIbpw AXv IpØI-h¬°c-WØn\v ImcWamhpIbpw sNøp∂p. CXvkaqlØn\v tZmjIcamb hcpam\Øns‚

80 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Ak¥penXmhÿbv°v ImcWamIp∂p.F∂m¬ s]mXptaJe h≥InS hyhkm-bßfn¬ \nt£]w \SØp∂Xv hgne`n°p∂ A[nI em`w sXmgn-emfnIƒ°pwa‰pambn hoXw sh®v \¬Ip∂p. CXvkzImcytaJebn¬ kºØv Ipan™p-IqSp∂Xv \nb¥n°p∂p.

(v) Cd°paXn°v ]Icw hbv°¬(Import Substitution)

cmPyw kzbw]cym]vXXbn¬ FØnt®cpI F∂Xv c≠m-a-sØbpw aq∂m-a-sØbpw ]©h’c ]≤XnIfpsS G‰hpw][m\s∏´ e£yambncp∂p. hntZi\mWb e`yX Hcp ]iv\w Bbncp∂-Xn\m¬ i‡amb hyhkmb ASnØd sI n-∏Sp°phm≥ Bhiyamb b¥kmaKnIƒCd°paXn sNøp∂Xn\v XSkambncp∂p.AXn\m¬ Cd°paXn sNbvXpsIm-≠ncp∂km[\ßƒ°v ]Icw kmaKnIƒ s]mXpta-Je ÿm]\ßfneqsS D¬]m-Zn∏n°p∂p.CXneqsS kzbw ]cym]vXX t\Sp∂-tXmsSm∏w Xs∂ D¬∏∂ßfpsS Ib‰paXn-bneqsS hntZi \mWbw t\Sp-hm\pwkm[n°p∂p.

(vi) 1991 apXep≈ k¿°mcns‚s]mXptaJem \bw (Government

Policy towards Public Sector since 1991)

1991 se ]pXnb hyhkmb \bØns‚`mKambn k¿°m¿ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ°mbn mcXk¿°m¿ \mev ]cnjvIm-cßƒ \S∏nem°pIbp≠mbn.

(i) `mhnbn¬ hf¿®m km[yXbp≈s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßsf ]p\cp÷ohn∏n°pIbpw ]p\xkwLSn∏n°pIbpw sNøpI.

(ii) ]p\cp÷ohn∏n°m≥ km[yXbn√mØs]mXptaJem kwcw`ßsf AS®p]q´pI.

(iii) X¥][m\a√mØ (Non-strategic)s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfnse k¿°m¿ Hmlcn hnlnXw 26 iXam\Øn¬Xmsgbmbn ]cnanXs∏SpØpI.

(iv) Poh\°mcpsS Xm¬]cyßsf ]q¿Wambpw kwc£n°pI.

(a) s]mXp taJebv°mbn am‰nhbv°

s∏ń´p≈ hyhkmbßfpsS FÆw

]cnanXs∏SpØp∂p. (Reduction in the

number of industries reserved for Public

Sector)

1956 se hyhkmb \b]tabØn¬17 hyhkmbßƒ s]mXptaJebv°mbnam‰nh®ncp∂p. 1991 ¬ CXns‚ FÆw F´mbnNpcp°n. F∂m¬ 2001 Bbt∏mtg°pwBWthm¿÷w, sdbn¬th, Bbp[\n¿ΩmWw F∂o aq∂v taJe-Ifn¬amXambn B am‰nhbv°¬ Npcp°n.kzImcytaJebv°v _m°n F√m taJe-Ifnte°pw IS°phm≥ km[n°pI hgns]mXptaJebv°v Ahcpambn i‡ambna’cnt°≠n h∂p.

kºZvhyhÿbpsS hnImkØn¬s]mXptaJe kp][m\ ]¶phln°p∂p.AXpt]mseXs∂ cmPy\n¿ΩmW ]Inbbn¬ KWyamb kw`mh\ \¬Iphm≥kzImcytaJe°pw Ignbp∂p. AXn\m¬s]mXptaJebpw kzImcytaJebpw tZiobhnIk\Øns‚ ]ckv]c]qcI LSIßfmbn ImWphm≥ km[n°pw. F∂m¬kzImcytaJemkwcw`ßƒ IqSpX¬s]mXp DØchmZnXzßƒ Gs‰Spt°


≠Xmbn´p≠v. AtXkabw Xs∂ Db¿∂a’ckz`mhap≈ hn]Wnbn¬ \n∂vIqSpX¬ Dbcßƒ t\Sphm≥ s]mXptaJebpw i≤nt°≠Xp≠v.

(b) sXcs™Sp°s∏´ s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßfpsS Hmlcn hn‰gn°¬.(Disinvestment of Shares of a Select Set of

Public Sector Enterprises)

kzImcytaJebvt°m s]mXpP\ßƒt°m s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsSHmlcnIƒ hn¬°p∂Xns\bmWv Hmlcnhn‰gn°¬ (Disinvestment) F∂v ]dbp∂Xv.s]mXpP\ßfpsSbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw]¶mfnØw CØcw ÿm]\ßfn¬ Dd∏m°n aqe[\w kamlcn°pI F∂XmWvCXns‚ e£yw. hyhkmb taJebn¬\n∂v ]n≥henbphm\pw F√m kwcw`ßfnsebpw Hmlcn ]¶mfnØw Ipdbv°m\pw k¿°m¿ Xocpam\n®p. CXneqsSs]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS `cW]camb tijnbpw kmºØnI A®S°hpwh¿≤n∏n°m≥ km[n°psa∂v ]Xo£n

®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ Cu taJebn¬ C\nbpwIqSpX¬ Imcyßƒ apt∂m v t]mIm\p≠v.

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS kzImcyh¬°cWØns‚ e£yßƒ Xmsg ]dbp∂hbmWv.

$ X¥][m\a√mØ s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßfn¬ sIń°nS°p∂ hn]p-eamb kºØv kmaqlnI t£a]h¿-Ø\ßfmb ]mYanI BtcmKyw,IpSpw_ t£aw, ]mYanI hnZym`ymkwXpSßnb taJeIƒ°v D]tbmKs∏Sp-ØpI.

$ s]mXpISØns‚bpw ]enibpsSbpw`mcw Ipdbv°pI.

$ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS \„-km[yX kzImcytaJebv°v ssIamdpIbpw aqe[\£aXbp≈ ]≤XnIfn¬\nt£]n°pIbpw sNøpI.

$ k¿°m¿ \nb¥Ww Ipd®v tIm¿]-td‰v`cW\n¿hlWw \S∏nem°pI.

C¥ybnse kzImcyh¬°cWw (Privatisation in India)

`mcX k¿°m¿ G‰hpw hnPbIcambn BZyw \SØnb Hcp tIµ s]mXptaJem

ÿm]\Øns‚ kzImcyh¬°cWambncp∂p Zn eKm≥ Pq´v sajn\dn Iº\n enan‰UnteXv

(LJMC). NW b¥kmaKnIƒ \n¿Ωn°p∂ I¬°Ø Bÿm\ambp≈ Iº\nbmb

F¬.sP.Fw.kn (LJMC) bn¬ kzImcyh¬°cWØn\v apºv GItZiw 400 Poh\°mcmWv tPmen

sNbvXncp∂Xv. F∂m¬ 1996˛97 Imebfhv apX¬ Chbv°v XpS¿®bmb \„w kw`hn°pIbpw

hn‰phchn¬ KWyamb Ipdhp≠mhpIbpw sNbvXp. F¬.sP.Fw.kn (LJMC) bpsS 1998 am¿®nse

A‰mZmbw GItZiw 5 tImSn cq]bpw hm¿jnI hn‰phchv GItZiw 5 tImSn cq]bpambncp∂p.

Hmlcn hn‰gn°ens‚ BZyL´ßfn¬ X¥][m\amb Hcp ]¶mfn°v 74 iXam\w

HmlcnIƒ \¬In F¬.sP.Fw.kn (LJMC) kzImcyh¬°cWØn\v A\paXn \¬In. Hmlcn

hn‰gn°¬ ]Inb ssIImcyw sNbvXncp∂Xv F¬.sP.Fw.kn (LJMC) \nb¥nX Iº\nbmb

`mcXv _mcn DtZymKv \nKw enan‰Uv (BBUNL) Bbncp∂p. Cu ]h¿Ø\ßƒ \SØnbXv mcX

k¿°mcns‚ hyhkmb a¥mebØns‚ Iognep≈ L\ hyhkmb hIp∏ns‚ (Heavy Industries

Department) cW]camb \nb¥WØn≥ Iognembncp∂p.

82 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

$ s]mXptaJebpsS IpØI Ipd®vD]t`m‡m°ƒ°v KpW\nehmcap≈km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw Ipd™hnebv°v Xncs™Sp°p∂Xn\p≈Ahkcw \¬IpI.

(c) \„Ønemb kwcw`ßsf kzImcy

taJebv°v Xpeyambn IcpXpI

(Policy regarding sick unit to be the same

as that for the private sector)

\„Øn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßsf AS®p]q´tWm]p\cp≤cn°tWm F∂ Imcyw Xocpam\n°p∂Xn\mbn hymhkmbnI [\Imcy]p\¿\n¿ΩmW t_m¿Uns‚ (Board for

Industrial and Financial Reconstruction)

]cnKW\bv°v hnSp∂p. t_m¿Uv Ahbn¬NneXn\v th≠ ]p\cp≤mcW, ]p\c[nhmkhyhÿIƒ ]p\x]cn-tim[n°pIbpw a‰pNneh AS®p]q´m≥ \n¿tZin°pIbpwsNøp∂p. CØcØn¬ AS®p ]q´m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ ÿm]\ßfnse sXmgnemfnIƒCXns\Xnsc i‡amb ]Xntj[w ]ISn-∏n®p. AS®p]q´s∏Sp∂ ÿm]\-ØnsesXmgnemfnIsf ]pXnb tPmen°v \ntbmKn-°pI, kzbw hncan°p∂h¿°pw Hgnhm°-s∏Sp∂-h¿°pw th≠ [\k-lmbw\¬IpI XpSßnb Bhiyßƒ-°mbnk¿°m¿ Hcp tZiob \hoIcW \n[n(National Renewal Fund) cq]oIcn®p.

Ip∂pIqSnb \„w hfsc IqSpXembXn\m¬ ]p\cp≤mcW tijnbn√mØAt\Iw s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ D≠v.CØcw ÿm]\ßsf tIµ, kwÿm\k¿°mcpIƒ°v s]mXpJP\mhnse ]WwD]tbmKn®v IqSpX¬ Imew \ne\n¿Øphm≥ km[n°pIbn√. BbXn\m¬ AhnS

ßfnse Poh\°m¿°v Bhiyambkpc£mhebw Hcp°ns°m≠v ChsbAS®p]q´pI amXamWv k¿°mcpIƒ°vap∂nep≈ GI am¿§w. F∂m¬ tZiob\hoIcW \n[n CØcØn¬ Hgnhm°s∏Sp∂ As√¶n¬ kzbw hncan°p∂h¿°v\„]cnlmcw \¬Ip∂Xn\v ]cym]vXa√F∂XmWv kXyw.

d) [mcWm]Xw D≠m°pI(Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU))

s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßfpsS]h¿Ø\w sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pth≠namt\Pvsa‚n\v IqSpX¬ A[nImcßƒ\¬InsIm≠v k¿°mcpambn [mcWm]XwD≠m°p∂p. CX\pkcn®v s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßƒ°v ]q¿ØoIcnt°≠ e£yßfpw Ah ]q¿ØoIcn°m\mhiyamb]h¿Ø\ kzmX¥yhpw \¬Ip∂p. _‘-s∏´ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\hpw AhcpsS`cWa¥mebhpw XΩn¬ AhcpsS_‘ßfpw A[nImcßfpw hy‡am°n-s°m≠mWv [mcWm]Xw D≠m°p∂Xv.

3.5 BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ(Global Enterprises)

\ΩpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXØn¬ \mwD]tbmKn°mdp≈ ]e D¬∏∂ßfpwtemIØns‚ hnhn[ mKßfn¬ e`n°p∂hbmWv. AXmbXv Ahsbms°Øs∂GsX¶nepw BtKmf Iº\nIfpsS\n¿ΩnXnbn¬ D≈hbmWv. Ign™ 20h¿jØn\nSbn¬ BtKmf Iº\nIƒC¥y≥ kºZvLS\bn¬ \n¿ÆmbIambÿm\w hln°p∂p≠v. Ch temIØnseF√m hnIkzc cmPyßfnsebpw Hcp]tXyIXbmbn amdnbncn°p∂p. H∂n¬


IqSpX¬ cmPyßfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂henb _nkn\ v ÿm]\ßfmWv BtKmfkwcw`ßƒ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. òaambhen∏w, D¬∏∂ßfpsS sshhn[yw, \qX\kmt¶XnIhnZy, hn]W\ X¥w, temIwapgph≥ hym]n®v InS°p∂ hnXcWirwJe F∂nhbmWv CØcw ÿm]\ßfpsS khntijXIƒ. temIsaºmSpap≈ imJIfpsS irwJe hgn AhbpsShymhkmbnI hn]W\ ]h¿Ø\ßƒhym]n∏n°p∂ h≥InS hyhkmb ÿm]\-ßfmWv BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ. ChbpsSimJIƒ qcn-]-£- hn-tZi DS-a-ÿXm kwcw-`-ßƒ (Majority Owned Foreign Affiliates

[MOFA]) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. hyXykvXtaJeIfn-embn H∂n¬°qSpX¬ D¬∏∂-ßƒ D¬∏mZn∏n®p sIm≠v hnhn[ cmPy-ßfn-embn hym]n®p InS°p∂ _nkn\ vcoXnbmWv ChbptSXv. Ipd®v D¬∏∂-ßfn¬ \n∂v IqSpX¬ em`w t\SpIF∂Xn\p]Icw ]camh[n cmPyßfn¬]h¿Ø\w hym]n∏n°pI F∂XmWvChbpsS e£yw. A¥mcm„ kºZvLS-\bnepw Chbv°v hy‡amb kzm[o\ap≠v.temIsØ henb 200 BtKmf kwcw`-ßfpsS hcpam\w temIsØ BsIB`y¥c D¬∏mZ\Øns‚ 30 iXam\whcp∂p F∂Xp Xs∂ CXns‚ hym]vXna\ nem°phm≥ klmbn°p∂p. X∑qewBtKmf kwcw`ßƒ°v AhbpsS hn]pe-amb aqe[\hn` -h -ßƒ, ]ikvXn,B[p\nI kmt¶XnIhnZy F∂nhbm¬A¥mcm„ kºZvLS\sb \nb¥n°p∂i‡nbmIm≥ Ign™n´p≠v. CXneqsSGXpXcw D¬∏∂ßfpw FhnsSbpwhn‰gn°m≥ km[n°p∂p. hnIkzccmPyßƒ°v F√mbvt∏mgpw AXymh-iy-an-

√mØ D]t`mKhkvXp°fpw BUw_chkvXp°fpw IqSpX¬ hn‰gn°p∂XneqsSCØcw cmPyßsf Hcp ]cn[nhsc BtKm-f-kw-cw-`-ßƒ NqjWw sNøpIbm-Wv.kmwkßv, sSmtbm´, lnµpÿm≥ eoh¿,sIm°tImf, s]]vkn XpSßnbh C¥y-bn¬ ]h¿Ø\ap≈ BtKmf kwcw`-ßfmWv.


BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ°v kzImcy,s]mXptaJem kwcw`ßƒ F∂nhbn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXambn Xmsg∏dbp∂]tXyIXIƒ D≠v.

(i) hn]peamb aqe[\ hn`hßƒ(Huge Capital resources)

hnhn[ am¿§ßfn¬ \n∂v henbtXmXn¬ aqe[\w kamlcn°phm≥CØcw kwcw`ßƒ°v km[n°p∂p. Hmlcnhn]WnIfn¬ \n∂pw [\Imcy ÿm]\ßfn¬ \n∂pw AtXmsSm∏w A¥¿tZiob_m¶pIƒ hgnbpw Ffp∏Øn¬ aqe[\wkamlcn°m≥ Ignbp∂p. Hmlcn hn]Wn-bn¬ Chbv°v Gsd hnizmkyX D≠v. Ch]h¿Øn°p∂ cmPysØ _m¶pIfpw a‰p\nt£]Icpw CØcw ÿm]\ßfn¬\nt£]w \SØphm≥ Xm¬∏cyw ImWn-°p∂p. henb kmºØnI `ZX D≈Xn-\m¬ GXp ]Xnk‘nIsfbpw adnIS°m≥Chbv°v km[n°p∂p.

(ii) hntZi kl]h¿Ø\w(Foreign Collaboration)

BtKmf kwcw`ßfn¬ C¥y≥Iº\nIfpambn D¬∏mZ\Ønt\m, kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS ssIam-‰-Ønt\m, D¬∏∂-Øns‚ _m≥Uv t]cv D]tbmKn°p-

84 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

∂Xnt\m th≠n DSºSnbn¬ G¿s∏Smdp≠v.Ch s]mXptaJebnsebpw kzImcytaJebnsebpw Iº\nIfpambn klIc-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏Smdp≠v. CØcw Icmdp-Ifn¬ kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS ssIamd¬,km[\Øns‚ hne \n¿Æbn°¬, em`hn-lnXw \¬I¬, hntZi kmt¶XnIhnZKv[cpsS CSs]S¬ XpSßnb Imcyß-fn¬ ]tXyI \n_‘\Iƒ D≠mImdp≠v.IqSpX¬ taJeIfnte°v IS°phm≥BKln°p∂ henb hym]mc ÿm]\-ßƒ°v BtKmf kwcwÌcpambp≈klIcWw IqSpX¬ t\´w D≠m°p∂p.F∂m¬ CXphgn IpØIIfpsS hf¿®-bv°pw Npcp°w NnecpsS ]°¬ kºØvIpan™pIqSp∂Xn\pw kml-N-cy-ap≠m-Ip∂p.

(iii) AXym[p\nI kmt¶XnIhnZy(Advanced Technology)

BtKmf kwcw`ßfpsS D¬∏mZ\]Inbbn¬ AXym[p\nI kmt¶XnIhnZyD]tbmKs∏SpØp∂Xn\m¬ temtImØc\nehmcap≈ km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpwe`y-am-°phm≥ km[n°p∂p. Ch ]h¿-Øn°p∂ cmPysØ hn`hßsf ]camh[nD]tbmKs∏SpØn AhnSpsØ hyhkmbhf¿®sb klmbn°p∂p. Iºyq´¿ -h¬°cWhpw a‰p I≠p]nSnØßfpwHs° BtKmf kwcw`ßfpsS kmt¶XnID∂a\Øns‚ mKambn D≠mbhbmWv.

(iv) D¬∏∂ \hoIcWw(Product Innovation)

_lpcm„ Iº\nIfn¬ ]pXnbD¬∏∂ßƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw \nehnep≈ D¬∏∂ßƒ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pambn hn]peamb KthjW hnIk\

hn`mKw ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. KpWmfl-I-ambKthjWßƒ°v henb apX¬apS°vBhiyambXn\m¬ BtKmf kwcwÌ¿°vamXta Ah km[yamhpIbp≈q.

(v) hn]W\ X¥w (Marketing Strategies)

_lpcm„ Iº\nIƒ a‰v Iº\nIsfAt]£n®v Npcpßnb Imebfhn\p≈n¬]camh[n D¬∏∂ßƒ hn‰gn°m≥Ignbp∂ XcØnep≈ IrXyhpw ê]Zhpamb hn]W\ X¥ßfmWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. hnizk\obhpw B[p\nIhpambhn]Wn hnhc kwhn[m\w Ch¿°p≠v.ChbpsS ]ckyßfpw a‰p hn]W\ kº-Zmbßfpw IqSpX¬ e]ZamWv. BtKmfhn]Wnbn¬ CØcw kwcw`ßƒ°v Hcp]tXyIÿm\w D≈Xn\mepw D¬∏∂-ßƒ°p≈ kzoImcyXbpw AhcpsSD¬∏∂ßfpsS hn¬∏\sb klmbn°p∂p.

(vi) hn]Wn]tZiØns‚ hn]peoIcWw (Expansion of market territory)

CØcw ÿm]\ßfpsS ]h¿Ø\taJe AhcpsS amXrcmPyØn\v ]pd-tØ°vhym]n®pInS°p∂p. _lpcm„ Iº\nIƒH∂n¬ IqSpX¬ cmPyßfnembn ]h¿Øn-°p∂Xn\m¬ Chbv°v A¥¿t±iobapZbmbn amdphm≥ Ignbp∂p. ChbpsSimJIƒ, IogvLSIßƒ, ]¶m-fnIƒF∂nh hgnbmWv Ch a‰p cmPy-ßfn¬]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. òa kzcq]w Chbv°vhn]Wnbn¬ B[n]Xyw e`n°m≥ ImcW-amIp∂p.

(vii) tIµoIrX \nb¥Ww(Centralised Control)

BtKmf kwcw`ßfpsS ]h¿Ø\ßsf \nb¥n°p∂Xv AXns‚ amXrcmPyØp≈ tIµ Hmôkv hgnbmWv.


tIµ HmôkmWv \b]camb N´°qSn\vcq]w \¬Ip∂sX¶nepw imJIfpsS ssZ\wZn\]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ Ah¿ CSs]Smdn√.

3.6 kwbp‡ kwcw`ßƒ

(Joint Ventures)

hnhn[ Xcw _nkn\ vv ÿm]\ßsf∏‰n\mw ]cnNbs∏´p Ign™p. Aßs\bp≈GsXmcp _nkn\ n\pw Ah BKln-°p∂ps≠¶n¬ at‰sXmcp _nkn\ pambpw ]ckv]cw t\ -ßƒ e`yam°pIF∂ Dt±iytØmSpIqSn Hcpan®v ]h¿Øn°m≥ km[n°pw. Aßs\ ]ckv]cem`Øn\pw s]mXphmb e£yØn\pwth≠n ct≠m AXne[nItam _nkn\ vkwcw`ßƒ Hcpan® v tNcp∂XmWvkwbp‡ kwcw`w. Ch kzImcytaJe-bnep≈tXm, s]mXptaJebnep≈tXm,hntZi Iº\nItfm BImw. GXpXc-Ønep≈ _nkn\ pIƒ°pw Zo¿LIme-sØtbm lkzImesØtbm ]≤XnIƒ°vth≠n kwbp‡ kwcw`w Bcw`n°mw.kwbp‡ kwcw` Ønse I£nIfpsScoXn°\pkcn®v Chbn¬ am‰w km[yam-

sW¶nepw `mhnbn¬ D≠mtb°mhp∂X¿°ßƒ Hgnhm°p∂Xn\pth≠n CXnseAwKßƒ XΩn¬ kwbp‡ kwcw` Icm¿D≠m°mdp≠v.

hyXykvX cmPyßfnse c≠v _nkn\ pIƒ XΩn¬ kwbp‡ kwcw`w Bcw`n°ptºmƒ AXmXp cmPysØ k¿°mcpIƒapt∂m´v hbv°p∂ Nne hyhÿIƒ]men®ncn°Ww. Hcp ]tXyI e£ywt\Sp∂Xn\p th≠n ct≠m AXne[nItam_nkn\ vv ÿm]\ßƒ AhcpsS hn`hßfpw sshZKv[yhpw kamlcn°emWvkwbp‡ kwcw`ØneqsS sNøp∂Xv. Ch_nkn\ ns‚ \„km[yXbpw ]Xnêßfpw ]¶phbv°p∂p. km[mcWKXnbn¬kwbp‡ kwcw`ßƒ Bcw`n°mdp≈Xv_nkn\ ns‚ hn]peoIcWw, ]pXnbD¬∏∂Øns‚ hnImkw, As√¶n¬ as‰mcpcmPysØ ]pXnb hn]Wnbnte°v IS°pIF∂nßs\-bp≈ Dt±iytØmsS Bbn-cn°mw. hnXcW am¿§ßƒ, kmt¶Xn-IhnZy,]Ww XpSßnb taJeIfnse A]cym]vX-XIƒ ]cnlcn°p∂Xnte°mbn hyXykvX_nkn\ v ÿm]\ßƒ kwbp‡ kwcw -

kwbp‡ kwcw`w -˛ `mcXn & Fb¿sS¬`mcXnbpw Fb¿sS√pw sSentImw taJebnse ]_ecmb i‡nIfmbn 2005 ¬ cwK]thiw

sNøpIbp≠mbn. 15 Zie£w D]t`m‡m°fp≈ Fb¿sS¬ `mcXnbpsS ]e kwcw`ßfn¬H∂p amXamWv `mcXn sSensS°ns‚ A[o\Xbnep≈ sSet^m¨ apZbmb _o‰¬ (Beetel)Ahsc em≥Uv sse≥ sSent^m¨ hn]Wnbnse ap≥\nc°mcmbn \ne\n¿Øns°m≠p t]mIm≥klmbn°p∂p. 1999 ¬ temIsaºmSpap≈ hb¿sekv hb¿sse≥ hmlI¿°v th≠ aqeyh¿[nX

tkh\ßfpw ]cnlmcßfpw \¬Ip∂Xn\v th≠n cq]oIcn°s∏´ `mcXn sSentkm^v‰v C∂vGItZiw 25 cmPyßfnembn \qtdmfw irwJeIfneqsS 50 Zie£w D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v tkh\w\¬Ip∂p. \nehmcw ]pe¿Øp∂ D]t`m‡r ]iv\]cnlmcØn\pw Hmôkv ]n¥pWbv°pwth≠n mcXnbpw sSensS°v tlmƒUnwKv C≥tIm¿]-td-j\pw tN¿∂p≈ "sSen-sS°v k¿ho-kkvC¥y' ]pdw Icm¿ tPmen-I-fn-te°pw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hym]n-∏n-®p. kwbp‡ kwcw`ØneqsSCh¿ ]pdw ]Wn°cmdnepw sSensS°v tkh\ßfnte°pw IqSn IS∂p. Im¿jnI D¬]∂ßƒ

bqtdm∏nsebpw Atacn°bnsebpw hn]WnIfnte°v amXambn Ib‰paXn sNøp∂Xn\mbn`mcXnbpw F¬tdm tlmƒUnßpw (ELRO Holding) tN¿∂v XpSßnb kwcwàmWv o¬Uv ^jv^pUvkv (Field Fresh Foods).

86 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂ coXn Ct∏mƒ ]Xnhmbn-´p≠v. CØcw kwbp‡ kwcw`ßfneqsSct≠m AXne[nItam Iº\nIƒ AhbpsShn`hßfmb aqe[\w, kmt¶XnIhnZy,a\pjy hn`h-ßƒ, \„km[yX, ]XnêwF∂nh Hcp ]pXnb kwcw`-Øn\p th≠ntbmPn®p≈ \nb¥WØn¬ hoXwhbv°p∂p.

C¥ybn¬ kwbp‡ kwcw`ßƒ°vamXambn \nbaßƒ C√mØXn\m¬ChnsS _nkn\ v sNøm\p≈ G‰hpw \√am¿§ambn kwbp‡ kwcw`ßsf IW°m°p∂p. C¥ybn¬ Bcw`n°p∂ kwbp‡kwcw`ßsf B`y¥c Iº\nIfpsSKWØnemWv ImWp∂Xv.

Xmsg∏dbp∂ coXnIfn¬ kwbp‡kwcw`ßƒ cq]oIcn°mw.

(i) c≠p I£nIƒ, (hy‡nItfm Iº\nItfm) C¥ybn¬ Hcp Iº\n cPnÃ¿sNøpIbpw AXn¬ HcmfpsS _nkn-\ v]pXnb Iº\nbnte°v ssIam‰wsNøpIbpw ]Xnêambn Iº\nHmlcnIƒ \¬IpIbpw, c≠masØI£n ]Ww \¬In Hmlcn -IƒhmßpIbpw sNøp∂p.

(ii) apIfn¬ kqNn∏n® c≠p I£nIfpw ap≥\n›bn® ]Imcw ]Ww \¬In Hcpkwbp‡ kwcw`Ønse HmlcnIƒhmßpIbpw Hcp ]pXnb _nkn\ vBcw`n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

(iii) \nehnep≈ Hcp C¥y≥ Iº\nbpsSkwcwÌ HmlcnbpSabpw as‰mcpI£nbpw (hy‡n As√¶n¬ Iº\n)XΩn¬ tbmPn®v B Iº\nbpsS_nkn\ v \SØp∂p. ChnsS ÿncw

Xmak°mct\m ]hmkntbm Bb]pXnb I£n ]Ww \¬In Iº\nbpsSHmlcnIƒ hmßp∂p. C¥ybnsekwbp‡ kwcw`ßfn¬ hntZi]¶mfnItfm As√¶n¬ ]hmknItfmDƒs∏Sp∂psh¶n¬ k¿°mcns‚A\paXn tXtS≠Xp≠v. Cu A\paXnkml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v dnk¿hv_m¶v Hm^v C¥y (RBI) hgntbmt^mdn≥ C≥shÃvsa‚ v ]tamj≥t_m¿Uv (FIPB) hgntbm t\tS≠XmWv.

(a) kwbp‡ kwcw`w kzm`m -hnIam¿KØneqsSbmWv Bcw`n°p∂-sX¶n¬ dnk¿hv _m¶v Hm^v C¥y-bpsS A\paXn aXnbmIpw.

(b) Hmt´mam‰nIv dqńeqsS A√msX Bcw`n-°p∂ kmlNcyßfn¬ t^mdn≥C≥shÃvsa‚ v ]tamj≥ t_m¿Uns‚AwKoImcw t\SWw.

Hcp kwbp‡ kwcw`w AXns‚kwbp‡ kwcw` Icmdnse hyhÿIsfDb¿Øn°mń c≠v AwKßƒ H∏n´vXømdm°nb Hcp [mcWm]XsØASnÿm\-am°nbp≈XmWv. ]n¬°meØvD≠mIm≥ km[yXbp≈ \nba]camb]iv\ßƒ Hgnhm°p∂Xn\pth≠nChbpsS hyhÿIƒ IrXyamb N¿®IfneqsSbpw IqSnbmtemN\IfneqsSbpwAtXmsSm∏wXs∂ AwKßfpsS kmaqlnIhpw \nba]chpamb ]›mØehpw IqSn]cnKWn®pthWw Xocpam\nt°≠Xv.kwbp‡ kwcw` DSºSnbn¬ BhiyambF√m k¿°m¿ A\phmZßfpw \S]SnIaßfpw Hcp \n›nX kabØn\p≈n¬]q¿ØoIcn°psa∂pw hy‡amt°≠Xp≠v.


3.6.1 t\´ßƒ (Benefits)

_nkn\ v ÿm]-\-Øn\v ]¶mfnbpambntN¿∂p≈ kwbp‡ kwcw`ØneqsSA]Xo£nX t\´ßƒ ssIhcn°m≥km[n°pw. kwbp‡ kw-cw`w CXn¬Dƒs∏ń´p≈ c≠v I£nIƒ-°pw KpWwsNøpw. hn`hßfpw kmt¶XnI sshZKv[y-hpw tijnbpw IqSpX¬ sa®s∏-SpØp-hm≥kwbp‡ kwcw`Øn¬ G¿s∏Sp-∂-XneqsSHmtcm I£n°pw Ignbp∂p. kwbp‡kwcw`ßfpsS FSpØp]dtb≠ t\´ßƒNphsS tN¿°p∂p.

(i) hn`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw tijn-bp-sSbpwh¿≤\hv (Increase of resources and

capacity)

as‰mcp ÿm]\hpambn tN¿∂v ]h¿Øn°p∂Xp hgn \nehnep≈ hn`hßfpwtijnIfpw IqSpX¬ Dbcßfnte°v hfscthKØn¬ hym]n∏n°phm≥ Ignbp∂p.kmºØnIhpw am\pjnIhpamb hn`hßfpsS kamlcWhpw AXphgn hn]Wnbnse sh√phnfnIsf XcWw sNbvXv]pXnb Ahkcßƒ ]tbmP\s∏SpØphm\pw kwbp‡ kwcw`ØneqsSIgnbp∂p.

(ii) ]pXnb hn]Wnbpw hnXcWirwJebpw Is≠Ø¬ (Access to new

markets and distribution networks)

Hcp hntZi ]¶mfnbpambn tN¿∂p≈kwbp‡ kwcw`w ]pXnb hnimeambhn]Wn Is≠Øm≥ klmbn°p∂p. DZm-l-cWw: amcpXnbpw kpkp°nbpw kwbp‡kwcw`Øn¬ G¿s∏´XneqsS C¥y≥ Im¿hn]WnbpsS ]camh[n km[yXIsf]tbmP\s∏SpØm≥ Ign™p. kztZi

hn]Wnbn¬ D¬∏∂ßƒ hn¬∏\bpsS]mcayØnseØnbm¬ ]pXnb hn]WnIs≠Øp∂XneqsS Ah hn‰gn°m≥Ignbp∂p. hyXykvX ]mtZinI hn]WnIfnse Nn√d hn¬∏\imeIfpsS hnXcWirwJeIƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØn t\´wsImøm\pw km[n°p∂p. A√mØ]£wkz¥ambn Nn√d hn¬]\imeIƒ Bcw`n-°pI F∂Xv hfsc sNethdnb H∂mbnamdpw.

(iii) kmt¶XnIhnZy D]tbmKs∏SpØ¬(Access to Technology)

an° _nkn\ pIfpw kwbp‡ kwcw`-ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm\p≈ ][m\ ImcWwkmt¶XnIhnZybpsS tkh\w ]tbm-P\s∏SpØp∂Xn\mWv. B[p\nI kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy D]tbmKn®p≈ D¬∏mZ\ coXnbn-eqsS Db¿∂ \nehmcap≈ km[\ßƒIpd™ hnebv°v D¬]mZn∏n°phm≥km[n°p∂p. CØcw kmt¶XnIhnZybpsSkz¥ambp≈ hnImkØn\v hfsc IqSpX¬\nt£]w th≠Xn\m¬ kwbp‡ kwcw -ØneqsS ChbpsS tkh\w D]tbmK-s∏SpØn Imcy£aX h¿≤n∏n°p∂p.

(iv) \hoIcWw (Innovation)

hn]Wn Ft∏mgpw ]pXpatbmS vXm¬∏cyw Im´mdp≠v. kwbp‡ kwcw`w_nkn\ ns\ \nehnep≈ hn]Wnbnte°v]pXnbXpw D∂X \ne-hm-c-ap-≈-Xp-ambD¬∏∂ßƒ AhXcn∏n°m≥ klmbn-°p∂p. kwbp‡ kwcw`Ønse hntZi]¶mfn°v D¬∏∂ßsf \hoIcn°m\p≈Ignhpw kmt¶XnIhnZybpw IqSpXembnD≈Xn\m¬ Gsd ]pXpaItfmsS D¬∏∂wAhXcn∏n°m≥ km[n°p∂p.

88 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(v) Ipd™ D¬∏mZ\s®ehv(Low cost of production)

A¥¿tZiob ÿm]\ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ \nt£]w \SØp∂Xns‚ G‰hpw]ca][m\amb Dt±iyw Ipd™ Nnehn¬km[\ßƒ D¬∏mZn∏n°m≥ IgnbpwF∂XmWv. ChnsS\n∂v \nehmcap≈D¬∏∂ßƒ Ipd™ hnebv°v BtKmfBhiyßƒ°\pkcn®v D¬]mZn∏n°m≥Ignbp∂p. C¥y Hcp ][m\s∏´ BtKmfDdhnShpw D¬∏∂ßƒ°v A\ptbmPyambhn]Wnbpw BIp∂p. hntZi ]¶mfn°vAhcpsS amXrcmPyØv e`n°p∂-Xnt\-°mƒ Ipd™ Nnehn¬ km[\ßƒD¬]mZn∏n°m≥ Bhiyamb AkwkvIrXhkvXp°ƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, hyXykvXtaJebnep≈ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-Kv[-cm-bp≈A`n`mjI¿, F≥Pn\ob¿am¿, imkvX⁄-∑m¿, Nm¿tÚv A°u≠‚pam¿ XpSßnb-hsb√mw ChnsS [mcmf-ambn e`n°p∂-Xn\m¬ Ah¿ C¥y≥ Iº\nIfpambnkwbp‡ kwcw`Øn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂p.

(vi) AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ _m‚ v \maw(Established Brand Name)

c≠v _nkn\ pIƒ XΩn¬ kwbp‡kwcw`Øn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂XneqsS HmtcmI£n°pw \nehn¬ hn]Wnbn¬ AwKoIcn°s∏´ k¬t∏cns‚ KpWw ]ckv]cwA\p`hn°m≥ km[n°p∂p. C¥ybnseHcp Iº\nbpambn kwbp‡ kwcw`Øn¬G¿s∏Sp∂XneqsS AhcpsS D¬∏∂Øns‚ _m‚ v \maw hnIkn∏n°p∂Xnt\mhnXcW irJe ÿm]n°p∂Xnt\m th≠nkabtam ]Wtam Nnehmt°≠n hcp∂n√.D¬∏∂ßƒ hn‰gn°m≥ ]mIØnep≈hn]Wn CXphgn e`n°p∂XneqsS IqSpX¬]Ww em`n°m≥ km[n°pw.


][m\]Zßƒ][m\]Zßƒ][m\]Zßƒ][m\]Zßƒ][m\]Zßƒ

s]mXptaJe hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßƒ kzImcyh¬°cWw

s]mXp kwcw`ßƒ k¿°m¿ Iº\nIƒ BtKmfh¬°cWw

s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ Hmlcn hn‰gn°¬ BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ

kwbp‡ kwcw`ßƒ s]mXp DØchmZnXzw s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ

s]mXp kzImcy ]¶m-fnØw

kwKlwkwKlwkwKlwkwKlwkwKlw

kzImcytaJebpw s]mXptaJebpw: \ΩpsS cmPyØv hnhn[ XcØnep≈ _nkn\ v

ÿm]\ßƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. \ΩpsS ssZ\wZn\ kmºØnI Imcyßsf kzm[o\n°p∂

Cu ÿm]\ßƒ C¥y≥ kºZvLS\bpsS ][m\ `mKamIp∂p. s]mXptaJebpw

kzImcytaJebpw Hcpt]mse ]h¿Øn°m≥ A\phZn°p∂ ani kºZvhyhÿbmWv

C¥ybptSXv. AXn\m¬ C¥y≥ kºZvLS\sb s]mXptaJesb∂pw kzImcytaJesb∂pw

c≠mbn XcwXncn®n´p≠v. Hcp hy‡nbpsStbm HcpIq´w hy‡nIfpsStbm \nb¥WØnep≈

ÿm]\ßfmWv kzImcy taJebn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv. GImwK hym]mcw, ]¶mfnØ _nkn\ v,

lnµp Iq´pIpSpw_w, klIcW kwLßƒ, Iº\n XpSßnbh kzImcy taJebn¬ hcp∂

ÿm]\ßfmWv. k¿°m¿ \nb¥WØnep≈ ÿm]\ßfmWv s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ.

Ch ]q¿Æamtbm `mKnIamtbm tIµ k¿°mcns‚tbm kwÿm\ k¿°mcns‚tbm

DSaÿXbn¬ BImw.

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS kwLS\m cq]ßƒ

cmPyØv _nkn\ vv, kmºØnI taJeIfnep≈ k¿°mcns‚ CSs]SepIƒ°v Nne

kwLS\m cq]ßƒ Bhiyap≠v. Hcp s]mXptaJem ÿm]\Øn\v AXns‚ ]h¿Ø\

kz`mhØns‚bpw k¿°mcpambp≈ _‘Øns‚bpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ GXpXcw kwLS\m

cq]hpw kzoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ AhbpsS BhiyIXbv°v A\pkcn®mbncn°pw

A\ptbmPyamb kwLS\m cq]w Xocpam\n°pI. s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ Xmsg∏dbp∂

coXnIfn¬ kwLSn∏n°mw.

1. hIp∏pXe kwcw`w (Departmental Undertaking)

2. s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj≥ (Statutory Corporation/Public Corporation)

3. k¿°m¿ Iº\n (Government Company)

hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßƒ

k¿°mcns‚ Hcp ]tXyI a¥mebØns‚ \nb¥WØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂

ÿm]\ßfmWv hIp∏pXe kwcw`ßƒ. Chsb a¥mebØns‚ Hcp mKamtbm As√¶n¬

90 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

XpS¿®bmsbm IcpXmw. k¿°m¿ CØcw ÿm]\ßfneqsS ]h¿Øn°p∂p. ChbpsS

]hrØnIƒ k¿°mcns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Hgn®pIqSm\mhmØ mKamWv.

s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ

]m¿esat‚m \nbak`tbm ]m m°p∂ \nbaØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ cq]oIcn°s∏Sp∂

kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßfmWv s]mXp tIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ. CØcw ÿm]\ßƒ°v k¿°m¿

hIp∏pambp≈ _‘sØbpw \S]SnIaßsfbpw A[nImcsØbpw Poh\°msc

kw_‘n°p∂ Imcyßsfbpw ]‰nsbms° ChbpsS \nbaØn¬ hy‡am°nbncn°pw. Hcp

]tXyIXcw hmWnPy ]h¿Ø\Øntem taJebntem ]q¿W \nb¥Wap≈,

\nba\n¿ΩmWk`bneqsS kr„n°s∏´ hy‡amb A[nImcßfpw NpaXeIfpw kmºØnI

kzmX¥yhpap≈ \nba]camb kanXnbmWv s]mXptIm¿∏tdj\pIƒ.

k¿°m¿ Iº\n

1956sesbm 2013 sesbm Iº\n \nba]Imcw ÿm]nXambhbmWv CØcw Iº\nIƒ.

k¿°m¿ Iº\nIƒ kzImcytaJebnep≈ a‰p Iº\nIsf t]mse cPnÃ¿ sNbvXn´p≈Xpw

\nb¥n°s∏Sp∂Xpw Iº\n \nbaØnse hyhÿIƒ A\pkcn®mWv. Iº\n \nba]Imcw

Hcp Iº\nbpsS 51 iXam\Øn¬ IpdbmØ sImSpØpXo¿Ø Hmlcn aqe[\w

tIµk¿°mcns‚tbm GsX¶nepw kwÿm\k¿°mcns‚tbm As√¶n¬ `mKnIambn

tIµk¿°mcpw kwÿm\k¿°mcpw As√¶n¬ H∂n¬ IqSpX¬ kwÿm\ k¿°mcpIƒ

Hcpant®m ssIhiw h®ncn°p∂psh¶n¬ Ahsb k¿°m¿ Iº\n F∂p hnfn°p∂p.

s]mXptaJebpsS amdns°m≠ncn°p∂ ]¶v

s]mXptaJe ÿm]\ßƒ°v t\cn´v _nkn\ vv ]h¿Ø\ßfnte¿s∏´psImt≠m

As√¶n¬ AXn\p klmbIcamb IaoIcWßƒ \¬Ins°mt≠m C¥y≥ kºZvLS\bpsS

Nne e£yßƒ t\Sp∂Xn¬ \n¿WmbIamb ÿm\w hln°m≥ Ignbpw F∂v C¥y

kzmX¥yw t\Snb kabØv ]Xo£n®ncp∂p. C¥y≥ kºZvLS\ am‰Øns‚ ]mXbnemWv.

90 Iƒ°v tijw ]pØ≥ kmºØnI \bØneqsS DZmch¬°cWw, kzImcyh¬°cWw,

BtKmfh¬°cWw F∂o \bßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn®p. CXneqsS s]mXptaJebpsS ÿm\w

]p\¿\n¿hNn°s∏´p. F∂m¬ s]mXptaJe AtX hyhkmbØnse kzImcytaJem

kwcw`ßfpambn a’cØnte¿s∏´psIm≠v IqSpX¬ kPohamIphm≥ ian°pIbmWv

sNbvXXv.

ASnÿm\ kuIcyßfpsS hnIk\w

aXnbmb hm¿Ømhn\nab kwhn[m\ßƒ, C‘\w, Du¿÷w, a‰v ASnÿm\

hyhkmbßƒ XpS-ßnbhbpsS A`mhØn¬ icnbmb hyhkmbh¬°cW ]Inb km[ya√.

k¿°mcn\v amXta henb aqe[\w kzcq]n°p∂Xn\pw hymhkmbnI \n¿ΩmWw

GtIm]n∏n°p∂Xn\pw kmt¶XnI hnZKv[¿°pw a‰v sXmgnemfnIƒ°pw th≠ ]cnioe\w

\¬Ip∂Xn\pw km[n®ncp∂p≈q.


]mtZinI k¥pe\w

cmPysØ hnhn[ ]tZißƒ XΩnep≈ kmºØnI Ak¥penXmhÿ ]cnlcn°pI F∂Xv

k¿°mcns‚ DØchmZnXzamWv. cmPysØ ]mtZinI k¥pe\w Dd∏m°p∂Xn\v ]nt∂m°

]tZißfpsS hnIk\w BkqXnXamb hnIk\Øns‚ ][m\ e£yßfnsem∂mt°≠-

XmWv. k¿°m¿ ]pXnb kwcw`ßƒ ]nt∂m° ]tZißfn¬ Bcw`n°pIbpw AtXkabw

hnIknX ]tZißfnep≈ kzImcy kwcw`ßfpsS s]s´∂p≈ hf¿®sb \nb¥n°pIbpw

sNbvXm¬ ]mtZinI k¥pe\w km[yam°n Xo¿°mw.

kºZvhyhÿIfpsS tXmXv

kºZvLS\bpsS ]ptcmKXn°v Db¿∂ aqe[\\nt£]w Bhiyamb h≥InS hyhkmb

ÿm]\ßƒ Bcw`nt°≠Xp≠v. ChbpsS ]tbmP\w t\Sm≥ s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßƒ

\n¿_‘nXcmbn.

kºØns‚ tIµoIcWsØ \nb¥n°p∂p

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ kzImcy taJebpsS ta¬ Hcp \nb¥Wambn ]h¿Øn-

°p∂p. h≥InS hyhkmb taJebn¬ apX¬ apS°m≥ kzImcy taJebn¬ \n∂v Ipd®p t]¿

amXta Xm¬∏cyw ImWn°p∂p≈q. CXns‚ eambn NnecpsS ssIIfn¬ amXambn kºØv

Ipan™p IqSpIbpw AXv IpØIh¬°cWØn\v ImcWamhpIbpw sNøpw.

Cd°paXn°v ]Icw hbv°¬

cmPyw hyXykvXtaJeIfn¬ kzbw]cym]vXXbn¬ FØnt®cpI F∂Xv BZyIme

]©h’c]≤XnIfpsS G‰hpw ][m\s∏´ e£yambncp∂p. CXns‚ `mKambn Cd°paXn

sNbvXpsIm≠ncp∂ km[\ßƒ°v ]Icambn L\ \n¿ΩmW hyhkmbØn¬ G¿s∏ńcp∂

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ Ah D¬]mZn∏n°phm≥ XpSßn.

1991 apXep≈ k¿°mcns‚ s]mXptaJem \bw

ChbpsS ][m\ LSIßƒ

(i) `mhnbn¬ hf¿®m km[yXbp≈ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßsf ]p\cp÷ohn∏n°pIbpw

]p\xkwLSn∏n°pIbpw sNøpI.

(ii) ]p\cp÷ohn∏n°m≥ km[yXbn√mØ s]mXptaJem kwcw`ßƒ AS®p ]q´pI.

(iii) X¥][m\a√mØ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfnse k¿°m¿ Hmlcn hnlnXw 26

iXam\Øn¬ Xmsgbmbn ]cnanXs∏SpØpI.

(iv) Poh\°mcpsS Xm¬]cyßƒ ]q¿Wambpw kwc£n°pI.

(a) s]mXptaJebv°mbn am‰nhbv°s∏ń´p≈ hyhkmbßfpsS FÆw ]cnanXs∏SpØpI

kzImcytaJebv°v s]mXptaJebv°mbn amXw am‰nh® aq∂v hyhkmbßfn¬ HgnsI

_m°n F√m taJeIfnte°pw IS°m≥ km[n°pIbpw s]mXptaJebv°v Ahcpambn

i‡ambn a’cnt°≠nbpw h∂p.

92 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(b) sXcs™Sp°s∏´ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS Hmlcn hn‰gn°¬

kzImcytaJebvt°m s]mXpP\ßƒt°m s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS Hmlcn

hn‰gn°p∂Xns\bmWv Hmlcnhn‰gn°¬ F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. s]mXpP\ßfpsSbpw

sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw ]¶mfnØw CØcw ÿm]\ßfn¬ Dd∏m°n aqe[\w kamlcn°pI

F∂XmWv CXns‚ e£yw. hyhkmb taJebn¬ \n∂v ]n≥henbphm\pw F√m

kwcw`ßfnsebpw Hmlcn]¶mfnØw Ipdbv°phm\pw k¿°m¿ Xocpam\n®p.

(c) Zo\ kwcw`ßsf kzImcytaJebv°v Xpeyambn IW°m°p∂ kao]\w

\„Øn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßsf AS®p]q´tWm ]p\cp≤cn°tWm

F∂Imcyw Xocpam\n°p∂Xn\mbn hymhkmbnI [\Imcy ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW t_m¿Uns‚ (Board

for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction) ]cnKW\bv°p hnSp∂p.

d) [mcWm]Xw

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS ]h¿Ø\w sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\p th≠n amt\Pvsa‚n\v

IqSpX¬ A[nImcßƒ \¬Ins°m≠v k¿°mcpambn [mcWm]Xw D≠m°p∂p. CX\pkcn®v

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒ°v ]q¿ØoIcnt°≠ e£yßfpw Ah ]q¿ØoIcn°m\mhiyamb

]h¿Ø\kzmX¥yhpw \¬Ip∂p.

BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ

Ign™ 20 h¿jambn BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ C¥y≥ kºZvLS\bn¬ \n¿ÆmbIamb

ÿm\w sNepØn hcp∂p. oaamb hen∏w, DXv]∂ßfpsS sshhn[yw, \qX\ kmt¶XnIhnZy,

hn]W\ X¥w, temIw apgph≥ hym]n®v InS°p∂ hnXcW irwJe XpSßnbhbmWv CØcw

ÿm]\ßfpsS khntijXIƒ. hnhn[ cmPyßfnembn imJIfpsS irwJe hgn hymhkmbnI

hn]W\ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ hym]n∏n°p∂ h≥InS hyhkmb ÿm]\ßfmWv BtKmf

kwcw`ßƒ.

]tXyIXIƒ

BtKmf kwcw`ßƒ°v kzImcytaJemIº\nIƒ, s]mXptaJem kwcw`ßƒ F∂nhbn¬

\n∂v hyXykvXamb khntijXIfmWp≈Xv.

(i) hn]peamb aqe[\ hn`hßƒ

(ii) hntZi kl]h¿Ø\w

(iii) AXym[p\nI kmt¶XnIhnZy

(iv) D¬∏∂ \hoIcWw

(v) hn]W\ X¥w

(vi) hn]Wn ]tZiØns‚ hn]peoIcWw

(vii) tIµoIrX \nb¥Ww


kwbp‡ kwcw`ßƒ

kwbp‡ kwcw`w F∂Xns\ \mw D]tbmKn°p∂ kmlNcyßƒ°\pkcn®v

]eXcØn¬ hymJym\n°mw. hnime A¿∞Øn¬ kwbp‡ kwcw`w F∂m¬ Hcp ]tXyI

e£yw t\Sp∂Xn\p th≠n ct≠m AXne[nItam _nkn\ v ÿm]\ßƒ AhcpsS

hn`hßfpw sshZKv[yhpw kamlcn°emWv. Ch _nkn\ ns‚ \„km[yXbpw

]Xnêßfpw ]¶v hbv°p∂p≠v. km[mcWKXnbn¬ kwbp‡ kwcw`ßƒ Bcw`n°mdp≈Xv

_nkn\ ns‚ hn]peoIcWw, ]pXnb D¬∏∂Øns‚ hnImkw As√¶n¬ as‰mcp cmPysØ

]pXnb hn]Wnbnte°p IS°pI F∂o Dt±iytØmSp IqSnbmImw.

t\´ßƒ:

_nkn\ n\v Hcp ]¶mfnbpambn tN¿∂p≈ kwbp‡ kwcw`ØneqsS A]Xo£nX t\´ßƒ

ssIhcn°m≥ km[n°pw. kwbp‡ kwcw`ßfpsS FSpØp]dtb≠ t\´ßƒ NphsS

tN¿°p∂p.

(i) hn`hßfpw tijnbpw h¿[n∏n°p∂p.

(ii) ]pXnb hn]WnbpsSbpw hnXcW irwJebpsSbpw Is≠Ø¬.

(iii) kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS D]tbmKs∏SpØ¬.

(iv) \hoIcWw.

(v) Ipd™ D¬]mZ\s®ehv.

(vi) ÿm]nX _m‚ v \maw


icn-bp-Øcw Xnc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-Xp-I

(1) Hcp Iº\nbnse k¿°mcns‚ ssIhiap≈ AS®pXo¿Ø aqe[\Øns‚ ]¶v_______iX-am-\-Øn¬ IpdbmXncp∂m¬ Ahsb k¿°m¿ Iº\n F∂v hnfn°mw.

(a) 49 iXam\w (b) 51 iXam\w

(c) 50 iXam\w (d) 25 iXam\w

(2) BtKmf kwcw`ßfnse tIµoIrX \nb¥Ww F∂XpsIm≠p Dt±-in°p∂Xv_______ hgnbp≈ \nb-¥-W-am-Wv.

(a) imJIƒ (b) A\p_‘ Iº\nIƒ

(c) tIµ Bÿm\w (d) ]m¿esa‚ v

(3) BcpsS DSaÿXbnep≈ ÿm]\ßsfbmWv s]mXptaJe ÿm]\ßƒ F∂p]dbp∂Xv?

(a) lnµp Ahn`‡ IpSpw_w (b) k¿°m¿

(c) hntZi Iº\nIƒ (d) kzImcykwcwÌ¿

94 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(4) \„Ønemb s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßfpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw \SØp∂XvBcphgnbmWv?

(a) Fw.H.F v.F (b) Fw.H.bp

(c) _n.sF.F v. B¿ (d) F≥.B¿.F v

(5) s]mXptaJem kwcw`ßfpsS Hmlcn hn‰gn°¬ F∂m¬ :

(a) kzImcytaJebvt°m s]mXpP\ßƒt°m Hmlcn hn¬°pI.

(b) ]h¿Ø\w Ahkm\n∏n°pI.

(c) ]pXnb taJeIfn¬ \nt£]w \SØpI.

(d) s]mXptaJem kwcw`ßfpsS Hmlcn hmßpI.

ltkzm-Øc tNmZyßƒ

1) s]mXptaJetbbpw kzImcytaJetbbpw Ipdn®v hniZoIcn°pI?

2) kzImcy taJebnse hnhn[ kwLS\m cq]ßsf∏‰n hy‡am°pI?

3) s]mXptaJebnse hnhn[ kwLS\m cq]ßƒ GsX√mw?

4) s]mXptaJebnse a‰v kwLS\mcq]ßtf°mƒ k¿°m¿ Iº\nIƒ°v]m[m\yw e`n°p∂Xv F¥psIm≠v?

5) Fßs\bmWv k¿°m¿ cmPyØv ]mtZinI k¥pe\w \ne\n¿Øp∂Xv?

Zo¿tLmØc tNmZyßƒ

1) s]mXptaJetbmSp≈ 1991 se hyhkmb \bsØ Ipdn®v hniZam°pI?

2) 1991 \v apºp≈ s]mXptaJesb∏‰n hnhcn°pI?

3) s]mXptaJem Iº\nIƒ°v kzImcytaJem ÿm]\ßfpambn em`Ønt‚bpwImcy£aXbpsSbpw ImcyØn¬ a’cn°m≥ km[n°ptam? \nßfpsSA`n]mbw hniZam°pI.

4) BtKmf kwcw`ßsf a‰v _nkn\ v kwLS\m cq]ßfn¬ \n∂v ta∑-tbdnbXmbn IW°m°p∂Xn\p≈ ImcWw hniZam°pI?

5) kwbp‡ kwcw`ßfpsS t\´ßƒ hniZoIcn°pI?

t]mPIv‰v / Assk≥sa‚ v

1) Ign™ c≠p aq∂p h¿jßƒ°nSbn¬ Hmlcn hn‰gn°en\v hnt[bambs]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS hnhcßƒ tiJcn°pI. Cu Xocpam\ØneqsSD≠mb hnhmZßsf∏‰nbpw ]cntim[n®v t]mPIv‰v Xømdm°pI.

2) hntZi Iº\nIfpambn kwbp‡ kwcw`Ønte¿s∏´ C¥y≥ Iº\nIfpsS]ńI Xømdm°pI. CØcw kwcw`ØneqsS D≠mb t\´ßsf∏‰n hni-Zo-Icn°pI.

A≤ymbwA≤ymbwA≤ymbwA≤ymbwA≤ymbw 4

_nkn\ v tk-h\ßƒ[BUSINESS SERVICES]

]T\ t\´ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®v Ignbptºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv :

$ tkh\ßfpsS khntijXIƒ hnhcn°p∂p.

$ km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw th¿Xncn°p∂p.

$ hnhn[ Xcw _nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ Xcw Xncn°p∂p.

$ C˛-_m¶nwKv F∂ Bibw hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$ hnhn[bn\w C≥jpd≥kv t]mfnknIƒ Xncn®dnbpIbpw Xcw Xncn°pIbpwsNøp-∂p.

$ hnhn[ Xcw kw`cWimeIsf°pdn®v hnhcn-°p∂p.

96 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

4.1 BapJw

\msa√mhcpw Xs∂ Hcp XcØnes√¶n¬as‰mcp XcØn¬ GsX¶nepsams°_nkn\ pambn _‘s∏ń´p≠mIpat√m.F∂√, \ntXy\ _‘s∏´psIm≠ncn°p∂p F∂XmWv icn. \ap°v Nne DZm-lcWßƒ ]cntim[n°mw. Hcp ISbn¬-\n∂v sFkvIow hmßp∂p. AXpt]mseHcp dkvt‰md‚n¬ t]mbn sFkvIowIgn°p∂p. Hcp kn\nam Xntb‰dn¬ t]mbnkn\na ImWp∂p. AXpt]mse kn\nabpsSHcp kn.Un hmßp∂p. Hcp kvIqƒ _kvhmßp∂p. Hcp _ v Iº\nbn¬ \n∂pw]m´Øns\Sp-°p∂p. Chsb√mw Hmtcm

XcØnep≈ _nkn\ v ]h¿Ø\ßfmWv.

Cu ]h¿Ø\ßƒ hniIe\w sNbv-Xm¬

\nßƒ°v Cu ]hrØnIƒ XΩn¬ Nne

hyXymkßƒ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. sFkvIow

Ign°p∂Xnepw hmßp∂Xnepw kn\na

ImWp∂Xnepw kn.Un. hmßp∂Xnepw

_ v- hmßp∂Xnepw ]m´Øns\Sp°p∂

Xnepw Hs°Øs∂ Nne hyXymkßƒ

\ap°v ImWm≥ km[n°pw. CXn¬

s]mXphmbn ImWmhp∂Xv Fs¥∂m¬

H∂n¬ Hcp km[\w hmßptºmƒ ASpØ

Xn¬ Hcp tkh\w e`n°pIbmWv sNøp

∂Xv. hmßn°p∂ km[\ßƒ XΩnepw

Hcp s]tSmƒ ]ºv ImWmØh¿ Bcpap≠mhn√t√m. Hcp s]tSmƒ ]ºv DSa Hcp Kma]tZiØv

AbmfpsS _nkn\ v \SØns°m≠pt]mIp∂Xv Fßns\bmWv F∂v \nßƒ Ft∏msg¶nepw

Nn¥n®n´pt≠m? Dƒ]tZiØp≈ KmaØnte°v Fßns\bmWv s]tSmfpw Uokepw

FØn°p∂Xv? henb Afhn¬ s]tSmfpw Uokepw hmßp∂Xn\v FhnsS \n∂mWv ]Ww

e`n°p∂Xv? s]tSmƒ Unt∏mIsf AbmfpsS Bhiyßƒ Fßns\bmWv Adnbn°p∂Xv?

Xs‚ _nkn\ pambn _‘s∏´ ]e \„km[yXIƒ Fßns\bmWv Abmƒ adnIS°p∂Xv?

_nkn\ v tkh\ßsf Ipdn®v a\ nem°nbm¬ apIfnse F√m tNmZyßƒ°pap≈ DØcw

e`n°pw. sSbn\pIfneqsSbpw Sm¶dpIfneqsSbpw BWv FÆ ip≤oIcWimebn¬ \n∂v

s]tSmfpw Uokepw ]ºn¬ FØn°p∂Xv. cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ \Kcßfnepw ]´Wßfnepambn

ÿm]n®n´p≈ FÆ°º\nIfpsS Unt∏mIfn¬ (kw`cWimeIƒ) Ah kq£n®v hbv°p∂p.

s]tSmƒ]ºv DSaIƒ t]mÃ¬, C-sabn¬, sSent^m¨ kuIcyßfp]tbmKn®v D]t`m‡m-

°fpambpw _m¶pIfpambpw Unt∏mIfpambpw AhcpsS Bhiyßƒ°mbn XpS¿®bmbn

_‘s∏Sp∂p (hm¿Øm hn\nab tkh\ßƒ). FÆ°º\nIƒ F√mbvt∏mgpw ap≥Iq¿ ]Ww

hmßn amXw s]tSmfpw Uokepw hn¬°p∂XpsIm≠v ]ºpSaIƒ°v Nc°v hmßp∂Xn\pth≠

]WØn\mbn _m¶pIfn¬ \n∂v hmbv] FSpt°≠n hcpw (_m¶nwKv tkh\ßƒ). s]tSmfpw

Uokepw Db¿∂ A]IS km[yXbp≈ D¬∏∂ßfmbXn\m¬, DSaÿ¿°v AhcpsS _nkn\ v,

D¬∏∂ßƒ, sXmgnemfnIfpsS Poh≥ XpSßnbh kwc£n°m≥ C≥jpd≥kv FSpt°≠n

hcpw (C≥jpd≥kv tkh\ßƒ). Aßns\ t\m°nbm¬ s]tSmfpw Uokepw s]tSmƒ ]ºneqsS

hn¬°pI F∂ Hcp _nkn\ v bYm¿∞Øn¬ Iptd _nkn\ v tkh\ßfpsS BsI-

ØpIbmWv F∂v a\ nem°mw. FÆ ip≤oIcWimebn¬ \n∂v s]tSmfpw Uokepw I∏en¬

Ib‰n hn¬]\ tIµamb s]tSmƒ ]ºn¬ FØn°p∂Xphsc CØcw \nch[n tkh\ßƒ

D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v F∂v a\ nem-°mw.

97_nkn\ v tk-h\ßƒ

e`n°p∂ tkh\ßƒ XΩnepw GsdhyXymkßfp≠v F∂v ImWmw.

Hcp km[mcW°mcs\ kw_‘n®nStØmfw tkh\ßƒ F∂Xv sXmSm≥IgnbmØhbmWv. tkh\ßƒ e`yamIp∂XneqsS ùXnIamb H∂ns‚bpw DSa-ÿmhImiw e`n°p∂bmƒ°v In´p ∂n√.DZmlcWambn \nßƒ°v Hcp tUmŒdpsStkh\w e`yam°pIbmsW∂n cn°s´.tUmŒsd \ap°v hmßphm≥ IgnbpIbn√.tkh\ZmXm°fpw D]t`m‡m°fpw XΩn-ep≈ CSs]SepIfneqsS A\p`hthZy-amIp∂ AZriyamb F√m kmºØnI]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw tkh\w F∂v ]dbmw.

AXmbXv ]tXyIw th¿Xncn®v Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂Xpw Bhiyßƒ Xr]vXns∏-Sp-Øp∂Xpw, AZriyambXpw F∂m¬as‰mcp km[\Øns‚ hn¬∏\bpamtbmat‰sX¶nepw tkh\Øns‚ hn¬∏\-bpamtbm _‘ap≠mIWsa∂v \n¿_‘-an√mØXpamb kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\-ßsfbmWv tkh\ßƒ F∂v hnfn°p∂Xv.

ùXnIamb Hcp D¬∏∂w hn¬∏\°mc\n¬ \n∂v DSaÿmhImitØmsS hmßp∂bmfn\v AYhm D]t`m‡mhn\v ssIam‰wsNømhp∂XmsW¶n¬ AXns\ km[\wF∂v hnfn°mw.

tkh\ßƒ (service) HgnsIbp≈F√m hkvXp°fpw AXnse hnhn[ C\-ßfpw hmWnPyØntem I®hSØntemDƒs°m≠n´ps≠¶n¬ AXns\ Nc°v(goods) F∂v hnfn°mw.

4.2 tkh\ßfpsS kz`mhw(Nature of Service)

_nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ°v A©v ASn-

ÿm\ kz`mhßfp≠v. Xmsg sImSpØn-

´p≈ khntijXIƒ Ahsb Nc°pIfn¬

\n∂v th¿Xncn°p∂p.

1. AZriyX [Intangibility]:

tkh\ßƒ F√mw Xs∂ AZriyßfmWv.

AXmbXv Ahsb ImWphmt\m kv]¿in-

°phmt\m IgnbpIbn√. ]Ir-Xym¬ Xs∂

A\p`hthZyamIp∂-hbmWv tkh\ßƒ.

DZmlcWØn\v Hcmƒ°v tUmŒdpsS tk-

h\ßsf cpNn®v t\m°mt\m, Hcp hnt\mZ

]h¿Ø\sØ sXm´p t\m°mt\m Ignbn√.

\nßƒ°v Ch A\p`hn®dnbmw F∂v amXw.

tkh\-ßfpsS KpWta∑ \nßƒ°v AXv

hmßn D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\v ap≥]v Adnbm-

\p≈ am¿§an√. A°mcWØm¬ tkh\

ZmXm-°ƒ D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v A\ptbmPy

ambXpw ta∑bp≈Xpamb tkh\w A\p`h

thZyamIp∂Xn\v F√mbvt∏mgpw ian®p

sIm≠ncn°pw. DZmlcWambn, Hcp tUmŒ¿

Xs‚ tcmKnbpsS AkpJw t`Zam°p∂-Xn\v

th≠n \nc¥cw ]cnian®p sIm≠ncn°pw.

2. ÿncXbn√mbva [Inconsistency]:

AÿncXbmWv tkh\ßfpsS c≠masØ

khntijX. km[\ßƒ t]mse Hcp

\n›nXhpw Zriyhpamb D¬∏∂a√mØ

XpsIm≠v, tkh\ßƒ Bhiym\pkcWw

]Zm\w sNtø≠n hcp∂p. ImcWw Hmtcm

D]t`m‡mhns‚bpw BhiyIXbpw

]Xo£Ifpw hyXykvXambn-cn°pw. D]t`m-

‡m°fpsS Bhiyßƒ°\pkcn®v tkh-

\ßfpsS kz`mhßfn¬ am‰w hcpØm≥

ZmXm°ƒ°v IgnbWw. samss_¬ t^m¨

tkh\ßƒ CXn\v DØa DZmlcWamWv.

98 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

3. th¿s∏Sp-Øm\mhmØXv

[Inseparability]:

D¬∏mZ\hpw D]t`mKhpw Htc kabØvXs∂ \S°p∂p F∂XmWv tkh\ßfpsS

as‰mcp ][m\ khntijX. AXmbXv

tkh\ßfpsS D¬∏mZ\hpw D]t`mKhpw

th¿Xncn°m≥ Ignbn√ F∂XpXs∂. Hcp

Im¿ \ap°v Ct∏mƒ \n¿Ωn®v Hcp amktam,

Hcp ]s£ Hcp h¿jtam Ign™v hn¬°mw.]n∂oSv h¿jßƒ Ign™mepw D]tbmKn

°pIbpw sNømw. F∂m¬ tkh\ßƒ

Cßs\ `mhn-bnte°v D]tbmKn°m\mbn

am‰nhbv°m≥ Ignbn√. Hcp SmIvkn Im¿

hmSIbv°v hnfn®m¬, B kabØv amXta

\ap°v tkh\w e`yamhpIbp≈q. Hcpkn\na Xntb‰dn¬ t]mbn AhnsS ]Z¿in-

∏n°p∂ thfbn¬ amXta \ap°v BkzZn-

°m≥ IgnbpIbp≈q. tkh\ ZmXm°ƒ

Hcp ]s£ kmt¶XnIhnZyIƒ D]tbmKn®v

tkh\w \¬Ip∂bmfn\v ]Icw kwhn[m-

\w Is≠Øntb°mw. ]s£, D]t`m‡mhp-ambp≈ CSs]SepIƒ Hgnhm°m≥ Ignbp-

Ibn√. DZmlcWØn\v _m¶pIfn¬ \n∂v

]Ww ]n≥hen°m\pw ]Ww \nt£]n-°m-

\pw _m¶nse KpakvX\v ]Icw F.Sn.Fw.

b¥ßƒ D]tbmKn°mw. ]s£, At∏mgpw

CS]mSv \S°m≥ Cu b¥ßfpambn D]t`m-‡mhv kwhZnt°≠n hcpw.

4. Nc°v \o°nbncp∏ns‚ A`mhw

[Inventory (Less)]:

tkh\ßƒ°v ImWmhp∂tXm kv]¿in

°mhp∂tXm Bb cq]an√mØXpsIm≠v`mhnbnse D]tbmKØn\mbn kq£n®v

hbv°m≥ Ignbn√. AXmbXv, DS≥ Xs∂

C√mXmIp∂hbmWv tkh\ßƒ F∂

¿∞w. Hcp ]s£ tkh\ßfpambn _‘-

s∏´ Nne km[\ßƒ kq£n®v hbv°m≥

Ignt™°pw. ]s£ tkh\ ßƒ Hcn°-

epw kq£n®v hbv°m≥ Ignbn√. CXn\¿-

∞w, tkh\ßƒ D]t`m‡m°ƒ Bhiy-

s∏Sp∂ kabØv ]Zm\w sNøp∂-Xn\v

th≠n tNmZ\Øn\\pkrXambn kr„n®v

hnXcWw sNtø≠Xp≠v. ImcWw ]n∂oSv

Bhiyw hcptºmƒ D]tbmKn-°p∂Xn-

\mbn ap≥Iqń kq£n®v hbv°m≥ Ignbn√.

DZmlcWambn, \nßƒs°mcp sSbn≥

Sn°‰v ap≥Iqń FSpØv hbv°mw. ]s£

bmX AXns‚ kabØv amXta sNøm≥

IgnbpIbp≈q.

5. CSs]SepIƒ [Involvement]:

tkh\w ]Zm\w sNøp∂Xn¬ D]t`m ‡m-

hns‚ CSs]S¬ F∂Xv tkh\ßfpsS

G‰hpw ][m\s∏´ khntijXbmWv.

D]t`m‡mhn\v Bhiysa¶n¬ tkh\-

ßfn¬ am‰w hcpØmw. ]s£ D]t`m‡m-

hns‚ km∂n≤yw D≠mbncn°Ww.

4.2.1. tkh\ßfpw km[\ßfpw

XΩnep≈ hyXymkw

(Difference between Services and Goods)

apIfnse N¿®bn¬ \n∂v \ap°v a\ nem

°mhp∂Xv, km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw

XΩn¬ ][m\ambpw c≠v hyXymk

ßfmWp≈Xv F∂m-Wv. AXmbXv DSaÿm-

hImiØns‚ ssIam‰an√mbvabpw D]t`m-

‡m-hns‚bpw ZmXmhns‚bpw km∂n-≤yhpw.

km[\ßƒ D¬]mZn∏n°-s∏Sp-tºmƒ

tk-h\ßƒ ]Zm\w sNøs∏Sp-IbmWv.

D]t`m-‡m-hn¬ sNepØp∂ tkh\Øns‚

99_nkn\ v tk-h\ßƒ

kzm-[o\w hoń¬ sIm≠pt]mIm≥ Ign-t™-

°mw. ]s£ Abmƒ°v tkh\w hoń¬

sIm≠pt]mbn D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbpI-

bn√. D¬∏mZ\ kabØpXs∂ D]tbmKn-

°p∂XpsIm≠v, tkh\ßƒ°v \o°n-

bncp∏v Nc°v D≠mhpIbn√ F∂v amXa√

D¬∏mZ\ kabØv Xs∂ D]tbmKn®n-

s√¶n¬ AXv C√mXmhpIbpw sNøpw. Cu

hyXymkßsf√mw Hcp ]ńI cq]Øn¬

Xmsg sImSp°p∂p.

ASnÿm\w tkh\w km[\w

Hcp ]h¿Ø\w As√¶n¬ ]Inb BWv.DZmlcWambn, Xntb‰dn¬ kn\na ImWpI.

tkh\ßƒ s]mXphn¬ hyXykvXß-fmWv.

AZriyamWv. DZmlcWw, tUmŒdpsSNnIn’.

D]t`m‡m°fpsS Bhiyßƒ hyXykvXambncn°pw.

D¬∏mZ\hpw, D]tbmKhpw Htc kabØv\S°p∂Xn\m¬ th¿Xncn°m≥ IgnbpI-bn√. DZmlcWw, kn\na ]Z¿in∏n°p∂kabØv Xs∂ BkzZn°p∂p.

_m°nhbv°¬ Akm≤yw. DZmlcWw,sSbn≥ bmXbnse A\p`hw.

tkh\w ]Zm\w sNøp∂Xn\v D]t`m‡m-°fpsSbpw \n¿am-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw CSs]S-epIƒ BhiyamWv.

kz`mhw

Xcw

AZriyX

AÿncX

th¿Xncn°m≥

IgnbmØXv

_m°nhbv°¬

CSs]SepIƒ

Hcp ùXnI hkvXphmWv. DZmlcWw,kn\nabpsS kn.Un.

km[\ßƒ an°t∏mgpw kam\ßfmWv

ZriyamWv. DZmlcWw acp∂v

hyXykvX D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v e`n°p∂D¬∏∂ßƒ \nehmcs∏SpØnbh bm-bn-cn°pw.

D¬∏mZ\hpw, D]tbmKhpw hyXykvXkabØv \S°p∂Xn\m¬ th¿Xncn°m≥Ignbp∂XmWv. DZmlcWw, kn\na Dƒ-s°m≈p∂ kn.Un.

_m°nhbv°¬ km[yamWv. DZmlcWwhnt\m-Z-bm-X-I-fpsS kn.Un.

km[\ßƒ ssIamdp∂Xn\v \n¿ΩmXm-hns‚ CSs]SepIƒ Bhiyan√.

km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw

4.3 hnhn[ Xcw tkh\ßƒ

tkh\taJesb°pdn®v N¿® sNøptºmƒ,tkh\ßsf hnimeamb A¿∞Øn¬_nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ, kmaqly tkh\ßƒ, hy‡nKX tkh\ßƒ, F∂nßs\aq∂v- hn`mKßfm°n Xcw Xncn°mw.1. _nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ

[Business Services]:

_nkn\ v ÿm]\ßƒ AhcpsS _nkn\ v ]h¿Ø\ßƒ \SØp∂Xn\mbn

100 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

D]tbmKn°p∂ tkh\ßsf _nkn\ vtkh\ßƒ F∂v ]dbmw. DZmlcWambn_m¶nwKv, C≥jpd≥kv, KXmKXw, ]≠IimeIƒ AYhm kw`cWimeIƒ, hm¿-Ømhn\nab tkh\ßƒ F∂nh.

2. kmaqly tkh\ßƒ [Social Services]:

Nne kmaqly e£yßƒ t\Sp∂Xn\mbn,kzta[bm ]Zm\w sNøp∂ tkh\ßfmWvkmaqly tkh\ßƒ. kaqlØnse]nt∂m° hn`mK°mcpsS PohnX \nehmcwDb¿ØpI, AhcpsS IpńIƒ°v hnZym`ym-kw \¬IpI, tNcn ]tZißfnse ipNnXzw,BtcmKy kwc£Ww XpS-ßnbh DZml-

cWßfmWv. km[mcWbmbn Cu tkh\-ßƒ kzta[bm Gs‰SpØv sNømdp ≈Xm-sW¶nepw AhbpsS sNehv \nIØp∂-Xn\p≈ Nne ]cnKW\Iƒ D≠mImdp≠v.DZmlcWambn hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw XpS-ßnb taJeIfn¬ k¿ °mcpw k¿°mcnXckwLS\Ifpw Hcpan®p≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ\S-Øp-∂p≠v.

3. hy‡nKX tkh\ßƒ [Personal Services]:

Hmtcm D]t`m‡mhn\pw hyXykvXcoXnbn¬ A\p`hs∏Sp∂ tkh\ßfmWvhy‡nKX tkh\ßƒ. Chbv°v km[mcWÿncXbp≠mImdn√. tkh\ZmXm°sf

Pn.F.Sn.Fkv. (GATS) \v Hcp BapJw(An introduction to the GATS)

hnhn[ Xeßfnep≈ hn]W\ kwhn[m\ßfpambn _‘s∏´v DdpKzmbv h´ N¿®Ifn¬ \n∂pwDcpØncn™v h∂ G‰hpw ][m\s∏´ Hcp kw`hhnImkw Fs¥∂v tNmZn®m¬ AXv tkh\-ßfpsS hym]mcØn\p≈ s]mXp Icm¿ (General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS)) BsW∂v]dbmw. tkh\ßfpsS hym]mcØn\p≈ Icm¿ BZyambn hym]mcsØbpw Xmcn^pIsfbpwkw_‘n® s]mXp Icmdn\v (General Agreement on Tarif and Trade (GATT)) kam\amb A¥¿-t±iobXeØn¬ AwKoIcn°s∏´ \nbaßfpw ]Xn_≤Xbpw cq]oIcn®p. Km´vkns‚ (GATS)

G‰hpw ][m\ LSIw ]Xn_≤X kr„n°p∂Xnep≈ tkh\ßfpsS Xcw XncnhmWv. Km´vkv]ńI ]Xns\m∂v ASnÿm\ tkh\ßfpsS []¥≠m-asØ ]ehI tkh\ßfpw] Xcw Xncn-hmWv ][m\ambpw ]n≥XpScp∂Xv. Cu hn`mKßsf ho≠pw GItZiw 160 D]hn-`mKßfmbnAs√¶n¬ hyXykvX tkh\ ]h¿Ø\-ßfmbn XcwXncn®n´p≠v. DZmlcWambn, hnt\mZk©mctaJesb tlmépIƒ F∂pw dkvt‰md‚pIƒ F∂pap≈ D]hn`m-Kßfmbn Xcw Xncn®n´p≠v.Cu ]¥≠v taJeIƒ ChbmWv.1. _nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ (Iºyp´dpw hnZKv≤ tkh\hpw Dƒ∏sS)2. hm¿Øm hn\nab tkh\ßƒ3. \n¿ΩmWhpw A\p_‘ F©n\nbdnwKv tkh\ßfpw4. hnXcW tkh\ßƒ5. hnZym`ymk tkh\ßƒ6. ]cnÿnXnbpambn _‘s∏´ tkh\ßƒ7. [\Imcy tkh\ßƒ (_m¶nwKv, C≥jpd≥kv)8. BtcmKy A\p_‘ tkh\ßfpw kmaqly tkh\ßfpw9. hnt\mZk©mchpw bmXbpambn _‘s∏´ tkh\ßƒ10. hnt\mZ, kmwkvImcnI, ImbnI tkh\ßƒ11. KXmKX tkh\ßƒ12. ChnsS kqNn∏n°mØ a‰v tkh\ßƒ.

101_nkn\ v tk-h\ßƒ

Bibn®pw, D]t`m‡m°fpsS BhiyIXbpw, Xm¬∏cyhpw A\pkcn®pw AhhyXymks∏´psIm≠ncn°pw. DZmlcWambn hnt\mZk©mcw, hnt\mZ tkh\-ßƒ,dkvt‰md‚pIƒ XpSßnbh.

_nkn-\ v tkh-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ hniZambn a\ nem°p∂Xnte°mbn_nkn\ pambn _‘s∏´ tkh\ßfpsStaJebntebv°v amXambn \ΩpsS N¿®-Iƒ ]cnanXs∏SpØmw.

4.3.1. _nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ

(Business servies)

C∂sØ i‡amb a’cm[n„nX temI

Øv Ignhp≈h¿ \ne\n¬°pw F∂XmWv

bmYm¿∞yw. anIhv C√mØh¿°v \ne\n¬∏n√ F∂XpsIm≠v F√m ÿm]\ßfpw

G‰hpw anI® ]IS\w ImgvNhbv°m≥

ian°pw. a’c£aX \ne\n¿Øm\mbn

F√m ÿm]\ßfpw G‰hpw anI® tkh\

ßsf Xs∂ Bibn°pw. _nkn\ v

ÿm]\ßƒ ]WØn\mbn _m¶pIsfbpw,Nc°pIƒ, b¥kmaKnIƒ, XpSßn

bhbv°p≠mImhp∂ \„km[yXIfn¬

\n∂v kwc£WØn\mbn C≥jpd≥kv

ÿm]\ßsfbpw, AkwkvIrX hkvXp

°ƒ, \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Ønbmb D¬∏∂

kºZvhyhÿbn¬ tkh\ßfpsS ]¶v(Role of Services in an Economy)

kmºØnI klIcWØn\pw hnIk\Øn\pambp≈ kwLS\bnse [Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development - OECD] an° AwK cmPyßfnsebpw kºZvhyhÿbpsS 60 apX¬65 iXam\w hsc sshZypXn, sSentImw, KXmKXw Dƒ∏sSbp≈ tkh\taJebn¬ \n∂pamsW∂vImWmw.kpÿncambXpw Db¿∂Xpw hnime ASnØdbp≈Xpamb hf¿® ZmcnZy \n¿Ωm¿÷\Øn\pwkmºØnI hnIk\Øn\pw AXymhiyamWv. CØcsamcp hf¿®°v kºZvhyhÿbn¬ IqSpX¬\nt£]ßƒ BhiyamWv. ASpØ ImeØmbn Nne Bimhlamb \o°ßƒ hf¿®bpsSbpw\nt£]ßfpsSbpw ImcyØn¬ I≠phcp∂p≠v. `mcXw P\kwJybptSbpw AhcpsS Ib tijn-bpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ temIsØ c≠masØ henb cmPyamsW∂v ImWmw. C∂v temIsØA©v anI® kºZvhyhÿIfn¬ H∂v C¥ybmWv, 2025 BIptºmtg°pw temIsØ aq∂masØkmºØnI i‡nbmbn C¥y amdpw F∂mWv IW°pIƒ kqNn∏n°p∂Xv.hf¿® ssIhcn°p∂ GsXmcp kºZv-hyhÿsbbpw t]mse samØw B`y¥c D¬∏mZ\Øns‚LS\m]camb kr„nbn¬ `mcXØnepw am‰ßƒ D≠mbns°m≠ncn°pw. tkh\ taJebn¬\n∂p≈ kw`mh\ 50 iXam\Øne[nIambn DbcpIbpw Im¿jnI taJebn¬ \n∂p≈Xv 25iXam\ambn IpdbpIbpw sNbvXn´p≠v. 2003-˛04 ImesØ hf¿®bpsS ][m\ ImcWw bYm¿∞B`y¥c D¬∏mZ\Øns‚ 57.6 iXam\w ]Zm\w sNbvXXv tkh\taJe Xs∂bmWv F∂XmWv.Cu apt∂‰sØ \bn°p∂Xv hym]mcw, tlm´¬, KXmKXw, hm¿Ømhn\nabw F∂o taJeIfmWv.Nc°v D¬∏mZ\Ønep≠mb ]ISamb hf¿®bpw CXn\v ImcWambn´p≠v. XpdapJßfnse Nc-°pIƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xnep≠mb hf¿®bpw, ISØpIqenbmbpw bmXm°qenbmbpw dbn¬-thbpsS hcpam\Ønep≠mb hf¿®bpw tkh\ taJebpsS anI® ]IS\Øn\v klmbIc-am-bn´p≠v.G‰hpw ]pXnb IW°\pkcn®v temI kºZvhyhÿbpsS 63 iXam\w tkh\ taJebpw, 32iXam\w hymhkmbnI taJebpw, 5 iXam\w Im¿jnI taJebpamWv- kw`mh\ sNøp∂Xv.hnIknX kºZvhyhÿbn¬ sXmgnemfnIfpsS 70 iXam\hpw tkh\ taJebnemWv tPmensNøp∂Xv F∂v ImWmw.

a

102 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

ßƒ XpSßnbh ISØp∂Xn\mbn KXmKX

kwhn[m\ßfpw hn¬∏\°m¿, hnXcW

°m¿, D]t`m‡m°ƒ F∂n-h-cpambnBibhn\nabw \SØp∂Xn\v hm¿Øm-

hn\nab kwhn[m\ßsfbpw Bibn-

°p∂p. BtKmfh¬°cWØns‚ Cu

ImeL´Øn¬ mcXØnepw tkh\ taJe

A`qX]q¿∆amb hf¿® ssIhcn®n´p≠v. a‰v

cmPyßsf At]£n®v hnIknX kºZv-hyh-ÿIƒ°v AXmbXv hnIknX cm„-

ßƒ°v tkh\w ]Zm\w sNøp∂Xn¬ mc-

XØn\v i‡amb t\áp≠m°m≥ Ign-

™n´p≠v. ]e hntZi Iº\nIfpw Ah-

cpsS an°hmdpw _nkn\ v tkh\ Bh-

iyßƒ \ndth‰p-∂Xn\mbn `mcXsØ-bmWv Bibn-°p∂Xv. ]ecpw AhcpsS

_nkn\ v ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Hcp `mKw

Xs∂ mcXØnte°v am‰p∂p≠v.

4.4 _m¶nwKv (Banking)

D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v ÿm]\ hmbv]Iƒ

]Zm\w sNøp∂ kºZvhyhÿbnse ][m-

\s∏´ ÿm]\ßfmWv hmWnPy _m¶p-Iƒ. `mcXØnse _m¶nwKv _nkn\ v

]h¿Ø\ßƒ \SØp∂, AXmbXv hmbv-

]Iƒ \¬IpIbpw sN°pIƒ, Um^v‰p-

Iƒ, Hm¿UdpIƒ XpSßnbh aptJ\ Bh-

iys∏Sptºmƒ As√¶n¬ at‰sX¶nepw

XcØn¬ ]Ww ]n≥hen °mhp∂, \nt£-]ßƒ s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂v kzoIcn-

°p∂ ÿm]\ßsfbmWv _m¶nwKv Iº\n-

Iƒ F∂v ]dbp∂Xv. efnXambn ]d-™m¬,

Bhiys∏Sptºmƒ XncnsI \¬-Imsa∂

hyhÿbn¬ \nt£]ßfmbn ]Ww kzoI-

cn°pIbpw AXv hmbv]bmbn \¬In In´p∂hcpam\Ønse hyXymkw emàmbn kºm-

Zn°pIbpw sNøp∂ ÿm]\ßsf _m¶p-Iƒ F∂v ]dbmw. _m¶pIƒ ]WanS]mSp-IfneqsS kmºØnI ]h¿Ø\ßsf Xzcn-Xs∏Sp-Øp∂p. s]mXpP\ßfpsS kºmZy-ßƒ kzcq]n®v _nkn\ v ÿm]\ßfpsSaqe[\ sNe-hp-Iƒ, ]h¿Ø\ sNehpIƒF∂nh°mhiyamb [\w e`yam°p∂p._m¶pIƒ [\Imcy ]amWßƒ ssIImcywsNøpIbpw AXpt]mse Xs∂ ]eni,Ingnhv, IΩnj≥ XpSßnb hcpam\ t\´-ßƒ°mbn [\Imcy tkh\ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

hnhn[ Xcw _m¶pIƒ [Type of Banks]

hnhn[ßfmb e£yßfpw sshhn[y]q¿Æamb Bhiyßfpw hyXykvXßfmbcoXnIfpw Dƒs°m≠psIm≠v Bhiyßƒ\ndth‰p∂Xn\mbn hnhn[ XcØnep≈_m¶pIƒ BhiyamWv. Chsb XmsgsImSpØncn°p∂ coXnbn¬ Xcw Xncn°mw.

1. hmWnPy _m¶pIƒ [Commercial banks]

2. klIcW _m¶pIƒ [Co-operative banks]

3. khntij _m¶pIƒ [Specialised banks]

4. tIµ _m¶v [Central bank]

1. hmWnPy _m¶pIƒ [Commercial banks]:

]WanS]mSpIƒ \SØp∂ ÿm]\ß-fmWv hmWnPy_m¶pIƒ. 1949 se _m¶nwKv\nb¥W \nbaw A\pkcn®mWv Ch]h¿-Øn°p∂Xv. Cu \nbaa\pkcn®v,s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂v ]Ww \nt£]ambnkzoIcn°pIbpw Ah hmbv]Ifmbn s]mXp-P\ßƒ°pw ÿm]\ßƒ°pw \¬IpI-bpw sNøp∂ ÿm]\ßfmWv _m¶pIƒ.

s]mXptaJem _m¶pIƒ F∂pw kzImcytaJem _m¶pIƒ F∂pw hmWnPy _m¶p-

Isf c≠mbn Xncn°mw.


(a) DSaÿmhImiw k¿°mcn¬ \n£n]vXambXpw em`£aXsb°mƒ kmaqlye£yßƒ°v ap≥KW\ \¬Ip∂Xpamb_m¶pIfmWv s]mXptaJem _m¶pIƒ.DZmlcWw, cXob kvt‰‰v _m¶v, ]©m_v\mjW¬ _m¶v, C¥y≥ _m¶v, Im\dm_m¶v XpSßnbh.

(b) kzImcy kwcwÌcpsS DSaÿXbnepw\nb¥WØnepap≈Xpw hn]Wn kzm[o\a\pkcn®v ]h¿Øn°m≥ kzmX¥yap≈Xpamb _m¶pIsf kzImcytaJem_m¶pIƒ F∂v ]dbmw. F®v.Un.F v.kn_m¶v, sImSmIv aloµ _m¶v, sF.kn.sF.kn.sF _m¶v, [\e£van _m¶v, PΩpB‚ v Imivao¿ _m¶v XpSßnbh DZmlcWßfmWv.

2. klIcW _m¶pIƒ[Co-operative Banks]:

AwKßƒ°v Ipd™ ]eni \nc°n¬hmbv] e`yam°p∂Xn\v th≠n cq]oIcn®ncn°p∂Xpw kwÿm\ klIcW \nbaØn\\pkcn®v ]h¿Øn°p∂Xpamb_m¶pIsf klIcW _m¶pIƒ F∂v ]d-bmw. mc-X-Ønse KmaoW Im¿jnI taJ-ebv°v hmbv] e`yamIp∂Xn\p≈ ][m\tkmX mWv klIcW _m¶p-Iƒ.

3. khntij _m¶pIƒ[Specialised Banks]:

khntijamb Bhiyßƒ \ndth‰m≥klmbn°p∂, hntZi hn\nab _m¶pIƒ,hymhkmbnI_m¶pIƒ, hnIk\ _m¶p-Iƒ, Ib‰paXn Cd°paXn _m¶pIƒ XpS-ßnbhsb khntij _m¶pIƒ F∂v]dbmw. hyhkmbßƒ°pw hntZi hym]mcßƒ°pw a‰pw kmºØnI klmbw\¬Ip∂ ÿm]\ßfmWnh.

4. tIµ _m¶v [Central Bank]:

Hcp cmPysØ hmWnPy _m¶pIfpsS ]h¿-Ø\ßfpsS ta¬t\m´w hln°pIbpw Ia-s∏SpØpIbpw \nb¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂_m¶mWv tIµ _m¶v. cmPysØ Id≥knt\m´pIƒ, hmbv]m\bßƒ F∂nh \nb-¥n°pIbpw GtIm]n∏n°pIbpw sNøp-∂Xpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ _m¶v F∂dnb-s∏Sp∂ tIµ _m¶mWv. mcXob dnk¿∆v_m¶mWv \ΩpsS tIµ _m¶v.

4.4.2 hmWnP y _m¶pIfpsS [¿Ωßƒ[Functions of Commercial Banks]

hmWnPy _m¶pIƒ hnhn[ Xcw [¿Ωßƒ\n¿∆ln°p∂p≠v. Ahbn¬ NneXv

_m¶nwKpw kmaqlnI e£yßfpw

[Banking and Social Objectives]

ASpØ ImeØmbn _m¶nwKv taJesb kmaqlnI e£yßƒ t\Sm\pXIp∂ XcØnte°v

]cnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \bcq]oIcWw \SØm≥ i≤m]q¿∆amb ]bXv\w

\SØp∂p≠v. cmPysØ _m¶nwKv \bØn¬ Xs∂ it≤bamb am‰w h∂n´pap≠v. AXmbXv

1. \Kc tIµoIrXØn¬ \n∂v KmaoW taJebnte°v

2. Db¿∂ XeØnep≈ BfpIfn¬ \n∂v F√mhcnte°pw

3. ]cºcmKX coXnbn¬ \n∂v ]pXpaIƒ \nd™ ssienbnte°v

4. lkzIme e£yßfn¬ \n∂v hnIk\mflI e£yßfnte°v

104 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

ASn-ÿm\ [¿ΩßfmsW¶n¬ _m°nbp≈-hsb GP≥kn AYhm s]mXpD]bp‡Xm tkh\ßƒ F∂v ]dbmw.hmWnPy _m-¶ns‚ ][m\ [¿Ωßƒ\ap°v N¿® sNømw.

1. \nt£]ßƒ kzoIcn°pI[Acceptance of deposits]:

\nt£]ßfmWv _m¶pIfpsS hmbv]m]h¿Ø\ßfpsS ASnÿm\w. ImcWw_m¶pIƒ Htc kabw ]Ww ISw hmßp-Ibpw sImSp°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Ah¿ ISwhmßp∂hsc∂ \nebn¬ ]eni \¬Ip-Ibpw ZmXm°sf∂ \nebn¬ ]eni hmßp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. km[mcWbmbn Id‚ vA°u≠v, tkhnwKvkv _m¶v A°u≠v,ÿnc \nt£]ßƒ XpSßnb coXnbn¬BWv _m¶pIƒ \nt£]ßƒ kzoIcn-°p-∂Xv. ap≥Iq¿ Adnbn°msX Xs∂ A°u-≠nep≈ ]WØns‚ FX `mKhpwFt∏mƒ thWsa¶nepw ]n≥hen °mhp∂A°u≠mWv Id‚ v A°u≠v. hy‡nI-fn¬ kºmZyioew hf¿Øm \pt±in®p≈A°u≠pIfmWv tkhnwKvkv _m¶v A°u-≠pIƒ. Cu \nt£]ßƒ°v `mcXobdnk¿∆v _m¶v \n¿t±in°p∂ \nc°n¬]eni \¬Imdp≠v. CØcw A°u≠pI-fn¬ \n∂pap≈ ]n≥hen °epIƒ°v FÆ-Ønepw XpIbnepw Nne \nb¥Wßƒ_m¶pIƒ G¿s∏SpØmdp≠v. \n›nX Ime-tØbv°v Hcp \n›nX XpI \nt£]n-°p-∂Xns\bmWv ÿnc \nt£]ßƒ F∂v]dbp∂Xv. _m¶pIƒ CXn\v tkhnwKvkvA°u≠pIsf°mƒ Db¿∂ \nc°n¬]eni \¬Imdp≠v. ]enibn¬ Ipdhv hcpØn\n›nX Imemh[n°v ap≥]v CØ-cw \nt£-]ßƒ ]n≥hen°m≥ A\phZn°m-dpap≠v.

2. ]Ww ISw sImSp°¬ [Lending of funds]:

\nt£]ambn e`n® ]Ww hmbv]-bmbn \¬IpIbmWv hmWnPy _m¶pIfpsSc≠masØ ][m\ [¿Ωw. Hmh¿Um-^v-‰pIƒ, hmbv]Iƒ, _n√pIfpsS UnkvIu-≠nwKv, \n›nX Imemh[n°p≈ hmbv]Iƒ,D]t`m‡m-°ƒ°p≈ hmbv]Iƒ XpSßn]ehn[ hmbv]Iƒ _m¶pIƒ A\phZn-°mdp≠v. hmWnPyw, hyhkmbw, KXmKXwXpSßn a‰v F√m _nkn\ v ]h¿Ø\-ßfpsSbpw hf¿®bv°v klmbIcamb]h¿Ø\-ßfmWv CØcØnep≈ _m¶p-Iƒ \¬Ip∂Xv.

3. sN°v kuIcyw [Cheque facility]:

a‰v _m¶pIƒ D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v\¬Inb sN°pIƒ kzoIcn°pI F∂][m\ [¿Ωw _m¶pIƒ \n¿∆ln°mdp≠v._m¶nep≈ ]Ww ]n≥hen°p∂Xn\p≈D]IcWamWv sN°v. ]Ww ssIam‰Øn\vG‰hpw A\ptbmPyambXpw sNehv Ipd-™Xpamb coXnbmWv sN°pIƒ. km[mc-Wbmbn c≠v Xcw sN°pIƒ D≠v. H∂v,_m¶n¬ t\cn v \¬In DS≥ ]Wam°n am‰m-hp∂ ssIhi sN°pIƒ (bearer cheques),c≠v, \¬Ip∂bmfpsS A°u-≠n¬ amXw]Ww \nt£]n°p∂ IpdpsI hc®sN°pIƒ, AXm-bXv tImkvUv sN°pIƒ(Crossed cheques).

4. ]WaSbv°¬ [Remittance of funds]:

_m¶ns‚ imJIƒ ]ckv]cw _‘n∏n°s∏ńcn°p∂XpsIm≠v Hcp ÿeØp\n∂v as‰mcp ÿetØbvt°m, as‰mcmƒt°m A°u≠neqsS ]Ww ssIam‰wsNøpI F∂ [¿Ωhpw _m¶pIƒ Ffp∏Øn¬ \n¿∆ln°p∂p. _m¶v Um^v‰v,


]Ww \¬Im≥ B⁄ \¬I¬, sabn¬F∂o am¿§ßfneqsSbmWv CØcw ]WwssIam‰w \SØmdp≈Xv. _m¶pIƒ ]Wwe`nt°≠ ÿesØ kz¥w imJbntet°m B ÿeØp≈ a‰v _m¶pIfntet°m Um v‰v \¬Ip∂p. ]Ww e`nt°≠bmƒ°v Um^v‰v- ]kvXpX _m¶n¬\¬In ]Ww hmßmhp∂XmWv.

5. A\p_‘ tkh\ßƒ [Allied services]:

ta¬∏d™ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ IqSmsXD]t`m‡m°ƒ°v th≠n ]WaSbv°pI,tem°¿ kuIcyßƒ ]Zm\w sNøpI,Hmlcn hnXcWØnse A≠¿ssd‰nwKv\SØpI, D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v th≠n \n¿t±im\pkcWw HmlcnIfpw IS∏XßfpwhmßpIbpw hn¬°pIbpw sNøpI, C≥jpd≥kv ]oanbw ASbv°pI, em`hoXwtiJcn°pI, XpSßn hy‡nKX tkh\ßfpw hmWnPy _m¶pIƒ \¬Ip∂p≠v.

4.4.3 C˛-_m¶nwKv [e-Banking]

BtKmfXeØn¬ Ne\ap≠m°nbhnIk\ßfnsem∂mWv C‚¿s\‰ns‚bpwC˛sImtagvkns‚bpw hf¿®. Uªnbp.Uªnbp.Uªnbp (w.w.w). [thƒUv sshUvsh_v], C˛-sIm-tagvkv F∂nh temIsØ-bmsI Hscm‰ hmWnPy Kmaambn am‰nbncn-°p∂p. hnhc kmt¶XnIhnZybnse ASpØImeØv D≠mb hnπhamWv D]t`m‡m-°ƒ°v kzX¥ambn km¶¬∏nI tkh\-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ C‚¿s\‰v _m¶nwKv.efnXambn ]d™m¬, C‚¿s\‰v kwhn[m\ap≈ Hcp Iºyq´¿ D]tbmKn®v _m¶ns‚sh_vssk‰n¬ ]thin®v Bhiyamb_m¶nwKv [¿Ωßfpw tkh\ßfpw kzbwe`yam°p∂ ]h¿Ø\amWv C‚¿s\‰v_m¶nwKv F∂v ]dbp∂Xv. CØcØn¬

tkh\ßƒ e`yam°p∂Xn\v _m¶pIfpamtbm _m¶v DtZymKÿcpamtbm D]t`m‡mhn\v t\cn v _‘s∏tS≠ Bhiyan√._m¶pIƒ°v C‚¿s\‰pambn _‘s∏SpØnb Um‰IfpsS- tIµoIrX tiJcwD≠mbncn°pw. _m¶pIƒ A\phZn°p∂F√m tkh\ßfpw Iºyq´dn¬ sXfnbp-Ibpw AXnse \n¿t±ißf\pkcn®vD]t`m‡mhn\v t\cn v Ah e`yam°pIbpwsNømw.

CØcØn¬ _m¶pIfpw a‰v [\Imcyÿm]\ßfpw C‚¿s\‰v aptJ\ ]Zm\wsNøp∂ C‚¿s\‰v _m¶nwKv AYhmC˛-_m¶nwKv, Ipd™ sNehn¬ _m¶nwKvtkh\ßƒ e`yam°p∂Xn\pw D]t`m‡m°fpambn \√ _‘w \ne\n¿Øp∂Xn\pwklmbn°p∂p. C-˛_m¶nwKv kwhn[m\ØneqsS D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v kz¥w Iºyq´¿ D]tbmKnt®m, kz¥w samss_¬t^m¨ D]tbmKnt®m, AhcpsS kºmZyßƒ ssIImcyw sNøpI, A°u≠pIƒ]cntim[n°pI, hmbv]m At]£ \¬IpI,_n√pIƒ°v ]WaSbv°pI XpSßnb _m-¶nwKv tkh\ßƒ D]tbmKn°mw. CetŒm-WnIv ≠v Sm≥kv ¿ (EFT), Hmt´mta‰UvsS√¿ sajo≥ (ATM), t]mbn‚ vv Hm^v sk-bn¬ (POS) AYhm km[\ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xn\v Im¿Uv D]-tbm-Kn®v ]Ww \¬IpI,Ce-tŒmWnIv Um‰m C‚¿sNbn©v (EDI),UnPn‰¬ Iymjv XpSßnb tkh\ßfpwC- _m¶nwKv aptJ\ e`yam°mw.

C˛_m¶nßns‚ t\´ßƒ[Benefits of e-Banking]

C˛-_m¶nwKv D]tbmKn°p∂XpsIm≠vD]t`m‡m°ƒ°v e`yamIp∂ t\´ßƒXmsg hniZoIcn°p∂p.

106 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

1. XpS¿®bmbn ZnhkØnse Ccp]Øn

\mev aWn°qdpw h¿jØnse ap∂q‰n

Adp]Ønb©v Znhkhpw _m¶nwKv

tk-h\w e`yam°m≥ C˛_m¶nwKv klm-

bn°p∂p.

2. D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v _m¶v A\phZn°p∂

tkh\ßƒ Hmôkn¬ \nt∂m hoń¬

\nt∂m samss_¬ t^m¨ hgntbm

\SØmw.

3. CS]mSpIƒ kzbw \SØp∂XpsIm≠v

kzbw Hcp kmºØnI A®S°w D≠m-

Im≥ klmbn°p∂p.

4. _m¶pIƒ \mev NpacpIƒ°p≈n¬ \n∂v

amdn D]t`m‡m°fpsS ASptØbv°v

hcp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v FX ]mhiyw thW-

sa¶nepw CS]mSp-Iƒ \SØmw. ]Ww

sIm≠v bmX sNøptºmgp-≠mIp∂ \„-

km[yX C√mXm°¬ XpSßn a‰v A\-

h[n t\´ßfpw C -_m¶nwKv \¬Ip∂p.

C--˛_m¶nwKv aptJ\ CS]mSpIƒ \SØp

∂XpsIm≠v _m¶pIƒ°p≈ KpWßƒ

Xmsg hniZoIcn°p∂p.

1. C-˛-_m¶nwKv _m¶pIƒ°v IqSpX¬

a’c£aX \¬Ip∂p.

2. Cu kwhn[m\w _m¶pIƒ°v AkwJyw

_m©pIfpsS km∂n≤yw \¬Ip∂p.

C‚¿s\‰v D≈ F√m Iºyq´dpIfpw

D]t`m‡mhn\v _m¶ns‚ D]tbmKw

t\Sns°mSp°p∂p.

3. D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v ]thi\w A\phZn

°p∂ Hcp tIµoIrX Um‰mtiJc

ØneqsS _m¶pIfpsS tPmen `mcw

KWyambn Ipdbv°m≥ klmbn°p∂p.

4.5 C≥jpd≥kv (Insurance)

PohnXw F√m ImeØpw A\n›nXXzßƒ

\nd™XmWv. GsXmcp _nkn\ v ]h¿

Ø\hpw \„Øn¬ Ahkm\n°m\p≈

km[yX X≈n°fbm≥ IgnbpIbn√. \„-

km[yXIƒ ]e XcØnep≠v. Hcp ]s£

Poh≥ Xs∂ A]ISØnemIp∂ Ahk-

cßƒ, Xo]nSpØw, tamjWw, A]ISw

XpSßnbh aqeap≠mImhp∂ \„ßƒ,

I∏en\pw a‰pw ISen¬ h®p≠m-Imhp∂

\„ßƒ F∂nhsb√mw DZmlcW-ßfmWv.

CØcw A]ISßfn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂v

kw`hn®m¬ hy‡nIƒt°m ÿm]\-

ßƒt°m Nnet∏msg¶nepw Xmßm≥ Ign-

bmØ \„ßƒ D≠mtb-°mw. CØcw

\„ßfpsS kzm[o\w ]camh[n Ipdbv-

°m≥ C≥jpd≥kv klmbn°p∂p. b¥-

kmaKnIƒ, sIńS-ßƒ, a‰v BkvXnIƒ

F√mw Xs∂ CØcw \„km[yXIƒ D≈-

hbmWv. Ch ]cnlcn-°s∏Sm≥ Ignbp∂n-

s√¶n¬ _nkn\ v ]h¿Ø\ßƒ \SØn-

s°m≠pt]mIm\pw IgnbpIbn√. AXpsIm-

≠mWv Htc XcØn-ep≈ \„km[yXIƒ

A`napJo-Icn°p∂ Hcp Iq´w BfpIƒ

Ipd®v hoXw ]Ww kamlcn®v s]mXp ≠v

kzcq]n-°pIbpw Cßs\ hy‡nIƒ°v

D≠mIm-hp∂ \„km[yX F√mhcpw IqSn

]¶v hbv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂Xv.

4.5.1 C≥jpd≥kns‚ ASnÿm\ XXzßƒ

[Fundamental Principles of Insurance]

`mhnbn¬ D≠mIm≥ km[yXbp≈ A\n›nXamb Hcp henb \„w \nIØp∂Xn\mbnHcp hy‡ntbm ÿm]\tam Hcp \n›nXXpI Nnehgn°m≥ XømdmIp∂XmWv


C≥jpd≥kv. AXmbXv Hcp henb \„-km[yX t\cnSp∂Xn\v th≠n Hcp sNdnbXpI (]oan-bw) ImemImeßfn¬ Nneh-gn°p∂XmWv C≥jpd≥kv. \„km[yXAtX t]mse \ne\n¬°p∂p F¶nepwkam\ \„km[yXbp≈ C≥jp¿ sNbv-Xn´p≈ apgph≥ BfpIfnte°pw hym]n∏n®v\„km[yX eLqIcn°m≥ Cu kwhn[m-\w klmbn°p∂p. Ch¿ \¬Ip∂ ]oanbwXpIIƒ Hcpan®v Iqń AXn¬ \n∂v \„w

kw`hn°p∂bmƒ°v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬-Ip∂p. ap≥Ime A\p`hßfn¬ \n∂vC≥jpd¿°v Hmtcm Xcw A]ISßfn¬\n∂v kw`hn°mhp∂ \„ßsf°pdn®v GI-tZiw [mcW D≠mbncn°pw.AXpsIm≠pXs∂, kmºØnI \„km[yXbn¬ \n∂v kwc£Ww e`yam°p∂ HcpXcØnep≈ \„km[yX ssIImcyw sNø-emWv C≥jpd≥kv F∂v ]dbmw.

`mcXØnse C≥jpd≥kv taJe[Indian Insurance Sector]

C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿ temIØnse Xs∂ hfsc thKw hf¿∂psIm≠ncn°p∂ H∂mWv F∂vF√m-h¿°pw Adnbmw. Im¿jnIw, hymhkmbnIw, tkh\w F∂o aq∂v taJeIfpsSbpw sa®s∏´]IS-\amWv CXn\v hgn Hcp°nbXv. D¬∏mZ\, tkh\ taJeIfpsS hf¿®°v B\p]mXnIambnXs∂ C≥jpd≥kv taJebpw hf¿∂p h∂p.

BtKmf sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂Xn\v, kmºØnI ]cnjvImcßfpsS `mKambn ap≥Imeßfn¬k¿°m¿ \nb¥WØnembncp∂ C≥jpd≥kv taJebpw a’cßƒ°mbn Xpd∂p sImSpØp.hnIk\ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ \nco£n°p∂Xn\mbn k¿°m¿ FSpØ BZy \S]Sn sF.B¿.Un.F.N´w sIm≠phcnIbmbncp∂p. hfsc henb km[yXIfp≈ AXnhn]peamb Hcp hn]WnbmWvC¥y≥ C≥jpd≥kv hn]Wn. 1999 Unkw_¿ amkw kzImcy kwcwÌ¿°mbn Xpd∂tXmSpIqSnC≥jpd≥kv taJebn¬ KWyamb am‰ßƒ kw`hn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p. C∂v 13 Iº\nIƒ sse^vC≥jpd≥kv hn`mKØnepw 13 Iº\nIƒ a‰v hn`mKØnepw ]h¿Øn®p sIm≠ncn°p∂p. C≥jp¿sNømhp∂ P\kwJybpsS 25 iXam\w amXta Ct∏mgpw C≥jp¿ sNbvXn´p≈q. F¶nepw Ign™A©v Zim–ßfmbn tIµ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\amb `mcXob sse^v C≥jpd≥kv tIm¿-]tdj≥ Cu cwKØv B[n]Xyw ÿm]n®n´p≠v.

2000 apX¬ sF.B¿.Un.F kzImcy Iº\nIƒ°pw ]h¿Ø\ kzmX¥yw A\phZn®p. AXp-sIm≠v s]mXp C≥jpd≥kv cwKw Ign™ Ipd®v h¿jßfmbn A¤pXmhlamb hf¿® ssI-hcn®p. ]oanbw hcpam\Øn¬ 20 iXam\w hf¿® tcJs∏SpØn. AXnthKw hf¿® ssIhcn°p∂Iº\nIfn¬ \mjW¬ C≥jpd≥kv Iº\n, _PmPv Aeb≥kv, Sm‰m-, F.sF.Pn., sF.kn.-sF.-kn.sF. semw_m¿Uv F∂nhbmWv ap≥]¥nbn¬. Ct∏mƒ 70 iXam\w _nkn\ pw Xo]nSpØw,IS¬, tamt´m¿ hml\w, F©n\obdnwKv Xmcn^v \nb¥Wßƒ°v hnt[bamWv.

A]Xo£nXambn kw`hn°mhp∂ \„km[yXIƒ A`napJoIcn°p∂ C≥jp¿ sNøm≥ Xm¬-]cyap≈ Hcp Iq´w BfpIƒ AØcw \„km[yXIƒ ]ckv]cw ]¶v hbv°p∂Xns\ C≥jpd≥kvF∂v ]dbmw. AXmbXv Hcp I£n \n›nX ]Xnêw hmßn as‰mcp I£n°v kmºØnI Xm¬-]cyap≈Xpw aqeyap≈Xpamb GsX¶nepw \„tam A]IStam a‰v ]cn°pItfm kw`hn®m¬B \„w \nIØm\mbn \n›nX kwJy sImSp°msa∂ Icmdns\ C≥jpd≥kv F∂v ]dbp∂p.tcJmaqeap≈ Cu Icmdns\ t]mfnkn F∂pw \„km[yX Fs‰Sp°p∂bmfns\ C≥jpd¿F∂pw BcpsS \„km[yXbmtWm Gs‰Sp°p∂Xv Abmsf C≥jp¿Uv F∂pw ]dbp∂p.

108 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

IrXyambn ]d™m¬ GsX¶nepw ÿm-]\w (Insurance Company) DNnXamb XpI-bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ (Premium) hy‡nI-fpsSbpw ÿm]\ßfpsSbpw (Insured)

\„km[yX Gs‰Sp°p∂ ]InbsbbmWvC≥jpd≥kv F∂v ]dbp∂Xv.4.5.2. C≥jpd≥kns‚ [¿Ωßƒ

(Functions of Insurance)

C≥jpd≥kns‚ hnhn[ [¿Ωßƒ XmsghniZoIcn°p∂p.1. \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Dd∏v \¬Ip∂p

[Providing certainity]:

\„w D≠mIm\p≈ km[yXbv°v \„]cnlmcw \¬Ipw F∂ Dd∏v C≥jpd≥kv\¬Ip∂p. \„Øns‚ hen∏Ønepw ka-bØnepw A\n›nXXzw D≠mtb°mw.C≥jpd≥kv Cu A\n›nXXzw \o°n C≥-jpd≥kv FSpØbmƒ°v \„]cnlmcw Dd∏v\¬Ip∂p. Cu Dd∏v \¬Ip∂Xn\v C≥-jpd¿ ]oanbw F∂ t]cn¬ \n›nX XpICuSm°p∂p.2. kwc£Ww [Protection]:

\„km[yXIfn¬ \n∂v kwc£Ww \¬-IpI F∂XmWv C≥jpd≥kns‚ c≠m-asØ ][m\ [¿Ωw. \„ap≠mIp∂XvXSbm≥ C≥jpd≥kn\v IgnbpIbn√.]s£ \„ap≠mbm¬ AXv \nIØns°m-Sp°m≥ Ignbpw.

3. \„km[yX ]¶vhbv°p∂p [Risk sharing]:

Hcp \„w kw`hn°ptºmƒ C≥jpd≥ kn-eqsS B \„km[yX D≈ F√mhcpw IqSnB \„w ]¶v hbv°p∂p. Hmtcm I£nI-fn¬ \n∂v ]ncns®Sp°p∂ ]oanb ØneqsS-bmWv Cu XpI ]¶v hbv°p∂Xv.

4. aqe[\ kzcq]WØn\v klmbn°p∂p

[Assist in capital formation]:

]oanbØneqsS ]ncns®Sp°p∂ XpI C≥-jpd¿°v hcpam\ap≠m°pIbpw D¬∏mZ-\£aamb hnhn[ ]≤XnIfn¬ \nt£]n-°pIbpw sNøp∂p. AXmbXv Cßs\tiJcn°p∂ ]oanbw aqe[\ambn amdp∂p.

4.5.3 C≥jpd≥kns‚ XXzßƒ[Principles of Insurance]

C≥jpd≥kn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂ I£nIƒ XΩn-ep≈ Nne ]h¿Ø\coXnIsf C≥jpd≥-kns‚ XXzßƒ F∂v ]dbmw. Xmsg hni-ZoIcn°p∂ XXzßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn-emWv C≥jpd≥kv F∂ kwhn[m\w]h¿Øn°p∂Xv.

1. ]caamb DØa hnizmkw [Utmost good faith]:

]caamb DØa hnizmkØn¬ A[njvTnX-amb IcmdmWv (Contract of Uberrimae fidei)C≥jpd≥kv. Icmdns\ kw_‘n®v AXn-epƒs∏Sp∂ c≠v I£n-Ifpw ]ckv]cw

shfns∏SptØ≠ hnhcßƒ°p≈ DZmlcWw

(Examples of facts to be disclosed)

Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv: sIńS \n¿ΩmW coXn, Xo]nSpØw I≠p]nSn°m\pw AWbv°m\pap≈

D]IcWßfpsS e`yX, AXns‚ D]tbmK coXn

tamt´m¿ hml\ C≥jpd≥kv: hml\Øns‚ Xcw, ssUhdpsS hnhcßƒ.

hy‡nKX A]IS C≥jpd≥kv: ]mbw, Dbcw, Xq°w, sXmgn¬, ap≥ tcmKhnhcßƒ

sse^v C≥jpd≥kv: ]mbw, ap≥ tcmKhnhcßƒ, ]pIhen/aZy]m\ ioeßƒ


DØa hnizmk-Ønembncn-°Ww CS]mSp-Iƒ \StØ≠Xv. C≥jp-d≥kv FSp°p∂-bmsf kw_‘n-®nS-tØmfw C≥jpd≥kvFSp°p∂ hnj-bsØ kw_‘n®v ]k-‡hpw kºq¿Æ-hpamb hnhcßƒ kzta-[bm Xs∂ C≥jpd≥kv \¬Ip∂bmtfmSvshfns∏Sp-tØ≠Xp≠v. Xncn®pw Icmdn-s\°pdn®pw e`yamIp∂ \„]cnlmcßsf-°pdn®pw hy‡amb [mcW C≥jpd≥kv\¬Ip∂-bmfpw tcJm aqew Xs∂ hniZoI-cn°Ww. C≥jpd≥kv \¬Ip∂ hnj-bsØ kw_-‘n®v C≥sjz¿Uns\ _m[n-°mhp∂ Icmdns\tbm ]oanbsØtbmkzm[o\n-°mhp∂ F¥pw C≥jpd≥kns\kw_-‘n®v ]k‡amWv. CØcw ]k-‡amb Imcyßƒ shfns∏Sp-Øp∂Xn¬hogvN hcpØnbm¬ C≥jpd≥kv Icm¿Akm[p-hm°mw.

2. C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw

[Insurable Interest] :

C≥jp¿ sNøs∏Sp∂ hkvXp-hn≥ta¬C≥jp-d≥kv FSp°p∂bmƒ°v C≥jp¿sNøm-\p≈ Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn°Ww.C≥jp-d≥kns\ kw_‘n® ASnÿm\]amW-ßfnsem∂v ‘hotSm, hkvXp°tfm,I∏tem, b¥kmaKnItfm H∂pa√, adn®vChbn¬ C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂bmƒ-°p≈ kmº-ØnI Xm¬]cyßsfbmWvC≥jp¿ sNøp-∂Xv' F∂XmWv. C≥jp-d≥kv FSp°p∂-bmsf kw_‘n®v C≥jp-d≥kv FSpØ hnjbØn¬ AXv hkvXp-°tfm Poht\m Bbns°m≈s´, A]ISwkw`hn-°p∂Xp sIm≠v Abmƒ°v GsX¶n-epw XcØnep≈ \„w kw`hn®ncn-°Ww.Hcp hkvXphns‚ C≥jp-d≥-kn¬ Cu Xm¬-]cyw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \jvSw kw`hn-°p-

tºmƒ D≠mbncn-°Ww. AXn\v AbmƒAXns‚ DSaÿ-\mbncn-°Ww F∂v \n¿-_‘sam∂pan√. Hcp BkvXnbpsS ssIh-im-h-Imint°m, AXv hmßm≥ ISw sImSp-Øbmƒt°m C≥jp-d≥kv Xm¬-]cywD≠mbncn°pw.

3. \t„mØchmZnXzw [Indemnity]:

Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv (Fire Insurance),kap-Z-am¿§ C≥jpd≥kv (Marine Insurance)

XpSßnb s]mXp C≥jpd≥kn\v _m[Iamb XXzamWv \t„mØchmZnXzw. CX\pkcn®v C≥jp¿ sNbvX hkvXphn\v Fs¥-¶nepw \mi\„ßƒ kw`hn®m¬ C≥-jpd≥kv \¬Ip∂bmƒ AsXSpØ bmƒ°v]kvXpX hkvXp-hns\ kw_‘n®v \„wkw`hn°p∂Xn\v sXm´v ap≥]p≈ ÿnXn]p\xÿm]n®v \¬Ipw. as‰mcp XcØn¬]d™m¬, C≥jp¿ sNbvX hkvXphn\vFs¥¶nepw \mi\„ßƒ kw`hn®m¬C≥jpd≥kv \¬Ip∂bmƒ AsXSpØ-bmƒ°v D≠mb \mi\„w \nIØns°m-Sp°pw. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂, C≥jp¿ sNbvXhkvXphn\v D≠mIp∂ CØcw \„w ]W-Øns‚ cq]Øn¬ Af°m≥ Ignbp∂Xm-bncn°Ww. hy‡n IfpsS Poh≥ C≥jp¿sNøp-∂-Xn\v Cu XXzw _m[Ia√.

4. kao]ÿ ImcWw [Proximate Cause]:

Cu XXza\pkcn®v, GXv ImcWw sIm≠p-≠mIp∂ \mi\„Øn\mtWm C≥jp-d≥kv FSpØn´p≈Xv, B ]tXyI ImcWwsIm≠v \„ap≠mbm¬ amXta, \„]cn-lmcw e`n°pIbp≈q. kao]ÿ ImcWwF∂XpsIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv, G‰hpw][m\ ImcWw AYhm aqeIm cWwF∂mWv. DZmlcWØn\v, Hcp hoSn\v Xo

110 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

]nSpØØn¬ \n∂v kwc£WØn\mbnC≥jpd≥kv FSpØn´p≠v F∂v IcpXpI.Hcp `qIºw D≠mhpIbpw AXns‚ ê-ambn Xo]nSn®v \„w kw`hn®p F∂pw Icp-XpI. ChnsS Xo]nSpØw D≠msb-¶nepwAXn\p≈ bYm¿∞ ImcWw `qIº-ambn-cp∂p. qIºØn¬ \n∂p≈ ]cnc£-bv°vC≥jpd≥kv FSpØnń-s√¶n¬ \„]cn-lmcw \¬Im≥ _m[y-Xbn√ F∂¿∞w.Hc]ISØn\v H∂ne-[nIw ImcWßƒDs≠¶n¬ amXta Cu XXzØn\v ]k‡n-bp≈q. hy‡nIfpsS sse^v C≥jpd≥kvFSp°p∂Xn¬ Cu XXzw _m[Ia√.

5. ]cnXymKw [Subrogation]: Cu XXza\p-kcn®v \„]cnlmcw \¬In°-gn™m¬C≥jpd≥kv FSpØ hy‡n°v B hkvXp-hnep≈ F√m AhImißfpw ]cnc£\¬Inbmfnte°v (C≥jpd≥kv Iº\n)ssIam‰w sNøs∏Spw. AXneqsS C≥jp-d≥kv Iº\n°v \„ap≠mhm≥ ImcW°m-cmbhcn¬ \n∂v \nba]cambn \„w CuSm-°m\p≈ AhImiw e`yam°pIbpwsNøpw.

6. hoXmwiw [Contribution]:

Cu XXza\pkcn®v Hcp C≥jpd¿°v \„-]cnlmcw \¬In°gn™m¬, _m[yXbp≈ a‰v C≥jpd¿amcn¬ \n∂v, B\p]mXnIamb XpI ]ncns®Sp°m\p≈ AhImiwD≠mbncn°pw. CXn\¿∞w, Htc hnjbØn\v c≠v C≥jpd≥kv FSpØn´ps≠¶n¬\„w kw`hn®m¬ F√m C≥jpd¿am¿°pwB\p]mXnI _m[yX D≠mbncn°pw F∂m-Wv. C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂bmsf kw_-‘n-®nStØmfw GXv C≥jpddn¬ \n∂pw \„-]cnlmcw AhImis∏Smw. Aßns\ \„-]cnlmcw AhImis∏´m¬ a‰v C≥jpd¿-

amcn¬ \n∂pw \„]cnlmcw \¬Inb C≥-jpd¿°v B\p]mXnI \„w CuSm°mhp-∂XmWv. C≥jpd≥kv FSpØbmƒ°vGsX¶nepw Hcp C≥jpd¿ \„]cnlmcw]q¿Æambpw \¬Inbm¬, a‰p≈ C≥jp-d¿amcn¬ \n∂pw \„]cnlmcw e n°m\p≈AhImiw \„s∏Spw. C≥jpd≥kn¬ \n∂vem`w FSp°¬ C√mXm°pI F∂XmWvCu XXzw sIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv. hy‡n-IfpsS sse v C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂Xn¬Cu XXzhpw _m[Ia√.

6. \„ eLqIcWw [Mitigation of Loss]:

C≥jpd≥kv FSpØn´p≈ hkvXphn\vFs¥¶nepw A]ISw kw`hn®m¬ C≥jpd≥kv FSpØbmƒ D≠mImhp∂ \„wIgnbp∂X eLqIcn°m≥ Hcp km[mcWhy‡n ian°p∂ coXnbn¬ ]camh[nPmKXtbmSpIqSn Xs∂ iant°≠XmWv.A]IS kabØv kmam\y i≤ t]mepwsNepØnbn√ F¶n¬ C≥jpd≥kv Iº\n\„]cnlmcw \ntj[n°m≥ hsc km[yXbp≠v.

4.5.4 hnhn[ Xcw C≥jpd≥-kpIƒ

[Types of Insurance]

C≥jpd≥kv Iº\nIfpsS \bßƒ °\p-kcn®v, cmPyØv ImemImeßfn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ C≥jpd≥kns\ kw_ ‘n®hnhn[ \nbaßfpsS ASnÿm\ Øn¬C≥jpd≥kns\ Xmsg ]dbp∂ coXnbn¬Xcw Xncn°mw.

Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kv/ sse v C≥jpd≥kv(Life Insurance)

Poh≥ Xs∂ A\n›nXXzw \nd™XmbXpsIm≠v `mhnbn¬ D≠mtb°mhp∂,ap≥Iqń ImWm≥ IgnbmØ kw`hßƒt\cnSp∂Xn\mbn km[mcW BfpIsf√mwAhchcpsSbpw X\n°v th≠s∏´hcp


sSbpw Poh≥ Hcp \n›nX XpIbv°v C≥-jp¿ sNømdp≠v. Pohs\ kw_‘n®v \„-km[yX F∂v ]dbp∂Xv bYm¿∞-Øn¬F√mhcpsS PohnXØnepw Dd∏mbn kw`-hn°mhp∂ acWamWv. B A¿∞-Øn¬\„km[yX F∂v ]dbp∂Xv B hy‡n-°√ adn®v Abmsf Bibn®v Pohn°p∂hy‡nIƒ°mWv. ]tXyIn®v B hy‡n-bpsS hcpam\sØ Bibn®v PohnXwap≥t]m´v sIm≠pt]mIp∂ IpSpw_am-

Iptºmƒ. as‰mcp km[yX, ]kvXpX

hy‡n Zo¿LImew Pohn-°pIbpw ]mb-

amIptºmƒ kºmZy-tijn \„am-hpI-

bpw H∏w NnIn-’bv°pw a‰pw IqSp-X¬

sNehv hcnIbpw sNøpw F∂XmWv.

CØcw kmlNcyßƒ t\cnSp∂Xn\v

BfpIƒ C≥jpd≥kv FSp°mdp≠v.

C≥jpd≥kv Iº\nIƒ CØcw \„km-

[yXIƒ°v kwc£Ww \¬Ip∂ t]mfn-

knIƒ \¬Imdpap≠v.

sse v C≥jp-d≥kv

assd≥ C≥jp-d≥kv

hnhn[ Xcw C≥jpd≥-kpIƒ

s]mXp C≥jp-d≥kv

Xo]nSpØ C≥jp-d≥kv a‰v C≥jpd≥-kpIƒ

`h\ t`Z\ C≥jp-d≥kv

I∂pImen C≥jp-d≥kv

Aa¿Xy in£m tbmP\

cmtPizcn alnfm

Ieym¨ òam tbmP\

BtcmKy C≥jp-d≥kv

hml\ C≥jpd≥kv

hnf C≥jp-d≥kv

kvt]m¿Svkv- C≥jp-d≥kv

112 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

BZyImeØv sse v C≥jpd≥kv t]mfnkn

Iƒ FSpØncp∂Xv PohnXØnse A\n›n

XXzßƒ t\cnSp∂Xn\v th≠n amXambn

cp∂p. ]n∂oSv C≥jpd≥kn\v ]ehn[

hIt`Zßƒ h∂p. ]ehn[ Bhiyßƒ

°mbn hnhn[ Xcw t]mfnknIƒ e`yam

°m≥ XpSßn. DZmlcWambn sshIey

C≥jpd≥kv, BtcmKy C≥jpd≥kv,

NnIn’m C≥jpd≥kv, s]≥j≥ C≥jp

d≥kv, bYm¿∞ sse^v C≥jpd≥kv

XpSßnbh. H∂nt®m ImemImeßfn¬

sNdnb XpIIfmtbm \¬Ip∂ ]oanbw

F∂ ]XnêØn\v ]Icambn \n›nX

ImeØn\v tijw, As√¶n¬ C≥jp¿

sNbvX A]ISw kw`hn®m¬ C≥jpd≥kv

FSp°p∂ hy‡nt°m As√¶n¬, B

hy‡n \n¿t±in°p∂ hy‡nt°m, AXpa-

s√¶n¬ BcpsS kwc£WØn\v th≠n-

bmtWm C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂Xv B

hy‡nt°m ap≥Iqń \n›bn® XpI \¬-

Imw F∂ Icmdns\bmWv sse^v C≥-jp-

d≥kv F∂v ]dbp∂Xv. AXmbXv, ]oan-bw

F∂ t]cn¬ \¬Ip∂ ]WØn\v ]Icam-

bmWv C≥jpd≥kv Iº\n C≥jp-d≥kv

\¬Ip∂Xv. ]oanbw H∂pIn¬ apgph≥

XpIbpw Hcpan®v \¬Imw As√¶n¬ Imem-

Imeßfn¬ amkw tXmdptam ssZzamkn-

Itam ssXamknItam A¿≤ hm¿jnItam

hm¿jnItam Bbn \¬Imw. AtX kabw

Iº\n, C≥jpd≥kv FSpØ hy‡n acW-

s∏´mtem, B hy‡n°v \n›nX ]mbam-

Iptºmtgm, \n›nX Imemh[n°v tijtam

\n›bn® XpI \¬Ip∂p. AXmbXv, C≥jp-

d≥kv FSp°p∂ hy‡n°v Icm¿ ]Imc-

ap≈ ]Ww Dd∏mbpw e`n°pw. H∂pIn¬

Abmƒ°v \n›nX ]mbamIptºmƒ As√-

¶n¬ AbmfpsS acWtijw AbmfpsS

A\¥cmhIminIƒ°v ]Ww e`yam-°p∂p.

C≥jpd≥kns\ kw_‘n® F√m \n_-

‘\-Ifpw tcJmaqew Dƒs°m≈n®p

sIm≠p≈ Icmdns\ AYhm tcJsb

C≥jp-d≥kv t]mfnkn F∂v ]dbp∂p.

C≥jp-d≥kv FSp°p∂bmsf Atjz¿Uv

F∂pw C≥jpd≥kv \¬Ip∂ Iº\nsb

C≥jpd¿ F∂pw ]Xn- eambn \¬Ip∂

XpIsb ]oanbw F∂pw ]dbp∂p.

CØcw C≥jpd≥kv, hy‡nbpsS AIme

acWw kw`hn®m¬ IpSpw_Øn\pw As√-

¶n¬ ]mbambn hcp-am\tijn \„s∏-

Sptºmƒ B hy‡n°pw \n›nX XpI \¬-

Ip∂p. Cu C≥jpd≥kv bYm¿∞Øn¬

kwc£Ww amXa√ \nt£] e£yw IqSn

Dƒs°m≈n®psIm≠mWv FSp°mdp≈Xv.

F¥psIms≠∂m¬ acWw kw`hn®m¬

amX-a√, \n›nX ]mbam-bmepw B

hy‡n°v Icm¿ ]Imcap≈ XpI C≥jp-

d≥kv Iº\n \¬Ip∂p≠v.

]oanbw XpS¿®bmbn \¬tI≠XpsIm≠v

sse^v C≥jpd≥kv P\ßfn¬ kºmZy-

ioew hf¿Øm\pw klmbn°p∂p. AXp-

aqew C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂-bmƒ°pw

AbmfpsS BinX¿°pw kpc£nXXz

t_m[w \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂p.

C≥jpd≥kn\v _m[Iamb s]mXp XXz-

ßfn¬ NnesXmgn®v, _m°nsb√mw sse v

C≥jpd≥kn\pw _m[IamWv. sse^v

C≥jpd≥kns‚ ][m\ LSIßƒ Xmsg

hnhcn°p∂p.


1. km[phmb Icmdn\p≠mbncnt°≠F√m khnti-j-XIfpw sse v C≥jp-d≥kn\pw D≠mbn-cn°Ww. Hcp hmKv-Zm\w, AwKoImcw, kzX¥amb kΩXw,Icmdn¬ G¿s∏Sm-\p≈ tbmKyX, \nb-am\p-krXamb ]Xnêw, \nbam\pkr-Xamb e£yw XpSßnb hsb√mw Ds≠-¶n¬ amXta Icmdn\v km[pXbp≠m-hp-Ibp≈q.

2. ]caamb DØa hnizmkØn¬ A[njvTn-Xamb IcmdmWv sse^v C≥jpd≥kv.C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂bmƒ, Abmsfkw_‘n® hnhcßƒ C≥jpd≥kvIº\n°v \¬Ip∂Xn¬ kXyk‘-Xbpw hnizÿXbpw ]pe¿tØ≠XmWv.AbmfpsS BtcmKysØ kw_‘n®v]k‡amb F√m Imcyßfpw C≥jp-d¿ tNmZn®ns√¶n¬ t]mepw Xpd∂v ]d-bpI F∂Xv AbmfpsS DØc-hmZnXz-amWv.

3. as‰m-cm-fpsS Pohn-X-amWv C≥jp-¿ sNøp-∂-sX-¶n¬, C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p-∂-bmƒ°v A]-cs‚ Poh\n¬ C≥jp¿sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw D≠mbn-cn°Ww.C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬-]cyw C√mØC≥jpd≥kv Akm[p-hmbncn°pw.sse v C≥jpd≥kn¬ C≥jp¿ sNøm-\p≈ Xm¬]cyw C≥jp-d≥kv FSp-°p∂ kabØv D≠mbn-cn°Ww. ]s£A]ISw \S°p∂ kabØv C≥jp¿sNøm\p≈ Xm¬-]cyw Cs√¶nepw Ipg-∏an√. DZmlc-Wambn, Hcmƒ°v kz¥wPoh\n¬ C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬-]cyw D≠mbn-cn°pw. kz¥w IpSpw_mw-KßfpsS Poh\nepw C≥jp¿ sNøm-\p≈ Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn°pw. ISw

\¬Ip∂-bmƒ°v AXv hmßp∂bmfpsS

Poh\n¬, Iº\n DSabv°v AbmfpsS

Poh\°mc\n¬ XpSßn ]ehn[ _‘-

ßfnepw C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cywImWm≥ Ignbpw.

4. sse^v C≥jpd≥kv a‰v C≥jpd≥kv

t]mse Hcp \t„mØchmZnXz Icmd√.

ImcWw Hcn°epw HcmfpsS Pohs‚

hne ]WØns‚ aqeyØn¬ Af°m≥

IgnbpIbn√. A]ISw kw`hn®m¬\n›nX XpI \¬Imsa∂ Icm¿ amXam

WnXv. AXpsIm≠v, C≥jpd≥kv FSp-

°p∂Xn\v ap≥]v Xs∂ XncnsI \¬-

tI≠ XpI \n›bn®ncn°pw. AXpsIm-

≠mWv sse^v C≥jpd≥kv Icm¿ Hcp

\t„mØchmZnXz Icmd√ F∂v ]dbp-∂Xv.

hnhn[ Xcw sse^v C≥jpd≥kv

t]mfn-kn-Iƒ [Types of life insurance policies]

C≥jpd≥kv Icmdnte¿s∏ńcn°p∂hy‡nIƒ XΩn¬ AXns‚ \n_‘\IƒDƒs°m≈n®psIm≠v tcJmaqe-ap≠m-°p∂Icmdns\bmWv t]mfnkn F∂v ]d-bp∂Xv.C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂bmƒ AXn-\p≈At]£ ]qcn∏n®v \¬In C≥jp-d≥kvIº\n AXv AwKoIcn®v ]oanbw XpIkzoI-cn®p Ign™m¬ C≥jp-d¿°vt]mfnkn tcJ ssIamdpw.

C≥jpd≥kv kw_‘n®v BfpIfpsSBhiyßƒ hyXykvXßfmbXv sIm≠vAh¿°v Bhiyap≈ t]mfnknIfpw hyXy-kvX--ßfmbncn°pw. IpSpw_]camb Bh-iyßƒ, IpńIƒ°p≈ Bhiyßƒ, ]mb-amIptºmgp≈ Bhiyßƒ, GsX-¶nepwNne ]tXyI Bhiyßƒ F∂n-ßs\]ehn[ Bhiyßƒ \ndth‰mhp∂

114 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

t]mfnknIƒ Iº\nIƒ \¬Imdp≠v. Pohn-Xm-hkm\w hscbp≈ t]mfnkn, F≥-tUm-hvsa‚ v t]mfnkn, kwbp-‡ -sse^vt]mfnkn, IpńIƒ°p≈ t]mfnkn, B\zn‰nt]mfnkn, XpSßnb hnhn[ XcØnep≈t]mfnknIƒ \nehn-ep≠v. Ahbn¬ NneXvXmsg hnhcn°p∂p.

1. PohnXmhkm\w hscbp≈ t]mfnkn

[Whole Life Policy]: t]cv kqNn∏n°p∂Xvt]mse C≥jq¿ sNbvXbmfns‚ acW-tijw A\¥cmh-Imin°v amXw \„-]cnlmcw \¬Ip∂ t]mfnknIfmWv Ch.acn°p∂-Xn\v ap≥]v Hcn°epw ]Ww \¬-IpIbn√. \n›nX ImetØbvt°m Nne-t∏mƒ acWw hsctbm ]oanbw ASbv-t°≠n hcpw. hy‡nbpsS acWw hscbpwt]mfnkn XpScpw.2. F≥tUmhvsa‚ vv sse^v Ajzd≥kv

t]mfnkn [Endowment Life Assurance

Policy]:

Hcp hy‡n acWs∏Sptºmtgm As√¶n¬\n›nX ]mbamIptºmtgm, AXmbXvt]mfnkn Imemh[n, GXmtWm BZywhcp∂Xv AXn\v C≥jpd≥kv Iº\n\n›bn®v Dd∏n® XpI B hy‡nt°mAs√¶n¬ AbmfpsS A\¥cmhImint°mAbmƒ \ma\n¿t±iw sNbvXbmƒt°m\¬Ip∂p. AXmbXv F≥tUmhvsa‚ vsse^v Ajzd≥kv t]mfnkn \n›nXh¿jw hsc amXw \ne\n¬°p∂XmWv.3. kwbp‡ sse^v t]mfnkn [Joint Life

Policy]: ct≠m AXne[nItam hy‡nIƒtN¿∂v FSp°p∂ t]mfnkn -IfmWvkwbp‡ sse^v t]mfnkn. F√mhcpwIqSntbm As√¶n¬ Bsc¶nepw Hcmtfm

H‰ØhW-bmtbm, KUp°fmtbm ]oanbwASbv°p-∂p. C≥jpd≥kn¬ Dƒs∏´GsX¶nepw Hcp hy‡n acWs∏´m¬at‰bmƒ°v C≥jpd≥kv XpI \¬Ip∂p.km[mcW-bmbn CØcw t]mfnknIƒFSp°p∂Xv mcybpw ¿Ømhpw tN¿t∂m,IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ tN¿t∂m ]¶mfnØÿm]\Ønse ]¶mfnIƒ tN¿t∂m Bbn-cn°pw. Hcmƒ acWs∏´m¬ as‰bmƒ°vC≥jpd≥kv XpI e`n°pw.4. B\zn‰n t]mfnkn [Annuity Policy]: Cut]mfnkn ]Imcw Ajz¿ sNbvX XpI,t]mfnkn FSpØbmƒ°v \n›nX ]mbam-Iptºmƒ, AXmbXv \n›nX Imemh[n°vtijw amkw tXmdptam, ssXamknIamtbmA¿≤ hm¿jnIamtbm, hm¿jnIamtbmKUp°fmbn Xncn®v \¬Ip∂p. ]oanbwH‰ØhWbmtbm KUp°fmtbm \¬Im-hp∂XmWv. XpS¿®bmb kp\n›nX hcp-am\w BKln°p∂h¿°v ]tXyIn®v,]mb-am-b-h¿°v A\ptbmPyamb t]mfnkn-bmWnXv. km[mcWbmbn s]≥-j≥ ]≤-XnIƒ F∂ t]cnemWv Iº\n-Iƒ Cut]mfnkn \¬Ip∂Xv.5. IpńIfpsS F≥tUmhvsa‚ v t]mfnkn

[Children's Endowment Policy]: IpńIƒ°vAhcpsS mhnbnse hnZym`ymkw, hnhmlwXpSßnb sNehpIƒ \SØp∂Xn\v th≠nc£nXm°ƒ IpńIfpsS t]cn¬ FSp°p∂t]mfnknIfmWnh. IpńIƒ°v \n›nX]mbamIptºmƒ C≥jpd¿ \n›nX XpI\¬Ip∂p. C≥jpd≥kv FSpØ-bmƒ]oanbw ASbv°p∂p. ]s£ Cu hy‡nImemh[n°v ap≥]v acWs∏´m¬ ]n∂oSv]oanbw XpI ASbvt°≠Xn√.


Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv [FIRE INSURANCE]

AS-bv°p∂ ]oanbØn\v ]Icambn\n›nX ImeØn\p≈n¬ kw`hn°p∂Xo]nSpØw sIm≠p≠mIp∂, t]mfnknbn¬kΩXn®ncn°p∂ XpI hscbp≈ \mi\„-ßƒ C≥jp-d¿ \nIØns°mSp°mw F∂IcmdmWv Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv. km[m-cW-KXnbn¬ Xo]nSpØ C≥jp-d≥kv Hcph¿jtØ°mWv \¬Imdp≈Xv. ]n∂oSvImemImeßfn¬ t]mfnkn ]pXp°pI-bmWv sNøp∂Xv. ]oanbw H‰ØhW-bmtbm KUp°fmtbm \¬Imhp-∂XmWv.t]mfnkn ]Imcw \„]cnlmcw e`n°p-∂Xn\v c≠v \n_‘\Iƒ ]ment°-≠-Xp≠v.

1. bYm¿YØn¬ \„w kw`hn®ncn°Ww.

2. \„w kw`hn°m\p≈ ImcWamb Xo]n-SpØw A]ISw aqetam, a\x]q¿∆-a√mØtXm Bbncn°Ww.

Xo]nSpØw aqeambncn°Ww \mi\„wkw`hn®ncnt°≠Xv. AXmbXv, Hcp ]s£NqSv sIm≠v \mi\„ap≠mbm¬ t]mepwXo]nSpØap≠mbns√¶n¬ \„]cnlmcwe`n°n√ F∂¿∞w.

C≥jpd≥kns‚ s]mXp XXzßfn¬ hniZo-Ic-n®ncn°p∂ XXzßsf ASnÿm\-am-°nbp≈ IcmdmWv Xo]nSpØ C≥jp-d≥kv. CXns‚ ][m\ LSIßƒ XmsghniZoIcn°p∂p.

1. Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂-bmƒ°v B hkvXphn¬ C≥jz¿ sNøm-\p≈ Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn°Ww. CXn¬C≥jpd≥kv FSp°ptºmgpw \„wkw`hn-°ptºmgpw C≥jz¿ sNøm\p≈Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn°Ww. DZmlc-

Wambn, Hcp _nkn\ p-Imc\v Xs‚\o°nbncp∏v Nc°pIfn¬ C≥jz¿sNøm\p≈ Xm¬-]cyw D≠mbncn°pw.F∂m¬ AXv hn‰v Ign™m¬ ]n∂oSvAbmƒ°v C≥jz¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬-]cyw \„s∏Spw. AXpsIm≠v hn¬∏-\bv°v tijap≈ A]ISØn\v \„]cn-lmcw e`n°pIbn√.

2. Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kv t]mse Xs∂ CuC≥jp-d≥kpw ]caamb DØa hnizm-kØn¬ A[njvTnXamb Icm-dmWv. C≥-jpd≥kv FSp°p∂ hnj-bsØ kw_-‘n® F√m hnhcßfpw hnizÿX-tbmSpw kXyk‘XtbmSpw IqSn Xs∂C≥jp-d¿°v hniZoIcn®v \¬tI≠-Xp≠v. hkvXp-hns\ kw_‘n® F√mhkvXpXIfpw \„km[yXIfpw tNmZn®n-s√¶n¬ t]mepw hniZoIcnt°≠XvAbmfpsS DØchm-ZnXzamWv. C≥jp-d≥kv Iº\nbpw Icmdns\ kw_‘n®F√m hkvXpXIfpw C≥jp-d≥kv FSp-Øbmsf Adnbn-t°≠-XmWv.

3. Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv ]q¿Æambpw Hcp\t„mØchmZnXz IcmdmWv. \„w kw -hn®m¬ C≥jpd≥kv FSpØ-bmƒ°vbYm¿∞ \„w ]cnlcn®v In´m≥ A¿-lX-bp≠v. ]s£ ]camh[n C≥jz¿sNbvX XpI hsc amXta \„]cnlmc-ambn e`n°pIbp≈q. DZmlcWambn,Hcmƒ Xs‚ hoSv \mev e£w cq]bv°vC≥jz¿ sNbvXp F∂v IcpXpI, hoSv]q¿Æambpw \in®m¬ t]mepw apgph≥XpIbpw \„]cn-lmcambn e`n°W-sa-∂n√. hoSns‚ hnebn¬ \n∂v tXbvam\wIpd®p≈ XpItbm As√¶n¬ \meve£w cq] GXmWv sNdpXv, B kwJy

116 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

sse v, Xo]nSpØ, assd≥ C≥jpd≥kpIƒ XΩnep≈ hyXymkw(Difference between Life, Fire and Marine Insurance)

XmcXayØns‚ASnÿm\w

C≥jp¿ sNøp∂hkvXp

LSIw

C≥jp¿sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw

Imemh[n

\„w \nIØ¬

\„w Af°¬

Xncnt®¬∏n°ptºm -gp≈ hnebpw AS®vXo¿Ø hnebpw.

sse^vC≥jpd≥kv

a\pjy Poh≥ C≥-jp¿sNøp∂p

kwc£Whpw \nt£-]hpw; c≠v LSI-ßfp-ap≠v

C≥jp¿ sNøptºmƒC≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈Xm¬-]cyw D≠m-bncn -°Ww.A]ISw \S°ptºmƒD≠mbncn°Ww F∂v\n¿_‘an√.

Zo¿L ImetØ-°mbn-cn°pw. km[mcW-bmbn5 apX¬ 30 h¿jw hscBImw.

\„w \nIØ¬ F∂XXzw _m[Ia√. \n -›nX ImeØn\v tij-tam, A]ISw \S∂m-tem Dd∏v \¬Inb ]Ww\¬Ip∂p.

\„w Af°m≥ Ignbp-Ibn√.

Xncnt®¬∏n°ptºmgp≈hnebpw AS®v Xo¿Øhnebpw D≠mbncn°pw.

Xo]nSpØC≥jpd≥kv

GsX¶nepw ùXnIhkvXp°ƒ

\„km[yXbn¬ \n∂p-≈ kwc£Ww amXw

C≥jp¿ sNøptºmgpwA]ISw \S°ptºmgpwC≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn -°Ww.

km[mcWbmbn Hcph¿jw hsc.

\„w \nIØ¬ XXz -Øn¬ A[njvTn-XamWv.\„w kw`hn®m¬ bYm¿-∞ \„tam, C≥jp¿sNbvX XpItbm GXm-Wv Ipdhv AXv \¬Ipw.

\„w Af°m≥ Ignbpw.

Xncnt®¬∏n°ptºmgp≈hnebpw AS®v Xo¿Øhnebpw D≠mbncn°n√.

assd≥C≥jpd≥kv

I∏¬, AXnse Nc°p-Iƒ, ISØpIqen

\„km[yXbn¬ \n∂p-≈ kwc£Ww amXw

C≥jp¿ sNøptºmƒ-C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈Xm¬-]cyw D≠mbn-cn°-Ww F∂v \n¿_‘-an√.]s£ A]ISw \S°p-tºmƒ D≠mbncn°Ww.

Hcp \n›nX Imetam,Hcp bmXtbm, c≠pwIqSntbm BImw.

\„w \nIØ¬ XXz-Øn¬ A[njvTn-XamWv.\„w kw`hn-®m¬ I∏-ens‚ hn]Wn hnebpwNc°pIfpsS \„hpw\nIØs∏Spw.

\„w Af°m≥ Ignbpw.

Xncnt®¬∏n°ptºmgp≈hnebpw AS®v Xo¿Øhnebpw D≠mbncn°n√.


amXta C≥jpd¿ \¬IpIbp≈q. C≥-jpd≥-kn¬ \n∂v em`w D≠m°-cpXv F∂XXzw A\pkcn-®mWnXv.

4. \„ap≠mIm\p≈ kao]kvX ImcWw

Xo]nSpØamsW¶n¬ amXta C≥jpd¿-

°v \„]cnlmcw \¬Im\p≈ _m[yX-

bp≈q.

assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv [MARINE INSURANCE]

C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂bmƒ°v t]mfnkn-

bn¬ ]d™ ]Imcw ISen¬ h®p≠m-

Ip∂ \„ßƒ C≥jpd¿ \nIØn-s°mSp-

°m-sa∂ IcmdmWv assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv.

km[mcWbmbn IS¬ bmXIfn¬ \n∂pap-

≠m---Imhp∂ \„ßƒ \nIØp∂-Xn\v th≠n-

bp≈ C≥jpd≥-kmWnXv. I∏¬ ISense

]mds°ńepw a‰pw CSnt®m a‰v I∏epIfp-

ambn IqńbnSnt®m, iXp°fpsS BIa-

Wßƒ, IS¬ sIm≈°mcpsS Xńs°m≠p-

t]mI¬, Xo]nSpØw XpSßn-bh aqetam,

I∏nØms‚tbm a‰v Poh\°m-cp-sStbm

Ai≤ aqetam ISen¬ h®v \mi-\„ßƒ

D≠mImw. Ch aqew I∏ent\m, I∏enep≈

Nc°pIƒt°m tISp]mSpIƒ kw`hn°p-

Itbm \in∏n°s∏SpItbm Hcp ]s£

ISØv Iqen In´mXncn°pItbm sNømw.

AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ assd≥ C≥jpd≥-kn¬

I∏¬, AXnep≈ Nc°v, ISØv Iqen F∂n-

hsb√mw C≥jp¿ sNømdp≠v. Npcp°-

Øn¬, ISen¬ h®v, apgph\mtbm `mKnI-

amtbm D≠mIp∂ \mi\„ßƒ°v I∏en-

s‚tbm Nc°ns‚-tbm DSaÿ\v \„

]-cnlmcw e`yam°p∂ C≥jpd≥kv BWv

assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv. assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv

a‰v C≥jpd≥-kpIfn¬ \n∂v A¬∏w

hyXykvXamWv. CXn¬ aq∂v- hkvXpXIƒ

Dƒs°m≠n´p≠v: I∏¬, I∏enep≈ Nc°v,

ISØv Iqen F∂nh.

1. I∏¬ C≥jpd≥kv [Ship or hull insurance]:

ISen¬ h®v I∏en\v ]ehn[ \mi\„ßƒ

D≠mIm≥ km[yXbp≈XpsIm≠v AØcw

\„ßƒ \nIØp∂Xn\v th≠nbp≈ C≥-

jpd≥kv F∂mWv Cu C≥jpd≥kv sIm≠v

Dt±in°p∂Xv.

2. Nc°v C≥jpd≥kv [Cargo Insurance]:

I∏en¬ ISØptºmƒ ]eXcØn¬ Nc°p-

Iƒ \„s∏Sm\p≈ km[yXIƒ D≠v.

bmXbv°nSbn¬ \in®v t]mhpItbm, IS¬

sIm≈°m¿ Xńs°m≠p -t]mhp-Itbm,

t]mfnkn XpI

A]ISwkw`hn-°m-\p≈km[yX

FX XpIbv°v thW-sa¶nepwC≥-jz¿ sNømw

CXv Dd∏mbpw kw`hn-°p∂-XmWv. H∂pIn¬ acWw As√-¶n¬ Imem-h-[nsbØ¬. AXp-sIm≠v Dd∏m-bpw \„]cnlmcwD≠mIpw.

km[\Øns‚ bYm¿∞ aqey-tØ°mƒ C≥jp¿ sN-øm≥Ign-bpI-bn√.

\„km[yX amXamWv. A]-ISw \S°mw \S°mXn-cn-°mw.AXp-sIm≠v \„]cn -lmcwD≠mI-Ww F∂v \n¿-_‘-an√

Nc°ns‚tbm I∏en-s‚tbmhn]Wn hne hsc C≥jp¿ sN-ømw.

\„km[yX amXamWv. A]-I-Sw \S°mw, \S°m-Xncn°mw.AXpsIm≠v \„]cnlmcw D≠m-IWw F∂v \n¿_‘an√

118 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

I∏en\p≠mIp∂ A]ISw aqetam Hs°

CØcw \„w kw`hn°mw. CØcw \„-

km[y-XIfn¬ \n∂v kwc£Ww \¬-Ip∂

C≥jpd≥kv BWnXv.

3. ISØv Iqen C≥jpd≥kv [Freight

insurance]: A]ISw aqetam, \mi\„ßƒaqetam, tamjWw aqetam sIm≠pt]mIp∂Nc-°pIƒ Dt±in® ÿeØv FØn°m≥Ign™ns√¶n¬, I∏¬ Iº\n°v ISØvIqen e`n°pIbn√. \s√mcp kwJy ISØvIqen hcp∂XpsIm≠v Cu \„km[y-X-bn¬ \n∂v kwc£Ww e`n°p∂Xn\vth≠nbpw C≥jpd≥kv FSp°mdp≠v.

s]mXp C≥jpd≥kns‚ XXzßƒ Xs∂-bmWv assd≥ C≥jpd≥kn\pw _m[I-ambn´p≈Xv. assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv Icmdns‚][m\ LSIßƒ Xmsg hniZoIcn°p∂p:

1. sse v C≥jpd≥kn¬ \n∂v hyXykvX-ambn assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv Hcp \t„mØ-chmZnXz IcmdmWv. A]ISw kw`hn-®m¬ C≥jpd≥kv FSpØ-bmƒ°vbYm¿∞ \„w \nIØn-s°mSp°pwF∂√msX emàp≠m°m≥ A\phZn-°pIbn√. ]s£ Nc°v t]mfnkn-bn¬,IrXyamb \t„mØc-hmZnXzw F∂Xn-ep]cn hmWnPy]camb \„w \nIØ-embncn°pw D≠mhpI. C≥jpd¿ C≥-jpd≥kv FSpØbmƒ°v ap≥IqńkΩXn® coXnbnep≈ \„]cn-lmcwBbncn°pw \¬IpI. I∏¬ t]mfnkn-bn¬ Itºmf hnetb°mƒ A¬]wDb¿∂ hnebm-bncn°pw \n›bn-°pI.

2. Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv t]msebpwsse v C≥jpd≥kv t]msebpw assd≥C≥jpd≥kpw ]caamb DØa hnizmk-

Øn¬ A[njvTnXamb IcmdmWv. Icm-dns\ kz[o\n°mhp∂ hkvXphns\kw_‘n® F√m ]k‡ hkvXpX-Ifpw CcpI£nIfpw ]ckv]cw Adn-bn®ncn°Ww. hkvXphns‚ kz`m-hhpwAXns‚ A]IS km[yX-Ifpw F√mwXs∂ C≥jpdsd Adnbn-°pI F∂XvC≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂-bmfpsS NpaXe-bmWv.

3. assd≥ C≥jpd≥kn¬ C≥jp¿ sNøm-\p≈ Xm¬]cyw A]ISw \S°p∂kabØv D≠mbncn°Ww Ft∂ \n¿-_‘-ap≈q. Icmdn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒCu Xm¬]cyw D≠mbn-cn°Ww F∂v\n¿_‘an√.

4. kao]kvX ImcWw F∂ XXzw CuC≥jpd≥kn\pw _m[IamWv. \„wkw`hn°p∂Xn\v H∂ne[nIw ImcW-ßƒ Ds≠¶n¬ \„w kw`hn®Xns‚G‰hpw ][m\s∏´ ImcWw t]mfnkn-bn¬ Dƒs∏ń´p≠v F¶n¬ amXtaC≥jpd¿°v \„]cnlmcw \¬Im\p≈_m[yXbp≈q.

4.6. hm¿Ømhn\nab tkh\ßƒ[COMMUNICATION SERVICES]

hnXcW°m¿, D]t`m‡m°ƒ, _nkn\ v]XntbmKnIƒ, s]mXpkaqlw XpSßnb_nkn\ n\v ]pdØp≈ BfpIfpambnkº¿°w ]pe¿Øp∂Xn\v klmbn°p∂tkh\ßfmWv hm¿Ømhn\nab kwhn[m-\ßƒ. kaqlØn¬ H‰s∏´v \n¬°p∂ÿm]\a√ F∂XpsIm≠v Xs∂ _nkn\- ns‚ Bibßfpw a‰v hnhcßfpw ]ecpambpw ssIam‰w sNtø≠n hcpw. Bib-


hn\nabw Imcy£aamIWsa¶n¬, AXvIgnhp‰Xpw IrXyXbp-≈Xpw thKX-bm¿-∂Xpw Bbncn°Ww. hfsc thKw k©cn-°p∂ C∂sØ a’cm[njvTnX temIØvhfsc thKw Bibn\nabw \SØp∂Xn\vB[p\nI kmt¶XnIhnZysb Bibn-t°≠n hcnI kzm`mhnIw amXamWv.CetŒmWnIv am[yaßfpsS IS∂phchvCu taJebnepw hnπhIcamb am‰ß-fp≠m°n. _nkn\ n\v klmb-IcambBibhn\nab tkh\ßsf t]mÃ¬tkh\ßƒ F∂pw sSentImw tkh\ßƒF∂pw c≠mbn Xncn°mw.

t]mÃ¬ tkh\ßƒ [Postal Services]

`mcX k¿°mcns‚ Hcp hIp∏pXe kwcw-àmb `mcXob t]mÃ¬ Un∏m¿´v-sa‚ vv`mcXØn-epS-\ofw hnhn[ X]m¬ tkh-\-ßƒ \¬Ip∂p. CØcw tkh\-ßƒ ]Zm-\w sNøp∂Xn-\mbn Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v cmPysØH´msI Ccp]Ønc≠v k¿°nfp-Ifmbnhn`Pn®n-cn°p∂p. CØcw k¿°nfp-IfmWvAhbv°v Iognep≈ ][m\ t]mÃv- Hmôkv,D] t]mÃv- Hmôkv, imJm t]mÃv- Hmôkv

`mcXob X]m¬ irwJe bmYm¿∞yw

ï $ 1,54,149 X]m¬ BôkpIƒ

ï $ 5,64,701 X]m¬ s]ńIƒ

ï $ 1,575 tImSn X]m¬ Dcp∏SnIƒ, h¿jØn¬.

ï $ 5,01,716 Kmaßƒ, s]mXp sSet^mtWmSp IqSnbXv (84 iXam\w Kmaßƒ)

ï $ 26,000 C‚¿s\‰v hgn _‘n∏n°s∏´ X]m¬ BôkpIƒ

ï $ 1,50,000 e[nIw X]m¬ Bôkv tkhnwKvkv A°u≠pIƒ

ï $ BsI ]ncns®Sp°p∂ kwJy 2,00,000 tImSn cq]

ï $ 1,200 X]m¬ BôkpIfn¬ km‰sse‰v hgn t\cn´p≈ _‘w.

ï $ 1,000 e[nIw ÿeßfnte°v AXnthK X]m¬ kuIcyw

ï $ temIsØºmSpap≈ \qtdmfw cmPyßsf XΩn¬ _‘n∏n°p∂p.

Ahew_w: C¥yt]mÃv-.Pn.H.hn.C≥

F∂nh ssIImcyw sNøpIbpw \nb¥n-°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv. t]mÃ¬ Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v]Zm\w sNøp∂ tkh\-ßsf Xmsg]dbp∂ coXnbn¬ Xcw Xncn°mw.

1. [\Imcy tkh\ßƒ[Financial facilities]:

s]mXp t]mhnU‚ vv ≠v, Inkm≥ hnImkv]X, tZiob kºmZy ]≤XnIƒ XpSßn-bh IqSmsX km[mcW _m¶nwKv [¿Ωß-fmb amk hcpam\ ]≤XnIƒ, Bh¿--Ø\\nt£] ]≤XnIƒ, tkhnwKvkv A°u≠p-Iƒ, ÿnc \nt£] ]≤XnIƒ, ]Wab-°p∂ aWn Hm¿U¿ kwhn[m\ßƒ XpSßn]e hn[Ønep≈ [\Imcy tkh\ßƒt]mÃv- HôkpIƒ \¬Ip∂p≠v.2. sabn¬ tkh\ßƒ [Mail facilities]:

Hcp ÿeØp \n∂v as‰mcp ÿetØbv°vIØpIfpw ]mgvkepIfpw Abbv°p∂-Xn\p≈ kuIcyßƒ t]mÃ¬ tkh\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. IqSpX¬ kpc£n-Xambn]mgvkepIƒ kzoI¿Ømhn\v e`n-°p∂-Xn\v th≠n cPnkvtSj≥ kwhn[m-\hpwssIamdp∂Xn\nSbn¬ hkvXp°ƒ°v \„w

120 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

hn-hn[ Xcw s]mXp C≥jpd≥kv(Different types of General Insurance)

1. BtcmKy C≥jpd≥kv [Health Insurance]

Db¿∂phcp∂ NnIn’m sNehpIfn¬ \n∂v kwc£Ww \¬Ip∂XmWv BtcmKy C≥jpd≥kv.

ap≥Iqń \n›bn® ôkv AYhm ]oanbw \¬Inbm¬ Nne ]tXyI BtcmKy ]iv\ßƒ

NnIn’n°p∂Xn\v C≥jpd≥kv ]cnc£ \¬Imw F∂v Hcp C≥jp-ddpw Ht∂m Hcp Iq´w hy‡n-

Itfm XΩn¬ D≠m-°p∂ IcmdmWv BtcmKy C≥jpd≥kv. t]mfnkn°\pkcn®v ]oanbw

H‰ØhWbmtbm, XhWIfmtbm \¬Imw. BtcmKy C≥jpd≥kv km[m-c-W-bmbn AkpJØnt\m

]cp°nt\m D≈ NnIn’m sNehpIƒ t\cn´v \¬IpItbm sNehpIƒ ]n∂oSv Xncn®p

sImSp°pItbm sNøp-∂p. \¬Ip∂ kwc£WØns‚bpw sNehns‚bpw ]cn[n t]mfnknsbbpw

AXv \¬Ip∂bmsfbpw Bibn®ncn°pw. C¥ybn¬ ][m\ambpw BtcmKy C≥jpd≥kv

\¬Ip∂Xv saUns¢bnw t]mfnknbpsS cq]Øn¬ Hcp hy‡nt°m Hcp Iq´w hy‡n-Iƒt°m

ÿm]\Ønt\m As√¶n¬ tIm¿]td‰v ÿm]\ßƒt°m BWv.

2. tamt´m¿ hml\ C≥jpd≥kv [Motor Vehicle Insurance]

s]mXp C≥jpd≥kv hn`mKØn¬ hcp∂XmWv tamt´m¿ hml\ C≥jpd≥kv. Zn\w-]Xn CXns‚

]m[m\yw IqSn hcp∂XpsIm≠v F√mh¿°pw ]cnNnXamb C≥jpd≥kv BWnXv. tamt´m¿ hml\

C≥jp-d≥kn¬ ssUh-dpsS Ai≤ aqetam, A]ISw aqetam B¿s°¶nepw ]cnt°¬°pItbm

acWs∏SpItbm sNbv-Xm¬ \„]cnlmcw \¬tI≠ _m[yX hml\ DSaÿ\n¬ \n∂v

C≥jpd≥kv Iº\n°v ssIamdp∂p. tamt´m¿ hml\ C≥jpd≥kv ]oanbw XpI hml-\-Øns‚

hnebv°v A\p-kr-Xambncn°pw.

3. `h\t`Z\ C≥jpd≥kv [Burglary Insurance]

hkvXp°fpsS C≥jpd≥kv hn`mKØn¬ hcp∂XmWv `h\t`Z\ C≥jpd≥kv. CXv ]Imcw

tamjWw, A]-l-c-Ww, h\t`Z\w XpSßnb XcØnep≈ kw`hßfn¬ \n∂v ho´pkm[\ßƒ,

kzImcy hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ XpSßnbhbv°p≈ bYm¿∞ \„w \nIØns°mSp°pw.

C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw C≥jpd≥kv FSp°ptºmƒ D≠mbncn°Ww F∂v \n¿_‘an√.

]s£ \„w kw`hn°ptºmƒ D≠mbncn°Ww. kao]kvX ImcWw F∂ XXzw ChnsS

_m[IamWv. C≥jpd≥kv t]mfnkn sIm≠v \„w kw`hn°m\p≈ bYm¿∞ ImcWw, AYhm

sXm´SpØ ImcWw kwc£n°s∏ń´ps≠¶n¬ amXta C≥jpd≥kv Iº\n \„]cnlmcw

\¬IpIbp≈q.

4. I∂pImen C≥jpd≥kv [Cattle Insurance]

Imf, Fcpa, t]mØv, ]ip XpSßnb hf¿ØparKßƒ acWs∏´m¬ C≥jp¿ sNbvX I¿jI\v

\n›nX XpI \¬Imsa∂v Dd∏v \¬Ip∂ t]mfnknbmWv CXv. A]ISw, AkpJßƒ, K¿`mhÿ

XpSßnb ImcWßfm¬ acWw kw`hn°ptºmƒ \„]cnlmcw \¬Imw F∂ Icm¿ BWnXv.

\„w kw`hn®m¬ C≥jpd¿ km[mcWbmbn A[nIw hcp∂ \„w amXta \¬IpIbp≈q.

5. hnf C≥jpd≥kv [Crop Insurance]

hcƒ®, sh≈s∏m°w XpSßnbh aqew hnfIƒ°v kw`hn°p∂ \mi\„ßƒ°v [\klmbw

\¬Ip∂ C≥jpd≥kv BWnXv. s\√v, tKmXºv, FÆ°pcp°ƒ, [m\yßƒ, tNmfw, Xn\ XpSßn

F√m hnfIƒ°pw kw`hn°p∂ \„ßƒ°v hnf C≥jpd≥kv ]Imcw kwc£Ww e`n°p∂p.


6. ImbnI- C≥jpd≥kv [Sports Insurance]

km[mcW ImbnI Xmcßƒ°v AhcpsS ImbnI D]IcWßƒ, hy‡n]camb ]iv\ßƒ,

\nba XeØnep≈ _m[yXIƒ, hy‡nKX A]ISßƒ XpSßnbhbn¬ \n∂v hniZamb

kwc£Ww \¬Ip∂ t]mfnknbmWnXv. thWsa¶n¬ XmcØns\m∏w Xmakn°p∂hcpsS

IpSpw_mwKßsf IqSn t]mfnknbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØmw. Cu t]mfnkn kvt]m¿Svkv- Poht\m-]m[nbm°nb

hnZKvZ ImbnI Xmcßƒ°v e`ya√. Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂hbn¬ Ht∂m AXne[nItam ImbnI

C\ßƒ°v C≥jpd≥kv ]cnc£ e`yamWv. AXve‰nIvkv, _m‰van‚≥, In°‰v, tKmƒ^v, tem¨

sS∂nkv, kvIzmjv, kvt]m¿Svkv- tXm°pIƒ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ D≠mIp∂ A]ISßƒ

XpSßnbh.

7. Aa¿Xym sk≥ in£m tbmP\ [Amatrya Sen Siksha Yojana]

BinXcmb IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkw Dd∏v hcpØp∂Xn\mbn, s]mXp C≥jpd≥kv Iº\nIƒ

\¬Ip∂ t]mfnknbmWv CXv. C≥jp-d≥kv ]cn-c£ e`n-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-bpsS amXm-]n-Xm-hnt\m

c£n-Xm-hnt\m A]-I-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v GsX-¶nepw imco-cn-I-amb ]cn°v kw`-hn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

kw`hw \S∂v 12 amkßƒ°p≈n¬ AbmfpsS acWØnt\m, ÿncamb tijn-bn√mbvat°m

ImcWambm¬, A]ISw \S∂ Znhkw apX¬ t]mfnkn Imemh[n Ahkm\n°p∂-Xphsctbm

As√¶n¬ t]mfnkn kwc£Ww \¬Ip∂ ]T\w ]q¿Ønbm°p∂Xv hsctbm GXmtWm BZyw

kw`hn°p∂Xv- AXphscbp≈, ]cn-c-£bv°v A¿l-X-s∏´ hnZym¿∞n-bpsS, F√m sNehpIfpw

C≥jp-d¿ \nIØns°mSp°pw. Cu XpI t]mfnkn sjUypfn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂ XpItb°mƒ

IqSpIbn√.

8. cmtPizcn alnfm Ieym¨ òam tbmP\ [Rajeswari Mahila Kalyan Bima Yojana]

kvXoIƒ°v amXw kw`hn°mhp∂ ]iv\ßƒ aqetam, A]ISw aqetam C≥jp¿ sNbvX

kvXoIƒ acWs∏SpItbm tijnbn√mXmhpItbm sNbvXm¬ B kvXobpsS IpSpw_mwKßƒ°v

kmºØnI Bizmkw \¬Ip∂ t]mfnknbmWv CXv.

kw`hn®m¬, \„]cnlmcw e`yam-°p∂C≥jpd≥kv ]≤XnIfpw Un∏m¿-´vsa‚ vve`yam°nbn´p≠v.Ch IqSmsX t]mÃv- HmôkpIƒ a‰v NneA\p_‘ tkh\ßfpw ]Zm\w sNøp∂p.1. Biwkm ktµiw [Greeting Post]: HmtcmXcw kµ¿`ßƒ°pw A\ptbm-Py-amb Xc-Øn-ep≈Xpw BlvfmZIc-hpamb BiwkmIm¿UpIƒ.

2. am[ya t]mÃpIƒ [Media post]: mcXobIº\nIƒ°pw tIm¿∏td‰p-Iƒ°pw A\p-tbmPyamb hfsc ]pXpabm¿-∂Xpw Imcy-£ahpamb kwhn[m\amWv t]mÃv Im¿Up-

Iƒ, IhdpIƒ XpSßnbhbn¬ Ah-cpsS]ckyßƒ ]Xn∏n°pI F∂Xv.

3. t\cn´p≈ ]ckyØn\mbn t\cn´p≈t]mÃpIƒ [Direct post is for direct

advertising]. CXv hy‡nIƒ°v AU vsNøp∂tXm s]mXphmbn´p≈tXm BImw.

4. A¥¿t±iob ]WssIam‰w[International Money Transfer]:

]W ssIam‰ [\Imcy tkh\ ZmXm-°fpambn tN¿∂v temIsØ Ccp\qtdmfwcmPyßfn¬ \n∂v `mcXØnte°v ]WwAb°p∂Xn\p≈ kuIcyw e`yam°n-bn´p≠v.

122 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

5. ]mkvt]m¿´v- kuIcyßƒ [Passport

Facilities]: hntZiImcy a¥mebhpambntN¿∂v ]mkvt]m¿´v At]£Iƒ°p≈kuIcyßƒ e`yam°nbn´p≠v.

6. kv]oUv t]mÃv- [Speed Post]: mcX-ØnseBbncØne[nIw ]´W-ßfpw \qtdmfwhntZicmPyßfpw kv]oUv t]mÃp-ambn_‘n∏n°s∏ńcn°p∂p.

7. C-˛-_n¬ ]Ww \¬I¬ [e-bill post]

_n.Fkv.F≥.F¬., mcXn Fb¿sS¬ XpS-

ßnb Iº\nIfpsS CetŒmWnIv _n√p-

Iƒ kzoIcn°p∂Xn\p≈ kuIcy-ßƒ.

sSentImw tkh\ßƒ [Telecom Services]

H-cp cm-Py-Øns‚ km-º-Øn-I km-aq-lnIhn-I-k-\-Øn¬ \n¿-Æm-b-I kzm-[o-\wsN-ep-Øp-∂ ]-[m-\ L-S-I-ß-fn¬ H-∂m-Wv hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp-sSA-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ßƒ. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS\-s´-√m-Wv an-I-hm¿-∂ hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bkw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ. _n-kn-\- v B-tKm-f-hym-]I-am-b h-f¿-® kz-]v-\w Im-Wp-tºmƒAXn¬ \n¿-Æm-b-I-am-b kzm-[o-\w hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p-≠v. tem-I-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap-≈ sS-en-tImw, hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy,D-]-t`m-‡r C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv-kv D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, am-[y-a hy-h-km-bw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw Htc tXm-Xn¬ hn-I-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. P\ß-fp-sS Po-hn-X \n-e-hm-cwDb¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw 2025˛mw B-t≠m-Sp-Iq-Sn tem-I-Øn-se Xs∂ hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bn-se AXn-i-‡-am-b cm-„-am-hp-I F-∂ e-£yw ap≥-\n¿-Øn-bp-am-Wv `m-c-X k¿-°m¿ 1999˛se sS-en-tImw

\-b N´-°qSpw 2004˛se t_m-Uv-_m≥-Uv \-b-hpw hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xv. Cu N-´-°q-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS cm-Py-sØ-√m-bn-S-Øpw C-Ø-cwtk-h-\-ßƒ- e-`y-am-°p-I F-∂-Xpwcm-Py-Øns‚ km-º-Øn-I B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v D-X-Ip-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ D-b¿-∂ \n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep-≈ tk-h-\-ßƒ -e-`y-am-°p-IF-∂Xp-am-Wv k¿-°m¿ D-t±y-in-®-Xv.

hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ sS-en-tImw tk-h-\-ßƒ Xm-sg hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

1. sk√pem¿ samss_¬ tkh\ßƒ

[Cellular mobile services]: C∂v hfsc

]NmcØnep≈ samss_¬t^m¨ tkh\-

ßfn¬ i–, i–clnX ktµißƒ,

C‚¿s\‰v XpSßnb tkh\ßƒ e`yamWv.

sSentImw tkh\w \¬Ip∂ GsXmcp

XcØnep≈ tkh\ ZmXmhneqsSbpw

a‰p≈hsc _‘s∏Sp∂Xn\v sk√pem¿

t^mWpIƒ D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.

2. tdUntbm t]PnwKv tkh\ßƒ [Radio

paging services]: samss_¬ t^mWpIfpsS

]NmctØmSpIqSn ]k‡n \„s∏´v

C√mXmbnt∏mb hm¿Ømhn\nab kwhn[m-

\amWv tdUntbm t]PnwKv tkh\ßƒ.

bYm¿∞Øn¬ hnhcßƒ BfpIƒ t]mIp-

∂n-StØ°v t\cn´v FØn°p∂-Xn\p≈

BZy kmt¶XnI hnZybmbncp∂p CXv. Hcp

Znibnte°v amXta hnhcßƒ ssIamdm≥

Ignbq F∂XmWv CXns‚ ][m\ ]cnanXn.

3. ÿncw sse≥ tkh\ßƒ [Fixed line

services]: AIsebp≈ ÿeßfn¬ \n∂v

]ckv]cw i– ktµißtfm i–clnX

ktµißtfm ssIamdp∂Xn\pw C‚¿-

s\‰v hgn ZØßƒ AYhm Um‰ ssI-


amdp-∂Xn\pw klmbn°p∂ kwhn[m-\-

amWv- CXv. cmPysaºmSpw hym]n®v InS-

°p∂ H]v‰n°¬ ss^_¿ tI_nfp-Iƒ

aptJ\ _‘n∏n®ncn°p∂ GXv Xcw D]-

IcW-ßfpw Bibhn\n-abØn\mbn D]-

tbm-Kn°mw. Ch a‰v sSentImw tkh\-

ßfp-ambpw _‘s∏- ncn°p∂p.

4. tI_nƒ tkh\ßƒ [Cable services]:

Ch ]mYanIambn Hcp Znibn¬ amXap≈sSenhnj≥ Nm\epIƒ t]msebp≈ hnt\m-tZm--]m[nIfpambn _‘s∏´ tkh-\ßƒkwt]£Ww sNøm≥ D]tbmKn°p-∂h-bmWv. CcphitØbv°pw i–, i–c-lnXktµißfpw Um‰Ifpw ssIamdm-hp∂ tI-_nƒ tkh\ßƒ ]NmcØnembn hcp-∂p≠v.

5. hn.km‰v tkh\ßƒ [VSAT services]:

(Very Small Aperture Terminal) IrXna D]Kl-ßfpsS klmbtØmsS ]h¿Øn°p∂Bibhn\nab tkh\ßfmWv Ch.k¿°m¿, k¿°mtcXc GP≥knIƒ Kma,\Kc hyXymkßfn√msX hnizk-\obhpwBhiyØn\\pkcn®v Abhp≈-Xpambhm¿Ømhn\nab kwhn[m\ßƒ e`yam-°p∂p. ÿncw sse≥ tkh\ßsf At]-£n®v hnizk\obhpw XS an√m-ØXpambtkh\ßƒ Cu kwhn[m\w Dd∏v \¬-Ip∂p. hfsc ]pXpabm¿∂ Hm¨ sse≥ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ sSen saUnkn\pIƒ,Hm¨sse≥ ]Xßƒ, Hm¨sse≥ hnZym-`ymkw, HmlcnIfpsSbpw a‰pw X¬kabhneIƒ Adnbn°¬ F∂nßs\bp≈tkh\ßƒ cmPyØns‚ ap°nepw aqebn-epw FØn°m\psa√mw Cu kwhn[m\wD]tbmKn°mw.

6. Un.Sn.F®v tkh\ßƒ [DTH services]:

sk√pem¿ t^m¨ Iº\nIƒ D]KlklmbtØmsS hnt\mZ am[ya kwt]-£Ww \SØp∂XmWv Un.Sn.F®v. AYhmUbdIv‰v Sp tlmw tkh\ßƒ. sNdnb HcpUnjv- B‚n\bpw sk‰v tSm∏v t_mIvkpwD]tbmKn®v hnt\mZ hm¿Øm am[yaktµißƒ t\cn´v hoń¬ sSenhnj\n¬]Z¿in-∏n -°m≥ Cu kmt¶XnIhnZyklmbn°p∂p. Un.Sn.F®v tkh\Zm-Xm-°ƒ]Ww \¬Ip∂Xn\\pkcn®v Hcp Iq´wNm\epIƒ \ΩpsS sSenhnj\n¬ e`y-am°p∂p. AXv tI_nƒ Hm∏td‰¿-am-cpsSklmban√msX Xs∂ \ap°v Bkz-Zn°m≥Ignbpw.

4.7. KXmKXw [TRANSPORTATION]

bmX-°m-sctbm Nc-°p-Itfm Hcp ÿeØv\n∂v as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v k©-cn-°m≥klm-bn-°p∂ tkh-\-ß-fmWv KXm-KXam¿§-ßƒ. tdmUv, sdbn¬, IS¬, thymaam¿§-ßƒ CXn-\mbn e`y-am-Wv. hnhn[ XcwKXmKX am¿§ßsf°pdn®pw Ah-bpsSXmcXayw, ta≥aIfpw ]cnanXnIfpw F√mwap≥ ¢mkpIfn¬ \mw N¿® sNbv-Xn´p≠v.F√mØcw KXmKX am¿§ßfpw _nkn\- n\v AXy¥m-t]£nXamWv. ImcWwIgnbp∂X thKØn¬ km[\-ßfpwtkh\ßfpw D]t`m-‡mhnte°v FØn-°m≥ A\ptbm-Pyamb KXmKX kwhn[m-\ßƒ Bhiy-amWv. KXmKX kwhn[m-\ßfmWv hn]W\-Ønse ÿe XS w\o°w sNøp∂Xv. AXmbXv, D¬∏-∂ßƒD¬∏mZ\ ÿeØv \n∂pw D]t`m-‡m°-fpsS ASptØ°v FØn°p∂Xn\v Imcy£-aamb KXmKX kwhn[m\w AXym-hiy-

124 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

amWv. cmPyØns‚ kmºØnI hnI-k\-Øn\v Db¿∂ KpW-\nehmcap≈ KXm-KXkwhn[m\ßfpw AXns‚ ASnÿm\kuIcyßfpsa√mw hnIknt°≠XvAXymhiyamWv. \ap°v A\-h[n Xpdap-Jßfpw hnam\Øm-hfßfp-sa√mw D≠v.F¶nepw _nkn\- ns‚ XzcnXKXnbnep≈hf¿®bv°v k¿°mcp-Ifpw KXmKX hyh-kmbhpw Cu taJ-ebv°v IqSp-X¬ ]m-[m\yw sImSpt°-≠Xp≠v. C∂v ]tXyIn®vIm¿jnI, `£y-[m\y taJeIfn¬ hf-scb[nIw D¬∏∂-\„w icnbmb KXmKXkwhn[m-\-ßfpsS A]cym]vXX aqew kw -hn-°p∂p≠v.

]≠IimeIfn¬ kw -cn-°¬[Warehousing]

cmPyØns‚ kmºØnI hnIk\Øn¬kw`cWimeIƒ°v KWyamb kzm[o\wD≠v. ImcWw D¬∏mZ\w apX¬ D]t`mKwhscbp≈ Imebfhn¬ ]tXyIn®v Ch

c≠pw XΩnep≈ kabssZ¿Lyw IqSpX-emsW¶n¬, DZmlcWambn Im¿jntIm¬-∏∂ßƒ, kokWpIfn¬ amXw D¬]mZn∏n-°p∂ hkvXp°ƒ XpS-ßn-bh tISpIqSmsXkq£n®v hbvt°≠Xp≠v. kw`cW-imeIsf ap≥]v I≠ncp∂Xv km[\ßƒtISp IqSmsXbpw AhbpsS bYm¿∞cq]Ønepw kz`mh-Ønepw X\nabnepw aqey-hpw D]tbmK-£aXbpw \„s∏Sm-sXbpwkq£n®v hbv°m-\p≈ ÿew F∂ \ne-bn¬ amXambncp∂p. sSbn\nepw S°p-Ifnepw Imfh≠nIfnepw hcp∂ Nc°pIƒsXmgnemfnIƒ Xs∂ kzoIcn®v kw`cW-imeIfn¬ ASp°n hbv°pI amXamWvsNbvXncp∂Xv. D¬∏mZI¿, Ib‰paXn°m¿,Cd°paXn°m¿, samØ-°®-hS-°m¿,IÃwkv A[nImcnIƒ XpSßnbhsc√mwkw`cWimeIfpsS tkh\w D]tbmKs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

KXmKX taJebnse ASnÿm\ kuIcyßƒ(Infrastructure in Transportation)

kzmX¥yØn\v tijap≈ BZysØ 50 h¿jw sIm≠v C¥ybn¬ 13,000 Intemao‰¿ tZinb]mX\n¿Ωn®p. `mcX k¿°mcns‚ kz]v\ ]≤Xnbmb `mcXob tZinb]mX AtXmdn‰n, sX°v-hS°v,I\ym-Ip-amcn apX¬ io\-K¿ hscbpw Ing°v-]Sn™mdv kn¬Nm¿ apX¬ t]m¿_¥¿ hscbpwU¬ln, sIm¬s°mØ, sNss∂, apwss_ F∂o alm\Kcßsf tbmPn∏n°p∂ kph¿Æ NXpjv-tImW ]≤Xnbpw Dƒ∏sS, 13,151 Intemao‰¿ tZinb]mX ASpØ F´v h¿jw sIm≠v ]q¿Øn-bm-°pw. Cu kz]v\ ]≤Xn C¥ybnse tdmUv- KXmKXØns‚ apJ—mb Xs∂ am‰pw F∂v amX-a√,\ΩpsS kºZv-hyhÿbn¬ Zqchym]Iamb kzm[o\w sNepØpIbpw sNøpw. _nkn\ v kaql-Øns‚ Bhiyw ap≥\n¿Øn dbn¬th a¥mebhpw Nc°ph≠nIfpsS \o°ßfnepw \nco£-Wßfnepw _rlØmb \hoIcW]h¿Ø\ßƒ \S∏nem°n hcp∂p.

`mcXk¿°m¿ _nkn\ v ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v DW¿∆v \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn XpdapJßfnepw hnam\-Ømhfßfnepw IqSpX¬ kuIcyßƒ G¿s∏SpØns°m≠ncn°p∂p. \nehnep≈ XpdapJßƒhn]peoIcn°p∂Xv IqSmsX, X¥][m\amb ÿeßfn¬ ]pXnb B[p\nI XpdapJßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m\pw ]≤XnbnSp∂p≠v.

Ipdn∏v: 2001 ¬ \n¿ΩmWw Bcw`n® kph¿Æ NXpjvtImW ]≤Xn 2012¬ ]Wn ]q¿ØoIcn®v]h¿Ø\£aam°n. 5846 Intemao‰¿ ssZ¿Lyap≈ ]kvXpX ]≤Xn temIØnse G‰hpwssZ¿Lytadnb A©masØ tZiob]mXbmWv. tZiob]mXm hnIk\ ]≤Xnbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn\S∏nem°nb Cu ]≤Xn `mcXob tZiob]mXm AtXmdn‰bmWv Ct∏mƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv.


C∂sØ kw`cWimem tkh\ßfpsShym]vXn shdpw Nc°v kw -cWw F∂Xn¬\n∂v amdn G‰hpw Imcy£aambXpw hnim-eambXpamb Nc°v \o° tkh\ambn hf¿-∂ncn°p∂p. AXmbXv icnbmb Afhn¬,icnbmb ÿeØv, icnbmb kabØv, icn-bmb cq]Øn¬, icnbmb sNehn¬, icn-bmb hnebv°v Nc°pIƒ FØn°pIF∂mbn amdn. B[p\nI kw`cWimeIƒkm[\ßƒ am‰p∂Xn\v th≠n kzbw ]h¿-Ø\£aamb I¨sh-b¿ s_¬‰p-IfpwIºyq´¿ \nb¥nX sIbn\pIfpw t^m¿°ven v‰pIfpw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂Xn\pth≠B[p\nI tkm v‰v-shbdp-Ifpw F√mw IqSn-t®¿∂ Nc°v \o° tkh-\ambn amdnbn-cn°p∂p.

hnhn[ Xcw kw`cWimeIƒ[Types of Warehouses]

1. kzImcy kw`cWimeIƒ [Private

warehouses]: ]e _m‚pItfm ]e D¬∏-∂ßtfm ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Nn√d hn¬-∏\ hnXcW irwJeItfm a‰v ÿm]\-ßtfm kz¥w km[\ßƒ kq£n®v hbv-°p∂Xn\v th≠n kz¥amtbm ]m´Øns\-SptØm D]tbmKn°p∂ kw`-cW-ime-IfmWv kzImcy kw`cW-ime-Iƒ. Nc°v\o°-Øn¬ ]cam-h[n Imcy£aX Dd∏m°p-∂Xn\v th≠n Hcp s]mXp XXzw F∂\nebn¬ km[mcW-KXnbn¬ AkwkvIrX-hkvXp-°ƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\v kao-]Øm-bncn°pw Ch ÿm]n°pI. kºq¿Æ\nb¥Ww, kuIcyØn-\\pkcn®v am‰whcpØm hp∂Xv, I£nIfp-ambn \√ _‘wXpSßnb ta∑Iƒ CØcw kw`cW-imeIƒ DSaÿ¿°v \¬Ip∂p.

2. s]mXp kw`cWimeIƒ [Public

warehouses]: I®hS°m¿t°m, D¬∏mZ-I¿t°m, s]mXpP\ßƒt°m \n›nXôkv \¬In Nc°pIƒ kq£n®v hbv°m-hp∂ kw`cWimeIfmWv s]mXp kw`c-WimeIƒ. k¿°m¿ \nb¥W-Øn¬ssek≥tkmSpIqSn kzImcy hy‡nI-fpsStbm Iº\nIfp-sStbm DSaÿXbn-emWv Ch ]h¿Øn-°p∂Xv.Nc°v DSaIfpsS GP‚ v F∂ \nebn¬Nc°pIƒ tISpIqSmsX kq£n-°pI kw`c-Wimem DSaÿcpsS DØchm-ZnXzamWv.tdmUv-/sdbn¬ aptJ\bp≈ Nc°v \o°wXpSßnb tkh\ßfpw Ch¿ Gs‰Sp°m-dp≠v. kq£n®v hbv°p∂ Nc°p-IfpsSkºq¿Æ DØchmZnXzw kw`cW-imeIƒ-°mWv. kz¥ambn kw`cW-ime-Iƒ-- \n¿Ωn-°m≥ IgnbmØ sNdpInS D¬∏m-ZI¿°vA\ptbmPyamb kw`cW-imeI-fmWnXv.\nch[n ÿeßfn¬ e`y-amWv F∂Xpwÿncw sNehpIfpsS A`m-hhpw ]mt°-PnwKv, te_enwKv XpSßnb aqey h¿≤nXtkh\ßƒ e`yam-°p∂Xpw CØ-cw kw`c-W-imeIfpsS KpWßfmWv.3. t_m≠Uv kw`-c-W-imeIƒ [Bonded

warehouses]: Cd°paXn sNbvX km[\ßƒIÃwkv Xocphtbm a‰v \nIpXn-Itfm \¬-ImsX Xs∂ kzoIcn°m≥ A\phmZ-ap≈k¿-°m¿ ssek≥tkmSpIqSn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ kw`cWimeIfmWv t_m≠Uvshb¿-lukpIƒ. IÃwkv Xocph ASbv-°msX Cd°paXn°m¿°v XpdapJØv\nt∂m, hnam\Ømhfßfn¬ \nt∂m Nc-°pIƒ sIm≠pt]mIm≥ IgnbpI-bn√.Cßs\ Xocph ASbv°mØ Nc°pIƒCØcw kw`cWimeIfn¬ kq£n®vhbv°pIbpw Xocph ASbv°p∂ apdbv°v,

126 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

kw`cWim-e-IfpsS hmSI Dƒ∏sS \¬InNc°v sIm≠p-t]mImhp-∂XpamWv. Chsbt_m≠nep≈ Nc°p-Iƒ F∂mWv ]dbpI.CØcw kw`cWimeIfn¬ _m‚nwKv,te_enwKv, ]mt°PnwKv, tKUnwKv, XpSßnbaqeyh¿≤nX tkh\ßƒ°p≈ kuIcy-ßƒ e`yambncn°pw. Cd°paXn°m¿°vAhcpsS D]t`m‡m°sf sIm≠ph∂vNc°pIƒ ImWn®v sImSp°phm\pw ]cntim-[n°m\pw Ahkcw e`yam°pw. thW-

sa¶n¬, Ah c≠maXpw hmßp∂-bmfpsS

kuIcyØn\\pkcn®v ]mbv°v sNøp∂Xn-\p≈ kuIcyhpw Cu kw`cW-imeIƒ

sNbvXpXcpw. Npcp°-Øn¬ Nc°pIfpsS

hn]W\Øn\p≈ F√m kuIcyßfpw

e`yamWv F∂v kmcw.

Nc°pIƒ mKnIambn FSp°p∂Xn\p≈

kuIcyhpw e`yamWv. AXn\\pkcn®p≈Xocph amXw KUp°fmbn \¬Inbm¬ aXn.

Npcp°Øn¬ Cd°paXn Xocph \¬ImsX

km[\ßƒ Cd°paXn sNøpIbpw Bh-

iyw hcptºmƒ amXw Xocph \¬In km[-

\-ßƒ Gs‰Sp°pIbpw sNøm≥ Cu kw`c-

WimeIƒ klmbn°p∂p. AYhm km[\-ßƒ t\cn´v Ib‰paXn sNøm\p≈ Ah-

kcw e`n®m¬, Xocph ASbv°msX Xs∂

Ah Ib‰paXn sNøpIbpw sNømw.

Aßns\ F≥Snt]m v hym]mcØn\pw Ch

klmbIcamWv.

4. k¿°m¿ kw`cWimeIƒ [Government

warehouses]: k¿°mcns‚ ]q¿Æ DSaÿX-bnepw \nb¥WØnepap≈ s]mXp

ta-Jem ÿm]\ßfmWnh. pUv tIm¿]-

td-j≥ Hm v C¥y, kvt‰‰v tSUnwKv tIm¿-

]tdj≥, sk≥S¬ shb¿luknwKv tIm¿-

]tdj≥ XpSßnbh DZmlcWßƒ.

5. klIcW kw`cWimeIƒ

[Cooperative warehouses]:

Nne hn]W\ klIcW kwLßfpwIm¿jnI klI-cW kwLßfpw kz¥-

ambn AwKßfpsS Bhiyßƒ°mbn

kw`cWimeIƒ \S-Øp∂p≠v. ChbmWv

klIcW kw`cW--imeIƒ.

kw`cWimeIfpsS [¿Ωßƒ[Functions of warehousing]:

kw`cWimeIfpsS [¿Ωßƒ Xmsghnhcn°p∂p.1. kwtbm-P\w[Consolidation]: ]e D¬∏mZ-Icn¬ \n∂v D¬∏∂ßfpw Akwkv-IrXhkvXp°fpw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw kzcq]n-°pIbpw Ah Hcp ]tXyI D]t`m-‡mhn\vAb®v sImSp°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

D¬∏mZ\ime A

D¬∏mZ\ime B

D¬∏mZ\ime C

kwtbm-P\kw`c-Wime

D]t`m‡mhvF/_n/kn

2. Iq-´-am-b-Xn-s\ hn-`-Pn-°p-I [Break the

bulk]: ]-e-t∏m-gpw D¬-∏m-Z-\-im-e-I-fn¬\n-∂v kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ sam-Øw D¬-∏-∂-sØI-£n-I-fp-sS B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww sN-dn-b`m-K-ß-fm-°n hn- -Pn-®v A-h¿ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp∂ÿ-e-tØ-bv-°v A-b-®v sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

D¬∏mZ\ime A

D¬∏mZ\ime B

D¬∏mZ\ime C

IqámbXns\hn`Pn°p∂kw`c-Wime

D¬∏mZ\ime1


3. \o°nbncp∏v Nc°v kw`-cWw [Stock

piling]: kokWpIfn¬ D¬∏mZn-∏n°p∂D¬∏∂ßƒ Bhiyw hcp∂Xp-hsckq£n®v hbv°pI F∂XmWv kw`cW-imeIfpsS ASpØ [¿Ωw. D¬∏∂ßfn¬]eXpw kokWp-Ifn¬ D¬]mZn∏n°pIbpwh¿jw apgph≥ D]tbmKn-°pIbpw sNøp∂p.DZmlcWw: Im¿jnI D¬∏∂ßƒ. F∂m¬a‰v Nne D¬∏-∂-ßƒ h¿jw apgph≥ D¬-∏mZn∏n°pIbpw kokWpIfn¬ amXw D]-tbmKn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. IpSIƒ, kvIqƒ_mKpIƒ, XWp∏v ImetØ-bv°p≈Iºnfn hkvX-ßƒ XpSßnbh DZmlcWw.

tIµ shb¿luknwKv tIm¿]tdj≥ [Central Warehousing Corporation]

\nehn¬ tIµk¿°m¿ ÿm]\amb tIµ shb¿ luknwKv tIm¿]tdj\mWv cmPysØm´msICu tkh\w \¬Ip∂Xv. kzImcy shb¿luknwKv Iº\nIfmb Sn.kn.sF., i¶¿ C‚¿\mjW¬,ªp Um¿´v, Un.F®v.F¬. XpSßnb ÿm]\ßƒ Im¿tKm kuIcyßfmb KXmKXhpw shb¿-luknwKpw ]Zm\w sNøp∂p.

D¬∏mZ\ime A

D¬∏mZ\ime B

D¬∏mZ\ime C

CSbv°v Iqń-

t®¿°p∂ ÿew

D¬∏∂w D

D]t`m‡mhv W

A/B/C/D

D]t`m‡mhvX A/B/C/D

D]t`m‡mhv Y A/B/C

D]t`m‡mhv ZA/B

c≠msW-¶nepw D¬∏mZ\hpw D]t`mKhpwXΩn¬ kab hyXymkßƒ D≈Xp-sIm≠v, D]t`m‡m-°ƒ Bhiy-s∏Sp∂-Xphsc kq£n®v hbv°m≥ kw`cW-imeIƒ BhiyamWv.

hnXcWw Du¿÷n-X-am°n hnebn¬ IpdhvD≠m°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. XpS¿®bmb Cu]InbbneqsS hne ÿncX ssIhcn°m≥kw -c-W-im-e-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

Xpd°pIbpw ho≠pw ]mbv°v sNtø≠n-hcnIbpw ]et∏mgpw hn]W\Øns‚kuIcyØn\mbn sNdnb ]m°‰pIfm°nam‰pIbpw sNømdp≠v.5. hne ÿncXbv°v klmbn°p∂p[Price stabilisation]: tNmZ\Øn\\pkcn®vhnXcWw Ias∏SpØn km[\ßfpsShnebv°v ÿncX ssIhcpØp∂Xn\vkw`cWimeIƒ klmbn°p∂p. hneIpdbptºmƒ- hnXcWw Ipd®v kw`cW-imeIfn¬ ]nSn®vsh®v hne h¿≤-\-hn\vklm-bn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, hne IqSptºmƒ-

6. [\tiJcWØn\v D]Icn°p∂p[Financing]: kw`cWimeIfpsS DSaÿ¿kq£n®psh® hkvXphns‚ CuSn≥ta¬hmbv]Iƒ \¬Imdp≠v. AXymhiykµ¿ -ßfn¬ kw`cWimeIfn¬ kq£n-®p--sh® hkvXp°fpsS ckoXv ]WbambnkzoIcn-®p--sIm≠v _m¶pIfpw a‰v [\Imcyÿm]-\ßfpw hmbv]Ifpw \¬Imdp≠v.

4. aqey h¿≤nX tkh\ßƒ[Value added services]:

kw`cWimeIƒ ]et∏mgpw tKUnwKv,]mt°PnwKv, te_enwKv, XpSßnb aqeyh¿-≤nX tkh\ßƒ ]Zm\w sNømdp≠v. ]e-t∏mgpw hmßp∂h¿°v ap≥]n¬ ]mbv°vsNbvXph® km[\ßƒ ]cntim[\°mbn

128 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

][m\ ]Zßƒ][m\ ]Zßƒ][m\ ]Zßƒ][m\ ]Zßƒ][m\ ]Zßƒ_nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ ]cnXymKw _m¶nwKv tkh\wC-˛_m¶nwKv \„ eLqIcWw hmWnPy _m¶pIƒPoh≥ C≥jpd≥kv C≥jpd≥kv Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kvC≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw I∏¬ C≥jpd≥kv \„w \nIØ¬sSentImw tkh\ßƒ kao]ÿ ImcWw kw`cWimeIƒhoXmwiw

kwKlwkwKlwkwKlwkwKlwkwKlwtkh\ßfpsS ]IrXw: tkh\ßƒ F∂Xv ][m\ambpw th¿Xncn®v Is≠Øm-hp∂Xpw AZriyambXpw hy‡nIfpsS Bhiyßƒ Xr]vXns∏SpØp∂Xpw as‰mcphkvXphns‚tbm tkh\Øns‚tbm hn¬∏\bpambn _‘ap≠mbncn°Ww F∂v \n¿_-‘an√mØXpamb ]h¿Ø\ßfmWv. tkh\ßfpsS ASnÿm\ kz`mhßfpw AhsbNc°pIfn¬ \n∂v th¿Xncn°p∂ khntijXIfpw ChbmWv. tkh\ßfpsS 5 sF.Iƒ:AZriyambXv [Intangibility], AÿncambXv [Inconsistency], th¿Xncn°m≥ IgnbmØXv[Inseparability], \o°nbncp∏v Nc°v C√mØXv [Inventory Less], CSs]S¬ [Involvement]

F∂nh

km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw: Nc°pIƒ D¬]mZn∏n°ptºmƒtkh\ßƒ ]Zm\w sNøpIbmWv. tkh\w hoń¬ sIm≠pt]mbn D]tbmKn°mhp∂Hcp ]h¿Ø\a√. tkh\Øns‚ ]`mhw amXamWv hoń¬ sIm≠pt]mImhp∂Xv.D]t`mK ÿeØv Xs∂ hn¬∏\ \SØWw F∂XpsIm≠v \o°nbncp∏v Nc°pIƒD≠mhpIbn√.

hnhn[ Xcw tkh\ßƒ: _nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ, kmaqly tkh\ßƒ, hy‡nKXtkh\ßƒ

_nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ: IqSpX¬ a’c£aX t\Sp∂Xn\pth≠n _nkn\ vÿm]\ßƒ IqSpX¬ hnZKv[ _nkn\ v tkh\ßƒ Bibn°pI ]XnhmWv. _nkn-\ v ÿm]\ßƒ ]WØns‚ Bhiyw \ndth‰p∂Xn\mbn _m¶pIsf kao]n°p∂p.b¥kmaKnIƒ, Nc°v XpSßnbh C≥jp¿ sNøp∂Xn\v C≥jpd≥kv Iº\nIsfkao]n°p∂p. AkwkvIrXhkvXp°fpw D¬∏∂ßfpw e£yÿm\Øv FØn°p∂Xn\vth≠n KXmKX ÿm]\ßsf Bibn°p∂p. I®hS°mscbpw hnXcW°mscbpwD]t`m‡m°sfbpw _‘s∏Sp∂Xn\v th≠n sSentImw, t]mÃ¬ tkh\ßsf Bi-bn°p∂p.

_m¶nwKv: mcXØnse Hcp _m¶nwKv Iº\n F∂v ]dbp∂Xv, s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂vBhiys∏Sptºmtgm at‰X¶nepw kabtØm sN°v, Um^v‰v, B⁄, As√¶n¬at‰sX¶nepw cq]Øn¬ ]n≥hen°mhp∂ \nt£]ßƒ ISamtbm, \nt£]Øn\vth≠ntbm \¬Ip∂Xn\v th≠n kzoIcn°p∂ ÿm]\amWv-.


hnhn[ Xcw _m¶pIƒ: _m¶pIsf hmWnPy _m¶pIƒ, klIcW _m¶pIƒ,khntij _m¶pIƒ, tIµ _m¶v F∂nßs\ Xcw Xncn°mw.

hmWnPy _m¶pIfpsS [¿Ωßƒ: NneXv ]mYanI AYhm ASnÿm\ [¿Ωßfpw_m°nbp≈h GP≥kn AYhm s]mXp D]bp‡Xm tkh\ßfpamWv. \nt£]ßƒkzoIcn°pI, ]Ww ISw sImSp-°pI, a‰v ]WaSbv°¬, A\p_‘ tkh\ßƒ XpS-ßnbhbmWv Cu [¿Ωßƒ.

C-˛_m¶nwKv : hnhc kmt¶XnI hnZybnse G‰hpw ]pXnb XcwKamWv C‚¿s\‰v_m¶nwKpw samss_¬ _m¶nwKpw. _m¶nwKns‚ Hcp hn`mKhpw D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v tkh\we`yam°p∂ coXnbpamWnXv. C-˛_m¶nwKv F∂m¬ CetŒmWnIv _m¶nwKv AYhmCetŒmWnIv am[yaßƒ D]tbmKn®p≈ _m¶nwKv coXn F∂mW¿∞w. AXmbXv,D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v t\cn´v kºmZyßƒ ssIImcyw sNøpI, A°u≠pIƒ ]cntim[n-°pI, hmbv]m At]£ \¬IpI, _n√pIƒ ASbv°pI XpSßnb kmºØnI ]h¿-Ø\ßƒ C‚¿s\‰v kuIcyap≈ hy‡nKX Iºyp´¿, samss_¬ t^m¨ XpSßnbhD]tbmKn®v sNømhp∂ coXnbmWv, an°hmdpw F√m _m¶pIfpw \¬Ip∂ C -_m¶nwKvtkh\ßƒ.

C≥jpd≥kv : A\n›nXXzap≈ GsX¶nepw kw`hßfn¬ \n∂v D≠mImhp∂ \„wAØcØn¬ \„w kw`hn°m≥ km[yXbp≈Xpw AØcw kw`hßfn¬ \n∂vkwc£Ww e`n°m≥ th≠n C≥jp¿ sNøm≥ Xm¬]cyap≈Xpamb Hcp]mSv t]cnte°vhn`Pn®v sImSp°p∂ kwhn[m\amWv C≥jpd≥kv. Hcp I£n \n›nX ]cnKW\ AYhmhnebv°v ]Icambn as‰mcp I£n°v tISp]mSpIfn¬ \nt∂m ]cn°pIfn¬ \nt∂mC≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂bmƒ°v kmºØnI Xm¬]cyap≈Xpw aqeyap≈Xpamb F¥n-s\¶nepw A]Xo£nXambn D≠mIp∂ kw`hßƒ aqew D≠mImhp∂ \„w \nIØp-∂Xn\v \n›bn® XpI \¬Imw F∂ IcmdmWv C≥jpd≥kv.

C≥jpd≥kns‚ ASnÿm\ XXzßƒ : Hcp hy‡nt°m _nkn\ v ÿm]\Ønt\mA\n›nXXzØnep≈ mhnbn¬ D≠mImhp∂ Hcp henb \„w t\cnSp∂Xn\v ]IcambnHcp \n›nX kwJy ap≥Iqń sNehgn°m≥ XømdmIp∂XmWv C≥jpd≥kv. AXpsIm≠vXs∂ C≥jpd≥kv F∂v ]dbp∂Xv ]mYanIambn mhnbnep≠mImhp∂ kmºØnI\„Øn¬ \n∂v kwc£Ww e`yam°p∂ Hcp Xcw \„km[yX ssIImcyw sNøemWv.

C≥jpd≥kns‚ [¿Ωßƒ: \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Dd∏v \¬Ip∂p, kwc£Ww \¬Ip∂p,\„km[yX ]¶v hbv°p∂p, aqe[\ kzcq]WØn\v klmbn°p∂p.

C≥jpd≥kns‚ XXzßƒ

]caamb DØa hnizmkw : ]caamb DØa hnizmkØn¬ A[njvTnXamb IcmdmWvC≥jpd≥kv. Icmdns\ kw_‘n®v C≥jpddpw C≥tjz¿Upw ]ckv]cw ]q¿Æ hnizmkw]pe¿Ønbncn°Ww.

130 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw: C≥tjz¿Un\v C≥jp¿ sNøp∂ hkvXphn¬ As√¶n¬hnjbØn¬ khntijamb Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn°Ww.C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw F∂Xv sIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv Icmdn¬ Dƒs∏´hkvXphnep≈ kmºØnItam sshImcnImtam Bb Xm¬]cyw F∂mWv.\jvtSmØ-c-hm-ZnXzw : Cu XXz-a-\p-k-cn®v \„w kw`hn°pIbmsW¶n¬, C≥jp¿ sNbvXhkvXphns\ A]ISw \S°p∂Xn\v sXm´p ap≥]p≈ AtX ÿnXnbnem°n \¬ImwF∂v C≥jp-d¿ Dd∏v \¬Ip∂p.kao]ÿ ImcWw : kao]kvX ImcWw F∂XpsIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv, \„w kw`hn-°p∂Xn\v ct≠m AXne[nItam ImcWßƒ Ds≠¶n¬, t\cn v, G‰hpw IqSpX¬, G‰hpw]k‡amb \„ap≠mIm\p≈ kzm`mhnI ImcWw F∂mWv.]cn-XymKw : \„]cnlmcw \¬In°gn™m¬, C≥jpd¿ C≥tjz¿Uns‚ ÿm\Øv\n¬°pw. AXmbXv, C≥jp¿ sNbvX hkvXphns\ kw_‘n® F√m AhImißfpwC≥jpd¿°v e`yamIpw F∂¿∞w.hoXmwiw : Cu XXza\pkcn®v H∂n¬ IqSpX¬ C≥jpd¿am¿ Ds≠¶n¬, Icm¿]Imcap≈ \„]cnlmcw \¬Inb C≥jpd¿°v _m°nbp≈ C≥jpd¿amcn¬ \n∂v Ah¿Gs‰SpØ _m[yXbv°v B\p]mXnIamb XpI e`n°m\p≈ AhImiw D≠mbncn°pw.\„ eLqIcWw : Cu XXzw A\pkcn®v A]ISap≠mIptºmƒ D≠mImhp∂ \„w]camh[n Ipdbv°m≥ Hcp km[mcW hy‡n sNømhp∂ F√m iaßfpw C≥tjz¿Uv\SØnbncn°Ww.hnhn[ Xcw C≥jpd≥kpIƒsse v C≥jp-d≥kv : Xh-W-I-fm-tbm Hcp-an-t®m, \¬Ip∂ ]oanbØn\v ]Xn- eambn\n›bn®v Dd∏n® Hcp XpI C≥jpd≥kv FSpØ hy‡nt°m As√¶n¬ BcpsS t\´Øn\vth≠nbmtWm C≥jpd≥kv FSpØXv B hy‡nt°m a\pjy PohnXØn¬kw`hn°mhp∂ GsX¶nepw ]XyI kw`hw \S∂mtem, As√¶n¬ \n›nX Imemh[n°vtijtam \¬Imw F∂v C≥jpd¿ C≥sjz¿Un\v \¬Ip∂ Dd∏mWv Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kv.Cu C≥jpd≥kv hy‡nbpsS AIme acWØn¬ IpSpw_mwKßƒ°v As√¶n¬]mbambn kºmZytijn Ipdbptºmƒ B hy‡n°v kmºØnI kwc£Ww \¬Ip∂p.C≥jpd≥kv Hcp kwc£Ww amXa√, Hcp \nt£]w IqSnbmWv. ImcWw H∂pIn¬acW kabtØm As√¶n¬ \n›nX ImeØn\v tijtam ap≥Iqń \n›bn® XpI Xncn®v\¬Ipw.sse v C≥jpd≥kns‚ ][m\ LSIßƒ

$ Hcp Icmdn\v D≠mbncnt°≠ F√m hkvXpXIfpw Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kn\pwD≠mbncn°Ww.

$ Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kv ]caamb DØa hnizmkØn¬ A[njvTnXamb IcmdmWv.$ Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kn¬ C≥jp¿ sNøs∏Sp∂bmfpsS Poh\n¬ C≥jp¿

sNøp∂bmƒ°v C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn°Ww.$ Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kv Hcp \t„mØchmZnXz Icmd√.


hnhn[ Xcw sse^v C≥jpd≥kv t]mfnknIƒ: P\ßfpsS Bhiy-ßƒ hyXykvX-ambXpsIm≠v Ah \ndth‰p∂Xn\mbn hnhn[ Xcw t]mfnknIƒ Bhiyap≠v. AXvIpSpw_]camb BhiyßfmImw, IpńIfpsS BhiyßfmImw, ]mbØns‚tbm, as‰-s¥¶neptam BImw. BfpIfpsS CØcw Bhiyßƒ \ndth‰p∂Xn\mbn Iº\nIƒBPoh\m¥ t]mfnkn, [\hn\ntbmK XcØnep≈ ]≤XnIƒ, kwbp‡ Poh≥ t]mfnkn,IpńIfpsS ]≤XnIƒ, s]≥j≥ ]≤XnIƒ XpSßn ]eXcØnep≈ t]mfnknIƒ \¬Ip-∂p≠v.Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv :]oanbw \¬Ip∂Xn\v ]Icambn, C≥jpd¿ \n›nX Imebfhn¬, t]mfnknbn¬ ]d™XpI hsc, Xo]nSpØw aqeap≠mImhp∂ \„ßƒ \nIØn \¬Imw F∂ IcmdmWvXo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv.Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kns‚ ][m\ LSIßƒ

$ Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kn¬ C≥jpd≥kv FSp°p∂bmƒ°v B hkvXphn¬ C≥jp¿sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn°Ww.

$ Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kv t]mseØs∂ Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kpw ]caamb DØahnizmkØn¬ A[njvTnXamb IcmdmWv.

$ I¿i\amb \„w \nIØ¬ IcmdmWv Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv.$ \„w kw`hn°m\p≈ bYm¿∞ ImcWw Xo]nSpØamsW¶n¬ amXta C≥jpd¿°v

\„]cnlmcw \¬Im≥ _m≤yXbp≈q.

assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv : assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv F∂Xv kapZ kw_‘nbmb \„ßƒ\nIØn \¬Imsa∂p≈ IcmdmWv. ISen¬ \nt∂m I∏¬ bmXbn¬ \nt∂m D≠mImhp∂\„ßfn¬ \n∂v assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv kwc£Ww \¬Ip∂p. CXn¬ aq∂v hkvXpXIƒDƒs°m≈p∂p: I∏¬, I∏enep≈ Nc°v, ISØpIqen.assd≥ C≥jpd≥kns‚ ][m\ LSIßƒ

$ assd≥ C≥jpd≥kv Hcp \t„mØchmZnXz IcmdmWv.$ Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kv t]msebpw Xo]nSpØ C≥jpd≥kv t]msebpw assd≥

C≥jpd≥kpw ]caamb DØa hnizmkØn¬ A[njvTnXamb IcmdmWv.$ \„w kw`hn°ptºmƒ C≥jp¿ sNøm\p≈ Xm¬]cyw D≠mbncn°Ww.$ kao]kvX ImcWw F∂ XXzw CXn¬ _m[IamWv.

hm¿Ømhn\nab tkh\ßƒ : _nkn\ v ÿm]\Øn\v hnXcW°m¿, D]t`m‡m°ƒ,FXncmfnIƒ XpSßnbhcpambn _‘w ]pe¿Øp∂Xn\v hm¿Ømhn\nab tkh\ßƒklmbn°p∂p. _nkn\ n\v klmbIcamb CØcw tkh\ßsf c≠mbn Xncn°mw:t]mÃ¬ tkh\ßfpw, sSentImw tkh\ßfpw.

t]mÃ¬ AYhm X]m¬ tkh\ßƒ: X]m¬ hIp∏v \¬Ip∂ tkh\ßsf [\Imcytkh\ßƒ F∂pw IØnS]mSv- tkh\ßƒ F∂pw c≠mbn Xncn°mw.

132 _nkn\ v k¿hokv

sSentImw tkh\ßƒ : sk√pem¿ samss_¬ t^m¨ tkh\ßƒ, tdUntbm t]PnwKvtkh\ßƒ, ÿncw sse≥ tkh\ßƒ, tI_nƒ tkh\ßƒ, hn.Fkv.F.Sn.tkh\ßƒ, Un.Sn.F®v tkh\ßƒ F∂nhbmWv hnhn[ Xcw sSentImw tkh\ßƒ.KXmKXw: Nc°v \o° tkh\ßfpw AtXmsSm∏w F√mØcw tdmUv-, dbn¬, thyma,IS¬ am¿§ßfnep≈ KXmKX kwhn[m\ßfpƒs∏sS Nc°pIfpsSbpw P\ßfpsSbpwA¥¿t±iobapƒs∏sSbp≈ k©mcØn\v klmbIcambXpw, A\p_‘hpambtkh\ßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂XmWv KXmKXw.kw`cWimeIƒ : ap≥ Imeßfn¬ Nc°pIƒ imkvXobambpw ASp°pw Nn´tbmSpwIqSn AhbpsS bYm¿∞ KpWta∑bpw aqeyhpw D]bp‡Xbpw \„s∏SmsXkq£n°p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp \n›eamb kwhn[m\ambncp∂p kw`cWimeIƒ. C∂sØkw`cWimeIƒ, Hcp kw`cW tkh\ZmXm°ƒ F∂Xnep]cn Npcpßnb sNehn¬Nc°v \o° tkh\ZmXm°fmbn amdn.hnhn[ Xcw kw`cWimeIƒ : kzImcy kw`cWimeIƒ, s]mXp kw`cWimeIƒ,t_m≠Uv kw`cWimeIƒ, k¿°m¿ kw`cWimeIƒ, klIcW kw`cWimeIƒ.kw`cWimeIfpsS [¿Ωßƒ: kw`cWimeIfpsS [¿Ωßƒ Xmsg ]dbp∂p.kamlcWw, Iq´mbXns\ th¿Xncn°pI, Nc°pIƒ Iqń hbv°pI, aqeyh¿≤nXtkh\ßƒ, hneÿncX hcpØpI, [\tiJcWØn\v klmbn°pI.


icn-bmb DØcw sXc-s™-Sp-°pI

1. Un.Sn.F®v tkh\ßƒ \¬Ip∂Xv -------------a. KXmKX Iº\nIƒb. _m¶pIƒc. sk√pem¿ Iº\nIƒd. Chsbm∂pa√

2. s]mXp kw`cWimeIfpsS KpWßf√mØXv GXv?a. \nb¥Wwb. Abhp≈Xvc. CS]mSpImcpambp≈ _‘wd. Chsbm∂pa√

3. Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂hbn¬ C≥jpd≥kns‚ [¿Ωa√mØXv GXv?a. \„km[yX ]¶v hbv°p∂pb. aqe[\ kzcq]WsØ klmbn°p∂pc. ]Ww ISw sImSp°p∂pd. Chsbm∂pa√


4. Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂hbn¬ Poh≥ C≥jpd≥kv Icmdn\v _m[Ia√mØXv GXv?a. \n_‘\Ifp≈ IcmdmWvb. GI]£obamb IcmdmWvc. \„w \nIØ¬ IcmdmWv.d. Chsbm∂pa√

5. kn.Uªyp.kn. bpsS ]q¿Æcq]wa. sk≥S¬ IΩnj≥b. sk≥S¬ shb¿luknwKv IΩnj≥c. sk≥S¬ shb¿luknwKv tIm¿]tdj≥d. sk≥S¬ hm´¿ tIm¿]tdj≥

ltkzmØc tNmZyßƒ

1. km[-\-ßƒ tkh-\-ßƒ F∂o ]Z-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.2. C˛_m¶nwKv F∂mse¥v? AXns‚ KpWßƒ Fs¥√mw?3. _nkn\ n\v klmbIcamb hnhn[ sSentImw tkh\ßsf°pdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v

FgpXpI.4. DNnXamb DZmlcWßfneqsS C≥jpd≥kns‚ XXzßƒ Npcp°n hnhcn°pI.5. kw`cWimeIsfbpw AXns‚ [¿Ωßsfbpw ]‰n hniZoIcn°pI.


1. tkh\ßƒ F∂mse¥mWv? AhbpsS khntijamb ]tXyIXIƒ hniZoIcn°pI.

2. hmWnPy _m¶pIfpsS [¿Ωßƒ DZmlcW klnXw hniZoIcn°pI.3. `mcXob X]m¬ hIp∏v \¬In hcp∂ tkh\ßsf∏‰n hniZamb Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.4. kw`cWimem tkh\ßsf°pdn®v hniZoIcn°pI.

t]mPIv‰pIƒ/Assk≥sa‚pIƒ

1. \nßƒ XpS¿®bmbn D]tbmKn°p∂ tkh\ßfpsS ]ńI Xømdm°pIbpw AhbpsS]tXyI khntijXIƒ Is≠ØpIbpw sNøpI.

2. _m¶nwKv tkh\ßsf°pdn®v Hcp t]mPIv‰v Xømdm°pI. ]cnkcØp≈ Hcp _m¶vkµ¿in®v Ah¿ \¬Ip∂ hnhn[ kuIcyßsf°pdn®p≈ hnhcßfpw AhcpsShnhn[ ]≤XnIsf°pdn®p≈ eLpteJIfpw tiJcn°pI. Ah hniIe\w sNbvXv_m¶pIfn¬ \n∂v \nßƒ ]Xo£n°p∂ A[nI tkh\ßƒ Fs¥√mw F∂v\n¿t±in°pI.

A[ymbwA[ymbwA[ymbwA[ymbwA[ymbw 5

_nkn\ nse \qX\ ]hWXIƒ[EMERGING MODES OF BUSINESS]

]T\ t\´ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®v Ignbptºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv :

$ C--˛_nkn\ ns‚ A¿∞w ]kvXmhn°p∂p.

$ C-˛_nkn\ ns‚ `mKambn´p≈ Hm¨sse≥ hmß¬-˛hn¬]\bpsS \S]SnIaßƒ hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$ C˛-_nkn\ pw ]cºcmKX _nkn\ pw XΩn¬ th¿Xncn°p∂p.

$ CetŒmWnIv cq]Ønte°v _nkn-\ v CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ amdp∂XpsIm≠p≈t\´ßƒ ]kvXmhn°p∂p.

$ Hcp ÿm]\w C-˛_nkn\ nte°v- NphSvhbvt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIX hniZo-Icn°p∂p.

$ _nkn\ v ]pdwIcm¿ ]InbbpsS BhiyIX N¿® sNøp∂p.

$ _nkn\ v ]pdwIcm¿ ]InbbpsS hym]vXn hnebncpØp∂p.

135_nkn\ nse \qX\ ]hWXIƒ

5.1 B-ap-Jw (INTRODUCTION)

I-gn-™ H-t∂m c-t≠m Z-im-–-°m-e-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ km-t¶-Xn-I cw-K-Øp-≠m-b h-f¿-®Po-hn-X-Øns‚ k-a-kv-X ta-J-e-I-sf-bpw kzm-[o-\n-°p-I-bpw A- q-X-]q¿-∆-am-b am-‰-ßƒ-°vh-gn-h-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp F-∂v F-√m-h¿-°pwA-dn-bmw. kzm- m-hn-I-am-bpw _n-kn-\- v cw-K-Øpw G-sd ]-I-S-am-bn-Ø-s∂ Cu kzm-[o-\w Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. C-°m-e-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v_n-kn-\- v \-S-Øp-∂ co-Xn-I-fn¬ Zr-iy-am-bam-‰-ßƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬ hn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-epw B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b cw-K-Øpw D-≠m-b F-√m ap-t∂-‰-ß-fpw _n-kn-\- v cw-K-ß-fn-epw \-ap-°v Z¿-in-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. am-X-a-√,Cu ]-h-W-X Xp-S¿-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p. \q-X-\ _n-kn-\- v co-Xn-I-sf cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ ]-[m-\ L-S-I-ßƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬ aq-∂v- k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ \-ap-°v Im-Wm≥I-gn -bpw : (1) Un -Pn -‰ -sse-tk-j≥(Digitalisation), A-Xm-b-Xv F-gp-Øp-Iƒ,i-–w, Nn-X-ßƒ, ho-Un-tbm-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b--h-sb H-∂ns‚-bpw ]q-Py-Øns‚-bpw irw-Je-I-fm-°n C-e-Iv-tSm-Wn-Iv cq-]-Øn¬ ssI-am-‰w sN-øm-hp-∂ X-c-Øn-te-°v am-‰p -I(2) ]p-dwI-cm¿ G¬-∏n-°¬ (Out sourcing),

(3) A-¥¿-t±-io-b-h¬-°-c-Whpw, B-tKm-f-

h¬-°-c-Whpw (Internationalisation and

Globalisation). A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-

s\°p-dn-®v 11˛mw A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw N¿-®

sN-øp-∂p-≠v. a-‰v c-≠v \q-X-\ ]-h-W-X-I-sf-

°p-dn-®v, AXm-b-Xv, C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv _n-kn-\-

v A-Y-hm C˛_n-kn-\- v F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂

_n-kn-\- ns‚ Un-Pn-‰-sse-tk-j≥, _n-kn-

\- v ]-In-b-I-fp-sS ]p-dw I-cm¿ \¬-I¬

F-∂n-h-sb ∏-‰n Cu A-≤ym-b-Øn¬ N¿-®

sN-ømw.

_n-kn-\- n-se ]p-Xn-b co-Xn-Iƒ b-Ym¿-∞-

Øn¬ ]p-Xn-b _n-kn-\- -√, a-dn-®v ]-cn-Xÿn-

Xn-°-\p-k-cn-®v _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

\-S-Øp-∂ co-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ hyXym-k-ß-

fm-Wv. hym-h-km-bn-Ihpw Km¿ln-I-hp-amb

B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\m-bn km-[-\-ß-

ƒ°pw tk-h-\-ßƒ°pw D]-bp-‡-Xbpw

aqeyhpw krjvSn-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv

_n-kn-\- v F∂v \nßƒ°-dn-bm-a-s√m.

]-In-b-Iƒ, A-Xv hm-ß-tem, D¬-∏m-Z-\-tam,

hn-]-W-\-tam, [-\-Im-cy-tam, a-\p-jy-hn-`-h

-ti-jn ssI-Im-cyw sN-ø-tem F-¥p-am-I-s´,

""\-ap-°v H-cp tjm-∏nw-Kv- \-S-Ømw'' do-Ø Xs‚ \m- n-se Km-a-Øn¬ \n-∂v H-gn-hp-Im-ew Nn-e-h-gn-°m≥ U¬-ln-bn¬ h-∂ kp-lr-Øv tc-J-sb hn-fn-®p-W¿-Øn ]-d-™p. ""Cu ]m-Xn-cm-XnI-gn-™ k-a-b-tØm?'' I-Æv Xn-cp-Ωn-s°m-≠v tc-J tNm-Zn-®p. ""Cu t\-c-Øv B-cm \n-\-°vth-≠n I-S-bpw Xp-d-∂p- h-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?'' ""Hm! Rm-\-Xv ]-d-bm≥ hn- p-t]m-bn.\-Ωƒ F-hn-sS-bpw t]m-Ip-∂n-√!. Rm≥ ]-d-™-Xv C≥-d¿-s\-‰v D-]-tbm-Kn-®v Hm -sse≥tjm-∏nw-Kv \-S-Øp-∂ Im-cy-am-Wv.'' do-Ø ]-d-™p. ""Hm! A-Xp-i-cn, Hm -sse≥ tjm-∏n-ßn-s\ Ip-dn-®v Rm-\pw tI- n- p-≠v, ]-s£ C-Xp-h-sc H-∂pw hm-ßn-bn- n-√.'' tc-J ]-d-™p. ""C‚¿-s\-‰v h-gn F-¥m-Wv A-h¿ hn¬-°p-∂-Xv, F-ß-s\ A-h¿ km-[-\w hm-ßn-b-h¿-°v ssIam‰wsNøpw. F-ßn-s\ ]-Ww \¬-Ipw.... F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv Km-a-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Cu co-Xn C-t∏m-gpw A-X ]-Nm-c-Øn-se-Øm-Ø-Xv?'' tc-J Cu tNm-Zy-ßƒ D∂-bn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ do-ØC-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b tjm-∏nw-Kv- am-fn-te-°v Xs‚ Iºyq- -dn-eqsS ]-th-in-®v I-gn-™ncp∂p.

136 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

_n-kn-\- p-Im-cpw _n-kn-\- n-s\-∏‰n Nn-¥n-

°p-∂-h-cpw _n-kn-\- v ]-In-b-Iƒ IqSp-X¬sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn \n-c-¥-cw i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. D-b¿-∂ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw,Ip-d-™ hn-e, th-K-X-bm¿-∂ hn-X-c-Ww Xp-S-ßn F-t∏m-gpw h¿-≤n-®v h-cp-∂ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS k-Ω¿-±w A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\vth-≠n _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ D-]-bp-‡-X kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw aq-eyw ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ A-h-cp-sS I-gn-hv ]-c-am-h-[ni-‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

5.2 C˛_nkn\ v (E-BUSINESS)

hy-h-km-bw, hym-]m-cw, hm-Wn-Pyw Xp-S-ßnhnhn-[ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-ƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂]-Z-am-Wv _n-kn-\- v. AXpt]m-se- X-s∂C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv am-[y-a-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v, ]-tXy-In-®v I-ºyq-´¿ irw-J-e D-]-tbm-Kn-®v hy-h-km-bw, hym-]m-cw, hm-Wn-Pyw, Xp-S-ßn-b_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xm-WvC-˛_n-kn-\- v F-∂v \n¿-∆-Nn-°mw. C‚¿-s\-‰v B-Wv \-ap-s°-√m-h¿-°pw kp-]-cn-Nn-X-am-b I-ºyq-´¿ irw-J-e. F-∂m¬ _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-hpw

-e-]-Z-hpw B-Ip-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n ]-e-t∏m-gpwD-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv A-h-cp-tS-Xm-b Iq-Sp-X¬kp-c-£n-X-Xz-ap-≈ I-ºyq-´¿ irw-J-e-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.

C-˛_n-kn-\- pw, C-˛sIm-ta-gv-kpw

[e-Business versus e-commerce] :

C- _n-kn-\- pw C -sIm-ta-gv-kpw ]-e-t∏m-gpw]-c-kv-]-cw am-dn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-Z-ß-fm-Wv.-F¶n-epw A-h-bp-sS b-Ym¿-∞ \n¿-h-N-\-ßƒ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬, sIm-ta-gv-kv- F-∂ ]-Z-sØ-°mƒ G-sd hym-]v-Xn-bp-≈ ]-Z-am-Wv _n-kn-\- v F-∂-Xp-t]m-se-, C˛-_n-kn-\- v F-∂

]-Zw C- sIm-ta-gv-kn-s\-°mƒ hym-]v-Xn-bp-≈-

XmWv. C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv am-[y-a-ßƒ D-]-tbm-

Kn-®v \-S-Øp-∂ I-b-hn-I-b-ßƒ, H-cp ÿm-]-\w A-h-cp-sS D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bpw, hn-X-

c-W-°m-cp-am-bpw C≥-d¿-s\-‰v ap-tJ-\ \-S-Øp-

∂ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fmb C˛-sIm-ta-gv-kv Dƒ-∏-sS,

Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ hn-im-e-am-b ]-Z-am-Wv

C -_n-kn-\ v. C -sIm-ta-gv-kv am-X-a-√, C-e-

tŒm-Wn-Iv am-[y-a-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\w, N-c-°p-Iƒ ssI-Im-cyw sNø¬, D¬-

∏-∂-ßƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-°¬, I-W-°v kq-£n-

°¬, a-\p-jy hn- -h-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-ø¬

Dƒ-∏-sS-bp-≈ F-√m _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-

ß-fpw C- _n-kn-\- v F-∂-Xn¬ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-

∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ C˛-_n-kn-\- vF-∂-Xv C˛-sIm-ta-gv-kv- F-∂ C≥-d¿-s\-‰v

D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ hm-ß¬- hn¬-]\tb-°mƒ

hn-im-eamb A¿-∞-ap-≈ ]-Z-am-sW-∂v

]-dbmw.

5.2.1. C-˛_n-kn-\-kns‚ hym-]v-Xn

[Scope of e-Business]

ap-I-fn-se N¿-®-bn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se

C-˛_n-kn-\- ns‚ hym-]v-Xn h-f-sc hn-im-e-

am-Wv. D¬-∏m-Z-\w, hn-]-W-\w, [-\-Im-cyw,

a-\p-jy hn- -h-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-ø¬ Xp-S-

ßn F-√m X-c-Øn-ep-≈ _n-kn-\- v [¿-Ω-

ß-fpw am-t\-Pv -sa‚ns‚ [¿-Ω-ß-fm-bB-kq-X-Ww, kw-Lm-S-\w, D-tZym-K-h¬-°

-c-Ww, \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ \¬-I¬, \n-b-¥-Ww

Xp-S-ßn-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sa-√mw C‚¿-

s\-‰v ap-tJ-\ \n¿-h-ln-°mw. a-s‰m-cp-X-c-

Øn¬, C-S-s]-Sp-∂ B-fp-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ C˛-_n-kn-\- ns‚ hym-]v-Xn t\m-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ C‚¿-s\-‰v A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-

ep-≈ _n-kn-\- n-s\ aq-∂v Zn-i-I-fn-eq-sS


\-ap-°v t\m-°n-°m-Wmw. H-∂m-a-Xm-bn _n 2_n

(B2B), A-Xm-b-Xv H-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\wa‰v _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bn \-S-Øp-∂ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ. c-≠m-a-Xv, _n 2kn (B2C),

A-Xm-b-Xv H-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\w X-ß-fp-sS D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bn \-S-Øp-∂ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ, aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xv, C-≥Sm _n. (Intra B)

AXm-bXv ÿm]-\-Øns‚ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ.

C- -_n-kn-\- p-am-bn _-‘-s∏- v _n-kn-\- n-\-I-Øpw _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-ap-≈hn-hn-[ C-S-]m-Sp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v Xm-sg N¿-®sN-øp-∂p.1. _n 2_n sIm-ta-gv-kv -[B2B Commerce]:

C-Ø-cw I-b-hn-I-b-ß-fn¬ C-S-s]-Sp-∂ c-≠vC-S-]m-Sp-Im-cpw _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒB-bn-cn-°pw. A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv C-Xn-s\ _n

2_n sIm-ta-gv-kv- F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn\v D-]-bp-‡-X kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\v H-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v a-‰v ]e ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-tS-≠n-h-cpw. hn-X-c-W-°m¿,hn¬-∏-\-°m¿, ÿm-]-\w A-Xns‚ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v hn-X-c-Ww sNøm≥

B-i-bn-°p-∂ hn-X-c-W irw-J-e-bn-epƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sc-√mw C-Xn-epƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, H-cp hm-l-\\n¿-Ωm-W I-º-\n-°v \n-c-h-[n sN-dp L-S-I-ßƒ B-h-iy-ap-s≠-∂v I-cp-Xp-I. A-h H-cp]-s£ I-º-\n-bp-sS k-ao-] ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ X-s∂ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂p-≠m-Imw, A-s√-¶n¬ h-f-sc A-I-se B-bn-cn-°mw \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xv.C-h-bv-°mbn H-cp hn-X-c-W-°m-c-s\ am-XwB-i-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-I-cw Hm-tcm L-S-I-ßƒ-°pw H-∂n-e-[n-Iw hn-X-c-W-°m-sc G¿-s∏-Sp-Ømw. C-h-sc-√m-h-sc-bpw H-cp I-ºyq-´¿irw-J-e ap-tJ\ _-‘n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v km-[-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ \¬-Ip-I, D¬-∏m-Z-\w \nco-£n-°p-I, D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ F-Øn-®vsImSp-°p-I, ]-Ww \¬-Ip-I Xp-S-ßn-b]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Cu irw-J-e ap-tJ-\ \-S-Ømw. AXp-t]m-se-X-s∂, X-ß-fp-sS hn-X-c-W irw-Je sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn N-c-°v \o-°-ß-fp-sSX¬-k-a-b \n-b-¥-Ww, hn-hn-[ X-e-ß-fn-epwÿ-e-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈ C-S-\n-e-°m-sc \n-co-£n-°p-∂-Xpƒ-∏-sS-bp-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, F-√mw

Nn-Xw 5.1. D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS-bpw, hn-X-c-W-°m-cp-sS-bpw C-S-bn-se I-Æn-bm-Ip-∂ ÿm-]-\w

hnX-c-W-°m¿ ÿm]\w D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ

hnX-c-W-

°mc≥ 1

hnX-c-W-

°mc≥ 2

hnX-c-W-

°mc≥ 3

D¬∏m-Z\w

hmß¬

B¿& Un

hn]-W\w

[\-Imcyw

F®v.B¿

D]-t`m-‡m-hv 1

D]-t`m-‡m-hv 2

D]-t`m-‡m-hv 3

_n 2 _nCS-]m-Sp-Iƒ

C≥Sm _n CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ _n 2 knCS-]m-Sp-Iƒ

138 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

_n 2_n C-S-]m-Sp-I-fm-bn I-W-°m-°mw. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, hn-X-c-W-°m-cp-sS ssI-h-i-ap-≈\o-°n-bn-cp-∏pw, kw- -c-W-im-e-bn¬ \n-∂p≈

N-c°v \o-°-ß-fpw \n-co-£n-®v B-h-iy-am-b

]p-\x-ÿm-]-\-hpw \nb¥-W-hpw km-[y-am-

°m≥ I-ºyq-´¿ irw-J-e D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

A-Xp-t]m-se G-sX-¶n-epw D-]-t`m-‡m-hns‚

]-tXy-I B-h-iy-ßƒ hn-X-c-W-°m-cn-eq-sS

D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw A-hn-sS \n-∂v D-]-t`m-‡m-

°-fp-sS B-h-iy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn-\v ^m-Œ-dn-bn-te-°pw D¬-∏m-Z-\

]-In-b-bn-te-°pw F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw I-ºyq-

´¿irw-J-e D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. N-cn-X-]-c-am-bn

C -sIm-ta-gv-kv- F-∂ ]-Zw _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-

\-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßm-\p-≈

Hm¿-U-dp-I-fpw C≥-thm-bv-kp-I-fpw Dƒ-∏-sS-

bp≈ tc-J-I-fp-sS C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv Um-‰

ssI-am-‰-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fm-bn-

cp-∂p.

(ii) _n 2kn sIm-ta-gv-kv [B2C Commerce]:

_n-kn-\- n¬ \n-∂v D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-te-°v

F-∂ t]-cv kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂

H-cp m-K-Øv _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-hpw a-dp-h-

i-Øv D-]-t`m-‡m-hpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ C-e-tŒm-

Wn-Iv C-S-]m-Sp-I-fm-Wv _n 2kn C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ.

CXn¬ \n∂pw H-cm-fp-sS a-\- n¬ B-Zyw

D≠m-Ip∂ B-i-bw "Hm -sse≥ tjm-∏nwKv'

B-bn-cn-°psa-¶n-epw, Hm¿-Øn-cn-t°-≠ h-kv-

Xp-X hn-]-W-\ ]In-b-bpsS Hcp LSIw

am-X-am-Wv hn¬-∏-\ F∂-XmWv. H-cp D¬-∏-

∂w hn¬-∏-\-bv-°v h-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\v F-X-tbm

ap≥-]v X-s∂ B-cw- n-°p-I-bpw hn¬-∏-\-bv°v

ti-jhpw Xp-S-cp-∂Xpamb ]-In-b-bm-Wv

hn-]-W-\w. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, D-]-t`m-‡m-

°-fp-sS B-h-iy-ßƒ I-s≠-Ø¬, hn¬-∏-\-

t]m’m-l\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, kw-Ko-Xw,

kn-\n-a Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS hn-X-c-Ww Dƒ-∏-sS

Hm¨-sse≥ B-bn \-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂ h-f-sc

hn-im-e-am-b F-√m hn-]-W-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-

fpw _n 2 kn sImta-gvkn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.C-Ø-cw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-√mw Np-cp-ßn-b

sN-e-hn-epw Np-cp-ßn-b k-a-bw sIm-≠pw \-S-

Øp-hm≥ C-˛sIm-ta-gv-kv- k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn, F.Sn.F-Ωp-I-fn¬ \n-∂v

]-Ww ]n≥-h-en-°p-∂-Xv F-X F-fp-∏-am-sW-

∂v B-tem-Nn-®v t\m-°q. C-∂-sØ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X A-h¿ sX-c-s™-

Sp-°p∂Xn-\v Gsd ]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip-∂-h-cpw

hy-‡n-K-X-amb ]-cn-K-W-\ B-K-ln-°p-∂-h-

cp-am-Wv F∂-XmWv. A-h-cp-sS hy-‡n-K-X

B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ e-`y-am°-Ww F-∂v am-X-a√, A-h¿-°v ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

F-Øn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb

co-Xn-bn¬ hn-e \¬-Im-\p-≈ A-h-k-c-apƒ

s-∏-sS e- y-am-°-Ww F∂pw B-K-ln-°p-∂p.

C -sIm-ta-gv-kns‚ h-c-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn C-sX√mwbm-Ym¿-∞y-am-bn F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X.

H-∏w X-s∂ _n 2kn hn- m-K-Øn¬s∏- C˛sIm-

ta-gv-kv _n-kn-\- v h¿-jw ap-gp-h-\pw Ccp-]-

Øn-\m-ev a-Wn-°q-dpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bn

kw-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS Xm¬-∏-cyw, A-h-

cp-sS kw-Xr-]v-Xn, hm-ß¬ co-Xn-Iƒ, B-cv,

F-¥v-, F-t∏mƒ, F-ßs\ hm-ßp-∂p F-s∂-

√mw I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v Hm¨-sse-\n-eq-sS-

bp≈ hn-h-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-eq-sS I-gn-bp-∂p.

C-X-bpw N¿-® sN-bv-X-Xn¬ \n-∂v _n 2 knC-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ _n-kn-\- n-\v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tfm-

Sp-≈ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw am-X-am-Wv F-∂


C tIm-ta-gv-kns‚ N-cn-Xw (History of e-commerce)

hy-‡n-K-X I-ºyq-´-dp-Iƒ ]-Nm-c-Øn¬ h-cp-∂-Xn-\v F-X-tbm ap≥-]v X-s∂ C˛-sIm-ta-gv-kv- B-cw-`n-°p-I-bpw A-t\-Im-bn-cw tIm-Sn tUm-f-dns‚ _n-kn-\- m-bn h-f-cp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. F-¶n-epw F-hn-sS\n-∂m-Wv C-ß-s\ H-cp B-i-bw h-∂-Xv F-∂v A-dn-bm-tam? C˛-tIm-ta-gv-kns‚ ]-cn-Wm-aw ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬, `m-hn-bn-te-°p-≈ A-Xns‚ I-am-\p-K-X-am-b ]p-tcm-K-Xn hn-e-bn-cp-Øm≥ F-fp-∏-am-bn-cn-°pw.

h¿jw kw- -hw

1984 EDI A-Y-hm C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv Um-‰m C‚¿sN-bn-©v ASC ×12* eq-sS \n-e-hm-c-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´p. C-Xv I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v hn-iz-ÿ-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øm-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw D-d-∏v \¬-Ip-∂p.

1992 "Iw-]yp-sk¿-hv' F-∂ ÿm-]-\w A-h-cp-sS D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v Hm¨-sse-\m-bnNn-√-d D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xv Xp-S-ßn. C-Xv P-\-ßƒ-°v B-Zy-am-bnI-ºyp-´¿ ap-tJ-\ km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßm-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw \¬-In.

1994 s\-‰v-kv-tI-]v h-∂p. C≥-d¿-s\-‰n¬ ]-c-Xp-∂-Xn-\v e-fn-X-am-b H-cp _u-k-dpw**,kp-c-£n-X-am-bn Hm¨-sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn sk-Iyp¿ tkm-°-‰v-seb¿*** km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw ]-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xp.

1995 C-˛sIm-ta-gv-kv- cw-K-sØ c-≠v ò-a≥-am¿ cw-K-]-th-iw sN-bv-Xp, B-a-tkm¨.tImw.,Cu-t_.tImw.

1998 Un-Pn-‰¬ k-_v-kv-ssI-_¿ sse≥ (DSL), Im-en-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn¬ A-h-cp-sS h-cn-°m¿-°v ap-gp-h≥ k-a-bw A-Xn-th-K C≥-d¿-s\-‰v tk-h-\w \¬-In-Øp-S-ßn. C-XvIq-Sp-X¬ k-a-b-hpw ]-W-hpw C≥-d¿-s\-‰n¬ sN-e-h-gn-°m≥ Bƒ°msc t]-cn-∏n®p.

1999 _n-kn-\- v.tImw.s‚ I-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v C‚¿-s\-‰v h-gn-bp-≈ sN-dp-In-S sN-e-h-gn-°¬ 20 _n-√y¨ tUm-f¿ I-S-∂p.

2000 A-ta-cn-°≥ k¿-°m¿ 2005 h-sc C≥-d¿-s\-‰v \n-Ip-Xn-°v \n-b-a-]-c-am-b A-h-[nA-Y-hm sam-sdm-t´m-dn-bw ]-Jym-]n-®p.

A-h-ew-_w: C˛-sIm-ta-gv-kv ]-Zm-h-en

http://www.uta.edu/infosys/e_comm/terms/term_a.htm

* American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII):

A widely used and internationally recognised coding system to represent characters in

a standard way. ASCII is commonly used for storage within computer systems, and for

exchange between them.

** Browser: The generic term for software programs that retrieve, display, and print

information on World Wide Web. The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet

Explorer, Netscape Navigator and Mosaic. Mosaic was the first browser to introduce

graphics. Previously, users were only allowed to view the text of web pages.

*** Secure Socket Layer (SSL): SSL was designed by Netscape for use in electronic commerce

for transactions involving confidential information such as credit card numbers. Secure

Socket Layer uses a system of public and private key authentication combined with other

schemes to verify electronic signatures. The ability to conduct secure and confidential

transactions over the internet is critical to the success of electronic commerce. Public key

is the password that the sender uses to encrypt the data and the private key is used by

the receiver of a message to decrypt the data.

140 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

[m-c-W -D-≠m-°ntb°mw. F-∂m¬ \mw Hm¿-

t°-≠ Im-cyw C-Xv Ccp-h-i-tØ-°p-ap≈

Bi-b-hn-\n-abw km[y-am-°p∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv.D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v C-„-ap-≈ k-a-b-Øv,kzX-¥-am-bn Hm -sse-\n-eq-sS km-[-\ßƒhm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v I-gn-bp-∂p. D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°vI-º-\n-Iƒ Hcp°n-bncn-°p-∂ ]tXyItI-µ-ß-fn-eq-sS C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ev a-Wn-°q-dpw]-Ww \¬-tI-≠m-Ø t^m¨ hn-fn-I-fn-eq-sS hn-h-c-ßƒ A-dn-bm-\pw ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ\¬Iphm-\pw I-gn-bp-∂Xv _n 2 kn A-Y-hm

kn 2 _n sIm-ta-gv-kn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.C-Xns‚- a-s‰mcp k-hn-ti-j-X I-º-\n-IƒC-h-sbm-∂pw kz-¥-am-bn k-÷o-I-cn-°-Ww

epƒ-∏-sS ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv H-cp ]-cn-[n hscC≥-Sm _n sIm-ta-gv-kns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-sS-bmWv. I-ºyq-´¿ irw-J-e D-]-tbm-Kn-®vhn-]-W-\ hn- m-K-Øn-\v D¬-∏m-Z-\ hn- m-K-hp-am-bn \n-c-¥-cw B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw Hm-tcm D-]-t`m-‡m-hns‚-bpw B-h-iym-\p-k-c-W-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ cq-]-I¬-∏-\sN-bv-Xv \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw I-gn-bp-∂p. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ hn-hn-[ hn-`m-K-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ Xp-S¿-®-bm-b B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw N-c-°p-I-fpw ]-W-hpw a-‰pw Im-cy-£-a-am-bnssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fp-sS-bpw a-‰pw ]-c-am-h-[n D-]-bp-‡-X D-d-∏v

F-∂n-√. C-h-sb-√mw ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Im-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q. (]p-dwI-cm-dn-s\∏-‰n Cu A-≤ym-b-Øns‚ A-h-km-\w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°mw.)

(iii) C-≥-Sm _n sIm-ta-gv-kv : C-hn-sS C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv-kv am-[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sS B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øp-∂ I-£n-Iƒ F-√m-h-cpw X-s∂H-tc ÿm-]-\-Øn-\-I-Øp-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.C-˛_n-kn-\- v Ip-td-°q-sS hn-im-e-am-b ]-Z-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠v H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\-I-sØhy-Xy-kv-X hn-`m-K-ßƒ (Departments) XΩn-tem, hy-‡n-Iƒ X-Ωn-tem D-≈ C≥-Sm-s\-‰vap-tJ-\-bp-≈ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-hpw C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°v D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-

h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ Im-cy-£-a-am-bn ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw a-\p-jy-hn-`-h-ti-jn \-√ co-Xn-bn¬hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw k-lm-bn-°p∂p.

B-`y-¥-c hm-Nn-I B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn¬C‚¿-tIm-ans‚ D-]-tbm-Kw k-lm-b-I-c-am-Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se C≥Sm-s\-‰v ap-tJ-\ ÿm-]-\-Øn-\-I-sØ hn-hn-[ hn- m-K-ßƒ°v aƒ- n-ao-Un-b-bpw Xn-am-\ (3D) Km- n-Iv cq-]-Øn-ep-ap-≈ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-ßƒ h-f-sc \-∂m-bnA-dn-bn-°m-\pw an-I-® G-tIm-]-\-Øn-\pwk-Xz-c Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ-°pw Ah th-K-Øn¬\-S-∏nem°p-∂-Xn-\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.

F.Sn.Fw ˛]-Ww ]n≥-h-en-°p-∂-Xns‚ th-K-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂pC- -sIm-ta-gv-kv- s]m-Xp-th _n 2kn ]-In-b-I-fp-sS th-K-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-\p th-≠ku-I-cy-ßƒ H-cp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v ap≥-]v H-cmƒ-°v _m-¶n¬ \n-∂v]-Ww ]n≥-h-en-°p-∂-Xv G-sd _p-≤n-ap- p-≈ ]-In-b-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A-bmƒ-°v ]-Ww e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\v H-cp-]m-Sv \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fn-eq-sS I-S-∂p- t]m-I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]-s£ F.Sn.F-Ωp-I-fp-sSh-c-thm-Sp Iq-Sn A-sX-√mw N-cn-XØns‚ `mK-am-bn am-dn. C∂v AØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°msX Xs∂ D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v Xs‚ ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p.


_n 2 C (B2E) F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂ ÿm]-\-hpwPo-h-\-°m-cpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bwX-s∂ F-Sp-°mw. I-º-\n-Iƒ Po-h-\-°m-scdn-Iq-´v sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw ]n-∂o-Sv A-`n-ap-Jw,sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v, ]-cn-io-e-\w, Xp-S¿ hn-Zym- ym-

kw Xp-Sßn F-√m ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw C- sIm-

ta-gv-kns‚ ]-tbm-K-ß-fm-bn Im-Wmw. Po-h-

\-°m¿-°v Un-Pn-‰¬ cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ Im-‰-tem-

Kp-I-fpw Hm¿-U¿ t^m-d-ß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

N-c-°p-I-fp-sS ÿn-Xn hn-h-c-ßƒ X¬-k-a-bw

A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xv D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v

ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-\p-sa-√mw C- sIm-ta-gv-kv- k-lm-

b-I-c-am-Wv. ]-h¿-Ø-\-ÿ-e-Øv \n-∂p-X-s∂

dn-t∏m¿-´p-I-fpw a-‰v hn-h-c-ß-fpw C˛-sa-bn¬

ap-tJ-\ A-dn-bn-°mw. ]-kv-Xp-X hn-h-c-ßƒ

X-’-a-bw ta-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v- A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-

\pw I-gn-bpw. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ sh¿-Nz¬

ss]-h-‰v s\-‰vh¿-°v (VPN) kw-hn-[m-\w Po-h-

\-°m¿ Hm-ô-kn¬ h-tc-≠ B-h-iy-an√

F-∂ X-e-Øn-te-°v Im-cy-ßƒ F-Øn-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. H-cp X-c-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬ Hm-ô-kv

Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS Iq-sS k-©-cn-°p-I-bpw

FhnsS \n-∂pw A-h-cp-sS ku-I-cy-Øn-\-\p-

k-cn-®v, th-K-X-bn-epw k-a-b-Øpw A-h¿-°v

]-h¿-Øn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw e- n-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. tbm-K-ßƒ Iq-Sp-∂-Xn-\v sS-en

tIm - -d≥-kp-I-fpw ho-Un-tbm tIm - -

d≥-kp-I-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. G-sd ]-W-hpw

k-a-b-hpw em- n-°m≥ C-h k-lm-bn-°p∂p.

(iv) kn 2 kn sIm-ta-gv-kv

[C2C Commerce]:

C-hn-sS _n-kn-\- v H-cp D-]-t`m-‡m-hn¬

\n-∂v B-cw-`n-°p-I-bpw a-s‰m-cp D-]-t`m-‡m-

hn¬ A-h-km-\n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-Xm-

b-Xv _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øns‚ c-≠v

A-‰-ß-fn-epw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fm-bn-cn-°pw F-∂v

km-cw. kwLSnX hn-]-Wn e- y-a-√m-Ø, D-]-

tbm-Kn-® h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hn-]-W-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn\v

A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv kn2kn

sIm-ta-gv-kv-. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®

]p-kv-X-I-ß-tfm, ho´p-]-I-c-W-ß-tfm, hml-

\-ßtfm, hn-e-bv-t°m ssI-am-‰-am-tbm hn-]-

W-\w sN-øm≥ C-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. C‚¿-s\-

‰ns‚ hn-im-e-tem-Iw tem-I-sØ-hn-sS-bp-ap-≈

hm-ßm≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈ B-fp-I-sf F-fp-∏-

Øn¬ I-s≠-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-°pw. C-Ø-cw

C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ kp-c-

£n-X-am-b \n-c-h-[n sh-_v-ssk-‰p-Iƒ C-∂v

e-`y-am-Wv. C-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ X-Ωn¬ ]c-kv]cw

Im-Wm-sX \-S-Øp-∂ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-ep-≈ kp-

c-£n-X-Xz-an-√m-bv-a h-en-b ]-iv-\-am-Im-hp-∂

km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ kpc-£n-X-am-b kn2kn

sIm-ta-gv-kv, hm-ßp-∂-bmƒ-°pw hn¬-°p-∂-

bmƒ-°pw h-f-sc k-lm-b-I-c-am-Wv. Cu-t_

(E-bay), H.F¬.F-Iv-kv (OLX) Xp-S-ßn-b

sh-_v-ssk-‰p-Iƒ an-I-® D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

C-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ ]-c-kv-]-cw Im-Wm-sX-bp-≈

C-Ø-cw hym-]m-c-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ kp-c-£n-

X-hpw i-‡-hp-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n \n-c-h-[n

km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-Iƒ cq-]-I¬-∏-\ sN-ø-s∏-

ń-´p-≠v. sh-_v-ssk-‰p-Iƒ C-S-]m-Sp-Im-sc

]-c-kv-]-cw hn-e-bn-cp-Øm≥ B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-dp-

≠v. C-Xn¬ \n-∂v `m-hn-bn¬ C-S-s]-Sp-∂

B-fp-Iƒ-°v C-h-sc-°p-dn-®p-≈ hy-‡-am-b

Nn-Xw e- y-am-Ip-∂p. C-S-]m-Sv \-S-Øn-b-h-sc-

√mw an-I-® kv-tIm¿ \¬-In-b-h-cp-am-bn

k-ss[-cyw C-S-]m-Sv \-S-Øm≥ km-[n-°pw.

a-s‰m-cp co-Xn D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv, ]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ-

142 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

C˛-sImtagvkv-, C„m\pkcWap≈ D¬∏mZ\hpw h≥tXmXnep≈hy‡nKX D¬∏mZ\hpw km[yam°p∂p.

]cºcmKXambn IcIuie hnZKv[¿ hy‡nIfpsS C„Øn\\pkcn®p≈ D¬∏∂ßƒ AhcpsSBhiya\pkc®v amXambncp∂p Xømdm°nbncp∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Ah hfsc sNethdnbXpwD]t`m‡mhns‚ ssIIfnseØm≥ IqSpX¬ kabw FSp°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. hymhkmbnI hnπh-Øns‚ êambn ÿm]\ßƒ h≥tXmXn¬ Htc XcØnep≈ D¬∏∂ßƒ \n¿Ωn°pIbpw X∑qew,h≥tXmXn¬ D¬∏mZ\w \SØp∂Xpaqeap≠mIp∂ sNehvNpcp°¬ km[amhpIbpw sNbvXp.ap≥Imeßfn¬ h≥tXmXn¬ D¬∏mZ\w \SØnbncp∂ ÿm]\ßƒ°v amXw km[yambncp∂ NpcpßnbsNehnep≈ D¬∏mZ\hpw hnXcWhpw C- tImtagvkns‚ hcthmSpIqSn hy‡nKXamb D¬∏∂ßfpwtkh\ßfpw hsc Npcpßnb sNehn¬ D¬∏mZ∏n°m\pw D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v hnXcWw sNøm\pwÿm]\ßsf ]m]vXam°n. Nne DZmlcWßƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.401 (sI) t^mdw : hy‡nKX A`napJßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hnZym`ymk D≈S°hpw

\nt£] D]tZihpw Hmtcm hy‡nbv°pw A\pkrXambn sImSp°p∂p.AIypan≥ tIm¿]tdj≥ : PohnX ssiensbbpw BtcmKysØbpw kw_‘n®v D]t`m‡m°ƒ

C‚¿s\‰neqsS ]qcn∏n°p∂ tNmZymhenbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ Bh-iy°mcpsS C›bv°\pkcn®v hn‰man≥ KpfnIIƒ Xømdm°n \¬Ip∂p.

sU¬ (bp Fkv) : \nßfpsS Bhiyßƒ°\pkcn®v hy‡nKX Iºyp´¿ \n¿Ωn®v\¬Ip∂p.

Ko≥ au≠≥ : sshZypXn hnXcW°mcmb (P\td‰dpIƒ A√) Cu ÿm]\Øn¬\n∂pw

F\¿Pn dntkmgvkkv : D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v Ahch¿°mhiyamb sshZypXn tkmX v(kutcm¿-÷w, PesshZypXn XpSßnbh) sXcs™Sp°mw.

sehn Po≥kv : Po≥kpIƒ Bhiym\pkcWw Xp∂n \¬Ip∂ tkh\w sNøp∂p.(bYm¿∞ kv]n≥) sh_vssk‰neqsSbp≈ tkh\ßƒ Nn√d hym]mcnIfn¬ \n∂p≈(bp Fkv) ]cmXnIƒ aqew \n¿Ønh®p. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ Nn√d hym]mcnIƒ

aptJ\ tkh\w ]p\cmcw`n®p. 49,500 hyXykvX AfhpIfnepw 30 ^mj-\pIfnepw GXm≠v 1.5 Zie£w Xcw Po≥kpIfn¬ \n∂v shdpw 55 tUm-fdn\v sXcs™Sp°m≥ Ahkcw \¬Ip∂p. Hm¿UdpIƒ C≥d¿s\‰vaptJ\ kzoIcn®v 2-˛3 BgvNIƒ°p≈n¬ Po≥kv Xømdm°n Ab®psImSp°p∂p.

F≥.hn.\vSvkvs_Uvdn v shÃv-em≥Uv : s\X¿e≥Uv-knse \nch[n Xpen]v ]qs®Sn I¿jI¿°v (tulip growers)

(\yqknem‚ v) ]IrXn hmXIw hnXcWw sNøp∂p. lcnXKrlßfnse (greenhouse)

Dujvamhv, ]pdØv hnSp∂ Im¿_ÜtbmIv-sskUns‚ tXmXv, Cu¿∏w,shfn®w, XpSßnb LSIßƒ G‰hpw Npcpßnb sNehnepw Imcy£a-amb coXnbnepw \ne\n¿Øm≥ AhnsS ÿm]n®n´p≈ Iºyq´dpIƒlcnXKrl DSaIsf klmbn°p∂p.

\mjW¬ ss_kn°nƒ : Hm¿UdpIƒ e`n®v 2- 3 ZnhkØn\p≈n¬ Bhiym\pkcWap≈(P∏m≥) ssk°nfpIƒ \n¿Ωn®v \¬Ip∂p.sska¨ B≥dv : A≤ym]I¿°v hy‡nKXamb ]mTr]≤Xn A\pkcn®pw Hmtcm hnZym¿-

∞nbpsSbpw Bhiyw A\pkcn®pw C„m\pkrXam°nb ]pkvXIßƒjpÃ¿ (bp Fkv) ) (customised books) Hm¿U¿ sNømhp∂XmWv. kotdmIvkv tUmIypsSIv

]n≥tdgvkv (Xerox DocuTech printers) Htcm amkhpw GItZiw 1,25,000CØcØn¬ C„m\pkrXam°nb ]pkvXIßƒ ]pdØnd°p∂p≠v.

kvssIth (bp Fkv) : Hm¿Ud\pkcn®p≈ apgph≥ Dev]∂ßfpw FØn®v sImSp°p∂ Nc°p-ISØv (logistics) Iº\nbmWv kvssIth. ]ehn[ KXmKX-am¿§ßfneqsS]e ÿeßfn¬ \n∂pw hcp∂ Nc°pIƒ \o°Øn\nSbn¬ Hcpan®vtN¿Øv H‰ Hm¿Udm°n, ISemkv ]h¿Ø\w Hcpan®m°n am‰n Cuÿm]\w D]t`m‡mhn\v FØn®psImSp°p∂p.

kvanØv ss¢≥ : D]t`m‡m°ƒ°mbn C„m\pkrXam°nb ]pIhen \n¿Ø¬ ]≤XnIƒ_o°mw (bp Fkv) Bhnjv°cn°p∂p. CXn\mbn Imƒ sk‚dpIƒ hgn tNmZymhen-bpsS

klmbtØmsS hy‡nKX Bibhn\nabw \SØp∂p.Ahew_w : http://www.managingchange.com


C-t_ kn2kn (C2C) sImtagvkn\v thZnsbmcp°p∂ coXn

[Facilitating C2C Commerce — The Way Does it]

temIØmIam\w D≈ BfpIƒ°v ]ckv]cw C-t_bneqsS hym]mcw sNøp∂Xn\v kpc£nXhpwkpXmcyhpamb ÿew AYhm hn]Wn Hcp°p∂Xns‚ DØchmZnXzw C-t_ bpsS SÃv B≥dvtk^v-Sn SoawKßƒ°mWv.kpc£nXambn hym]mcw sNøpI F∂ eIv-jyw ap≥\n¿Øn AwKßfn¬ hnizmkw hf¿Ønsb-Sp°m\mbn hnhn[ \nbaßfpw \bßfpw \S∏nem°pI, bi v h¿≤n∏n°m\pXIp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒkwLSn∏n°pI, Xń∏pIƒ XSbm\pXIp∂ ]≤XnIƒ \S∏nem°pI, XpSßnb ]h¿Ø\ßƒC-t_ \nc¥cw \S∏nem°ns°m≠ncn°p∂p.Xń∏pIƒ XSbp∂Xn\mbn \nc¥cw ]n∂n¬ \n∂pw ]h¿Øn°p∂Xnt\msSm∏w, Hcp ]iv\wD≠mIptºmƒ temIsaºmSpap≈ \nba \n¿∆lW GP≥knIfpambpw k¿°mcpambpw AhcpsS\bßƒ \S∏nem°p∂Xn\mbn C-t_ Imcy£aambn CSs]Sp∂p≠v. hn]Wn aqeyßƒ apdpsI-∏nSn®psIm≠p Xs∂ Xpeyamb Ahkcßfpw, Xpd∂Xpw hnizmkyXbp≈Xpw DØchmZnXzap≈-Xp-amb CS]mSpIƒ°v Ahkcw \¬IpIbpw F√mh¿°pw Npcpßnb sNehn¬ Ahkcßƒe`yam°pIbpw sNøpI F∂XmWv C-t_bpsS \bw.kaqlØn\v kpc£nXambn hym]mcw sNøp∂Xn\pw ]ckv]c hnizmkw hf¿ØnsbSp°p∂Xn\pwklmbn°p∂Xn\mbn C-t_ Xmsg ]dbp∂ D]m[nIfpw, ]≤XnIfpw, hn`hßfpw apt∂m´vhbv°p∂p.C-t_ ]XnIcWßƒ [eBay Feedback]C-t_bnep≈ Hmtcm D]tbm‡mhns‚bpw aXn∏mWv AXnse ]XnIcWßƒ. A\pIqetam ]Xn-Iqetam \njv]£tam Bb td‰nwKneqsSbpw A`n]mbßfneqsSbpw Hmtcm C-t_ AwKØn\pwHcp ]XnIcW kvtIm¿ e`n°pw. F√m hn¬∏\°mcpw Cu kvtIm¿ AhcpsS km[\ßƒ hn¬-∏\bv°v enÃv sNøp∂ t]Pnse hnhcßƒ \¬Ip∂ tImfßfn¬ ]Z¿in∏n°pw. C-t_bpsSCØcw ]XnIcWßƒ icnbmb ]h¿Ø\ßƒ \SØp∂Xn\v ]tNmZ\amIp∂XneqsS BfpI-fn¬ ]ckv]c hnizmkw hf¿Øp∂Xn\pw ]ckv]c_lpam\tØmSpw hnizkvXXtbmSpw XpeyX-tbmSpw IqSn CS]mSpIƒ \SØp∂h¿°v Hcp hninjvT ÿm\w e`yam°pIbpw sNøp∂p.hmßp∂hcpsS kwc£Ww [Buyer Protection]t] ]mens‚ kwc£W IhNw (PayPal Buyer Protection shield) D≈Xn\m¬ D]tbm‡m°ƒ°vAh¿ hmßp∂Xn¬ 500 tUmf¿ hsc bmsXmcp A[nIs®ehpan√msX kwc£n°s∏Spw F∂Adnhp≈XpsIm≠v BflhnizmktØmSpIqSn km[\ßƒ hmßm≥ Ignbp∂p. ]Ww \¬Ip∂Xn\vt] ]mens‚ kwhn[m\w D]tbmKn°mØh¿°v D¬∏∂ßƒ e`yamImXncn°pItbm As√¶n¬enÃn¬ hnhcn® t]mep≈ D¬∏∂w e`n°mXncn°pItbm sNbv-Xm¬ C-t_ bpsS \n›nX hmß¬kwc£W ]≤Xnb\pkcn®v (Standard Purchase Protection Program) 200 tUmf¿ hsc (\S]SnI-aßƒ°p≈ sNehmbn 25 tUmf¿ Ipd®v) kwc£Wap≠v.Xń∏v sh_vssk‰pIfn¬ \n∂p≈ kwc£Ww [Spoof (Fraudulent) Web Site Protection]A°u≠v kwc£Ww Dƒs°m≈n®n´p≈ C-t_bpsS Sqƒ_m¿ C-t_ AwKßƒ°v AhcpsSA°u≠pIƒ C-t_ As√¶n¬ t]-]m¬ ssk‰n¬ ]thin°ptºmƒØs∂ Ah Xń∏v sh_v-ssk‰pIƒ BIm≥ km[yXbpt≠m F∂ ap∂dnbn∏v \¬Ip∂p. IqSmsX C-t_ AhcpsS D]tbm-‡m°ƒ°v Xń∏pIƒ th¿Xncn®dnbm\pw Xń∏v C-sabnepIsf∏‰nbpw Ah C-t_bpsS Xń∏pIƒAdnbnt°≠ ssk‰ntebv°v ([email protected]) Adnbn°m\pw Hm¨sse≥ Syqt´mdn-bepIfneqsShniZoIcn°p∂p.C-t_ kwc£WtIµw [eBay Security Center]kpc£nXambn hmß¬, kpc£nXambn hn¬∏\, kpc£nXambn ]Ww \¬I¬ F∂nhbv°m-h-iyamb am¿§\n¿t±ißƒ C-t_ kwc£WtIµw \¬Ip∂p. IqSmsX ][m\ aq∂mw-I£nIƒ°pw,k¿°mcn\pw \nba \n¿∆mlI¿°pw Bhiyamb am¿§\n¿t±ißfpw sImSp°p∂p. BZyambnHm¨sse\n¬ D¬∏∂ßƒ hmßp∂h¿°v kpc£nXambn CS]mSv \SØp∂Xn\p≈ am¿§\n¿-t±ißƒ apX¬ h≥InS hn¬∏\°mcpsS ]I¿∏hImiw kwc£n°p∂Xphscbp≈ ]h¿Ø\-ßfneqsS, F√mØcw D]tbm‡m°ƒ°pw C-t_ bpsS kwc£WtIµw kwc£Ww Dd∏phcp-Øp∂p.Source: ww w.ebay.com

hnizÿXbpw kpc£nXXzhpwhnizÿXbpw kpc£nXXzhpwhnizÿXbpw kpc£nXXzhpwhnizÿXbpw kpc£nXXzhpwhnizÿXbpw kpc£nXXzhpw

[Trust and Safety]

144 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

°p-≈ C-S-\n-e-°m¿ F-∂ \n-e-bv-°m-Wv.

A-]-cn-Nn-X-\m-b H-cp hn¬-∏-\-°m-c-\v ]-Ww

t\-cn-´v \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ]-Icw sh-_v-ssk-‰v

]-Ww kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw hm-ßp-∂-bm-fp-sS

ssI-h-iw D¬-∏-∂w e-`n-® ti-jw am-Xw

]-Ww hn¬-∏-\-°m-c-\v ssI-am-dp-I-bpw

sN-øpw. C-Xv C-cp-I-£n-Iƒ-°pw hn-izm-ky-

X D-f-hm-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

kn2kn sIm-ta-gv-kns‚ kw-th-Z-\m-fl-I

]-tbm-K-am-Wv k-Ω¿-± Kq-∏p-I-fp-sS-bpw D-]-

t`m-‡rkan-Xnbp-sS-bpw cq-]o-I-c-Ww. G-sd

]-cn-Nn-X-am-b hm- v-kv B-∏v, t -kv _p-°v t]m-

ep-≈ k-aq-l am-[y-a Kq-∏p-Iƒ an-I-® D-Zm-

l-c-WßfmWv. Aw-K-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ B-i-b-

hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v C-Ø-cw Kq-∏p-Iƒ

Im-cy-£-a-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. D-Zm-l-

c-W-am-bn H-cmƒ hm-l-\-tam-Sn-°p-tºmƒ

H-cp ]-tXy-I ÿ-e-Øv K-Xm-K-X Ip-cp-°v

D-≠m-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, Kq-∏n-se a-‰w-K-ßƒ-

°v F-fp-∏w hn-h-cw ssI-am-dp-I-bpw A-Xn-\-

\p-k-cn-®v A-h-cp-sS bm-Xm ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ X-øm-

dm-°p-I-bpw sN-ømw. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂

G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp D¬-∏-∂-sØ-tbm tk-h-\-

sØ-tbm kw-_-‘n-t®m, G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp

hn-X-c-W-°m-c-s\-°p-dn-t®m D-≈ \-Ωp-sS

A- n-]mb-ßƒ Kq-∏p-I-fn¬ ]-¶v h-bv-°p-∂-

Xv ]n-∂o-Sv h-ßm≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-h¿-°v D-]-

Im-c-]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw. am-X-a-√, C-Ø-cw

Kq-∏p-I-fp-sS kΩ¿-±w ]-e-t∏m-gpw Kp-W-]-c-

am-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øp-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-

®n- p-ap≠v.

C- _n-kn-\- ns‚ hym-]v-Xn-sb kw-_-‘n-®N¿-®-I-fn¬ \n-∂v C -_n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-k-‡nh-f-sc hn-]p-e-hpw ssh-hn-[yw \n-d-™-Xp-am-sW-∂v \-ap-°v a-\- n-em-°mw.

C-˛_n-kn-\- pw ]-c-º-cm-K-X _n-kn-\- pw

X-Ωn-ep-≈ Xm-c-X-ayw [e-Business versus

Traditional Business]

C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw_n-kn-\- v \-S-Øn-∏v co-Xn-bn¬ k-aq-e-am-bam-‰-ßƒ D-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ]-ń-I 5.1 ¬C-˛_n-kn-\- pw ]-c-º-cm-K-X _n-kn-\- pwX-Ωn-ep-≈ Xm-c-X-ayw hn-i-Z-am-°p-∂p.

5.3. C- _n-kn-\- ns‚ t\- -ßƒ[Benefits of e-Business]

(i) cq-]o-I-cn-°m≥ F-fp-∏-hpw Np-cp-ßn-b \n-

t£-] B-h-iy-I-X-bpw [Ease of formation and

lower investment requirements]: H-cp hy-h-km-

bw cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-

ßƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, C---˛_n-kn-\- v

F-fp-∏-Øn¬ cq-]o-I-cn-°mw. C≥-d¿-s\-‰ns‚

t\-´-ßƒ sN-dn-b _n-kn-\- n-\pw h-en-b

_n-kn-\- n-\pw H-cp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. b-Ym¿-∞-

Øn¬ "hy-‡n-I-fp-sS-tbm ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-

sS-tbm Iq- m-bv-a-bm-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ A-‰ B-kv-

Xn-bp-≈ ÿm-]-\-tØ-°mƒ \-√-Xv' F-∂

ssi-en X-s∂ C≥-d¿-s\-‰ns‚ h-c-thm-Sp-Iq-

Sn-bm-Wv D-≠m-b-Xv. C-Xn-\¿-∞w \n-ßƒ-°v

A-[n-Iw aq-e-[-\ \n-t£-]-sam-∂p-an-s√-¶n-epw

Iq-Sp-X¬ B-fp-I-fp-am-bn _-‘-ap-s≠-¶n¬

hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn _n-kn-\- v \-S-Ømw F-∂v

X-s∂-bm-Wv.

ù-Xn-I-am-b bm-sXm-cp ÿ-e-ku-I-cy-ß-fp-

an-√m-Ø H-cp d-kv-t‰m-d‚ v H-∂m-tem-Nn-®v

t\m-°mw. \n-ß-fp-am-bn Hm¨-sse-\m-bn

_-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈ tem-I-sØ-hn-sS-bp-

ap-≈ an-I-® d-kv-t‰m-d‚p-I-fn-se an-I-®

A-Sp-°-f-I-fn -se hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS sa-\p

\n-ßƒ°v e- y-am-Ip-∂p F-∂v I-cp-Xp-I. D-]-


Nn-e C -_n-kn-\- v ]-tbm-K-ßƒ (Some e-Business Applications)

C- ti-J-c-Ww (e-Procurement) : hmßp∂ Hcp _nkn-\- p-Im-c\pw \nc-h[n hne-]v\-°m¿°pw

CS-bn¬ Hm¨sse≥ I®-hSw km[y-am-°p∂ dnthgvkv Hm£\pw \nc-h[n hmßp-∂-hcpw

hnev]-\-°mcpw XΩn¬ Hm¨sse≥ I®-hSw km[y-am-°p∂ UnPn-‰¬ hn]-W\ tIµhpw

Dƒs∏-Sp-∂, C‚¿s\‰v ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ hnev]\ CS-]m-Sp-I-fm-Wn-Xv.

C -te-ew (e-Bidding/e-Auction) : \n-ßƒ-°v hm-ßn-°m-hp-∂ hn-e \n-ß-tfm-Sv X-s∂ ]-d-bm≥

B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂ \n-c-h-[n tjm-∏nw-Kv- ssk-‰p-I-fn¬ I-b-dn \n-ßƒ-°v km[-\- -tk-h-\-ß-fn¬

teew \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C -sS-≠-dp-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp-∂p.

C- B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw/C- t]m-’m-l\w (e-Communication/e-Promotion) : C-sa-bn¬

ap-X¬ Hm -sse≥ Im-‰v-tem-Kp-I-fp-sS ]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, km-[-\-ß-fp-sS Nn-X-ßƒ ]-Z¿-in-

∏n-°¬, _m-\-dp-Iƒ, t]m-∏v- A-∏p-I-ƒ Iq-Sn-bp≈ ]-c-ky-ßƒ \¬-I¬, A- n-]m-b thm-s -

Sp∏v, D-]-t`m-‡r k¿-t∆-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. tbm-K-ß-fpw a-‰v X-c-

Øn-ep-≈ Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fpw ho-Un-tbm tIm - -d≥-kn-eq-sS \-S-Øm-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q.

C˛-hn-X-c-Ww (e-Delivery) : I-ºyq-´¿ tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b¿, t^m-t´m-Iƒ, ho-Un-tbm-Iƒ,

C-˛]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ, C˛-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ, a-‰v aƒ-ń-ao-Un-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h

-sb-√mw C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv B-bn D-]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ I-ºyp- -dn-te-°v t\-cn- v F-Øn-®p -sIm-Sp-°mw.

\n-b-a-]-c-am-b-tXm, A-°u-≠nw-Kv kw-_-‘n-®p≈tXm ssh-Zy-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b-tXm B-b hn-Z-

Kv-t[m-]-tZ-i-ßƒ Hm -sse-\m-bn \¬-Imw. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬, C-t∏mƒ C‚¿-s\-‰v _n-kn-\- v

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bn¬ A-[n-„n-X-am-b \n-c-h-[n tk-h-\-ßƒ ]p-dwI-

cm¿ \¬-Im-\p-≈ A-h-k-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p. _n-kn-\- ns‚ ]p-dwI-cm¿ ]-In-b F-∂ `m-K-

Øv B hn-j-bw N¿-® sN-ømw. F-¥n-t\-sd, tem-I-sØ-hn-sS-bpw bm-X sN-øm-\p-≈ G-Xv

X-cw bmXm Sn-°-‰pw thym-a, d-bn¬, tdm-Uv- G-Xp-am-bn-s°m-≈-s´ \n-ßƒ-°v ho- n¬ C-cp-∂p-

sIm-≠v X-s∂ G-Xp-k-a-b-Øpw FSp-°p-hm≥ Ignbp-∂-tX-bp-≈q.

C- hym-]m-cw (e-Trading) : Hm-l-cn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b [-\-Im-cy ]-Xn-I-Iƒ I-£n-Iƒ-°v

t\-cn v hn-]-W-\w sN-øm≥ Hm-l-cn Z-√m-f-∑m¿ Hm -sse≥ hym-]m-c tk-h-\-ßƒ h-gn

A-h-k-cw \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.

t`m-‡m-hv \n-ß-fp-sS sh-_v-ssk-‰v k-µ¿-in-

°p-I-bpw sa-\p ]-cn-tim-[n-®v B-h-iy-am-b

hn-`-h-ßƒ Hm¿-U¿ sN-øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

B Hm¿-U¿ ]-kv-Xp-X D-]-t`m-‡m-hns‚

sXm-´-Sp-Øp-≈ d-kv-t‰m-d‚n-te-°v Xn-cn-®v

hn-Sp-∂p. d-kv-t‰m-d‚ v Po-h-\-°m¿ `-£-Ww

D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-\v FØn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw

]-Ww kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. I-£n-I-

fp-sS ]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ F∂ \n-e-°p-≈

hn-ln-Xw Hm¨-sse-\m-bn-Ø-s∂ _m-¶vA-°u-≠nte-°v \n -t£-]n -°p -I -bpwsN-øp∂p.

C-Ø-c-sam-cp Hm -sse≥ ÿm-]-\w Xp-S-ßn,\-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv F-Xam-XwF-fp-∏-am-sW-∂pw sN-e-hv Ip-d-™-Xm-sW-∂pw Cu ]-In-b ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬ \-ap-°v

146 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Im-Wmw. C-∂v tem-I-Øv G-sd ]-Nm-c-ap-≈Sm-Iv-kn k¿-∆o-kp-Iƒ, tlm- ¬ irw-J-e-Iƒ,F-b¿-sse≥-kv k¿-∆o-kp-Iƒ F-√mw C-Ø-c-Øn¬ C -_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv.

(ii) ku-I-cy-]-Zw [Convenience]: h¿-jwap-gp-h≥ C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ev a-Wn-°q-dpw ]-h¿-

Ø-\w e- y-am-Ip-∂ kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv C≥-d¿-

s\-‰v. C-Xv _n-kn-\- n-\v G-sd ku-I-cyw

]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p. ]m-Xn-cm-Xn t]m-epw C-S-

]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw Po-h-\-°m¿-°v

Hm- o-kv ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fn-√m-sX G-Xv k-a-b-Øpw

G-Xv ÿ-e-Øv h-®pw tPm-en sN-øm-\pw

C˛-_n-kn-\- v k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. _n-kn-\- v

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ A- n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw

\-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv kw-hn-

[m-\-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv

C˛-_nkn-\- v. A-Xv F-¥pw, F-hn-sS-bpw,

F-t∏m-gpw e- y-am-°p-∂p.

3. th-K-X [Speed]: ap≥-]v kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-

se F-√m _n-kn-\- v C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ-°pw

A-Xym-h-iy-am-b B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw C‚¿-s\-

‰ns‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS H-scm-‰ au-kv

¢n-°n¬ km-[y-am-Ip-∂p. Hm -sse-\m-bn D-S-

s\ X-s∂ hn-X-c-Ww sN-øm-hp-∂ tkm-^v-‰v-

sh-b-dp-Iƒ, kw-Ko-Xw, kn-\n-a Xp-S-ßn-b

Un-Pn-‰¬ D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®n-S-

tØm-fw G-sd Kp-W-]-Z-am-b co-Xn-bm-Wv

C -_n-kn-\- v. Hm¿-U¿ sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w

X-s∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v

e- y-am-°m≥ Cu co-Xn k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. H-cp

hym-]m-c-N-Iw, A-Xm-b-Xv, H-cp D¬-∏-∂-Øn-

\p-≈ tNm-Z-\w D-S-se-Sp-°p-∂ k-a-bw ap-X¬

A-Xv Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-h-sc F-Sp-°p-∂

k-a-bw, _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ I-am-

\p-K-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p- ]-I-cw D-S-\-Sn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-

\v C- _n-kn-\- v k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. C-∂-sØ

Cu Un-Pn-‰¬ bp-K-Øn¬ ]-W-sØ \-ap-°v

sh-fn-®-tØ-°mƒ th-K-X-bp-≈ C-e-tŒm-

WnIv Xcw-K-ß-fmbn hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. C-Xv

km-[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv C- sIm-ta-gv-kn-se C-e-tŒm-

Wn-Iv ]-W ssI-am-‰w (Eletcronic Fund

Transfer - EFT) F-∂ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-sS

k-lm-b-Øm-em-Wv.

4. B-tKm-f hym-]v-Xn [Global reach/access]:

C≥-d¿-s\-‰n-\v q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b A-Xn-cp-

I-fn-√. H-cp h-i-Øv hn¬-∏-\-°m-c≥ tem-I-

sa-ºm-Sp-ap-≈ hn-]-Wn e-`y-am-°p-tºmƒ

X-s∂, a-dp-h-i-Øv hm-ßp-∂-bmƒ-°v tem-I-

Øns‚ G-Xv tIm-Wn¬ \n-∂pw D¬-∏-∂w

sX-c-s™-Sp-°m-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw \¬-Ip-∂p.

C‚¿-s\-‰ns‚ A- m-h-Øn¬ B-tKm-f-h¬-°-

c-W-Øns‚ hym-]v-Xn-bpw th-K-X-bpw G-sd

]-cn-an-X-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xv H-´pw A-Xn-

i-tbm-‡n-]-c-a-√.

5. I-S-em-kv c-ln-X k-aq-l-Øn-te-°p-≈

Np-h-Sp-h-bv-]v

[Movement towards a paperless society]:

C‚¿-s\-‰ns‚ h-c-hv, I-S-em-kp-I-sf B-i-

bn-°p-∂-Xn-epw A-Xp-h-gn-bp-≈ "Np-h-∏v \m-S'

]-iv-\-ß-fn-epw K-Wy-am-b Ip-d-hv h-cp-Øn-bn-

´p-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, am-cp-Xn D-tZym-Kv en-an-

‰-Uv A-h-cp-sS A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ

]-c-am-h-[n ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xv I-S-em-kv c-ln-X

co-Xn-I-sf B-i-bn-®m-Wv-. k¿-°m¿ Un-∏m¿-

´v-sa‚p-I-fpw \n-b-¥-W A-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw

A-h-cp-sS dn-t∏m¿-´pw a-‰pw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv Cu

co-Xn-bn-em-Wv. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬, C-˛sIm-ta-gv-

kv co-Xn-Iƒ A-\p-hm-Z-ß-fpw Aw-Ko-Im-c-ß-


C-˛_n-kn-\- vXm-c-X-tay-\ F-fp-∏-am-Wv

B-h-iy-an-√

CØcw ]-tXy-I B-h-iy-ßƒ_m[-Ia√.

ù-Xn -I km-l-N-cy -ß-fp -sSIpd™ Bh-iy -IXaq -ewh-f-sc Ip-d-hv.D¬-∏ -∂-ßƒ kz -¥-am -bnkq -£n -°p -∂ -Xn - t\ -°mƒthK-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp∂ irw-J-e-bv-°v ]m-[m-\yw\¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Ip-d-hm-Wv

t\-cn- v

ti-Wo-_-‘n-X-a-√. s\-Sp-sI-bpw, Ip-dp-sI-bpw tIm-tWm-Sp-tIm¨ D-≈-Xp-am-b B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw.

X¬-£-Ww

t\-cn-´p-≈ B-⁄-I-fpw B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-hpw B-b-Xp-sIm-≠vIp-dp-sI -]-c-∂- LS-\.X-’-a -b -Øp-≈ hn -hn -[]-In -b-Iƒ, A-Xp-sIm-≠vX-s∂ Xm-c -X-tay -\ sN-dn -bhym-]m-c N-Iw.

Xo-sc-bn-√

hy-Xym-k-Øns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\wcq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ F-fp-∏w

I-£n-I-fp-sS ù-Xn-I-am-b km-∂n-≤yw

ÿ-e-]-c-am-b B-h-iyw

cq-]o-I-c-W sN-e-hv

]-h¿-Ø-\ sNe-hp-Iƒ

hn -X-c -W-°m-cpw D -]-t`m -‡m-°-fp -am-bp≈ C-S-s]-S-ens‚ ]-Ir-Xw.

B-`y-¥-c B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b co-Xn-Iƒ

D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS B-h-iy-ßtfm-Sp-≈]-Xn-I-c-W k-a-bw.ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ L-S-\m-]-c-am-b cq-]w.

hym-]m-c-N-I-hpw _n-kn-\- v ]-In-b-I-fpw.

hy-‡n_-‘-ßƒ-°p-≈ km-[y-X

]-c-º-cm-K-X _n-kn-\- v_p-≤n-ap-t´-dn-b-Xm-Wv

B-h-iy-am-Wv

A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ e`y-am-Ip-∂ -ÿ-etØm hn-]-Wn-bp-sS k-ao-]-tØm B-bn-cn-°pw.Iq-Sp-X¬

kw-` -c -W-Øn -\pw kq -£n -® vh-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-\pw hn-]-W-\-Øn-\pw hn-X-c-W-Øn-\p-sa-√mw B-h-iy-am-b ÿn-cw sN-e-hp-Iƒ D-≈-Xp-sIm-≠vh-f-sc Iq-Sp-X¬.C-S-\n-e-°m-cn-eq-sS ]-tcm-£-ambn.

tiWo _‘n-X-am-Wv. D-∂-X-X-e-Øn¬ \n-∂v a-≤y X-e-Øn-te-°pw a-≤y-X-e-Øn¬ \n-∂v Io-gv-X-e-Øn-te-°pw ]n-∂o-Sv ]-h¿-Ø-\ X-e-Øn-te-°pw.ssZ¿Ly-tadnb-Xv

B-⁄m ti-Wn-bp-sS A-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn¬ D-≈-Xp-sIm-≠vs\-Sp-sI D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈ LS\.I-a-am-b ap≥- ]n≥ _-‘-ßƒ.A-Xm-b-Xv, hm-ß¬/D¬-∏m-Z-\w,]-h¿-Ø-\w, hn-]-W-\w, hn¬-∏\ F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v kp-Zo¿-L-am-b hym-]m-c N-Iw

h-f-sc Iq-Sp-X¬

]ńI 5.1 : ]c-º-cm-KX _nkn-\ pw C˛-_n-kn-\ pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw

148 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

fpw sse-k≥-kp-I-fpw a-‰pw \¬-Ip-∂-Xns‚

th-K-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ -c-W

]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßƒ-°v k-lm-b-I-c-am-bn-´p-≠v.

C-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- 2000 se hn-h-c km-t¶-

Xn-I \n-b-a-hpw ]n-∂o-Sv h-∂ 2006 se-bpw 2015

se-bpw t`Z-K-XnI-fpw i-t≤-b-am-Wv.

5.4 C -_n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ[Limitations of e-Business]

C-˛_n-kn-\- v A-X F-fp-∏-hpw kp-K-a-hp-am-b ]-hr-Øn-sbm-∂p-a-√. C-e-tŒm-Wn-Ivam-[y-a-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ _n-kn-\- v]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v Nn-e ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v. Cu]-cn-an-Xn-I-sf ]-‰n t_m-[-hm≥-am-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv F-√m-bv-t]m-gpw \-∂m-bn-cn-°pw.

1. hy-‡n-_-‘-ß-fp-sS Ip-d-hv [Low personal

touch]: km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy F-X-sbm-s° D-b¿-∂ X-e-Øn¬ A-Y-hm ssl-sS-°v B-bm-epwhy-‡n-_-‘-ß-fp-sS-bpw C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw Du-jv-a-f-X C-˛_n-kn-\- n¬ e-`y-am-hp-I-bn-√. h-kv-X-ßƒ, kuµcy h¿≤I hkv-Xp°ƒ Xp-S-ßn Iq-Sp-X¬ hy-‡n-]-c-am-bi≤ B-h-iy-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v C -sIm-ta-gv-kv- co-Xn H- pw A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√.2. Hm¿-U¿ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xv \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw C-S-bn-ep-≈ th-K-X-°p-d-hv

[Incongruence between order taking/giving and

order fulfillment speed:]: hn-h-c-ßƒ H-cp aukv¢n-°n¬ ssI-am-dm≥ km-[n-°pw. F-∂m¬ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS u-Xn-I hn-X-c-Ww k-a-b-sa-Sp-°p-∂ ]-In-b-bm-Wv. Cu s]m-cp-Ø-t°-Sv

Ip-d-hv. ]-s£ Un-Pn-‰¬ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-b kw-Ko-Xw, kn-\n-a-Iƒ, ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ, tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b-dp-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.

ssk-_¿ tem-I-Øn-\v A-Xn-cp-I-fn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv.

hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I ta-J-e-bv-°vD-b¿-∂ ]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip-∂Xp-sIm-≠v k¿-°m¿ D-b¿-∂ ]-cn-K-W-\ \¬-Ip-∂p.

km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bpw ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-]-c-am-bpw tbm-Ky-cm-b Po-h-\-°m¿ B-h-iy-ap-≠v.

C-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ A-I-e-ß-fn-ep-≈-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠pw ]-cn-N-b-an-√m -Ø -h -cm -b -Xp -sIm -≠pwIq-Sp-X-em-Wv.

h-f-sc Iq-Sp-X¬

Ip-d-hm-Wv

Ip-d-™p- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

A-hn -Z -K v -≤, A¿-≤ hn -Z -K v -≤sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ am-X-ta B-h-iy-ap-≈q.

ap-Jm-ap-Jw, I-sø-Øpw Zq-c-Øp-≈C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ B-b-Xp-sIm-≠v Xo-sc Ip-d-hv

D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ap≥-t] ]-cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈ A-h-k-cw.

B-tKm-fo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw

k¿-°m¿ A-\p-`m-hw

a-\p-jy-hn-`-h-ti-jn-bp-sS ]-Ir-Xw

C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-se \-„km-[y-X


hn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy N- w 2000 I-S-em-kv c-ln-X k-aq-l-Øn-te-°p-≈ Np-h-Sp-h-bv-]v(Information Technology Act 2000 Paves way for paperless Society)

_n-kn-\- v tem-I-sØ-bpw k¿-°m¿ kw-hn-[m-\-ß-sf-bpw I-S-em-kv c-ln-X C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-te°v

\-bn-® 2000 se hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy N- -Øn-se Nn-e ]-k-‡ m-K-ßƒ Xm-sg hn-i-Zo-I-cn-

°p∂p.

C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv tc-J-Iƒ-°v \n-b-a-]-c-am-b Aw-Ko-Im-cw [- m-Kw 4] : F-s¥-¶n-epw hn-h-c-

ßƒ tc-Jm-aq-e-tam ssS-∏v sN-bv-tXm ]n≥-dv sN-bv-tXm A-dn-bn-°-Ww F-∂v G-sX-¶n-epw \n-b-

a-Øn¬ A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p F-¶n¬, A-Ø-cw \n-b-a-ßƒ F-s¥m-s° ]-d-™m-epw B hn-hc-

ßƒ C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv cq-]-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂ co-Xn-bn-tem ssI-Im-cyw sN-øm-hp-∂

co-Xn-bn-tem e- y-am-°n-bm¬ B B-h-iyw km-[y-am-°-s∏- p F-∂v \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn X-s∂

I-cp-Xmw F-∂v Cu `m-Kw hy-‡-am-°p-∂p.

Un-Pn-‰¬ H-∏p-Iƒ-°v \n-b-a-]-c-am-b Aw-Ko-Im-cw [- m-Kw 5] : F-s¥-¶n-epw hn-h-c-ß-ƒ

H-∏p-h-®v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-Ww F-t∂m A-s√-¶n¬ G-sX-¶n-epw tc-J-I-fn¬ B-cp-sS-sb-¶n-epw

H∏v D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww F-t∂m G-sX-¶n-epw \n-b-a-Øn¬ A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p F-¶n¬, A-Ø-cw

\n-b-a-ßƒ F-s¥m-s° ]-d-™m-epw A-Ø-cw hn-h-c-ß-fn¬ tI-µ k¿-°m¿ A-\p-im-kn-°p-

∂ co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ Un-Pn-‰¬ H-∏v h-®p-I-gn-™m¬ B B-h-iyw km-[y-am-°-s∏- p F-∂v \n-b-a-

]-c-am-bn X-s∂ I-cp-Xmw F-∂v Cu `m-Kw hy-‡-am-°p-∂p.

k¿-°m-cn-epw k¿-°m¿ G-P≥-kn-I-fn-epw C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv tc-J-I-fpw Un-Pn-‰¬ H-∏p-I-fpw

D-]-tbm-Kn-°¬ [- m-Kw 6- 1 ] G-sX-¶n-epw \n-b-a-Øns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ G-sX-¶n-epw

t^m-d-ß-tfm A-t]-£-I-tfm a-s‰-s¥-¶n-epw tc-J-I-tfm G-sX-¶n-epw ]-tXy-I co-Xn-bn¬

A-Xm-Xv- k¿-°m-cp-I-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-tem \n-b-¥-W-Øn-tem D-≈ G-sX-¶n-epw H-mô-kn-

tem A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-t°m ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-t°m G-P≥-kn-Iƒ-t°m G-sX-¶n-epw X-c-Øn-ep-≈

sse-k≥kv, A-\p-a-Xn-]-Xw, Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-I¬ F-∂n-ß-s\ G-Xp t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xm-bm-epw G-sX-¶n-epw co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ ]-Ww \¬-I-tem kzo-I-cn-°-tem, C-∂-sØ ÿn-Xn-

bn¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≈ \n-b-a-ß-fn¬ F-s¥m-s° ]-d-™m-epw A-X-Xv k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ ]-d-bp-∂

co-Xn-bn¬ C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv B-bn k-a¿-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I, hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-I, A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I, ]-Ww

\¬-Ip-I, A-s√-¶n¬ hm-ßp-I F-¥m-tWm A-Xv, sN-bv-Xp- I-gn-™m¬ A-Ø-cw B-h-iy-

ßƒ \n-d-th-‰-s∏- -Xm-bn I-W-°m-°pw.

C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv tc-J-Iƒ kq-£n-®v h-bv-°¬ [- m-Kw 7 -1 ] G-sX-¶n-epw \n-b-aw A-\p-im-kn-

°p-∂p F-¶n¬ ]-am-W-ß-tfm tc-J-I-tfm A-s√-¶n¬ a-s‰-s¥-¶n-epw hn-h-c-ß-tfm \n-›n-X

Im-e-tØ-°v kq-£n-®v sh-t°-≠ B-h-iy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ B tc-J-I-tfm ]-am-W-ß-tfm hn-h-c-

ß-tfm C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv cq-]-Øn¬ \n-e-\n¿-Øn-bn- p-s≠-¶n¬ ]-kv-Xp-X B-h-iyw Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-

Sp-Øn-b-Xm-bn I-W-°m-°mw.

A-h-ew-_w: hn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy N-´w, 2000

150 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

]-e-t∏m-gpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS £-a-sb]-co-£n-t®-°mw. Nn-e-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw km-t¶-Xn-I X-I-cm¿ aq-ew sh-_v-ssk-‰v Xp-d-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-km-[m-c-W-am-b Im-e-Xm-a-kw t\-cn-t´-°mw. C-Xv D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf A-kz-ÿ-cm°mw.

3. km-t¶-Xn-I-am-b ss\-]p-Wn-bpw Im-cyti-

jn-bp-ap-≈ I-£n-I-fp-sS B-h-iy-I-X [Need

for technology capability and competence of

parties to e-business]: km-[m-c-W F-gp-Øn-\pwhm-b-\-bv-°pw K-Wn-X-Øn-\pw A-∏p-dw C -_n-kn-\- n-\v I-ºyq-´¿ tem-I-Øv D-b¿-∂]-cn-⁄m-\-ap-≈ I-£n-Iƒ B-h-iy-am-Wv.Cu B-h-iy-I-X-bm-Wv b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬Un-Pn-‰¬ hn-`-P-\Ønte°v (k-aq-l-sØI-ºyq-´¿ ]-cn-⁄m-\w D-≈-h-sc-∂pw C-√m-Ø-h-sc-∂p-ap-≈ hn- -P-\-w) \bn-®Xv.

4. I-£n-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ ]-c-kv-]-cw A-dn-bm-Ø-Xv sIm-≠pw I-s≠-Øm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠pw D-≠m-Im-hp-∂ \-„-km-[y-X[Increased risk due to anonymity and non

traceability of parties]: C‚¿-s\-‰v C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ\-S-°p-∂-Xv F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw ssk-_¿ hy-‡n-Xz-ßƒ X-Ωn-em-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂I-£n-I-fp-sS hy-‡n-Xzw Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw_-‘w ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw F-fp-∏-a-√. am-X-a-√, F-hn-sS \n-∂m-Wv C-h¿ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv F-∂v t]m-epw a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v A-dn-b-W-sa-∂n-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ C‚¿-s\-‰vh-gn-bp-≈ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \-„-km-[y-X Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. C˛-_n-kn-\- ns‚ \-„-km-[y-X]n-s∂-bpw Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. Im-c-Ww, Hcmfp-sSt]-cn¬ a-‰m-sc-¶n-epw C-S-]m-Sv \-S-Øp-I, e-fn-X-am-bn ]-d-™m¬ Bƒ-am-dm-´w, sI-Un-‰vIm¿-Uv hn-h-c-ßƒ t]mep≈ c-l-kym-fl-Ihn-h-c-ßƒ tNm¿-∂p-t]m-Im-\p-≈ km-[y-X

F∂nhbpw X-≈n-°-f-bm≥ I-gn-bn-√. I-ºyq-´¿ A-[n-jvTnX ]-iv-\-ß-fm-b ssh-d-kv,lm-°nwKv, Xp-S-ßn-b Ip-g-∏-ßƒ th-sd-bp-ap-≠v. Hm -sse≥ _n-kn-\- ns‚ kp-c-£n-X-Xz-Øns‚-bpw, `-Z-X-bp-sS-bpw B-i-¶-I-sf]-‰n N¿-® sN-øp-tºmƒ \-ap-°v Cu hn-j-bwIq-Sp-X¬ ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.

5. B-fp-I-fp-sS hnap-JX [People's resistance]:

]p-Xn-b ]-h-W-X-Iƒ io-en-°p-∂-Xn-\pw]p-Xn-b k-t¶-X-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv ]-cn-io-en-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ hn-ap-J-X B-fp-I-fn¬a-\x-t¢-i-hpw _p-≤n-ap-´pw D-≠m-°p-I-bpwA-h-cn¬ A-c-£n-X-Xz t_m-[w kr-„n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂, C˛-_n-kn-\- n-te-°v Xn-cn-bm-\p-≈ ÿm-]-\-Øns‚]-cn-i-a-ß-sf Po-h-\-°m-cpw a-‰p-≈-h-cpwF-Xn¿-tØ-°mw.

6. [m¿-Ωn-I-am-b ho-gv-N-Iƒ [Ethical fall outs]:"\n-ßƒ ÿm-]-\w hn- p-t]m-Im≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ C-t∏mƒ X-s∂ hn-´p-s]m-bv-t°mfq' k-_o-\ Xs‚ kp-lr-Øn-\-b-®C -sa-bn¬ Im-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v ÿm-]-\-Øn-sea-\p-jy hn- -h-ti-jn am-t\-P¿ ]-d-™-t∏mƒ,Xs‚ hy-‡n-]-c-am-b C- sa-bn¬ A-°u-≠vF-ßn-s\ Xs‚ ta-[m-hn I-≠p F-∂v A-¤p-X-s∏-Sp-I-bpw A-º-c-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. ]-eÿm-]-\-ß-fpw X-ß-fp-sS Po-h-\-°m¿ D-]-tbm -Kn -°p -∂ I-ºyp -´¿ ^-b-ep -Iƒ,C˛-sabn¬ A-°u-≠p-Iƒ, k-µ¿-in-°p-∂sh-_v-ssk-‰p-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h \n-co-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn H-cp C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv I-Æv (Electronic

eye) D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØm-dp-≠v. CXv [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bv-°v \n-c-°p-∂-Xm-tWm F-∂v kzbwhn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I.


]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ-°p-≈n-epw C- sIm-ta-gkmWvC-\n-bp-≈ am¿-§w. [Despite limitations,

ecommerce is the way]

C-˛_n-kn-\- n-s\ Ip-dn-®p-≈ an-°-hm-dpw]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ a-dn-I-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂pF-∂-Xm-Wv kq-Nn-∏n-t°-≠ ]-[m-\ h-kv-XpX. sh-_v-ssk-‰p-I-ƒ ku-lr-Z-c-ln-X-am-WvF-∂ ]-cm-Xn H-gn-hm-°m-\m-bn Iq-Sp-X¬ ]m-c-kv-]-cy-ap-f-hm-°p-∂-Xm-bn am-‰p-∂p. C‚¿-s\‰v

ap-tJ-\-bp-≈ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xns‚ m-K-am-bn th-K-X-bpw Kp-W-ta-∑-bpwh¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂ \q-X-\ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b km-

t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-Iƒ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-

h-cp-∂p-≠v. k¿-°m¿, k¿-°m-cn-X-c G-P≥-

kn-I-fpw a-‰v A-¥m-cm-„ kw-L-S-\-I-fpw

Km-a-ß-fn-epw \m-ń≥-]p-d-ß-fn-ep-sa-√mw

km-aq-ly sS-ensk‚dpI-fpw A-£-b tI-µ-

ßƒ t]m-ep-≈ I-ºyq- ¿ tk-h-\-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßfpw Bcw-`n®v

Un-Pn-‰¬ hn- -P-\w H-gn-hm-°m-\p-≈ i-a-ßƒ

\-S-Øn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. m-c-X-Øns‚ F-√m ap-°n-

epw aq-e-bn-epw C--˛-sIm-ta-gv-kv- F-Øn-°p-∂-

Xn-\m-bn C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ G-I-tZ-iw \q-‰n-b-

º-tXm-fw ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°n h-cp-∂p-≠v.

C-∂-sØ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬, `m-c-Xw I-ºyq-

´¿ km-£-c-X-bp-sS-bpw D-]-tbm-K-Øns‚-bpw

Im-cy-Øn-epw C‚¿-s\-‰v tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS

e-`y-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn-epw G-Xv hn-I-kn-X

cm-Py-ß-tfm-Spw In-S-]n-Sn-°p-∂ co-Xn-bn¬

hn-I-kn-®n- p-≠v F-∂v \n- w-i-bw ]-d-bmw.

Un-Pn-‰¬ hn-`-P-\w: bm-Ym¿-∞y-ßƒ

[Digital Divide: The Facts]

B-Zyw I-W-°p-Iƒ: ]-c-kv-]-cw _-‘-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ am¿-§-ß-fp-sS A-Xm-b-Xv t^m¨ sse-\p-IfpsS, ÿn-Xn hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ -bm-\-I-am-Wv.

sFIy cmjvS-k- -bpsS am-\p-jn-I hn-I-k-\ dn-t∏m¿- v A-\p-k-cn-®v tem-I P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS 15i-X-am-\w h-cp-∂ hym-h-km-bn-I cm-„-ß-fn-se P-\-ß-fm-Wv C‚¿-s\-‰ns‚ B-tKm-fD-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn-se 88 i-X-am-\-hpw. tem-I P-\-kw-Jy-bn-se A-©n-sem-∂v B-fp-Iƒ A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂ sX-°v In-g-°≥ G-jy-bn-se B-sI 1 i-X-am-\w B-fp-Iƒ am-X-ta C-t∏m-gpw Hm -sse-\n¬ D-≈q.

B-^n-°-bn-se ÿn-Xn C-Xn-epw Z-b-\o-b-am-Wv. 739 Z-i-e-£w B-fp-Iƒ-°v B-sI 14 Z-i-e-£w t^m -sse-\p-Iƒ am-X-ta-bp-≈q. C-Xv am≥-lm- ≥ A-s√-¶n¬ tSm-°n-tbm-hn-s\-°mƒIp-d-hm-Wv. A-Xn¬ X-s∂ 80 i-X-am-\-hpw sh-dpw B-dv cm-„-ß-fn¬ am-X-am-Wv. bp.sI.bn-se10.5 Z-i-e-£w C≥-d¿-s\-‰v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ `q-J-fi-Øn-em-sI1 Z-i-e-£w C‚¿-s\-‰v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tf-bp-≈q.

hm¿-Øm hn-\n-a-b irw-J-e-Iƒ F-√m-bn-S-Øpw e-`y-am-sW-¶n-epw tem-I-sØ `q-cn-`m-KwZ-cn-Zcpw A-£-c-⁄m-\-an-√m-bv-a sIm-t≠m A-Sn-ÿm-\ I-ºyp- ¿ ]-cn-⁄m-\w C-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-t≠m hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zym hn-π-h-Øn¬ \n-∂v ]p-d-Øm-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\vs_-\n≥ F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv 60 i-X-am-\-tØm-fw P-\-ßƒ \n-c-£-c-cm-Wv-. _m-°n 40 i-X-am-\wt]-cpw `m-Ky-lo-\-cpw. ImcWw, A-©n¬ \mev sh-_v-ssk-‰p-I-fpw `q-tKm-f-Øn-se ]-Øn¬H-cmƒ-°v am-Xw A-dn-bp-∂ Cw-•o-jv `m-j-bnem-Wv.

A-h-ew-_w : http://www.news.bbccou-k/.../special report/1999/10/

152 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-X-c-Ww t]m-epw Hm¨-sse-

\m-bn sN-øm≥ I-gn-bpw.

C-Xp-h-sc C-hn-sS hn-h-cn-®-Xv D-]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-eq-sS-bp-≈ Hm¨-sse≥

hym-]m-c-sØ°p-dn-®m-Wv. H-cp hn¬-∏-\-°m-

cs‚ Im-gv-®-∏m-Sn-eq-sS-bp-≈ Hm -sse≥ hym-

]m-csØ°p-dn®v, C˛-_n-kn-\- n-\v B-h-iy-

ap-≈ hn-`-h-ßƒ F-∂ `m-K-Øv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-

°mw. C-t∏mƒ \-ap-°v km-[-\-ßƒ tjm-∏nwKv-am-fn¬ t]m-bn hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v ]-I-cw Hm¨-

sse-\m-bn hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ

]-cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

1. c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ [Registration]: Hm -sse≥

tjm-∏nw-Kv- \-S-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂ F-√m-h-cpw

Hm¨-sse≥ hn¬-∏-\ sh-_v-ssk-‰p-I-fn¬

H-cp c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ t^m-dw Hm¨-sse-\m-bn-Ø-s∂ ]q-cn-∏n-®v c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xn-cn-°-Ww.

C-t∏mƒ F-√m-h-cpw H-∂p-In¬ C-˛-sa-bn¬

As-√-¶n¬ sam-ss_¬ \-º¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v

c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-øm-\m-Wv B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ F-∂-Xv sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv \n-ßƒ Hm -sse≥ hn¬-∏-\ sh-_v-ssk-

‰n¬ H-cp A-°u-≠v Xp-S-ßp-∂p F-∂m-Wv.

hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂ Iq-´-Øn¬ \n-ßƒ

H-cp c-l-ky ]m- v-th¿-Uv- \¬-In-bn-cn-°-Ww.

\n-ß-fp-sS A-°u-≠pw km-[-\-ßƒ sX-c-

s™-Sp-Øv h-bv-°p-∂ tjm-∏n-ßv Im¿´pw Cu]m- v-th¿-Uv- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v kw-c-£n-°-s∏- n-cn-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv. A-s√-¶n¬ a-‰m-sc-¶n-epw \n-ß-

fp-sS A-°u-≠n¬ I-b-dn km-[-\-ßƒ

hm-ßp-I-tbm a-t‰m sN-ømw. A-Xv \n-ß-sf

Nn-e-t∏mƒ Ip-g-∏-Øn¬ Nm-Sn-t®-°mw.

2. Hm¿-U¿ \¬-Ip-I [Placing an order]:

\n-ßƒ-°v Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ

ap-I-fn-se N¿-®-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

C˛-_n-kn-\- v, `m-c-X-Øn-se _n-kn-\- v

-c-W-cw-K-Øv- am-X-a-√, km-º-Øn-I cw-K-ØpwB-sI cq-]-am-‰w h-cp-Øpw F-∂-Xn¬ X¿-°-

an-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ C˛-_n-kn-\- v

co-Xn-Iƒ F-ßs\-bm-Wv- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv F-∂v

A-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv \-∂m-bn-cn-°pw.

5.5. Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ[ONLINE TRANSACTIONS]

]-h¿-Ø-\-]-c-am-bn Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-I-

fn¬ aq-∂v L- -ßƒ \-ap-°v Z¿-in-°m≥ I-gn-

bpw. H-∂m-a-Xm-bn, ]-c-kyw Dƒ-∏-sS-bp-≈

hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-°p-∂ hm-ß¬- hn¬-°-en-

\v ap≥-]p-≈ L- w. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn, hn-e Xo-cp-

am-\n-°p-∂-Xpw C-S-]m-Sv D-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw hn-e\¬-Ip-∂-Xp-am-b L- w. aq-∂m-a-Xm-bn D¬-∏-

∂w F-Øn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-∂ L-´w. CXn¬

aq∂m-a-sØ L- w H-gn-sI c-≠v L- -ß-fn-epw

hn-h-c-ßƒ ssI-am-dp-I amX-am-Wv sNøp-

∂Xv. ]-c-º-cm-K-X _nkn-\- v co-Xn-bn-epw

CØ-cw B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw \-S-°p-∂p-≠v,]s£ Iq-Sp-X¬ sN-e-hpw k-a-b-hpw th-≠n-

h-cp-sa-∂v am-Xw. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, ]-c-º-cm-

K-X _n-kn-\- n¬ ap-Jm-ap-Jw kw-h-Zn-°p-∂-

Xn-\v H-cp I-£n-°v adp-I-£n-bp-sS kao]-

saØm\pw A-X-bpw Zq-cw bm-X sN-tø-≠n

h-cpw. A-Xn-\v Iq-Sp-X¬ sN-e-hpw k-a-b-hpwA-≤zm-\-hpw th-≠n h-cpw. hn-h-c-ßƒ X-]m¬

h-gn A-b-°p-I-bm-sW-¶nepw H-cp-]m-Sv k-a-bw

th-≠n-h-cpw. C-∂v C‚¿-s\-‰pw sam-ss_¬-

t^m-Wpw B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw X-’-a-bw e-`y-

am-°p-∂ X-e-Øn-te-°v amdnbn-cn-°p-∂p.

tkm- v-‰v-sh-b¿, kw-Ko-Xw, kn-\n-a Xp-S-ßnbhn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-b D¬-


hm-ßm≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap≥-]v A-h

sX-c-s™-Sp-Øv tjm-∏n-ßv Im¿ń¬ kq-£n-

°mw. Hm¨-sse-\m-bn km-[-\-ßƒ Xn-c-bp-tºmƒ \n-ßƒ am-‰n h-bv-°p-∂ km-[-\-ß-fp-

sS tc-J-bm-Wv tjm-∏n-ßv Im¿ v F-∂v ]-d-bp-

∂-Xv. H-cp km-[m-c-W I-S-bn¬ km-[-\-ßƒ

am-‰n h-bv-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se Hm¨-sse-\n¬

km-[-\-ßƒ am-‰n h-bv-°p-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv-.

G-Xv km-[-\-am-Wv hm-tß-≠-Xv F-∂v Xo-cp-

am-\n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ \n-ßƒ-°v ]-Ww \¬-Im-

\p-≈ co-Xn-Iƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°mw.

3. ]-Ww \¬-Ip-∂ co-Xn-Iƒ [Payment

mechanism]: Hm -sse-\m-bn km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-tºmƒ ]-Ww \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn ]-e am¿-§-ßƒ A-h-ew-_n-°mw.

1. km-[-\w \¬-Ip-tºmƒ ]-Ww \¬-I¬

[Cash on Delivery (CoD)]: t]-cv kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ Hm¨-sse-\m-bn Hm¿-U¿

sN-bv-X km-[-\-ßƒ \-Ωp-sS ssI-h-iwF-Øp-tºmƒ am-Xw ]-Ww \¬-Ip-I-bm-WvC-hn-sS sN-øp-∂-Xv.

2. sN-°v ap-tJ-\ [Cheque]: Hm¨-sse≥hn¬-∏-\-°m¿ D-]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ ssI-øn¬\n-∂v sN-°v kzo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ ku-I-cywsN-øp-I-bpw A-Xv ]-W-am-°n am-‰n-b ti-jwkm-[-\w A-b-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

3. -s\-‰v _m-¶nw-Kv ap-tJ-\ [Net banking

Transfer]: B-[p-\n-I _m-¶p-I-sf-√mw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v C≥-d¿-s\-‰v ap-tJ-\ ]-Ww ssI-am-‰w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ku-I-cyw sN-bv-Xp-sIm-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. C-Xp-h-gn hm-ßp-∂-bmƒ hn¬-∏-\-°m-cs‚ A-°u-≠n-te-°v ]-Ww ssI-am‰w sN-øp-I-bpw A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v km-[-\wA-b-°m-\p-≈ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ B-cw- n-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p.

Nn-Xw 5.-2 C¥y-bnse sSen-sk-t‚gvkv t]mPIvSv

Name Number Agency Activity

of kiosks

Bhoomi 30 Government of Karnataka Land title

e-chaupal 3500 ITC Procurement

Warna 72 National Informatics Centre (NIC) Cane Factory

Akshaya 617 Kerala e-literacy

Tara Haat 18 Development Alternatives e-training, market

information

Drishtee 90 Digital Partners Mandi prices, land

titles

Milk Coops 5000 National Dairy

Development Board Milk Collection

CIC (NE) 30 NIC Internet Access

Source: IIM, Workshop on Scaling up ICT for Poverty Alleviation in India, Ahmedabad,

February 26-27, 2004.

154 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

4. sI-Un-‰v A-s√-¶n¬ sU-_n-‰v Im¿-Up-

Iƒ [Credit or Debit Cards]: Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ ]-Ww \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v G-‰-hpwIq-Sp-X¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ co-Xn-bmWv.πm-Ãn-Iv a-Wn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ sI-Un-‰v, sU-_n-‰v Im¿-Up-Iƒ. G-Xm-≠v sXm-Æq-‰n-b-©vi-X-am-\w Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpw \-S-°p-∂Xv sI-Un-‰v Im¿-Uv ap-tJ-\-bm-Wv. CuIm¿-Uv ssI-h-i-ap-≈-h¿-°v I-S-am-bn km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw. Hm -sse≥

hn¬-∏-\-°m-c-\v Im¿-Uv D-S-a \¬-Im-\p-≈

Xp-I Im¿Uv hn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-X _m-¶v \¬Ip-Ibpw hm-ßp-∂-bm-fp-sS A-°u-≠n¬ Xp-I

sN-e-hm-bn Im-Wn-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. Cu XpI

]-e-t∏m-gpw X-h-W-I-fm-bn A-S-bv-°m-\p-≈

ku-I-cyw _m-¶p-Iƒ \¬-Im-dp-≠v. sU-_n‰v

Im¿-Uv D-S-a-bv-°v _m-¶v A-°u-≠n-ep-≈AX-bpw XpIbv°v km-[-\w hm-ßmw. C-S-

]m-Sv \-S-Øn-b D-S≥ X-s∂ A-X-bpw XpI

A-°u-≠n¬ \n-∂v Ip-d-hv sN-øpw.

]-W-an-S-]m-Sn-\v sI-Un-‰v Im¿-Uv Aw-Ko-I-cn-

°-W-sa-¶n¬ hn¬-∏-\-°m-c-\v D-]-t`m-‡m-

hns‚ I-Un-‰v Im¿-Uv hn-h-c-ßƒ kp-c-£n-X-am-bn ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\w

B-h-iy-am-Wv. Im¿-Up-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈

]-W-an-S-]m-Sv ]-In-b H-∂p-In¬ t\-cn-´v

sN-ømw A-s√-¶n¬ Hm¨-sse-\m -bn

F-kv.F-kv.F¬. k¿ń -^n -°‰v (SSL

Certificate) kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS sN-ømw.

5. Un-Pn-‰¬ ]-Ww [Digital cash]:

ssk-_¿ ÿ-e-Øv am-Xw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂

C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv- cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ Cu ]-W-Øn-

\v u-Xn-I cq-]-an-s√-¶n-epw bm-Ym¿-∞ ]-Ww

D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv t]m-se X-s∂ C-e-tŒm-

Wn-Iv cq-]-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.

C-Xn-\v th-≠n B-Zyw sN-tø-≠-Xv, Un-Pn-‰¬]-Ww \¬-Ip-∂ _m-¶n-\v B-h-iy-am-b ap≥-

Iq¿ ]-Ww \¬-In \n-ß-fp-sS t]-cn¬ Un-Pn-

‰¬ ]-Ww A-\p-h-Zn-∏n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv.

NnXw 5.2 hmß¬/hn¬∏\ ]Inb

hmtß-≠-bmƒ hn¬∏-\-°m-cs\ Is≠-Øp∂p

km[-\-ßƒsXc-s™-Sp-°p∂p

hnebpw hnX-cW coXnbpwXocp-am-\n-°¬

hn¬∏\

]Ww \¬I¬hnX-cWwhn¬]\m-¥c ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ


A-Xn-\v ti-jw _m-¶v \n-ßƒ-°v H-cp

tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b¿ A-b-®p-X-cn-I-bpw A-Xv

\n-ß-fp-sS I-ºyp-´-dn¬ kq-£n-®v h-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-ømw. B-h-iyw h-cp-tºmƒ Cu

Un-Pn-‰¬ ]-Ww D-]-tbm-Kn®v C‚¿-s\-‰n-eq-

sS km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßmw. CØ-cw kw-hn-

[m-\w, I-Un-‰v Im¿-Uv \-º-dp-Iƒ C‚¿-s\-

‰n¬ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv h-gn-bp-≈ kp-c-£n-X-Xz

]-iv-\-ßƒ C-√m-Xm-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

5.6 C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-se kw-c-£-

W-hpw kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hpw- : C- _n-kn-\- v

\-„-km-[y-X-Iƒ [SECURITY AND SAFETY

OF e-TRANSACTIONS: e-BUSINESS RISKS]

Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ-°v ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb

ap-Jm-ap-J C-S-]m-Sp-I-sf A-t]-£n-®v \-„-km-

[y-X-Iƒ G-sd-bp-≠v. \-„-km-[y-X F∂v

]-d-bp-∂-Xv C-S-]m-Sn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ B-fp-

Iƒ°v G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-s° A-\n-„-kw-`-h-ßƒ aq-ew D-≠m-Im-hp-∂ [-\-]-c-am-b-tXm,

am-\-kn-I-am-b-tXm, b-i- n-s\ _m-[n-°p-

∂tXm B-b G-Xv X-cw \-„-ß-fpw B-Imw.

Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ C-Ø-cw \-„-km-

[y-X-Iƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-b-Xp-sIm-≠v C -_n-kn-\-

n¬ C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-se kw-c-£-W-hpw kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hpw G-‰-hpw \n¿-Æm-

b-I-am-b hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂p. CØcw hn-j-b-

ßsf hn-im-e-amb A¿-∞-Øn¬ C-S-]m-Sp-I-

fn-se \-„-km-[y-X, hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-®v

h-bv-°p-∂-Xn-se-bpw ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-sebpw

\-„-km-[yX, _u-≤nI kz-Ø-h-Im-i-Øn-\pwkz-Im-cy-X-bv-°pw t\¿-°p-≈ o-j-Wn F-∂

\-„ km-[y-X F-∂n-ß-s\ aq-∂v hn-`m-K-ß-

fm-bn N¿-® sNømw.

1. C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-se \-„ km-[y-X-

[Transaction risks]:

Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \-„-ßƒ kw- -hn-°m≥ km-[y-X-bp-≠v.

$ D-]-t`m-‡m-hv \¬-In-b Hm¿-U¿ e- n-®n-t -

bn-√ F-∂v hn¬∏-\-°m-c\v \n-tj-[n-°mw.

A-s√-¶n¬ Hm¿-U¿ \¬-In-bn-t´-bn-√

F-∂v D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v \n-tj-[n-°mw. C-Xn-

s\ Hm¿-U¿ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-se A-s√-¶n¬F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-se ho-gv-N F-∂v ]-dbmw.

$ D-t±-in-® D¬-∏-∂w e- n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, D¬-∏-∂w sX-‰m-b hn-em-k-Øn¬ hn-X-c-WwsN-øp-I, Hm¿-U¿ sN-øm-Ø a-s‰m-cp D¬-∏-∂w hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-I F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ D¬-∏-∂ hn-X-c-W-Øn-se ho-gv-N-Iƒkw- -hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ hn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-X h-kv-Xp-hn-\v D-]-t`m-‡mhv ]-Ww \¬-In F-∂v A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-I-bpw hn¬-∏-\-°m-c≥ ]-Ww e-`n-®n-√F-∂v ]-cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-I. C-Xn-s\]-Ww \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ ho-gv-NF-∂v ]-d-bp∂p.

C-Ø-c-Øn¬ C-˛_n-kn-\- n-ep-≈ \-„-km-[yX hn¬-∏-\-°m-c-\n¬ \n-t∂m hm-ßp-∂-bm-fn¬ \n-t∂m Hm¿-U¿ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-tem, F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-tem, D¬-∏-∂w hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-tem, ]-Ww \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-tem D-S-se-Sp-°mw.C-Ø-cw ]-iv-\-ßƒ H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠nhy-‡n-hn-h-c-ß-fpw hn-em-k-hpw ]-cn-tim-[n-®vam-Xw c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bpwXpS¿∂v Hm¿-Udpw ]Whpw kzoI-cn-°mhp-∂XpamWv. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v D-]-t`m-‡m-hvXs‚ hy-‡n-hn-h-c-ßƒ c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥t^m-an¬ Ir-Xy-am-bm-Wv tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

156 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

°p-∂Xv F-∂v D-d-∏n-°m≥ hn¬-∏-\-°m-c≥Ip-°o-kn¬ \n-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-®v D-d-∏v h-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. (sS-en-t^m-Wn-se hn-fn-°p-∂-bm-sf Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂ kw-hn-[m-\w t]m-se sS-en-hn-]-W-\-°m¿-°v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS t]-cv,hn-em-kw, ap≥-]v hm-ßn-b-Xns‚-bpw ]-W-an-S-]m-Sns‚-bpw hn-h-c-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b ]-k-‡-am-b hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂ kw-hn-[m-\-am-WvIp-°o-kp-Iƒ). ]-cn-Nban-√m-Ø hn¬-∏-\-°m-cp-am-bn C-S-s]-Sp-tºmƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sSkp-c-£n-X-Xzw D-d-∏v h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v ]-i-kv-X-am-b tjm-∏nw-Kv- sh-_v-ssk-‰p-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-am-Xw Hm¨-sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øp-IF-∂-Xm-Wv F-fp-∏-am¿-§w. C-Ø-cw hn-X-c-W-°m-sc A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Hm -sse-\m-bn hn¬-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-tºmƒ ]-i-kv-Xsh-_v-ssk-‰p-Iƒ hn-X-c-W-°m-cp-sS hn-em-k-hpw hy-‡n-hn-h-c-ß-fpw ap≥-Im-e tk-h-\-co-Xn-I-fpw F-√mw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v e-`y-am-°m-dp-≠v. Cu-t_ (E-bay) t]m-ep-≈ ssk-‰p-Iƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v hn¬-∏-\-°m-sctKUv sN-øm-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw t]m-epw \¬-Im-dp-≠v. Cu ssk-‰p-Iƒ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒhn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-ep-≈ ]n-g-hp-I-fn¬\n-∂v D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v kw-c-£-Ww \¬-Im-dp-≠v. ]-e-t∏m-gpw \¬-In-b ]-Ww Xn-cn-®v\¬-Ip-I t]m-epw sN-bv-Xn- p-≠v.

]-Ww \¬-Ip-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬, ap≥-]v kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xv t]m-se, sXm-Æq-‰n-b-©v i-X-am-\wB-fp-I-fpw Hm -sse≥ hm-ß-ep-Iƒ-°m-bnsI-Un-‰v Im¿-Uv B-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.Hm¿-U¿ D-d-∏n-°p-∂ k-a-b-Øv hm-ßp-∂-bmƒsI-Un-‰v Im¿-Uv \-º¿, Im¿-Uv hn-X-c-WwsN-bv-X ÿm-]-\w A-s√-¶n¬ _m-¶v, Im¿-Uns‚ Im-em-h-[n Xp-S-ßn-b hn-h-c-ßƒ Hm -sse-\m-bn \¬-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu hn-h-c-ßƒHm-^v sse-\m-bpw hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øm-dp-≠v.

A-Xns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, I-S-Øns‚]-cn-[n e- y-am-Wv F-∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn-b tijwam-X-ta hn¬-∏-\-°m-c≥ km-[-\w hn-X-c-WwsN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ B-cw- n-°p-I-bp-≈q. C-Xn-\v ]-I-c-am-bn sI-Un-‰v-Im¿-Uv hn-h-c-ßƒ Hm -sse-\m-bn X-s∂ ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bpw C-˛_n-kn-\- n-ep-≠v. sI-Un-‰v Im¿-Uv hn-h-c-ßƒ kp-c-£n-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-h Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw sN-øp-∂-Xv X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\pw th-≠n tjm-∏nw-Kv- am-fp-I-fpw, tjm-∏nw-Kv- sh-_v-ssk-‰p-I-fpw F≥-In-]v-j≥ F-∂ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. hn-h-c-ß-sf ]m- v-th¿-Uv- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw b-Ym¿-∞ Kp-W-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v- am-Xw e- y-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øp∂kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv F≥-In-]v-j≥ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy. B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn h-Ip-∏v \n-Ip-Xn-Zm-b-I-cp-am-bp-≈ F-√m B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-ß-fn-epw Cukm-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. h-cp-∂`m-K-ß-fn¬ Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn-se hn-h-cw ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-se \-„-km-[y-X-bn¬\n∂v kw-c-£-Ww \¬-Ip-∂ F≥-In-]v-j≥,In-]v-t‰m-Km- n F-∂o km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-sfIp-dn-®v \-ap-°v ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

2. hn-h-c-ßƒ kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn-epw ssI-am-

‰w sN-øp-∂-Xn-ep-ap-≈ \-„-km-[y-X [Data

storage and transmission risks]: hn-h-c-ßƒAXoh ]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. AXv sX‰mbB-fp-I-fp-sS ssI-h-iw F-Øn-bm¬ F-¥m-Ipw A-h -ÿ F-∂v H -∂m -tem -Nn -® vt\m-°q. I-ºyp- -dn¬ kq-£n-®v h-®n-cn-°p-∂hn-h-c-ßƒ-°pw A-h k-©-cn-°p-∂ h-gn-I-fn-epw, G-sd A-]-I-S-km-[y-X-Iƒ D-≠v. kp-]-[m-\ hn-h-c-ßƒ kzm¿-∞-em-`-Øn-\m-tbm,]-e-t∏m-gpw X-am-i-t°m, km-l-kn-I-X-°vth-≠n-tbm tam-„n-°p-I-tbm cq-]-am-‰w h-cp-Øp-I-tbm sNøm-dp-≠v. I-ºyp-´¿ ssh-d-kp-


I-sf-∏-‰n-bpw lm-°nw-Kn-s\-∏-‰n-bp-sa-√mw\n-ßƒ tI-ń-cn-°pw. 'VIRUS' F-∂ Np-cp-°-t∏-cns‚ ]q¿-Æ-cq-]w \n-ßƒ-°-dn-bm-tam?Vital Information under Siege A-Y-hm kp-]-[m-\ hn-h-c-ßƒ h-f-b-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p A-s√-¶n¬ A-]-I-S-Øn-em-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p F-∂¿-∞w. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ ssh-d-kv F-∂-Xv a-s‰m-cp I-ºyp-´¿ t]m-Kmw B-Wv. A-h kz-ta-[-bm I-ºyp-´-dp-Iƒ-°v B-⁄-Iƒ \¬-Ip-I-bpw, b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ \¬-Ip-∂ B-⁄-I-sfIp-g-∏-Øn-em-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. I-ºyp-´¿ssh-d-kp-I-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w ]-e X-c-Øn-ep-

≠v. Nn-e-t∏mƒ sh-dp-sX kv-Io-\n¬ Nn-e

Ip-kr-Xn-Iƒ Im-Wn-®v i-eyw sN-øp-∂ H-∂mw

\n-c ssh-d-kp-Iƒ, ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf X-S- -

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ c≠mw \n-c ssh-d-kp-Iƒ,

kq-£n-®v h-®n-cn-°p-∂ hn-h-c-ß-sf I-S-∂m-I-an-®v tI-Sp-h-cp-Øp-∂ aq-∂mw \n-c ssh-d-

kp-Iƒ, I-ºyq-´-dp-I-sf ap-gp-h-\m-bpw tI-Sp-

h-cp-Øp-∂ \m-emw \n-c ssh-d-kp-Iƒ F-∂n-

ß-s\ ]-e \n-c-bn-ep-≈ ssh-d-kp-Iƒ D-≠v.

B≥-dn ssh-d-kv t]m-Km-ap-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw A-h-sb Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-bn \-ho-I-cn-

°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I F-∂-Xv am-X-am-Wv C-Xn¬

\n-∂v kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°m-\p-≈ t]mw-h-gn.

A-h \n-ß-fp-sS tiJ-cn® hn-h-c-ß-sf-bpw

^-b-ep-I-sf-bpw Iºyp-´-dp-I-sf-Ø-s∂-bpw

ssh-d-kn¬ \n-∂v Hcp ]-cn-[n-h-sc kw-c-£n-°pw.

hn-h-c-ßƒ ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-\n-S-°v Nn-e-t∏mƒ

a-‰p-≈-h¿ C-S-s]- v ssI-am-‰w X-S- -s∏-Sp-Øn-

tb-°mw. In-]v-t‰m-Km- n F-∂ km-t¶-Xn-I

hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS C-Xn-s\ t\-cn-

Smw. Z-Ø-ß-sf A-Y-hm hn-h-c-ß-sf hm-bn-

°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø ssk-^¿-sS-Iv-Ãv- cq-]-Øn-te-°v am-‰n [-F≥-In-]v-j≥-] kw-c-£n-°p-∂

km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bm-Wn-Xv. ]-tXy-I-am-bp-≈

c-l-ky Un-Pn -‰¬ Xm-t°m¬ A-Y-hm

]m- v-th¿-Uv- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v am-X-ta C-Xv Xp-d-°m≥ [ -sU-kn-^¿, A-Y-hm Uo-In-]v-‰v-]

sNøm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q. a-s‰m-cm-fp-am-bn tIm-

Uv m-j-bn¬ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øp-∂-Xp-

t]m-se-bm-Wn-Xv. th-sdm-cmƒ-°pw \n-ß-fp-sS

kw- m-j-Ww a-\- n-em-hp-I-bn-√.

3. _u-≤n-I kz-Ø-h-Im-i-Øn-t∑-epw kz-

Im-cy-X-bv-°v ta-ep-ap-≈ ò-j-Wn [Risks of

threat to intellectual property and privacy]:

C‚¿-s\-‰v H-cp Xp-d- m-b ÿ-e-am-Wv. \n-ß-

fp-sS G-sX-¶n-epw hn-h-cw C≥-d¿-s\-‰n-\v ssI-

am-dn-bm¬, A-Xv \n-ß-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-bn¬

\n-∂v ]p-d-Øm-bn F-∂-XmWv h-kv-Xp-X.

A-Xv a-‰p-≈-h¿ tIm-∏n-b-Sn-°p-∂Xv X-S-bm≥

F-fp-∏-a√. Hm -sse≥ C-S-]m-Sn-\mbn hn-h-c-

ßƒ \¬-Ip-tºmƒ A-Xv a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v \¬-

Ip-I-bpw A-h¿ \n-c-h-[n ]-c-ky-ß-fpw a-‰pw

\n-ß-fp-sS C -sa-bn-en¬ \n-t£-]n-°p-I-bpw

sN-øpw. C-Ø-cw i-ey-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c-£

t\-Sm≥ ]-tXy-I am¿-§-sam∂p-an√.

5.7 C- -_n-kn-\- v hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠ hn- -h-ßƒ

[Resources Required for Successful

e-business Impleme-ntation]

G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-cw- w Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-

\pw u-Xn-I, km-º-Øn-I, am-\p-jn-I hn- -h-

ßƒ B-h-iy-am-Wv. C˛-_n-kn-\- v Xp-S-ßp-

∂-Xn-\v Iq-Sp-X-em-bn, \-∂m-bn hn-I-kn-∏n-®,

Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn \-ho-I-cn-®pw kw-c-£n-®pw

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂, ]-h¿-Ø-\-£-a-am-b H-cp

sh-_v-ssk-‰v B-h-iy-am-Wv. ssk-‰v F-∂-Xv

158 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

H-cp ÿ-e-hpw sh-_v F-∂-Xv, thƒ-Uv

ssh-Uv sh-_v F-∂p-am-Ip-∂p. Np-cp-°-Øn¬

H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ sh-_v-ssk-‰v F-∂-Xv

thƒ-Uv ssh-Uv sh-_n-se A-Xns‚ ÿm-\-

am-Wv. sh-_v-ssk-‰v F-∂-Xv H-cp u-Xn-I-am-

b `q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b ÿ-e-a-√ F-∂v

]-tXy-Iw ]-d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. A-Xm-b-Xv,

H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-se a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v \¬-tI-≠

hn-h-c-ß-sf-√mw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ Hm -sse≥

ÿ-e-am-Wv sh-_v-ssk-‰v F-∂-Xv.

5.8. ]p-dwI-cm¿ Bibw [Outsourcing: Concept]

_n-kn-\- v cw-K-Øv k-aq-e-am-b am-‰-ßƒD-≠m°nb a-s‰m-cp \qX\ ]-h-W-X-bm-Wv]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-I¬. hn-Z-Kv-≤-cm-b aq-∂m-a-sXm-cm-fp-sS ]-cn-N-b-k-º-Øpw ]m-K¬- y-hpwI-gn-hpw H-cp ]-s£ \n-t£-]-hpw ]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n kz-¥w \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈-tXm A-s√-¶n¬ a-‰v hn-Z-Kv-≤-tcmB-b B-fp-I-sf ÿm-]-\-Øn-se A-X]m-[m-\y-a-√m-Ø ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ, (Cu A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn ]-[m-\ ]-hr-Øn-Iƒt]mepw) Zo¿-L-Im-e-tØ-bv-°v I-cm¿ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sN-øm≥ G¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv ]p-dw I-cm¿ \¬-I¬ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp hy-h-km-b-Øn-tem, _n-kn-\- n-tem G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp cm-Py-tØm,am-X-a-√, tem-I-sa-ºm-Spw hym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂H-cp ]-Xn-`m-k-am-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv Cu B-i-b-Øns‚ k-hn-ti-j-X.

1. ]p-dwI-cm¿ tPm-en F-∂-Xv, ]p-d-sa-bp-≈-

h¿-°v I-cm¿ \¬-I-em-Wv [Outsourcing

involves contracting out]: ]p-dwI-cm¿ F-∂-Xv,A-Xns‚ hm-Nn-I A¿-∞-Øn¬ X-s∂, C-Xp-

h-sc \n-ßƒ ÿm]-\-Øn\-I-Øv sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ ]-hr-Øn ]p-d-Øp-≈ tkm-X- v D-]-tbm-Kn-®v sN-øp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, an-°-hm-dpw F-√m I-º-\n-I-fpwA-h-cp-sS ]-cn-k-cw hr-Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\pwa-‰v ip-No-I-c-W ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°p-am-bnA-h-cp-sS-Xm-b ip-No-I-c-W Po-h-\-°m-sc \n-b-an-®n-cp-∂p. A-Xm-b-Xv, C-Ø-cw ip-No-I-c-W]-h¿-Ø--\-ßƒ kz-¥w Po-h-\-°m-cm-WvsN-bv-Xp -h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬ A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn an-° I-º-\n-I-fpw Cu ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-In-Øp-S-ßn; A-Xm-b-Xv, A-h-cp-sS ÿm-]-\-Øn-se ip-No-I-c-W]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ a-s‰m-cp F-P≥-kn-sb-s°m-≠v I-cm¿ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sN-øn-°m≥ XpS-ßn F-∂¿-∞w.

2. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn A-X ]m-[m-\y-an-√m-Ø tPm-

en-I-fm-Wv ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Im-dp-≈-Xv [Generally

noncore business activities are outsourced]:

an-° ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw ip-No-I-c-W ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn A-X ]m-[m-\y-an-√m-Ø tPm-en-bm-Wv. F-∂m¬ ip-No-I-c-W-]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-Øv \-S-Øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v, A-Xp-t]m-se ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰nt]m-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v ip-No-I-c-W-]-h¿-Ø-\w ]-[m-\ ]-hr-Øn X-s∂-bm-Wv. ap-dn-Iƒ hr-Øn-bm-bn kq-£n-°p-I F-∂-Xv H-cptlm- -en-s\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw ]-[m-\]-hr-Øn X-s∂-bm-Wv. a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn¬]-d-™m¬, H-cp I-º-\n G-Xv _n-kn-\- m-tWm sN-øp-∂-Xv, A-Xns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬Nn-e \n¿-Æm-b-I-am-b-Xpw tI-µ-ÿm-\-Øp-≈-Xp-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ A-Xns‚ _n-kn-\- v e-£y-ß-tfm-Sv tN¿-∂v D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.a-‰v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ A-Xns‚ c-≠mw \n-cA-Y-hm ]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Iq-sS h-∂p-tN-cp-∂ A-\p-_-


‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ am-X-am-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, H-cp kv-Iq-fns‚ ]m-Y-an-I [¿-ΩwA-Y-hm ]-[m-\-]-h¿-Ø-\w, Ip-ń-I-fp-sS]T-\, ]T-t\-X-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-ep-≈ I-gn-hp-Iƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I F-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv.A-Xn-\p-X-Ip-∂ F-√m ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpwkv-Iq-fns‚ ]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.kv-Iq-fn¬ H-cp e-Lp -£-W-im-e-tbm ]p-kvX-I-im-e-tbm ]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv Xo¿-®-bm-bpwA-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\w am-X-am-Wv.

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ]p-dwI-cm¿ ]-co-£-W-ßƒB-cw-`n-® k-a-b-Øv A-]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ am-X-am-Wv ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]s£ ]n-∂o-Sv Cu ]-c-kv-]-c B-i-b-Xzw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øm≥ io-en-®-tXm-Sp-Iq-Snÿm-]-\-ßƒ ]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒt]m-epw ]p-d-Øp-≈-h-sc-s°m-≠v sN-øn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn H-cp kv-Iq-fn-\v ]p-d-Øp-≈ Hcp I-ºyq-´¿ ]-cn-io-e-\ ÿm-]-\-hp-am-bn tN¿∂v kv-Iq-fn-se Ip-ń-Iƒ-°vI-ºyq- ¿ ]-cn-io-e-\w \¬-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

3. \-ap-°v th-≠n am-Xw ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ÿm-]-

\-Øn-t\m, aq-∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ-t°m ]p-dwI-cm¿

\¬-Imw [Processes may be outsourced to a captive

unit or a third party] : ssh-hn-[y-ß-fm-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xpw A-h-sbA-\-h-[n cm-Py-ß-fn¬ hn-]-W-\w sN-øp-∂-

Xp-am-b H-cp B-tKm-f tIm¿-∏-td-j-s\-°p-dn-®v H-∂m-tem-Nn-®v t\m-°q, a\p-jy-hn- -h-ti-jn-sb kw-_-‘n-®v Aw-K-ßsf k-am-l-cn-°¬, Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v, ]-cn-io-e-\w, lm-P¿tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v iº-f-tc-J X-øm-dm-°¬ Xp-S-ßn-b \n-c-h-[n ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw [-\-Im-cy-hpw I-W-°v kq£n-°p-∂-Xpw kw-_-‘n-®v In-´m-\pw sIm-Sp-°m-\p-ap-≈ ]-Ww ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xv, hn-]-W-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v D-]-t`m-‡r tk-h-\-ß-fpw ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-ø-epw ]-cn-l-cn-°-epw Xp-S-ßn-b A-\p-_-‘-]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw \n-c-h-[n cm-Py-ß-fn¬ sN-tø-≠n h-cp-∂p.C-Ø-cw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-√mw A-Xn-\p-th-≠nam-X-am-bn cq-]o-I-cn-® H-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ H-cp ÿ-e-Øv tI-µo-Ir-X-am-bn ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hn- -h-ß-fp-sS-bpwa-‰pw C-c- n-∏v H-gn-hm-Ip-I-bpw ]-c-am-h-[n I-gn-hv ]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw H-tc ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ H-t∂m c-t≠m ÿ-e-Øv h-en -btXm-Xn¬ sN-øp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip-∂ sN-e-hvNp-cp-°-ens‚ t\-´w Xp-S-ßn F-√m X-c-Øn-epw Ip-d-™ sN-e-hn¬ Im-cy-ßƒ \-S-Øm≥I-gn-bp-I-bpw sN-øpw. A-Xp-sIm≠v X-s∂,G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp ]-tXy-I ]-h¿-Ø\wB- y-¥-c-am-bn sN-øp-∂-Xv X-s∂ km-am-\ywIq-Sp-X¬ D-s≠-¶n¬, A-Xn-\p am-X-am-bp-≈]q¿-Æ \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈, \-ap-°v th-≠n

Nn-Xw 5.3 ]p-dwI-cm¿ tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-°-fp-sS X-cw Xn-cn-hv

]pdwIcm¿ tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ

\ap°p th≠n amXw

tkh-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-h¿

aq∂mw I£n

tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ

Xnc-›o\ tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ

ew_ tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ

160 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

am-Xw ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw \-√-Xv.CØ-c-Øn-se C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b\n-b-¥n-X ÿm-]-\-am-b P-\-d¬ C-e-Œn-°¬-kv A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep-≈ A-h-cp-sS am-Xr I-º-\n-°pw A-h-cp-sS A-\p-_-‘ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw ]-e X-c-Øn-ep≈ tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-

∂p-≠v. A-s√-¶n¬, CØ-cw tk-h-\-ß-sf-√mw

hn-]-Wn-bn¬ kz-X-¥-am-bn Cu ]-h¿-Ø-\-

ßƒ sN-øp-∂ ]p-d-ta-bp-≈ aq-∂m-a-sXm-cp

I-£n-°v I-cm-dm-bn \¬-Imw. C-h¿ \-ap-°v

am-X-a-√, a-‰p-≈-h¿-°pw C-Ø-cw tk-h-\-ßƒ

]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p.

Nn-Xw 5.3, H-cp ÿm-]-\w F-ßn-s\ A-Xns‚

\n-b-¥n-X ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v A-s√-¶n¬ aq-∂mw

I-£n tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-hn-\v A-Xns‚ ]-h¿-Ø-

\-ßƒ ]p-dw I-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂p F-∂v hn-i-Z-

am-°p-∂p. C-ß-s\ hm-S-I-bv-s°-Sp-Ø aq-∂mw

I-£n tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ a-\p-jy hn-`-h

ti-jn ssI-Im-cyw sN-ø¬ Xp-S-ßn-b G-sX-

¶n-epw H-cp ta-J-e-bn¬ ]m-ho-Wy-ap-≈-h-cm-

bn-cn-°pw. am-X-a-√, ]-e ta-J-e-I-fn-ep-≈

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw A-h¿ tk-h-\w \¬-Ip-∂p-

≠m-bn-cn-°pw. C-Ø-cw tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-°-sf

]p-dwI-cm¿ ]-Zm-h-en-bn¬ Xn-c-›o-\ tk-h-\-

Zm-Xm-°ƒ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. a-s‰m-cp hn-`m-K-

ap≠v. A-h¿ G-sX-¶n-epw H-t∂m c-t≠m hyh-

km-b-ß-fn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw

Ah¿-°v ]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xpw A-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b

\nc-h-[n ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ sN-bv-Xp-sIm-Sp-°p-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-h-sc ew-_ tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-

°ƒ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. Cu c-≠v hn- m-K-ßfpw

Im-e-I-ta-W hf¿∂v Xnc›o-\-hpw ew-_-hpw

B-bn H-tc k-a-bw ]-h¿-Øn-°pw.

]p-dw I-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂-Xns‚ G-‰-hpw

A-Sn-ÿm-\ Im-c-Ww a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS I-gn-hpw

]-cn-N-b-k-º-Øpw \-Ωp-sS Kp-W-Øn-\m-bn

D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I F-∂v X-s∂-bm-Wv. kv-Iq-fp-

Iƒ, I-º-\n-Iƒ, B-ip-]-Xn-Iƒ, Xp-S-ßn-b

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-hn-Sp-sØ e-Lp- -£-W-im-

e AY-hm I- v-‰o-cn-b t]m-ep-≈ tk-h-\-ßƒ

]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-°n-b `-£-W hn-X-c-

W-°m¿-t°m, t]m-j-Im-lm-c hn-X-c-W ÿm-

]-\-ßƒ-t°m, ]p-dwI-cm-dm-bn \¬-Ip-∂p.

]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-I¬ F-∂-Xv H-cp hn-e-s∏-´

B-i-b-am-Wv, Im-c-Ww A-Xp-sIm-≠v \n-ßƒ-

°v A-h-cp-sS I-gn-hpw ]-cn-N-b-k-º-Øpw

A-Xp-h-gn-bp-≈ Im-cy-£-a-X-bpw t\-Smw

F-∂v am-X-a-√, \n-ßƒ-°v A-Xn-\v th-≠n-h-

cp-∂ \n-t£-]-hpw em- n-°mw, H-∏w \n-ß-fpsS

]-[m\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-

°p-I-bpw sN-ømw.

]p-dwI-cm¿ co-Xn-Iƒ h-f-sc th-Kw hn-I-kn®v

h-cp-∂-Xn¬ A-¤p-X-s∏-tS-≠ Im-cy-sam-∂p-

an-√. a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-am-bpw

I-gn-hp-‰-Xm-bpw sN-øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ H-t∂m

AXn-e-[n-I-tam Im-cy-ßƒ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ

]pdwI-cm¿ \¬-In-Øp-S-ßn-bn- v Im-e-ß-fm-bn.

]p-dwI-cm¿ H-cp _n-kn-\- v co-Xn-bm-bn hn-I-

kn-®p-h-cm-\p-≈ ]-[m-\ Im-c-Ww A-Xn-\v ap≥-

Im-e _n-kn-\- v \-b-am-b "F-√mw kz-bw

sNøp-I' F-∂-Xn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn

A-Sn-ÿm-\ _n-kn-\- v \-b-ß-fn-epw X-Øz-

ß-fn-epw e-`n-®v h-cp-∂ kzo-Im-cy-X X-s∂-

bm-Wv.


5.8.1 ]p-dwI-cm-dns‚ hym-]v-Xn

[Scope of Outsourcing]

]p-dwI-cm-dn¬ ]-[m-\-am-bpw I-cm¿ D¬-∏m

-Z-\w, I-cm¿ K-th-j-Ww, I-cm¿ hn¬-∏-\,

hn-h-cimkvXw (Informatics) F-∂n-ß-s\

\m-ev hn- m-K-ß-fp-≠v (NnXw 5.4 i≤n-°pI).

_n-kn-\- v ]-In-b-I-fp-sS ]p-dwI-cm¿;

hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b

tk-h-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- m-Wv ]p-dwI-cm¿F-∂ ]-Zw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-Nm-c-Øn¬ h-∂-Xv.b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-Nm-c-ap-≈ ]-ZwD-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf D-t±-in-®p-≈ i-–m-[n-jvTn-X tk-h-\-ß-fm-b Imƒ sk≥-d-dp-IƒB-Wv. _n-kn-\- v ]-In-b-I-fp-sS ]p-dwI-cm¿ h-cp-am-\-Øns‚ G-Xm-≠v F-gp-]-Xvi-X-am-\-tØm-fw h-cp-∂-Xv Imƒ sk≥-d-dp-I-fn¬ \n-∂v, C-cp-]-Xv i-X-am-\w Iq-Sp-X¬tPm-en-bpw Ip-d-™ aq-ey-hp-ap-≈ Z-Ø-ß-fpsS(-Um-‰-Iƒ-) ]-tbmK-ßfpam-Wv. _m-°n]-Øv i-X-am-\-tØm-fw am-X-am-Wv D-b¿-∂

aq-ey-hpw Ip-d-™ tPm-en-bp-ap-≈ hn-h-cm-[n-jvTn-X ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ h-cp-∂-Xv. h¿-jwap-gp-h-\pw C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ev a-Wn-°q-dpw ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ D-]-t`m-‡r-tk-h-\-ß-fm-Wv Imƒsk≥-d-dp-I-fn¬ _-lp-`q-cn-`m-K-hpw. C-Xn¬D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS kw-i-b-ßƒ, ]-cm-Xn-IƒXp-S-ßn ]pdta \n∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bpw,hn-h-c-ti-J-c-Ww, e- n-°m-\p-≈ ]-Ww D-d-∏m-°¬, sS-en hn-]-W-\w Xp-S-ßn ÿm-]-\w ap≥-ssI-sø-Sp-°p-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ Nn-Xw hn-hn-[X-cw ]p-dw I-cm-dp-I-sf-∏-‰n hn-i-Z-am-°p-∂p.

(NnXw 5.5 i≤n-°p-I)

5.8.2 ]p-dwI-cm-dns‚ B-h-iy-I-X [Need for Outsourcing]

B-h-iy-ß-fm-Wv kr-„n-bp-sS am-Xm-hvF-∂m-Wv ]-d-bm-dv. ]p-dwI-cm¿ tPm-en F-∂B-i-b-Øns‚ Im-cy-Øn-epw C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv i-cn. Cu A-≤ym-b-Øns‚ B-ap-J-Øn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se D-b¿-∂ Kp-W-ta-

NnXw 5.4 ]pdwIcm¿ km[y-X-Iƒ

Dd-hnSw : www.cygnusindia.com

BtKmf D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ km[yX

2003 se samØw hn]Wn˛ 53.68 _n√y≥ tUmf¿

Icm¿ D¬∏m-Z\w

Icm¿ hn¬∏\

Icm¿ Kth-jWw

C≥t^m-am-‰nIvkv

162 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

∑-bp-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Np-cp-ßn-b hn-e-bv-°ve-`n-°-W-sa-∂ B-tKm-f a-’-c k-Ω¿-±-ß-fpw F-√m-bv-t]m-gpw B-h-iy-ßƒ h¿-≤n-®v h-cp-∂ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fpw kv-t^m-S-\m-fl-I-am-bn hn-I-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-I-fpw _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v ]p-Xn-b Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-I-fpw ]p-\¿-hn-Nn-¥-\-ß-fpw B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-Xp-X-s∂

B-bn-cn-°mw ]p-dwI-cm¿ H-cp _n-kn-\- vco-Xn-sb-∂ \n-e-bn¬ hn-I-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Im-c-W-hpw. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ ]p-dwI-cm¿ F-∂-Xv C-∂v H-cp B-h-iy-I-X-b-√a-dn-®v A-sXm-cp km-[y-X-bm-Wv. ]p-dwI-cm¿hn-I-kn-°m-\p-≈ Nn-e Im-c-W-ßƒ [-A-Xns‚t\- -ß-fpw-] NphsS N¿-® sN-øp-∂p.

NnXw 5.5 ]pdw-I-cm-dns‚ A]-K-Y\w

Kth-j-WhpwhnI-k-\hpw

D¬∏m-Z\w

hn]-W\w

_m¶nwKv

C≥jp-d≥kv

a\p-jy-hn- -h-ti-jnbpwImcy-\n¿∆-l-Whpw

A°u-≠nwKpw[\-Im-cyhpw

AI-tØ°vhcp-∂Xv

]pd-tØ°v hcp-∂Xv

i_vZwASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bXv

i_vZan√m-ØXv

A]-[m\w

]-[m\w

]n∂n¬

D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ ap∂n¬

D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ap∂n¬

]n∂n¬

ITA[n-jvTn-X-a-√m-ØXv

]pdw-I-cm¿

BtKmfw

]mtZ-inIw

ITA[n-jvTn-Xw


1. ]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p [Focusing of attention]:

\n-ßƒ H-cp ]-s£ A-\-h-[n ]T-\m-\p-_-‘]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ I-gn-hp-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°mw,F-∂m-epw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-gn-hpw Im-cy-£-a-X-bpwt\-Sp-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n \n-ß-fp-sS e-`y-am-bI-gn-hpw hn- -h-ß-fpw k-a-b-hpw [-\-hp-sa-√mwG-‰-hpw an-I-® Nn-e ta-J-e-I-fn¬ am-Xwhn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xo¿-®-bm-bpwIq-Sp-X¬ D-b-c-ß-fn-se-Øm≥ \n-ßƒ-°vI-gn-bpw. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ _n-kn-\- vÿm-]-\-ß-fpw X-ßƒ-°v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b I-gn-hp-≈-Xp-am-b]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ am-Xw i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw _m-°n ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ X-ß-fp-sS ]p-dwI-cm¿ ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-°v \¬-Ip-I-bpwsN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv \-√-Xv F-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.D-]-bp-‡-X A-Y-hm aq-eyw kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn\m-bn H-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\w hm-ß¬, D¬-∏m-Z-\w, hn-]-W-\w, hn¬-∏-\, K-th-j-W-hn-I-k-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, [-\-Im-cy-hpw I-W-°vkq-£n-°-epw am-\p-jn-I hn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-k-\w, `-c-W-\n¿-∆-l-Ww Xp-S-ßn \n-c-h-[n]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ sN-øp-∂p-≠v F-∂v \n-ßƒ-°-dn-bm-a-t√m. C-Xv ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v A-h-sc-Ø-s∂ \n¿-h-Nn-t°-≠ A-Y-hm ]p-\¿-\n¿h-Nn-t°-≠ km-l-N-cy-Øn-te-°v F-Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, H-cp ÿm-]-\w A-h-scD¬-]m-Z-I¿ F-∂m-tWm hn-]-W-\ ÿm-]-\wF-∂mtWm hn-fn-t°-≠-Xv F-∂v Nn-¥n-°-Ww.C-Ø-c-Øn¬ A-h-cp-sS _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf ]-cn-[n-I-fn¬ \n-∂v tam-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-XvA-h-sc sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ Np-cp-°w Nn-e]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ am-Xw i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xp-h-gn I-gn-hpw Im-cy-£-a-X-bpw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

2. an-I-hn-\p-≈ A-Z-ay-am-b B-K-lw [Quest

for excellence]: sXm-gn¬ hn-`-P-\-Øns‚-bpw ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-h¬-°-c-W-Øns‚-bpw ta-∑-Iƒ \n-ßƒ-°-dn-bm-a-t√m. ]p-dwI-cm¿ c-≠vX-c-Øn¬ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v ssh-Z-Kv-≤ywkm-[y-am-°p-∂p. H-∂v, A-h¿-°v \-∂m-bnsN-øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ Np-cp-°w ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ am-Xw i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠vB ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ an-I-hv ]p-e¿-Øm≥I-gn-bp-∂p. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn, _m-°n-bp-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv, B ta-J-e-bn-se ]-K¬-`¿-°m-Wv F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠vAh-cp-sS ssh-Z-Kv-≤yw Iq-Sn ÿm-]-\-Øn-\ve`y-am-Ip-∂p. C-ßs\ an-I-hn-\p-≈ A-Z-ay-am-b B-K-lw D≈-h¿ Xßƒ G-sX-√mw]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°-WwF-∂v am-X-a-√ a-‰p-≈-h¿ \n-ßƒ-°v th-≠nF-s¥m-s° sN-ø-Ww F-∂v Iq-Sn A-dn-™n-cn-°-Ww.

3. sN-e-hv Np-cp-°p-∂p [Cost reduction]:

B-tKm-f a-’-c-£-a-X A-¥¿-t±-io-b KpW\n-e-hm-cw am-X-a-√, A-¥¿-t±-io-b-X-e-Øn¬a-’-c-£-a-am-b hn-e \n¿Æbw Iq-Sn B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. a-’-c-£-a-X hn-e-Iƒ Xm-tg-°vXn-cn-°p-tºmƒ sN-e-hv Np-cp-°¬ am-X-am-Wvem- -£-a-X-bv-°pw \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\p-ap-≈ G-Iam¿-§w. sXm-gn¬ hn- -P-\-hpw ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-h¬-°-c-W-hpw Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw D-b¿-Øp-∂-Xn-s\m-∏w sN-e-hv Np-cp-°m-\pw k-lm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.C-Xv km-[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv ]p-dwI-cm¿ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂ ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ A-tX tk-h-\w H-cp-]m-Sv t]¿-°v \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v h-en-b tXm-Xn¬]-h¿-Ø-\w \-S-Øp-∂-Xns‚ km-º-Øn-It\- w e- y-am-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. cm-Py-sØm-´m-sI-bp-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\-L-S-I-ß-fp-sS hn-e-bn-ep-≈ hy-Xn-bm-\-hpw sN-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°p-∂

164 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn m-c-XØn¬, Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hn¬ D-b¿-∂Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ am-\p-jn-I hn-`-h-ß-ƒe`yam-b-XpsIm≠v temI cmjvS-ß-fpsSXm¬]-cy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v K-th-j-W-w, D¬-∏m-Z-\-w, tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b-dp-Iƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-°¬,hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-btk-h-\-ßƒ- \¬I¬ XpS-ßn-bh e`y-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

4. ]-c-kv-]-c _-‘-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈ h-f¿-®

[Growth through alliance-]: \n-ßƒ F-X-am-Xw tk-h-\-ßƒ-°m-bn a-‰p-≈-h-sc B-i-bn-°p-∂p-thm A-X-bpw \n-ß-fp-sS km-º-ØnI\n-t£-]w Ip-d-bv-°mw. Im-c-Ww A-X-bpw\n -t£-]w tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-h¿\nßƒ°v th-≠n \-S-Øn-bn- p-≠v. C-\n A-Y-hm ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂ ÿm-]-\-Øn¬\nßƒ \n-t£-]w \-S-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬A-h¿ \¬-Ip-∂ sN-e-hp Np-cp-°-ens‚-bpwD-b¿-∂ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚-bpw t\-´-Øn-s\m-∏w A-h¿ sN-øp∂ sam-Øw _n-kn-\- ns‚ em- -Øn-s‚ ]-¶pw \n-ßƒ-°v e- n-°p-∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠v \n-ß-fpsS ssI-h-i-ap-≈\n-t£-]n-°m-hp-∂ A-X-bpw [-\w \n-ß-fp-sS _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hn-]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. km-º-Øn-Ih-cp-am-\-Øn-\v ]p-d-ta, ]p-dwI-cm¿ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ A-dn-hp-Iƒ ]-¶v h-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\pw k-l-I-c-Wm-fl-I-am-b ]T-\-Øn-\pwh-gn-h-bv-°p-∂p-≠v. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw C-∂v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-h-cp-sS \n-tXy-\-bp-≈ A-]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-s°m-∏wK-th-j-W hn-I-k-\-apƒ-∏-sS-bp≈ X-¥-]-[m-\-am-b ]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Iq-Sn]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Im≥ Xm¬-]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

5. km -º-Øn -I hn -I -k-\ -Øn\p≈

t]m -’m-l\w [Fillip to economic

development]: ]p-dwI-cm¿, ]-tXy-In-®v a-‰vcm-Py-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ ]p-dwI-cm¿ B-Xn-tY-bcm-„-ß-fn¬ A-Xm-b-Xv, ]p-dwI-cm-dm-bn]-hr-Øn-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp-Øv sN-øn-°p-∂ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ kw-cw- -I-Xzw, sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ, I-b-‰p-a-Xn F-∂n-h-bn-se-√mw D-W¿-∆v kr-„n-°p-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, m-c-X-Øn-se hn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zym ta-J-e kw-cw-`-I-Xz-Øn-epwsXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-epw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-epw A- q-X-]q¿-∆-am-b h-f¿-® ssI-h-cn-°p-I-bpw tkm- v-‰v-sh-b¿ hn-I-k-\w hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-btk-h-\w ]-Zm-\w sN-ø¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ temI-Ønse Xs∂ tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-Sm-Ø ]p-dwI-cm¿ G-s‰-Sp-°¬ i-‡n-bm-bn am-dpIbpwsNbvXp. C-t∏mƒ B-tKm-f hn-h-c -km-t¶-XnI-hn-Zymta-J-e-bn-se A-dp-]-Xv i-X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Iw ]p-dwI-cm¿ tk-h-\-ß-fpw ]-Zm-\wsN-øp-∂-Xv m-c-X-am-Wv-.

5.8.3. ]p-dwI-cm¿ ta-J-e-bn-se Bi-¶Iƒ[Concerns over Outsourcing]

]p-dwI-cm¿ ta-J-e-sb Np-‰n-∏-‰n-bp-≈ Nn-eBi¶I-sf A-dn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv i-cn-b-√.

1. c-l-kym-fl-I-X C-√m-Xm-°p-∂p [Confi-

dentiality]: ]p-dwI-cm¿ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°vkp-]-[m-\-am-b hn-h-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw A-dn-hp-I-fp-sS-bpw ]-¶p-h-bv-°¬ A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.]p-dwI-cm¿ F-s‰-Sp-°p-∂ ]-¶m-fn Cu c-l-kym-fl-I-X Im-Øp-kq-£n-°m-Xn-cp∂m¬-(D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ hnh-c-ßƒa-’c F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ-°v ssI-am-dp-I-) I-cm¿\¬-Ip-∂ ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ Xm¬-]-cy-ß-sftZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°pw F-∂-Xn¬ X¿-°-


sam-∂p-an-√. tk-h-\-tam D¬-∏-∂-tam ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬a-s‰m-cp ]-iv-\w Iq-Sn D-≠m-Imw, A-Xm-b-Xv

I-cm¿ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂ ]-¶m-fn ÿm-]-\-Øns‚

_n-kn-\- v kz-bw Xp-S-ßp-I-bpw hn-]-Wn-bn-

se F-Xn-cm-fn-bm-bn am-dp-I-bpw sN-ømw.

2. A-[zm-\n-°m-sX ^-ew sIm-ø¬ [Sweat

shopping]: sN-e-hv Np-cp-°-ens‚ `m-K-am-bn

]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-tºmƒ, b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬

sN-øp-∂-Xv, B-Xn-tY-b cm-„-ß-fn-se Np-cp-

ßn-b sN-e-hn-ep-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf-s°m-≠v

tPm-en sN-øn-∏n-®v ]-c-am-h-[n t\- w D-≠m-°p-

I F-∂-Xv X-s∂-bm-Wv. am-X-a-√, D¬-∏m-Z-\

ta-J-e-bn-em-bn-s°m-≈-s´ hn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I

ta-J-e-bn-em-bn-s°m-≈-s´ ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-

∂ ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ H-cn-°-epw A-Xv G-s‰-Sp-°p-

∂ ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS I-gn-hn-s\-tbm ti-jn-sb-

tbm hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈-X-√,

a-dn-®v A-h-cp-sS ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v

B-h-iy-am-b Ir-Xy-am-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-

≈ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fpw co-Xn-I-fpw am-X-am-Wv.

A-Xm-b-Xv ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂-h¿ F-√m-bv-

t∏m-gpw t\m-°p-∂-Xv, Nn-¥m-ti-jn h¿-≤n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ]-h¿-Øn-°m-\p-≈ ti-jn-

D-]-tbm-Kn-°-em-Wv.

3. [m¿-Ωn-I-am-b ]-iv-\-ßƒ [Ethical

concerns]: H-cp ]m-Z-c-£ \n¿-Ωm-W I-º-\n

A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏m-Z-\w, _m-e-th-e-bpw kv-Xo

sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf m-Œ-dn-I-fn¬ tPm-en sNøn-

°-epw D-≈ H-cp hn-I-kz-c cm-Py-tØ-bv-°v

]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-In F-∂v I-cp-Xp-I. kz-¥w

cm-Py-Øv _m-e-th-e \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂ i-‡-

amb \n-b-a-ßƒ D-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v A-h¿-°v

AXv kz-¥w \m- n¬ sN-øm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√.

_m-e-th-e \n-b-a-hn-cp-≤-a-√m-Ø A-s√-¶n¬

Zp¿-_-e-am-b \n-b-a-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp-≈ cm-Py-

ß-fn-se _m-e-th-e D-]-tbm-Kn-®v D¬-]m-Z-\

sN-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xv b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ [m¿-

Ωn-I-am-tWm? A-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂ ]-Xn- -

e-Øns‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ kv-Xo-]p-cp-j hn-th-

N\w \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ cm-Py-ß-fn-te-bv-°v ]hr-

Øn-Iƒ ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂-Xpw [m¿-Ωn-I-

am-tWm F-∂pw Nn-¥n-°p-I.

4. ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂ cm-Py-ß-fn-se A-

Xr-]v-Xn [Resentment in the home countries]:

D¬-∏m-Z-\w, hn-]-W-\w, K-th-j-W hn-I-k-\

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, hn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-e-

[n-jvTn-X-am-b tk-h-\w ]-Zm-\w sN-ø¬ Xp-S-

ßn ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ F-¥p-am-bn-s°m-≈-s´,

]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-I F-∂-Xn-\¿-∞w, B-Xy-

¥n-I-am-bn sXm-gn¬ A-Y-hm sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-

ßƒ ]p-dw cm-Py-ßƒ-°v \¬-Ip-I F-∂p-X-

s∂-bm-Wv. C-Xv B cm-Py-ß-fn¬, A-Xm-b-Xv

]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂ cm-Py-ß-fn-se P-\-ß-

fn¬ A-Xr-]v-Xn-bpw A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bpw

kr-„n-°pw, ]-tXy-In-®v sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a

]-iv-\-am-Ip-∂ cm-Py-ß-fn¬.

ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-® ]-iv-\-ß-sfm-s° D-s≠-

¶n-epw B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ ]p-dwI-cm¿ ]-h¿-

Ø-\-ßƒ-°v h-en-b Ip-g-∏-sam-∂pw kw- -hn-

®n-ń-√ F-∂v am-X-a-√ Cu co-Xn Iq-Sp-X¬

Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-I-kn-®p- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F-∂-

Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X. m-c-Xw ]p-dwI-cm-dns‚ H-cp

tI-µ-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ 1998 se 23,000 B-fp-I-

fpw ]-Øv an-√y≥ tUm-f-dpw F-∂ \n-e-bn¬

\n-∂pw 2008 ¬ H-cp an-√y¨ tPm-en-°m-cpw

C-cp-]-Xv _n-√y≥ tUm-f-dpw F-∂ \n-e-bn-te-

°pw C-∂-sØ A-h-ÿ-bn¬ A-Xns‚

]-Xn-∑-S-ßv h-f¿-®- t\-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p F-∂-Xv

h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.

166 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


B-tKm-f _n-kn-\- n¬ H-cp-]m-Sv am-‰-ßƒ D-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu am-‰-Øn¬ G-sd

]-I-S-am-b-h C-˛_n-kn-\- pw ]p-dwI-cm¿ tPm-en-bp-am-Wv. B-`y-¥-c-hpw _m-ly-hp-am-b t]-

c-I-ß-fm-Wv C-Ø-cw am-‰-ßƒ-°v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xv. B-`y-¥-c-am-bn ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ h-f¿-

®-bv-°pw Im-cy-]m-]v-Xn h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ Xz-c-bm-Wv C˛-_n-kn-\- n-te-°pw ]p-dwI-

cm-dn-te-°pw \-bn-®-sX-¶n¬ _m-ly-am-bn F-t∏m-gpw sN-ep-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ a-’-c kΩ¿-

±-hpw F-t∏m-gpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fpw C-Øcw

Np-h-Sp-h-bv-]p-Iƒ-°v Im-c-W-am-bn-´p-≠v.

C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv co-Xn-bn¬ D-≈ _n-kn-\- v A-Y-hm C -_n-kn-\- v, ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v X-ßfpsS

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ÿ-eIm-e t -Z-a-t\y F-¥pw F-t∏m-gpw F-hn-sS-bpw e- y-am-°p-∂-Xn\p≈

A-h-k-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p. A-Xp-h-gn X-ß-fp-sS ]-I-S-\w sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ F-√m

XS- -ß-fpw \o-°w sN-øp-∂p. ssl-sS-°v B-sW-¶n-epw C -_n-kn-\- n-\v hy-‡n-_-‘-ßfn√

F-s∂m-cp t]m-cm-bv-a-bp-≠v. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v hn¬-∏-\-°m-cp-am-bn

t\-cn-´p-≈ _-‘w e-`y-am-hp-I-bn-√. Iq-Sm-sX -C-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS kp-c-£n-X-Xzw kw-_-‘n-®pw

C≥-d¿-s\-‰v h-gn C-S-]m-Sv \-S-Øp-∂-h-cp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-sb kw-_-‘n-®p-sam-s° B-i-¶-Iƒ

D-≠v. C˛-_n-kn-\- ns‚ t\-´-ßƒ hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ßƒ-°n-S-bv-°pw H-cp cm-Py-Øns‚ hn-hn-[

]-tZ-i-ßƒ-°n-S-bv-°pw H-tc t]m-se-b-√ e-`y-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

Un-Pn-‰¬ B-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ]p-d-ta, ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ap≥-]p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ "F-√mw kz-bw sN-øp-I'

F-∂ am-\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n-∂v am-dn Nn-¥n-®p- Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-ap-≠v. _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-

ßƒ A-h-cp-sS ]-e ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw D¬-∏m-Z-\w, K-th-j-W hn-I-k-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ,

a‰v _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ (hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b-tXm A-√m-

Ø-tXm) ]p-dwI-cm¿ \¬-In-Øp-S-ßn. C-¥y ]p-dwI-cm¿ ta-J-e-bn¬ A-Xn-th-Kw ap-t∂dns°m-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. H-∏w sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-epw I-gn-hp-Iƒ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xnepw

I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-epw sam-Øw B-`y-¥-c D¬-∏m-Z-\w h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-sam-s° ]p-dwI-cm¿

kw-`m-h-\ \¬-Ip-∂p.

C-˛_n-kn-\- pw ]p-dwI-cm-dpw H-cp-an-®v _n-kn-\- ns‚-bpw _n-kn-\- v sN-øp-∂ co-Xn-bp-sS-

bpw ap-J-—m-b X-s∂ am-‰n F-∂v ]-d-bmw. k-hn-ti-j-am-b Im-cyw C˛-_n-kn-\- pw ]p-dw I-cm-

dpw C-\n-bpw D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv C-h-sb _n-kn-

\- n-se \q-X-\ ]-h-W-X-Iƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv-.

]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ

C -_n-kn-\- v C- sIm-ta-gv-kv- _u-k¿

ssh-dkv skIz¿ tkm-°-‰v se-b¿ (SSL) C ]Ww

Hm -sse≥ hym-]m-cw C -kw- -c-Ww C -te-ew sIm-≈¬

Imƒ sk‚dp-Iƒ _n-kn-\- v ]-In-b-I-fp-sS ]p-dwI-cm¿


]cn-io-e\ tNmZy-ßƒ

icn-bp-Øcw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I.

1. C-˛sIm-ta-gv-kn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xv G-Xv?

a) _n-kn-\- pw hn-X-c-W-°m-cp-am-bp-≈ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ

b) _n-kn-\- pw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bp-≈ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ

c) _n-kn-\- n-\-I-sØ hn-hn-[ Un-∏m¿-´v-sa≥-dp-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ

d) _n-kn-\- ns‚ hy-Xy-ÿ ÿ-e-ß-fn-ep-≈ bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ

2. ]p-dw I-cm¿

a) hn-h-c km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ tk-h-\-ßƒ am-Xw I-cm¿ \¬-Im≥A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.

b) ]m-[m-\y-an-√m-Ø _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ am-Xw I-cm¿ \¬-Im≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.

c) K-th-j-W-hn-I-k-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, ]-[m-\-hpw A-]-[m-\-hp-am-b tk-h-\ ]-In-b-Iƒ Dƒ-∏-sS I-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂p, ]-s£ kz-¥w cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øv am-Xw ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p,

d) hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.

3. C-˛_n-kn-\- n-se G-‰-hpw am-Xr-Im-]-c-am-b ]-Ww \¬-I¬ co-Xn.

a) km-[-\w e-`n-°p-tºmƒ ]-Ww \¬-Ip-I

b) sN-°v

c) sI-Un-‰v Im¿-Upw sU-_n-‰v Im¿-Upw

d) C-˛]-Ww.

4. Imƒ sk≥-d-dp-Iƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xv

a) C-tßm-´v h-cp-∂ i-–m-[n-jvTn-X tk-h-\-ßƒ am-Xw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂p.

b) ]p-d-tØ-°v t]m-Ip-∂ i-–m-[n-jvTn-X tk-h-\-ßƒ am-Xw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂p.

c) i-–m-[n-jvTn-X-hpw A-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂p.

d) D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-t\m-Sv t\-cn-´p-≈-Xpw Hm-ô-kn¬ \n-∂p-≈-Xpw B-b _n-kn-\- v.

168 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

5. C-sXm-cp C-˛_n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-tbm-K-a-√.

a) Hm¨-sse≥ te-ew sIm-≈¬

b)) Hm¨-sse≥ kw-`-c-Ww

c) Hm¨-sse≥ hn-]-W-\w

d) I-cm¿ K-th-j-W hn-I-k-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ.

ltkzm-Øc tNm-Zy-ßƒ [Short Answer Questions]

1. C˛_n-kn-\- pw ]-c-º-cm-K-X _n-kn-\- pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ G-sX-¶n-epw aq-∂v hy-Xym-k-ßƒ F-gp-Xp-I.

2. ]p-dwI-cm¿ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv \q-X-\ _n-kn-\- v co-Xn-sb ]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv?

3. C-˛_n-kn-\- ns‚ G-sX-¶n-epw c-≠v ]-tbm-K-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

4. ]p-dwI-cm-dn¬ D-≠m-Im-hp-∂ [m¿-Ωn-I ]-iv-\-ßƒ G-sX-√mw?

5. C-˛_n-kn-\- n-se hn-h-c-ßƒ kq-£n-®v h-bv-°p-∂-Xn-se-bpw ssI-am-‰w sN-øp-∂-Xn-se-bpw \-„-km-[y-X-Iƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

Zo¿-tLmØc tNm-Zy-ßƒ [Long Answer Type Questions]

1. F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv C-˛_n-kn-\- pw ]p-dwI-cm-dpw _n-kn-\- n-se \q-X-\ ]-h-W-X-I-fm-bn ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? C-Ø-cw ]-h-W-X-I-fp-sS ]m-[m-\yw h¿-≤n-®v h-cp-∂-Xn-\p-≈Im-c-W-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2. Hm¨-sse≥ hym-]m-c-Øns‚ L-´-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

3. ]p-dwI-cm-dns‚ B-h-iy-I-X-bpw A-Xns‚ ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fpw hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I.

4. _nSpkn sIm-ta-gv-kns‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ N¿-® sN-øp-I

5. C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv co-Xn-bn¬ _n-kn-\- v \-S-Øp-∂-Xns‚ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ N¿-® sN-øp-I. Cu]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ A-Xns‚ hym-]v-Xn-sb ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ am-Xw i-‡-am-tWm? D-Ø-c-Øn-\v km-[q-I-c-Ww \¬-Ip-I.

t]m-P-Iv-‰v/A-ssk≥-sa‚ v- [Project and Assignment]

1. sN-dp-In-S I-S-I-fn¬ \n-∂pw C‚¿-s\-‰n¬ \n-∂pw e-`n-°p-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw A-h-bp-sShn-e-bpw Xm-c-X-ay-]T-\w \-S-Øp-I. A-h-bp-sS Kp-W-ta-∑, D-]-t`m-‡r kw-Xr-]-Xn Xp-S-ßn-b-h k-am-\-am-tWm F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

2. _n-kn-\- v co-Xn-sb-∂ \n-e-bn¬ C-˛_n-kn-\- v A-Y-hm C-˛sIm-ta-gv-kv- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ H-cp ÿm-]-\-sØ Ip-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-I. B ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ tPm-en sN-øp-∂ B-sc-¶n-ep-am-bn A-`n-ap-J kw-`m-j-Ww \-S-Øn ]m-tbm-Kn-I _n-kn-\- n¬ A-Xns‚ sa-®-ß-fpw km-º-Øn-I t\-´-hpw hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-I.

A-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bwA-[ym-bw 6

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I DØchmZnXzhpw

_n-kn-\- v [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw[SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF BUSINESS

AND BUSINESS ETHICS]

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®v Ignbptºmƒ ]TnXmhv :

$ _nkn-\- ns‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂ B-i-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ _nkn-\- ns‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®v N¿-®sN-øp∂p.

$ _nkn-\- n\v hy-Xy-kv-X X¬]-c-I-£n-I-tfm-Sp-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bpw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘whn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-∂p.

$ _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X F-∂ B-i-b-hpw A-Xn-s‚ L-S-I-ß-fpw \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂p.

170 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

6.1 B-ap-Jw [Introduction]

Hm-tcm hy-‡n-bv-°pw k-aq-l-tØm-Sv Nn-eD-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fp-≠v. A-h-\v A-Xn-s‚km-aq-ln-I-am-b aq-ey-ß-fpw s]-cp-am-‰-®- -ß-fpw ]m-en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂Hm-tcm _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-hpw _n-kn-\- vsN-øp-∂-Xpw A-Xn-eq-sS em`w t\-Sp-∂-Xpwk-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Iq-Sn ]-Xo-£-Iƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®m-bncn°-Ww. _n-kn-\- n-\v hm-Wn-Py]-h¿Ø\tam hym-h-km-bn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\tam\-S-Øp-hm-\pw A-Xn-eq-sS em-`w t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ A-h-k-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv k-aq-l-am-Wv.A-Xp-sIm-≠v k-aq-l-Øn-\v tZm-j-I-c-am-Ip-∂H-cp ]-hrØn-bpw _n-kn-\- n-s‚ `m-K-Øp-\n-∂v D-≠m-Ip∂n-√ F-∂v D-d-∏m-t°-≠Xp≠v.D¬∏-∂-ß-fn¬ am-bw tN¿-Øv hn¬-∏\ \S-ØpI, sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂ ]-c-ky-ßƒ \¬-IpI, A-S-bv-t°-≠ \n-Ip-Xn A-S-bv°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, A-¥-co-£- a-en-\o-I-c-Ww \S-ØpI,sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf Nq-j-Ww sN-øp-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I-am-bn A- n-Im-ay-a-√m-Ø \-S-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv. C-Ø-cw ]-hr-Øn-I-fn-eq-sS ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ em- w XmXvIm-en-

I-ambn h¿-≤n-°p-sa-¶n-epw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚Xm¬]-cysØ h-en-b tXmXn-¬ tZm-j-I-c-ambn _m-[n-°pw. F-∂m¬ \n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ km-[-\-ßƒ hn¬-°p-I, B-tcm-Ky-am-b sXm-gn¬A-¥-co-£w kr-„n-°p-I, \n-Ip-XnIƒ Ir-Xy-am-bn A-S-°p-I, ^m-Œ-dn-bn¬ a-en-\o-I-c-W\n-b-¥-W D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ ÿm-]n-°p-I,D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS ]-cm-Xn-I-tfm-Sv A-\p- m-h-]q¿-W-am-b k-ao-]-\w kzo-I-cn-°p-I ap-X-em-b-h-bm-Wv _n-kn-\- n-s‚ k-aq-l-tØm-Sp-≈A-`n-Im-ay-am-b ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ. A-Xp-h-gnÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ ]-i-kv-Xn h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw Iq-Sp-X¬ em-`w t\-Sp-hm-\pw km-[n-°p-∂p. Np-cp-°-Øn¬ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fpw [m¿Ωn-I aq-ey-ß-fpw ]n≥Xp-Scp∂ _n-kn-\- n-\v am-X-ta Zo¿-L-Im-ehn-P-bw t\-Sp-hm-\pw AXv \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\pwkm-[n°q.

6.2 km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂B-i-bw [Concept of Social

Responsibility]

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ aq-ey-ßƒ-°pw e-£y-ßƒ-°pw A- n-Im-ay-am-b X-c-Øn-ep-≈ Xo-cp-am-\-

a-Wn F-∂ ]-Xte-J-I≥ _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßfpsS sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂ ]-c-ky-ßƒ,am-bw tN¿-Ø D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-]-W-\w, sXm-gn¬ ÿnXn, A-¥-co-£ -a-en-\o-I-cWw,k¿-°m¿ D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°v ssI-°q-en \¬-I¬ Xp-S-ßn-b hn-hm-Z hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®vte-J-\-ßƒ F-gp-Xp-I-bp-≠m-bn. hym-]m-cn-Iƒ ]-Ww t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-bn G-Xv am¿-§-hpwkzo-I-cn-°p-sa-∂v A-t±-lw hn-iz-kn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. A-ß-s\-bn-cn-s°, D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tfm-Spw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm-Spw \n-t£-]-I-tcm-Spw a-‰p km-aq-ln-I hn-`m-K-ß-tfm-Spw \√C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-¬ ]i-kvX-\m-b, ap-Jy-[m-c-bn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ H-cp ]apJtem-dn \n¿-am-W-°-º-\n-bp-sS A-[y-£ÿm-\w A-e-¶-cn-°p-∂, io-cm-a≥ Pq-K≥-hm-e-bp-am-bn kw-`m-j-W-Øn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p. H-cp _n-kn-\ v kw-cw-`-Øn-\v km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØm-Spw [m¿-Ωn-I-X-tbm-Spw A-tXm-sSm-∏w- X-s∂ anI®em-`-tØm-Spw Iq-Sn ]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ km-[n-°pw F-∂v ]kvXpX kw-`m-j-W-Øn-eq-sSA-t±-l-Øn-\p a-\- n-em-bn. AtXmsS _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw, _nkn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-ß-fn¬ A-t±-lw Iq-Sp-X¬ hym-]r-X-\mbn.

171_n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hpw _n-kn-\- v [¿-Ω-hpw

ß-ƒ F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wv A-Xn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]-Xo-£-I-sf am-\n-°p-I-bpw em-`we-£yw sh-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w X-s∂ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]-Xo-£-Iƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠]-c-am-h-[n i-a-ßƒ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ m-K-Øp-\n-∂v D-≠m-hp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv _n-kn-\- n-s‚km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw. _n-kn-\- n-s‚e-£yw D-S-a-ÿ-\v ]-c-am-h-[n em- w t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-I am-X-am-sW-∂pw A-√m-sX s]m-Xp-\-∑-bv-°p-th-≠n ]-h¿-Øn-°m-\p-≈-X-√ F-∂p-ap≈ km-[m-c-W k-¶¬-∏-Øn-\v F-Xn-cm-WvCu B-i-bw. k-aq-l-Øn-se D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈ G-Xp _n-kn-\- pw, GXp ]u-c-\pwP-\-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-X-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ i-≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\w ._n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-XzwA-Xn-s‚ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØ-

°mƒ hn-im-eamb X-e-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw \n-b-aw ]m-en-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°m≥I-gn-bp-sa-¶n¬ A-Xn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-XzØns‚ ÿm\w A-Xn-\pw -ap-I-fn-emWv. H-cp -_n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-b-aw A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ I-S-a-Iƒ-s°m-∏w X-s∂ \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ \n¿-_-‘-an-√m-sX \n¿-h-ln-°m-\p-≈ km-aq-ln-I _m-[y-X-I-sf-bm-Wv A-h-bp-sS km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. a-s‰m-cp-X-c-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ \-∑-bv-°p-th-≠n _n-kn-\- n-s‚ m-K-Øp-\n-∂v kz-ta-[-bm D-≠m-Ip-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv A-h-cp-sS km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzßƒ.

6.3 km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-s‚B-h-iy -I-X [Need for Social

Respon-sibility]

km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- vF-¥m-Wv _nkn-\ v sN-tø-≠ i-cn-bm-b

tIm¿∏-td‰v taJ-e-bpsS km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw[Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)]

k-aq-l-Øn-\v A-`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I F-∂p-≈-Xv hn-hn-[ X-cw _n-kn-\- v cq-]-ß-fmb G-Imw-K hym-]m-cw, ]-¶m-fn-Ø _nkn-\ v, _nkn-\ pw, ln-µp Iq-´p-Ip-Spw-_w, k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ, I-º-\n Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv. I-º-\n cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ _n-kn-\- p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v D-]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂ kn.F-kv.B¿ (CSR) F-∂ B-i-b-w A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn h-en-b _-lp-P-\-k-Ω-Xn t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. [m¿-Ωn-I-aq-ey-ß-sf am-\n-®p-sIm-≠pw P-\-ßƒ, k-aq-lw, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn F-∂n-h-sb ]-cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠pw km-º-Øn-I hn-P-bw t\-Sp-I F-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv tIm¿-∏-td-‰pI-fpsS km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-

eq-sS e£y-an-Sp∂Xv. kw-L-Sn-X ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n-∂v k-aq-lw ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂ \n-b-a-]-c-hpw [m¿-Ωn-I-hpwhm-Wn-Py-]-c-hp-am-b hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv kn.F-kv.B¿ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. kw-L-Sn-Xta-J-e F-√m-Ø-cw KpW-t`m-‡m°-fp-sS-bpw (AXm-b-Xv Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ, ]-Ww sIm-Sp-°m-\p-≈-h¿, D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, ]-Xn-tbm-

Kn-Iƒ, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, k¿-°m¿, k-aq-lw) A-h-Im-i-ß-sf k-¥p-en-X-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂ co-Xn-bn-ep-≈Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv F-∂m-Wv kn.F-kv.B¿ hn-`m-h-\w sN-øp-∂-Xv.

_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw \jvS-]-cn-lmcw sImSp-°p-∂Xnepw I-º-\n-bp-sS Xo-cp-am-\w F-Sp-°¬

]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw kw-tbm-Pn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈ \-b-ß-fp-sS-bpw \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw co-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpwB-sI Xp-I-bm-bn-´m-Wv kn.F-kv.B-dn-s\ I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

172 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Imcyw?- H-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\w, ]-c-am-h-[n em-`w ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂ D-S-a-bp-sS Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ-°v- amXambn ]-h¿-Øn-°-tWmA-tXm k-aq-l-Øn-se hy-Xy-kv-X hn- m-K-ß-fm-b D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, hn-X-c-W-°m¿, k¿-°m¿, s]m-Xp k-aq-lw F-∂n-h-cp-sS Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ IqSn kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v th≠n ]-h¿-Øn-°-tWm? F∂-XmWvtNmZyw. H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-bn _-‘-s∏- v [m¿-Ωn-I-am-bn F-¥m-Wv icnA-s√-¶n¬ sX-‰v F-∂ tNm-Zyw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂-XvA-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn H-cp [m¿-Ωn-I ]-iv-\-am-bmWv kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fn¬ _n-kn-\- p-Im-c-s‚ m-K-Øp-\n-∂v A-Ø-cw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ kz-ta-[-bm\n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-t\m A-s√-¶n¬ AhsN-øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m D-≈ L-S-Iw Iq-Sn Dƒ-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. k-aq-l-Øn-se hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-Iƒ°v \-¬tI≠ tk-h-\-Øn-s‚ tXm-XvXo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kzm-X-¥yw A-h¿D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°mw. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬F-√m _n-kn-\- p-Im-cpw k-aq-l-tØm-Sv H-tc-t]m-se D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw Im- p-∂n-√. _n-kn-\- v A-Xn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ\-S-∏n-em-°-W-tam th-≠-tbm F-∂-Xn¬C-t∏mƒ N¿-®-Iƒ \-S-°p-∂p-≠v. A-Xn¬Nn-e¿ _n-kn-\- n-\v A-Xn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ-\p-am-bn am-X-ta D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈q F-∂-Xn¬D-d-®p-hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p. F-∂m¬ a-‰p-Nn-e¿_n-kn-\- n-\v AXn-s‚ Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fpw]-hr-Øn-I-fpw k-aq-l-Øn-se G-sXm-s°ta-J-e-I-sf _m-[n-°p-tam A-h-tcm-sS-√mwA-Xn-\v km-aq-ln-I-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw D-≠m-Ipw F-∂-Xn¬ D-d-®p-\n¬-°p-∂p. _n-kn-\-kn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-sa∂ Bi-bsØ A-\p-Iq-en-®pw F-Xn-¿Øp-ap≈ hm-Z-ß-sf°p-dn-®v A-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv Kp-W-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.

6.3.1 km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\vA-\p-Iq-e-am-b hm-Z-ßƒ[Arguments for Social Responsibility]

(i) \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw h-f¿-®-bv-°pw th-≠n-bp -≈ \o -Xo -I -c -Ww [Justification for

existence and growth]: a -\p -jy -s‚B-h-iy-ßƒ Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bm-Wv _n-kn-\- v \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. _n-kn-\- v sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ G-‰-hpw]-[m-\-s∏- ]-tNm-Z-\w em- w t\-Sp-I F-∂-Xm-sW-¶n-epw C-Xn-s\ P-\-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ tk-h-\-Øn-s‚ -e-am-bn am-Xw I-W-°m-°p-IF∂-XmWv A`n-Imayw. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ h-f¿-®-bpw A- n-hr-≤n-bpw km-aq-ln-I ]Xn-_-≤Xh-gn am-X-ta bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-hp-I-bp-≈p F-∂-Xm-Wv k-Xyw. B-b-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- n-s‚km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw A-Xn-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s‚-bpw h-f¿-®-bp-sS-bpw \ym-bo-I-c-W-am-bnI-cp-Xmw.

(ii) ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Zo¿-L-Im-e Xm¬-]cyw

[Long-term interest of the firm]:

km-aq-ln-I ]Xn-_-≤X ]-[m-\ e-£y-am-bnkzo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ am-X-ta _n-kn-\- n-\pwA-Xn-s‚ ]-Xn-—m-b-°pw ÿm-bn-bm-b t\- wssI-h-cn -°m≥ km-[n -°q. _nkn-\ vAXns‚ kmaq-lnI ]Xn-_-≤X icn-bmbcoXn-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂n√ F∂v t_m[y-s∏- m¬ kaq-l-Ønse hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fmbsXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, Hml-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ AØcwÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn \n -lI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\vImc-W-am-bn-Øo-cpw. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-lnI D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz \n¿-h-l-Ww A-h-cp-sSX-s∂ Xm¬-] -cy -Øn -s‚ `m -K -am -Wv .G-sXmcp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚-bpw ]-Xn-—m-b km-aq-ln-I ]Xn-_-≤Xbn-eq-sS h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p.


(iii) k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ H-gn-hm-°¬[Avoidance of government regul-ations]: _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ H-gn-®p Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ kz-bw km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-eq-sS _n-kn-\- v A-Xn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p-≈ km-l-N-cyw H-gn-hm-°p-∂p.(iv) kaq-lØns‚ kw-c-£-Ww [Mainte-

nance of society]: F-√m km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°pwA-\p-tbm-Py-am-b X-c-Øn-ep-≈ \n-b-aw \n¿-Ωn-°p-I F-∂-Xv A-]m-tbm-Kn -I-am-bh-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv Cu Bi-b-Øns‚ B-[m-cw. _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-∂v th-≠-hn-[-Øn-ep-≈ tk-h-\-ßƒ e- n-°p-∂n-s√-∂vP-\-ßƒ°v t_m-[y-am-bm¬ A-h¿ \n-b-a-Øm¬ \n-b-¥n-°-s∏-Sm≥ km-[n-°m-Økm-aq-ln-I hn-cp-≤ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-t -°mw. CXv _n-kn-\- n-s\ tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m[n-°pw. A-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- v A-h-cp-sS km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv A- n-Im-ayw.(v) _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-°-ep-≈ hn-`-h-ß

-fp-sS e-`y-X [Availability of resources with

business]: k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]-iv -\-ß-sf^-e-]-Z-am-bn ]-cn-l-cn-°phm≥ I-gn-bp-∂X-c-Øn-ep-≈ km-º-Øn-I-hpw am-\p-jn-I-hp-am-b hn-`-h-ßƒ _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-ep-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn h¿j-ß-tfmfw _nkn-\ v ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-®-Xn-eqsSB¿÷n-s®-SpØ c-W-\n¿h-lW ]mS-hhpwaqe-[-\-hn- -h-ßfpw _nkn-\- ns‚ ]°-ep-≠v. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-°-ep-≈ò-a-am-b [-\, am-\p-jn-I hn- -h-ß-sf D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bpw.

(vi) ]-iv-\-ß-sf A-h-k-c-ß-fm-°n am‰p∂p[Converting problems into oppor-tunities]:

\-„km-[y-X Iq-Sp-X-em-bn \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂km-l-N-cy-ß-sft∏m-epw em-`-I-c-am-b X-c-Øn¬ am-‰m≥ km-[n-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- n-\vkm-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ß-ƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm-∏w, sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠vA-h-sb ^-e-]-Z-]-am-bn t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\pwI-gn-bp∂p.(vii) _n-kn-\- v sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ an-I-®]cn-ÿn-Xn [Better environment for doing

business]: H-cp _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv h-f-scb[nIw ssh-hn-[y-hpw k¶o¿-Æ-hp-am-b ]-iv-\-ßƒ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ kaq-l-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ A-Xv hn-P-bn-°phm-\p≈ km-[y-X h-f-sc Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-sIm-≠v _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-s\ X-s∂ _m-[n-t®-°m-hp-∂ C-Ø-cw km-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ß-ƒ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ_n-kn-\- n-s‚ m-K-Øp-\n-∂pw D-≠m-I-Ww.Ip-d-™ ]-iv-\-ß-fp-≈ H-cp k-aq-l-Øn-\vam-X-ta _n-kn-\- n-\v ]-h¿-Øn-°phm-\m-h-iy-am-b H-cp \-√ A-¥-co-£w kr-„n-°phm≥km-[n-°q.(viii) km-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ _n-kn-\- n-\pw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v

[Holding business responsible for social

problems]: Nn-e km-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ßƒkr-„n--°p-∂-tXm A-s√-¶n¬ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-tXm _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ X-s∂-bm-WvF-∂ hm-Zw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn a-en-\o-I-c-Ww, kp-c-£n-X-a-√m-Ø sXm-gn-en-Sw,s]m-Xp ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se A-gn-a-Xn, sXm-gn-en-S-ß-fn-se hn-th-N-\w Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-Xn¬Nn-e-Xm-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v C-Ø-cw ]-iv-\-ßƒa-‰m-sc-¶n-epw ]-cn-l-cn-°p-sa-∂v Im-Øp-\n¬-°m-sX Ah ]-cn-l-cn-°p-hm-\p-≈ [m¿-Ωn-ID-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw _n-kn-\- n-\p-≠v.

174 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

6.3.2 _nkn-\ ns‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn- Xz-Øn-\p F-Xn-cm-b hm-Z-ßƒ[Argu-ments against Social Responsibility

of business]

_nkn-\- ns‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn\v F-Xn-cm-b hm-Z-ßƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-°p∂p :(i) ]-c-am-h-[n em-`w F-∂ e-£y-Øn¬

\n-∂p-≈ hy-Xn-N-e-\w [Violation of profit

maximisation objective]: _nkn -\ - v\n-e-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv ]-c-am-h-[n em-`w t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bm-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv Cu hmZ-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\w. A-Xp-sIm-≠v km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mepwCu e-£y-Øn-\v F-Xn-cm-Wv. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬,H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\v A-Xn-s‚ Im-cy-£-a-X h¿-≤n-∏n-®pw sN-e-hv Ip-d-®pw ]-c-am-h-[n em-`wt\-Sp-∂-Xn-eq-sS A-Xn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw \n-d-th-‰m≥ I-gn-bpw.(ii) D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v A-[n -I `m-cw

\¬Ip∂p [Burden on consumers]: a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-Ww, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-WwXp-S-ßn-b km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ\n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\v h-f-scb[nIw sNehpwap-X¬ apS°pw Bh-iy-am-Wv. C-Ø-cwkm-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ _n-kn-\- v A-h¿ h-ln-t°-≠ km-º-Øn-I sN-e-hn-s‚ `m-cw km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-e h¿-≤n-∏n-®v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn-te-°v ssI-am-dp-∂p. CØ-cØn¬ km-aq-ln-ID-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\v sNehmbXpI D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ \n-∂v Cu-Sm-°p-∂-Xv A\oXnbm-Wv.(iii) km-aq-ln-I ssh-Z-Kv-[y-Øn-s‚ A-`m-hw

[Lack of social skills]: _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-iv-\-ß-ƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂ XcØn¬ km-aq-ln-I]-iv -\-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ km-[y-a-√._n-kn-\- p-Im-¿ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]-iv-\-ßƒa-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-h ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-w ]-tXy-I ]-cn-io-e-\w t\-Sn-bn- p-≈-h-cp-a-√. A-Xn-\m¬, km-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ßƒA-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- ]-tXy-I hn- m-Kw Bfp-Iƒ ]-cn-l-cn-t°-≠ hn-j-b-am-Wv F-∂Xm-Wv Cu hm-ZØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w.(iv) s]m-Xp-P-\ ]n-¥p-W-bp-sS A-`m-hw[Lack of broad public support]: km-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ß-fn¬ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒs]m-Xp-k-aq-lw C-„-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. km-aq-ln-I]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ s]m-Xp-P-\hn-izm-k-hpw k-l-I-c-W-hpw C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬_n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v A-h th-≠-hn-[-Øn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bm-sX t]m-Ip∂p.

6.3.3 km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-s‚bm-Ym¿ -∞yw [Reality of Social

Responsibility]

_nkn-\ ns‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\v A-\p-Iq-e-hpw ]-Xn-Iq-e-hp-am-b hm-Z-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv I-gn-™p. F-∂m¬_n-kn-\- p-Im-c≥ b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ C-Xn-te-Xp hm-Z-Øn-s\m-∏w \n¬-°pw? ]-c-am-h-[nem- w t\-Sp-I F-∂-Xn-t\m A-tXm km-aq-lnIe-£yw F-∂ B-i-b-Øn-t\m? _n-kn-\- p-Im-cp-sS a-t\m-`m-h-Øn¬ A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øp-≠m-b G-‰-hpw i-t≤-b-am-b am-‰w, em-`-I-c-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS kz-¥w \n-e-\n¬-]v D-d-∏m-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ- Iq-Sn \n-d-th-‰-W-sa-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hm-Wv. F-∂m¬ C-Xn-s\ kz-Im-cy kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS \n-e-\n¬-]n-\p th-≠n-bp-≈ H-cp`w-Kn-hm-°mbn am-X-ta Im-tW-≠-Xp-≈q.H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy k-aq-l-Øn¬ P-\-ßƒ-°vhy-‡-am-b a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ D-≈-Xn-\m¬A-h¿ _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-∂v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-s∏´s]-cp-am-‰w B-h-iy-s∏-Smw. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ C-Ø-cw sh-√p-hn-fn-I-sf Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-hm-\pw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw kz-Im-cy _n-kn-\-


v kw-cw- -ßƒ m-Kn-I-am-sb-¶n-epw X-øm-dm-hp-∂p F-∂ bm-Ym¿-∞yw \n-tj-[n-°m≥I-gn-bn-√. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ _n-kn-\- v A-Xn-s‚]-h¿-Ø-\ I-a-Øn-epw ho-£-W-Øn-epwam-‰w h-cp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-s‚ \n-b-am-\p-kr-X-am-b ]-¶v h-ln-°m≥ X-øm-dm-Im-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬ A-Xn-\v hn-P-bn-°m-\p-≈ km-[y-X C-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. km-aq-ln-ID-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v _n-kn-\- p-Im-c-s\ \n¿-_-‘n-°p--∂-Xpw t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-b L-S-I-ß-fpw Im-c-W-ß-fpw G-sXm-s°-bm-sW-∂pw A-tXm-sSm-∏w X-s∂ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-eq-sS _n-kn-\- n-s‚hn-Im-k-Øn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b km-l-N-cy-ßƒ G-sXm-s°-bm-sW-∂pw A-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv ]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. A-h-bn¬]-[m-\-s∏- -h Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂p.

(i) s]m-Xp \n-b-¥-W-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈

ò-j-Wn [Threat of public regulation]: P-\m-[n-]-Xy ]-In-b-bn-eq-sS sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ k-aq-l-Øn-se hy-Xy-kvXP-\-hn- m-K-ß-fp-sS D-∂-a-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n I¿-Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-am-bn ap-t∂m-´p -t]m-Ip-∂p.k-aq-l-Øn¬ \n-cp-Ø-c-hm-Z-]-c-am-b co-Xn-bn¬]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-s°-Xn-scP-\-ß-fp-sS Xm¬-]-cyw kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\vth-≠n k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. _n-kn-\- v A-Xn-s‚ km-aq-ln-ID-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz \n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp ]-[m-\ Im-c-Ww C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ `-b-amWv.(ii) sXm-gn-em-fn ]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS k-Ω¿-±w

[Pressure of labour movement]: sXm-gn-em-fnk-aq-lw C-t∏mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-Zym-k-º-∂-cpwkw-L-Sn-X-cp-am-Wv. tem-I-sa-ºm-Sp-ap-≈sXm-gn-em-fn k-aq-l-Øn-\v t\- w D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n sXm-gn-em-fn ]-ÿm-\-ßƒh-f-sc i-‡-cm-bn Xo¿-∂n- p-≠v. C-Xv _n-kn-

\- v ÿm-]-\-ß-sf X-ß-fp-sS C-„-a-\p-k-cn®v sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂ co-Xn-bmb "l-b¿ B≥-Uv -b¿' F∂Xn\p-]-I-cw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS t£-a-Øn-\v ]m-[m-\yw\¬-Ip-∂ \-S-]-Sn-I-fp-am-bn ap-t∂m- p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Im-c-W-am-bn.(iii) ]-_p-≤-cm-b D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS kzm-

[o-\w [Impact of consumer conscious-ness]:

hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-s‚-bpw _-lp-P-\ am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw hn-Im-k-hpw hn-]-Wn-bn-se a-’-c-hpw D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s\ hn-]-Wn i-‡n-I-sf\n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\pth-≠ X-ß-fp-sS A-h-Im-i-ß-sf]-‰n-bpw A-[n-Im-c-ß-sf∏-‰n-bpw t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cm-°n. D-]-t`m-‡m-hv Iq-Sp-X¬i-≤n-°pI (I-hn-b-‰v Fw-]v-‰¿) F-∂ hn-]-W-\ co-Xn-°p ]-I-c-am-bn D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s\hn-]-Wn-bp-sS cm-Pm-hm-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂]p-Xn-b co-Xn A-h-ew-_n-®p. _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ D-]-t`m-‡r A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b hn-]-W-\ \-b-ßƒ B-cw- n-®p.(iv) _n-kn-\- n-\p -th-≠ km-aq-ln-I \n-

e-hm-c-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-kw [Development of

social standard for business]: G-Xp X-cw_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Øn-bn-eq-sS-bpw F-ß-s\-bpw [-\w k-ºm-Zn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-bn _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ß-sf I-W-°m-°m≥ km-[y-a-√. ]p-Xn-bkm-aq-lnI \n-e-hm-c ]-Im-cw _n-kn-\- vÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf km-aq-lnI B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-IF-∂ \n-_-‘-\-tbm-sS \n-b-am-\p-kr-X-am-bnI-W-°m-°p-∂p-≠v. H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s\ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xpw h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xpw k-aq-l-am-b-Xn-\m¬ A-hbv-°v k-aq-l-Øn¬ \n-∂v H-‰-s∏-´v \n-e-\n¬-°m≥ km-[y-a-√. A-tXm-sSm-∏w-X-s∂ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf B-Xy-¥n-I-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv A-h-bp-sSkm-aq-ln-I \n-e-hm-c-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.

176 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(v) _n-kn -\ - v hn -Zym -`ym -k-Øn -s‚

hn-Im-kw [Development of business education]:

km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØm-sS-bp-≈_n-kn-\- v hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-kw Iq-Sp-X¬ B-fp-I-sf _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I B-h-iy-sØ-°p-dn-®v t_m-[-hm-∑m-cm-°n-bn-´p -≠v. D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, \n-t£-]-I¿,sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, D-S-a-ÿ¿ Xp-S-ßn-b hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb Bfp-Iƒ hn-hn[ X-e-ß-fn¬F-Øn-b-Xn-eq-sS km-aq-ln-I hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ Xo-h-am-b C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \-S-°p-∂p.

(vi) km-aq-ln-I Xm¬-]-cy-hpw _n-kn-\- v

Xm¬-]-cy-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘w [Relat-

ionship between social interest and business

interest] : _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sSkm-aq-ln-I Xm¬-]-cy-hpw _n-kn-\- v Xm-¬-]-cy-hpw ]-c-kv-]-c hn-cp-≤-a-s√-∂pw A-h ]-c-kv-]-c ]q-c-I-ß-fm-sW-∂p-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-X_n-kn-\- v Xn-cn-®-dn-™p Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p._n-kn-\- n-s‚ hn-Im-kw k-aq-l-sØ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS am-X-ta km-[y-am-IqF-∂ h-kv-Xp-X _n-kn-\- ns‚ Zo¿-L-Im-et\-´-ßƒ A-h-bp-sS km-aq-ln-I-am-b tk-h-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p F-∂ hn-izm-k-Øn-\v h-gn-sX-fn-®p. Aß-s\ _n-kn-\- vB-[p-\n-I \m-K-cn-I k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ A-h-iy-L-S-I-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´p.

(vii) s]m-^-j-W¬ `-c-W \n¿-h-l-W

hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-kw [Development of

professional managerial class]: k¿-h-I-em-im-e-I-fn-se-bpw ]-tXy-I am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se-bpw am-t\-Pv-sa≥-dv hn-Zym-`ym-kwh-gn ]-tXy-I s]m- -j-W¬ -c-W \n¿-hm-

l-I-sc kr-„n -°m≥ km-[n -®n -´p -≠v.C-Ø-cw D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°v _n-kn-\- n-s‚km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬t\-c-sØ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b k-ao-]-\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. _n-kn-\- n-s‚]-h¿-Ø-\w hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn ap-t∂m-´psIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ em-`w F∂ e-£y-Øn-\-∏p-d-Øv k-aq-l-Øn-se hn-hn-[ hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-em-Wv C-h¿Iq-Sp-X¬ i-≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A-t\-Iw km-aq-ln-I-hpw km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b L-S-I-ßƒ H-cp-an-®v ]-h¿-Øn-®m-Wv_n-kn-\- n-s\ H-cp km-aq-ln-I -km-º-Øn-I]-h¿-Øn-bm-bn am-‰p-∂-Xv. _n-kn-\- v F-∂-Xv tI-h-e-am-b H-cp sXm-gn¬ am-X-a-√ a-dn-®vA-Xv ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v A-h-bp-sS l-kz-Im-eZo¿-L-Im-e km-º-Øn-I Xm¬]-cy-ß-ƒG-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂ H-cp km-º-Øn-I ÿm-]-\-am-Wv. C-Xm-Wv _n-kn-\- n-s‚ s]m-Xp-hm-b-Xpw \n¿-±n-„-hp-am-b km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\w. F-∂m¬ _n-kn-\- v F-∂-Xv A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn H-cp km-º-Øn-I ÿm-]-\-am-sW-∂pw B-Xy-¥n-I-am-bnA-Xn-s\ hn-e-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv A-Xn-s‚km-º-Øn-I ]-I-S-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-∂p-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-X hn-kv-a-cn-®p-Iq-Sm.A-tX-k-a-bw- X-s∂ _n-kn-\- v k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ m-K-am-b-Xn-\m¬ A-Xn-\p k-aq-l-tØm-Sp-≈ I¿-Ø-hy-ß-fpw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw\n-d-th-‰p-I Iq-Sn sN-ø-Ww.


6.4 hn-hn-[-X-cw km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c--hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ[Kinds Of Social Responsibility]

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-sf Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ \m-ev io¿-j-I-ß-fm-bnX-cw Xn-cn-°mw :

(a) km-º-Øn-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw

[Economic responsibility]:

_n-kn-\- v A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn H-cp km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂A-Xn-s‚ ]-Y-a km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzwkm-º-Øn-I-am-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv k-aq-l-Øn-s‚B-h-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-®v hn-X-cWw sN-øp-∂p.Cu D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz \n¿-∆-l-W-Øn¬ ÿm]-\-Øn\v sN-dn-b hn-th-N-\- A[n-Imcap-≠v.(b) \n-b-a-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw [Legal

responsibility]: _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ßƒA-h ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ]-tZ-i-sØ \n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ-°v A-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cn-°-Ww ]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xv. \n-b-a-ßƒ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚\-∑-bv-°v- th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ \n-b-a-ß-ƒ A-\p-k-cn-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- v Hcpkm-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈ ÿm-]-\-ambn-cn°pw.(c) [m¿-Ωn -I D -Ø-c -hm -Zn -Xzw [Ethical

responsibility]: \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ \n¿_-‘an-√m-sX k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]-Xo-£-Iƒ-°v A-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ s]-cp-am-‰-am-Wv [m¿-Ωn-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw. D-ev-]-∂-ß-fp-sS ]-c-ky-ß-fn¬ s]mXphn-Im-c-hpw A-¥- pw am-\n-°p-∂-Xv C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Cu D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz \n¿-h-l-Ww kz-ta-[-bm D-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv.

(d) hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw

[Discretionary responsibility]:

H-cp ÿm-]-\w ]q¿-W-am-bpw kz-ta-[-bmG-s‰-Sp-°p-∂ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wn-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-I,]-Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ß-fn¬ Zp-cn-X-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿-°v th-≠ k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-I Xp-S-ßn-b-hC-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. \-√ \n-t£-]]-Xn-^-ew In-´-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ aqe-[\wi-cn-bm-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ hn-\y-kn-t°-≠D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-ap-≠v.

6.5 hy-Xy-kv-X X¬-∏-c-I-£n-I-tfm-Sp-≈km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ[Social Responsibility Towards

Different Interest Groups]

_n-kn-\- v A-Xn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw Xn-cn-®-dn-™p-I-gn-™m¬ A-Xn-\vB-tcm-sSm-s° F-¥p-X-cw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv\n¿-h-ln-t°-≠-Xv F-∂v A-dn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Xo¿-®-bm-bpw G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-em-WvX-ß-fp-sS km-aq-ln-I e-£yw \n-d-th-t‰-≠-sX-∂v _n-kn-\- v Xo-cp-am-\n-®n-cn-°-Ww. H-cp_n-kn-\- n-s‚ hy-Xy-kv-X X¬-∏-c-I-£n-I-tfm-Sp-≈ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fn¬Nn-e-Xv Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-tfm-Sp-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw[Responsibility towards the share-holders

or owners]: H-cp _n-kn-\ v ÿm-]-\-Øn-\vA-Xn-s‚ Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v A-h-cp-sS ap-X¬-ap-S-°n-\v A-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ ]-Xn- -ew \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-epw ap-X¬ap-S-°n-s‚ kp-c-£n-X-XzwD-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw D-≠v.I-º-\n-Iƒ A-Xn-s‚ Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ-°vA-h-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚-bpw ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS-bpw Ir-Xy-hpw ]q¿-Æ-hp-am-b hn-h-c-ßƒap-S-ßm-sX \¬-I-Ww.

178 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(ii) sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm-Sp-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw

[Responsibility towards the workers]: H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-se am-t\-Pv-sa‚n-\v A-Xns‚ sXm-gn-em -fn -Iƒ-°v Im-cy -£-a -am -bn tPm-ensN-øp∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw H-cp-°n sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS ]q¿-W k-l-I-c-Ww B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n i-cn-bm-b sXm-gn¬ km-l-N-cy-ßƒ kr-„n-°m≥ i-an-°-Ww. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS sXm-gn¬ kw-L-S-\-Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ P-\m-[n-]-Xy A-h-Im-i-ß-sfam-\n-°p-I. sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v am-t\-Pv-sa‚n¬\n-∂v am-\y-am-b th-X-\-hpw ]-cn-K-W-\-bpwe-`n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v D-d-∏p h-cp-Øp-I. F∂n-hbpw CXn¬s]Sp-∂p.(iii) D -] -t`m -‡m-°-tfm -Sp -≈ D -Ø-c -

hm -Zn -Xzw [Responsibility towards the

consumers]: D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v i-cn-bm-bKp-W-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-epw A-f-hn-epw km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw \ym-b-am-b hn-e-bv-°v e- y-am-°p-I F-∂-Xv H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v A-Xn-s‚ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tfm-Sp-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-XzamWv. am-bw tN¿-°¬, Kp-W-ta-∑-bn-√m-bva,A-h-iy-km-[-\-ßƒ \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°p-I, A-]-Io¿-Øn-I-c-hpw sX-‰n-≤m-c-Wm-P-\-I-hp-am-b]-c-ky-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I Xp-S-ßn-b Im-cy-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc _n-kn-\- v i-cn-bm-b ap≥-I-cp-X-ep-I-sf-Sp-°-Ww. D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-\v X-ß-fp-sShm-ß¬ Xo-cp-am-\-sØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ D¬-]-∂-sØ kw-_-‘n-°p-∂ Ir-Xy-am-b hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬-I-Ww.

(iv) k-aq-l-tØm-Spw k¿-°m-cn-t\m-Sp-≈D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw [Responsibility towards the

government and community]: cm-Py-Øv \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ \n-b-a-ß-sf am-\n-°p-I-bpw Ir-Xy-am-bpw k-Xy-k-‘-am-bpw \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ A-S-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I. k-aq-l-Ønse Aw-Ko-I-

cn-°-s∏-´ aq-ey-ßƒ-°v A-\p-k-cn-®v D-Ø-a]u-c-\m-bn s]-cp-am-dp-I, F-√m-Ø-c-Øn-ep-ap-≈ am-en-\y-ß-sf H-gn-hm-°n ]-Ir-Xn-sb ]-c-am-h-[n kw-c-£n-°p-I, k-aq-l-Øn-se hy-Xy-kv-X hn-`m-K-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ \n-c-¥-c-am-b C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sS H-cp \-√ ]-Xn-—m-b kr-„n-°p-I F∂n-h-sb√mw _nkn-\-kns‚kmaqly DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fmWv.

6.6 _n-kn-\- pw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-hpw [Business and Environmental

Protection]

]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-sa-∂-Xv _n-kn-\- vt\-cn-Sp-∂ Kp-cp-X-c-am-b ]-iv-\-am-Wv. ]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-hpw a-\p-jy-\n¿-Ωn-X-hp-am-bn \-ap-°vNp-‰pw Im-Wp-∂-h-bp-sS B-sI-Øp-I-bm-Wv]-cn-ÿn-Xn F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu Np-‰p-]m-Sn¬ D-≈ hn-`-h-ß-fm-b P-ew, hm-bp, P-¥p-Pm-e-ßƒ, k-ky-Pm-e-ßƒ, A-kw-kv-Ir-Xh-kv-Xp-°ƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb ]-Ir-Xn-Z-Øhn-`-h-ß-sf-∂v hnfn-°p∂p. kw-kv-Im-cn-Iss]-Xr-Iw, km-aq-ln-I km-º-Øn-I ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, P-\-ßƒ C-h-sb a-\p-jy-\n¿-Ωn-Xhn-`-h-ßƒ F-∂pw hn-fn-°p-∂p. h-en-btXm-Xn-ep-≈ hym-h-km-bn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS -e-am-bn ]-cn-ÿn-Xn\m-iw h-f-sc th-K-Øn¬ kw-`-hn-®p sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F-∂bm-Ym¿-Yyw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.Im¨-]q¿, P-bv-]q¿, U¬-ln, ]m-\n-∏-´v,sIm¬-°-Ø Xp-S-ßn-b ]- -W-ß-fn-epw cm-Py-sØ a-‰p ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw hymh-km-bnI aen-\o-I-cWw k¿-h-km-[m-c-W Im-gv-N-bm-bnam-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hy-h-km-b-im-e-Iƒ ]p-dw-X-≈p-∂ am-en-\y-ßƒ P-\-ß-fp-sS B-tcm-Ky-sØ tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p-∂p. hym-h-km-bn-I D-Xv-]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚ -e-am-bn ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-


bn-te-°v hn-\m-i-I-c-amb hn-j-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ]pdw-X≈p-∂-Xm-Wv a-en-\o-I-c-Ww. Ip-d-™A-f-hn-se-¶n-epw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ H-gn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-Im-Ø L-S-I-am-Wv a-en-\o-I-c-Ww. A-Xn-\m¬ D-Nn-X-am-b km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚]-Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-sS tXm-Xv Ip-d-bv-°p-IF-∂-Xv D¬-]m-Z-I¿ t\-cn-Sp-∂ G-‰-hpw h-enbsh-√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-Ww_nkn-\- n\pw kaq-l-Øn\pw Gsd KpW-I-c-am-Wv.

a-en-\o-I-c-Ww hm-bp, a-Æv, P-ew F-∂n-h-bp-sS ù-Xn-I-hpw cm-k]c-hpw ssPhnI-hp-am-b kz- m-h-Øn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂p. a-en-\o-I-c-Ww a-\p-jy-s‚-bpw a-‰v Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS-bpw Po-h-\v o-j-Wn-bm-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w Xs∂A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ ]m-gm-°p-I-tbm\in-∏n-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS C-Xv Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-sØ X-I¿-°p-∂p. cm-Py-sØkwkv-Im-cn-I ss]-Xr-I-sØ-bpw N-cn-X-kv-am-c-I-ß-fp-sS \n-e-\n-ev-]n-t\-bpw C-Xv tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p-∂p. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-°v h-f-sc Ip-d-™ A-f-hn¬ am-X-ta am-en-\y-ß-sf BKn-c-Ww sN-øm≥ I-gn-bq F-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv a-en-\o-I-c-Ww D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Nn-e A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b am-en-\y-ßƒ A-s√-¶n¬ hn-j D-ev-]-∂-ßƒ, cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ F-∂n-h-sb A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b a-en-\o-I-c-W-am-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂p. C-Xv hn-jmw-iw han∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬]-cn-ÿn-Xn-°v C-h-sb kw-kv-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-√. A-ß-s\ a-en-\o-I-c-Ww ]-cn-ÿn-XnKp-W-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-bpw a-\p-jy-s‚ B-tcm-Ky-sØ-bpw tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p-I-bpw ]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-hpw a-\p-jy-\n¿-Ωn-X-hp-am-b hn-`-h-ßƒ°v £-Xw D≠m-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-Ww a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.

6.6.1 a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ Im-c-W-ßƒ[Causes of Pollution]

D¬-]m-Z-\w A-s√-¶n¬ D-]-t`m-K ]-In-b-bn¬D-t]-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fm-Wv][m-\-ambpw am-en-\y-ßƒ. k-aq-l-Øn-s‚hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fm-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ,Ir-jn, J-\-\w, Du¿-÷w, K-Xm-K-Xw, \n¿-am-W-]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw C-Ø-c-Øn¬ am-en-\y-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂p-≠v. C-h]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂ am-en-\y-ßƒ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-°vDƒs°m≈m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ]-cn-[n-°v A[n-I-am-Iptºm-gm-Wv a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ ]-[m-\ D-d-hn-Sw A-f-hn-epw hn-j-_m-[-bn-epw hy-h-km-b-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂ am-en-\y-ß-fm-Wv. _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-b km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpwtk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw D¬-]m-Z-\w, hn-X-c-Ww,K-Xm-K-Xw, kw-`-c-Ww, D-]-t`m-Kw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bpw h-en-b-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn a-en-\o-I-c-Ww kr-„n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-e _n-kn-\- vÿm-]-\-ß-fpw hm-bp, P-ew, a-Æv, i-–wXp-S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-Ip-∂p.

C-Ø-cw a-en-\o-I-c-W-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v Xm-sg]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

(i) hm-bp a-en-\o-I-c-Ww [Air pollution]:

A-¥-co-£-Øn-se hm-bp-hn-s‚ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw Ip-dbv-°p-∂ hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ß-fp-sS kw-tbm-P-\ ^-e-am-Wv hm-bp a-en-\o-I-c-Ww.]-[m-\-am-bpw hm-l-\-ßƒ ]p-dw-X-≈p-∂hn-j hm-X-I-am-b Im¿-_¨ tam-tWm-Iv-ssk-Un-s‚ km-∂n-[y-am-Wv hm-bp a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂^m-Œ-dn-Iƒ ]p-dw-X-≈p-∂ ]p-I-bpw a-‰v cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fpw hm-bp-hn-s\ a-en-\-am-°p-∂p.

180 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

hm-bp-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww Hm-tkm¨ ]m-fn-I-fn¬hn-≈¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ -e-am-bn A-¥-co-£-Xm-]w I-am-Xo-X-am-bn h¿-[n-°m≥ Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

(ii) P-e a-en-\o-I-c-Ww [Water pollution]:

cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ a-‰v am-en-\y \n-t£-]-ßƒF-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv ]-[m-\-am-bpw P-ewa-en-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv. _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒA-h-bp-sS am-en-\y-ßƒ \-Zn-Iƒ, ]p-g-Iƒ,X-Sm-I-ßƒ F-∂n-h-bn-te-°v X-≈p-∂-XvKp-cp-X-c-am-b P-e a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. C-Xv \n-c-h-[n PohPm-e-ß-fp-sS\m-i-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

(iii) a-Æv a-en-\o-I-c-Ww [Land pollution]:

hn-jw I-e¿-∂ J-c-am-en-\y-ßƒ a-Æv a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. C-Xv a-Æn-s‚h-f-°q-dv C-√m-Xm-°n Ir-jn-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√m-Xm-°n-Xo¿-°p-∂p. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ a-en-\o-I-c-Ww kw-`-hn-® a-Æn-s‚ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw]p-\-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xv ]-bm-k-I-c-am-Wv.

(iv) i-– a-en-\o-I-c-Ww : hm-l-\-ß-fpw^m-Œ-dn-I-fpw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ i-–w A-tcm-P-I-amsW-∂p am-X-a-√ Kp-cp -X-c-am-bB-tcmKy ]-iv-\-ßƒ-°pw Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.tIƒ-hn \-„-s∏-Sp-I, lr-Z-b-kw-_-‘-am-b]-iv-\-ßƒ, am-\-kn-I A-kz-mÿy-w Xp-S-ßn]-e tcm-K-ßƒ-°pw i-–-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww C-S-bm-°p∂p.

6.6.2 a -en -\o -I-c -W \n -b-¥-W-Øn-s‚

B-h-iy -I -X [Need for Pollution

Control]

]-cn-ÿn-Xn hn- -h-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°m-\pw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-Ww B-h-iy-am-Wv.C-Xn-eq-sS kw-c-£n-X hn-`-h-ß-sf a-\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS t\-´-Øn-\m-bpw P-\-ß-fp-sSB-tcm-Ky t£-a ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th-≠n-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.am-en-\y-Øn-s‚ X-cw, am-en-\y-Øn-s‚ A-f-hv,a-en-\o-I-c-W tkm-X- n¬ \n-∂p-≈ A-I-ewF-∂n-h-b-\p-k-cn-®v Hm-tcm ]-tXy-I ta-J-e-bn-epw (A-Xm-b-Xv P-ew, hm-bp, a-Æv ) D-≠m-Ip-∂ \m-i-Øn-s‚ A-f-hv hy-Xym-k-s∏-Sp-∂p.F-∂m¬ F-√m a-en-\o-I-c-W-ß-fpw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-sØ tZm-j-I-c-am-bn_m-[n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS km-[m-c-W Po-hn-Xw\-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. a-en-\o-I-c-Ww kr-„n-°p-∂ ]XymLm-X-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc P-\-ßƒ C-t∏mƒ i-‡-am-bn ]-Xn-I-cn-®p Xp-S-ßn-bn- p-≠v. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn\-io-I-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc ]-h¿-Øn-°m-sX_n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v \n-e-\n¬-°m≥km-[y-a-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v A-h¿ a-en-\o-I-c-W\n-b-¥-W-Øn-\v B-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒkzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F-∂m¬ C-Ø-cw \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ A-h¿-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ hn-a¿-i-\-ß-sf

]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I ]iv\-ßƒ [Environmental Problems]

sF-Iy-cm-„-k-` ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-°v tIm-´w-h-cp-Øp-∂ 8 ]-iv-\-ß-fm-Wv Xn-cn-®-dn-™n-´p-≈-Xv. A-hNp-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p.

(i) Hm-tkm¨ ]m-fn-I-fp-sS tim-j-Ww. (v) ip-≤-P-e Kp-W-ta-∑-bpw hym-]v-Xn-bpw.

(ii) B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\w. (vi) h-\-\-io-I-c-Ww.

(iii) J-cm-h-ÿ-bn¬ D-≈-Xpw B-]-Xv-I-c-hp-am-b (vii) `q-an-bp-sS A-]-N-bw

am-en-\y-ßƒ. (viii) ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-Øn-\v ta-ep-≈

(iv) P-e-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww. A-]m-bw.


H-gn-hm-°m≥ th-≠n am-X-ap-≈-Xmbn amd-cpXv.a-dn-®v C-Xn-eq-sS e-`n-°m-hp-∂ t\-´-ßƒB-kz-Zn-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-em-h-Ww. a-en-\o-I-c-W\n-b-¥-W-Øn-\v B-[m-c-am-b ]-[m-\-s∏-Ím-c-W-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂p.

(i) B-tcm-Ky ]-iv-\-ßƒ Ip-d-bv-°p-∂p[Reduction of health hazards]: ]-cn-ÿn-Xna-en-\o-I-c-Ww aq-ew lr-tZm-Kw, Im≥-k¿,izm-k-tIm-i-kw-_-‘-am-b A-kp-J-ßƒXp-S-ßn-b-h D-≠m-Im≥ Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sSC-Ø-cw A-kp-J-ß-fp-sS hym-]v-Xn Ip-d-bv-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m-∏w `q-an-bn¬B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b Po-hn-Xw \-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ km-l-N-cy-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw I-gn-bp-∂p.

(ii) \-„km-[y-X Ip-d-bv-°p-∂p [Reduced

risk]: hn-jmw-iw I-e¿-∂ J-c˛-Zm-h-I˛-hm-X-I cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ am-en-\y-ßƒ ]p-d-¥-≈p-∂-Xn-eq-sS D-≠m-Ip-∂ a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ m-K-am-bn Zp-cn-X-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿-°v _n-kn-\- vÿm-]-\-ßƒ \-„-]-cn-lm-cw sIm-Sp-t°-≠nh-cpw. A-Xp-sIm-≠v ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W am¿-§-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS C-Ø-cw \-„km-[y-X-Iƒ Ip-d-bv-°m≥ km-[n-°pw.

(iii) sN-e-hv Np-cp-°p-∂p [Cost savings]:

^-e-]-Z-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ D-≈ a-en-\o-I-c-W\n-b-¥-W ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-eq-sS H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\s®-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°m≥km-[n-°p-∂p. A-\p-Nn-X-am-b km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\ ]-In-bh-gn h-f-sc Iq-Sp-X¬ am-en-\y-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ C-h kw-kv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw πm‚ vhr-Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-WwsN-e-hm-Ip-∂p. i-cn-bm-b a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-

¥-W-Øn-eq-sS Cu sN-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂p.

(iv) ]-Xn-—m-b h¿-≤n-°p-∂p [Improved

public image]: s]m-Xp-k-aq-lw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬A-Xo-h i-≤m-ep-°-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ am-en-\y-ßƒ\n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øns‚\-b-ß-fpw \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw A-Xn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-tfm-Sq-≈ P-\-ß-fp-sS a-t\m-`m-h-sØkzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂ ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v \-√ ]-i-kv-Xn e- n-°p-hm-\pw km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈ kw-cw-`-am-bn A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-\pw I-gn-bp-∂p.

(v) a-‰v km-aq-ln-I t\-´-ßƒ [Other social

benefits]: a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-Ww h-gns]mSn-]-S-e-ß-fn-√mØ A¥-co-£w, hr-Øn-bp-≈ sI-ń-S-ßƒ, sa-®-s∏-´ Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-cw, a-en-\-am-Im-Ø ]-Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ß-fp-sSe- y-X F-∂o t\- -ßƒ Iq-Sn e- n-°p-∂p.

6.6.3 ]-cn -ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn¬_nkn-\- n-\p-≈ ]-¶v [Role of

Business in Environmental Protection]

]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw \-Ωƒ-s°-√m-h¿-°pw H-cp-t]m-se ]-[m-\-s∏- -Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ A-h \-in-®p-t]m-Im-sX kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Iq- m-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw \-ap-°p-≠v.]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS a-en-\o-I-c-Ww X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n k¿-°m¿, _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, sXm-gn-em-fn-IƒXpSßn k-aq-l-Øn-se G-sXm-cw-K-Øn-\pwA-h-cp-sS-Xm-b co-Xn-bn¬ Xß-fpsS ]¶v\n¿h-ln-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. k¿-°m-cn-\v A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b D¬-]-∂-ß-sf \n-b-aw- aq-ew \n-tcm-[n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, k-aq-l-Øn-se a-‰v Aw-K-ßƒ Xp-S-

182 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ßn-b-h¿-°v Nn-e D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS D-]-tbm-KwH-gn-hm-°m-\pw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn ku-lr-Z-a-√m-Ø]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\pwkm-[n-°pw.

]-cn-ÿn-Xn ]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v kz-¥-am-b ]-cn-lm-c-ßƒ Is≠Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ t\-Xr-Xzw_n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-°-Ww.F-√m-Ø-cw a-en-\o-I-c-W-ß-fpw ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm-∏w X-s∂ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn hn- -h-ß-sf kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-√m _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°p-ap-≠v. k-º-Øv, sXm-gn¬, hym-]m-cw,km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy F-∂n-h-bp-sS ap≥-\n-c kr-„m-°-fm-b _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ h-en-bA-f-hn¬ km-º-Øn-I u-Xn-I a-\p-jy hn-`-h-ß-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂p. am-en-\y-ß-sf A-h-bp-sS tkm-X- n¬ X-s∂ \n-b-¥n-°p-∂]-Xn-tcm-[m-fl-I k-ao-]-\-Øn-eq-sS ]-cn-ÿn-Xn a-en-\o-I-c-W ]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°m-\p-≈ I-gn-hv A-h¿-°p-≠v. D¬-]m-Z-\ ]-In-b-bn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-tbm D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS cq-]-I-ev-]-\ am-‰p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-tbm \n-e-hm-cw Ip-d-™ km-[-\-ßƒ-°v ]-I-c-am-bn sa-®-s∏- -h D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ \-ho-\-am-b k-ao-]-\ am¿-Kw kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-tbm an-°-hm-dpw km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚A-f-hv Ip-d-bv-°m-t\m ]q¿-W-am-bn H-gn-hm-°m-t\m km-[n-°pw. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v\-S-∏m-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ Nn-e ]-[m-\-s∏-´\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂p.

(i) a-en-\o-I-c-Ww X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\pw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn-\pw D-]-I-cn-°p-∂X-c-Øn-ep-≈ sXm-gn¬ kw-kv-Im-cwkr-„n°p-∂-Xn-\pw ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xn-\pw

hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚D-∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v I-gn-b-Ww.

(ii) ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn¬ ÿm-]-\-Øn-se F-√m sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-bpwhn-`m-K-ßfpsS-bpw ]-¶m-fn-Øw D-d-∏p-h-cp-ØWw.

(iii) Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hm-ßp-I, an-I-® km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, am-en-\y-ßƒ\o-°w sN-øp-∂-Xn-epw ssI-Im-cywsN-øp∂-Xn-epw im-kv-Xo-b-am¿-K-ßƒ A-h-ew-_n-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Ir-Xy-am-b \-b-ß-fpw ]-cn-]m-Sn -I-fpwB-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-I. Iq-Sm-sX a-en-\o-I-cW\n-b-¥-W-Øn-\v I-gn-bp-∂-X-c-Øn¬sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS ssh-Z-Kv-[yw hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I.

(iv) a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W-Øn-\v k¿-°m¿\-S-∏n-em-°n-bn- p-≈ \n-b-a-ß-fpw N- -ß-fpw A-\p-k-cn-°p-I.

(v) A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS \n-b-¥-Ww, a-en-\-am-b \-Zn-I-fp-sS ip-≤o-I-c-Ww, a-c-ßƒ \-´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-I, h-\-\-io-I-c-Ww X-S-b¬ Xp-S-ßn-b a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W-Øn-\m-bp-≈ k¿-°m¿]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-hp-I.

(vi) ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn-s‚ ]p-tcm-K-Xn sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn h-c-hp-sN-e-hp-Iƒ-°-\p-ky-X-am-bn a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-sf Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I.

(vii) hn-X-c-W-°m-sc-bpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf-bpwa-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬k-Po-h-am-bn ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bp-≈ hn-Zym-`ym-k in¬-∏-im-e-IƒkwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]-cn-io-e-\ km-a-Kn-Iƒ X-øm-dm-°n \¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-øp-I.


6.7 _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X[Business Ethics]

km-aq-ln-I Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬ B-fp-Iƒ-°v km-[-

\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-

\p th-≠n-bm-Wv _n-kn-\- v \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂-

Xv. F-∂m¬ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-Y-a e-£ywem- w t\-Sp-I F-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. _n-kn-\- n-s‚

hy-‡n-K-X e-£y-ß-fpw km-aq-ln-I e-£y-

ß-fpw X-Ωn¬ s]m-cp-Ø-t°-Sv D-≠mImsX

i≤n-t°≠Xp-≠v. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw _n-kn-

\ v \-S-Øp-∂-Xv hy-‡n-Iƒ B-b-Xn-\m¬

A-h-cp-sS Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpwF-√m-bn-t∏m-gpw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]-Xo-£-Iƒ-

°-\p-k-cn-®v B-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. km-º-

Øn-I ]-I-S-\-Øn-s‚ (h-c-hv, sN-e-hv, em- w

Xp-S-ßn-b-h) A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \-√ co-Xn-bn¬

]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I]-I-S-\w A-X sa-®-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.

A-Xm-b-Xv \n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ km-[-\-ßƒ

\ym-b-am-b hn-e-bv-°v \-ev-Ip-I F-∂p-≈ Im-

cy-Øn¬ ]nt∂m v t]mtb-°mw. C-Xv k-aq-l-

Øn-s‚ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬ \n-∂v F-¥m-Wv i-cn

A-s√-¶n¬ sX-‰v F-∂ tNm-Zy-ap-b¿-Øp-∂p.Cu tNm-Zy-Øn-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-hpw h-f-sc ]-[m-

\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. Im-c-Ww _n-kn-\- v k-aq-l-

Øns‚ kzm-[o-\-Øn-ep-≈ Hcp kwhn-[m\-

am-b-Xn-\m¬ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ aq-ey-ß-ƒ-°pw

ap≥-K-W-\-Iƒ-°pw A-\p-k-cn-®v A-Xn-s‚

]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ I-ao-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.hy‡n-K-X \-∑-I-fpw km-aq-ln-I \-∑-I-fpw

XΩnep≈ _-‘w ÿm-]n-°-em-Wv [m¿-an-

I-X F-∂Xv kq-Nn-∏n-°p--∂-Xv.

6.7.1 _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X F-∂ B-i-bw[Concept of Business Ethics]

kz- m-hw F-∂¿-∞w h-cp-∂ F-tXm-kv (ethos)

F-∂ Ko-°v hm-°n¬ \n-∂m-Wv F-Øn-Iv-kv (ethics) F-∂ hm-°p-≠m-b-Xv. H-cpk-aq-l-Øn-tem G-sX-¶n-epw Iq-´-Øn-tem\n-e-\n-∂p t]m-cp-∂ k-Zm-Nm-c-tam, \n-b-a-tam,B-Z¿-i-ß-tfm B-Wv C-Xv. a-\p-jy-s‚s]-cp-am-‰-Øn-se i-cn-bpw sX-‰pw F-¥m-sW-∂p-≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv [m¿-Ωn-I-X ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. H-cp ]-tXy-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ k-aq-lw Aw-Ko-I-cn-® s]-cp-am-‰-Øn-s‚\n-e-hm-cw A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv C-Xv Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. [m¿Ωn-I-X F-∂m¬ ap-gp-h≥k-Zm-Nm-c-aq-ey-ß-sf-bpw a-\p-jy-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. [m¿-Ωn-Iam-\-Z-fi-ßƒ an-°-t∏m-gpw \n-b-a-ßƒB-bn- p-≠v .F-∂m¬ [m¿-Ωn-I s]-cp-am-‰w k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ-°pw \n-b-a-ßƒ-°pw]p-d-Øp-≈ \ym-b-hpw D-Nn-X-hp-am-b ]-h¿-Ønam-X-am-Wv. ]-tXy-I aq-ey-ß-fm¬ \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ k-Zm-Nm-c X-Øz-ßƒ-°v A-\p-kr-X-am-bn P-\-ßƒ s]-cp-am-dm≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂hn-[-Øn¬ s]-cp-am-dp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-s‚A¿∞w. [m¿-Ωn-I-X F-∂-Xv F-gp-X-s∏- -tXmF-gp-X-s∏-Sm-Ø-tXm B-b \n-b-am-h-en-I-fp-sSIq- -tam A-s√-¶n¬ sXm-gn¬ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-tbm am-\p-jn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-tbm\n-b-¥n-°p-∂ X-Xz-ß-tfm B-Ip-∂p.

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ e-£y-ßƒ, ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ, k-º-Zm-b-ßƒ, k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ \-∑C-h X-Ωn -ep -≈ _-‘-sØ∏‰n -bm-Wv_n-kn-\- v [m¿Ωn-I-X ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv._n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂ k-aq-lw Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n- p-≈ k-Zm-Nm-caq-ey-ß-sf-bm-Wv _n-kn-\- v [¿-Ωw F-∂p]-d-bp-∂-Xv. D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ \n-∂vam-\y-am-b hn-e Cu-Sm-°p-I, am-\y-am-bA-f-hv Xq-°-ßƒ, sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm-Sv am-\y-am-b s]-cp-am-‰w, \ym-b-am-b em-`w t\-Sp-I

184 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Xp-S-ßn-b-h _n-kn-\- v [¿-Ω-ßƒ-°v D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. H-cp hym-]m-cn-bp-sS ]-h¿-Øn-Iƒ i-cn-bm-b co-Xn-bn¬ B-bn-cn-°p-I-bpwA-Xv k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-

cn--®v B-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-tºm-gm-Wv A-t±-lw[m¿-Ωn-I-am-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p F-∂v ]-d-bm≥ km-[n-°p-∂-Xv. _n-kn-\- n-\v ]p-d-Øp-≈-h¿-°pw C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv. F-∂m¬

C¥y-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww ˛ k¿-°m¿ kzo-I-cn-® \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ(Environmental Protection in India - Steps taken by the Government)

1. \n-b-a-ßƒ :- C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\bnse \n¿tZiI XXz-ßƒ (Directive principles of

state policy) ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v Du-∂¬ \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v. A-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-ń-´p-≈Nn-e \n-b-a-ßƒ Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂p.

i. h-\y-Po-hn kw-c-£-W \n-b-aw 1972

ii. P-ew (a-en-\o-I-c-Ww XS-bepw \n-b-¥-Whpw) \n-b-aw 1974, 1974 epw 1988 epw

t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Ønb-Xv.

iii. hm-bp (aen-\o-I-cWw XS-bepw \n-b-¥-W-hpw) \n-b-aw 1974 ,1974 epw 1988epw

t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Ø-s∏-´-h (The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974)

iv. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn (kw-c-£-W) \n-b-aw 1986

v. h-\w (kw-c-£-W) \n-b-aw 1980 (1988 ¬ t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øn)

vi. A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b am-en-\yßfpsS \n-b-aw 1989 (Hazardous Wastes Act, 1989)

2. \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ :- -c-W-]-c-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw am¿-§-\n¿-t±-i-ß-fpw k¿-°m¿ ]m-h¿-Øn-I-

am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.1980 ¬ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-°p th-≠n am-X-am-bn m-c-X k¿-°m¿ H-cp ]-tXy-I ]-cn-

ÿn-Xn h-Ip-∏v cq-]o-I-cn-®p.

3. kan-Xn-Iƒ : Nn-e \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ A-s√-¶n¬ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ k-an-Xn-Iƒ

ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≠v :-

• tZ-io-b h-\-h¬-°-c-W ]-cn-ÿn-Xn hn-I-k-\ `-c-W-k-an-Xn (National Afforestation and

Eco-development Board)

• tZ-io-b ]m-gv-\n-e hn-I-k-\ k-an-Xn [National Wastelands Development Board]

4. tImSXn CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ : \-K-c-ß-fn-se D-Xv-]m-Z-\ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-S-®p-]q-ń U¬-ln

ssl-t°m-S-Xn A-hn-Sp-sØ D¬-∏m-Z-\ kw-cw-`-ßƒ U¬-ln-°v ]p-d-tØ-°p am-‰n ÿm-]n-

°m-t\m A-s√-¶n¬ A-S-®p-]q-´m-t\m D-Ø-c-hn-d-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. C-Xn-\p k-am-\-am-bn

B-K \-K-c-Øn¬-\n-∂v tem-l \n¿-am-W-im-e-I-sf H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Im¨-]q-cn¬ \n-∂v

D¬-∏m-Z-\ im-e-Iƒ am-‰n ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw tIm-S-Xn D-Ø-c-hn-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

5. Imcy-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw t_m[-h¬°-c-Whpw : ]-cn-ÿn-Xn in-£-W-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v

]-e-X-cw Im-cy-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw ]-Ir-Xn hn-`-h-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p-≈ A-h-t_m-[w kr-„n-°p-∂-

Xn-\v th-≠n-bp-≈ N¿-®m tbm-K-ß-fpw \n-c-¥-c-am-bn kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

6. ]≤-Xn-Iƒ : k¿-°m¿ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn I¿-Ω ]-≤-Xn- (EAP) cq-]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.


C-h¿ X-Ωn-ep-≈ F-Sp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠ hy-Xym-kw hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ hn- -h-ß-fp-sS ta¬ hym-]-I-am-b \n-b-¥-Ww D-≈-Xn-\m¬ a-‰v ta-J-e-I-fn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-scA-t]-£n-®v k-aq-l-Øn¬ \-S-°p-∂ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ h-en-b kzm-[o-\w Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.hym]m-cn-Ifpw cmjvSo-b-°mcpw Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°-W-sa∂pw DNn-X-ambXocp-am-\-ß-sf-SpØv ]¿Øn-°-W-sa∂pws]mXp-k-aqlw BK-ln-°p-∂p. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\p KpW-I-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p∂Xn\p≈ kmaq-ln-I-amb DØ-ch-m--ZnXzw\nd-th-‰m≥ Ch¿°v _m[y-X-bp-≠v.

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°pw G-sXm-cp_n-kn-\- n-\pw h-f-sc ]-[m-\-s∏- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv [m¿-Ωn-I-X F-∂-Xv. CXv tem-I-sa-ºm-Spw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏- bm-Ym¿-∞y-am-bn am-dn-bn- p-≠v. [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bp-≈ _n-kn-\- v h-f-sc\-√-co-Xn-bn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw._n-kn-\- n-s‚ [m¿Ωn-I-X A-h-bp-sS ]-Xn-—m-b h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I-bpw s]m-Xp-P-\ hn-izm-kwt\-Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-I-bpw Ahsb h-en-b hn-P-b-Øn-te-°v \-bn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bpw em- -hpw Zo¿-L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬H-∂n-®p t]m-Ip-∂p. F-∂m¬ k¿-°m¿ \n-b-a-ß-tf-°mƒ [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bv-°v am-X-ta k-aq-l-sØ a-l-Øcam-°m≥ km-[n-°q. [m¿-Ωn-I-am-bn D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈ H-cp _n-kn-\- vÿm-]-\w ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-sb-bpw k-aq-l-sØ-bpw]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂ H-cp kw-kv-Im-cw h-f¿-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w a-‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bp-≈ C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fn¬D-∂-X-am-b B-flm¿-∞-X ]p-e¿-Øp-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p. [m¿-Ωn-I ]-h¿-Øn-Iƒ \-Ωp-sSPo-hn-X-Øn-s‚-bpw sN-øp-∂ tPm-en-bp-sS-bpw\n-e-hm-cw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øpw F-∂-Xn-\m¬ C-XvXo¿-®-bm-bpw aq-ey-h-Øm-b-h-bmWv.

6.7.2 _n-kn-\- n-s‚ [m¿-Ωn-IXbpsSLS-I-ßƒ[Elements of Business Ethics]

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ [m¿-Ωn-IX _n-kn-\- n-\pwk-aq-l-Øn-\pw H-cp-t]m-se Kp-W-I-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cw [m¿Ωn-I-X _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ssZ-\w-Zn-\- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ F-ß-s\ ]-cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m≥ km-[n-°pw F-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®vA-dn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. _n-kn-\- n-s‚]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-se [m¿Ωn-I-X-bp-sS Nn-e L-S-I-ßƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p.

(i) D-∂-X-X-e am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v ]-Xn-_-≤-X[Top management commitment]: H-cp_n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-sØ [m¿-Ωn-I-am-bnsa-®-s∏-´ X-e-Øn-te-°v \-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬A-Xn-se D-∂-X-X-e am-t\-Pp-sa‚n-\v \n¿-Wm-b-I ]-¶m-Wp-≈-Xv. C-Xp ssI-h-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°m-bn A-hn-Sp-sØ kn.C.H am-cpw (CEO)a-‰v -c-W \n¿-hm-l-I-cpw [m¿ΩnI s]-cp-am-‰-Øn-\p th-≠n i-‡-am-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°-Ww.ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ aq-ey-ß-sf hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-h¿ \n-c-¥-cw t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-I-Ww.

(ii) \n-b-am-h-en-bp-sS ]-Im-i-\w [Publication of a ‘Code’]:

-e-]-Z-am-b [m¿-Ωn-I- ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ A-h-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-ep-≈ s]-cp-am-‰-®- w F-gp-X-s∏- cq-]-Øn¬ X-øm-dm-°p-∂p. C-Xv "tIm-Uv' (code)

F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-Sn-ÿm-\ k-Xy-k-‘-X,\n-b-a-ßƒ A-\p-k-cn-°¬,tPm-en-bn-S-ß-fn-seB-tcm-Ky-hpw kp-c-£-bpw, Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fn-sessh-cp-≤y-ßƒ, sXm-gn¬ k-º-Zm-b-ßƒ, hn]-W-\ k-º-Zm-b-Øn-se \ymbw, km-º-Øn-Ihn-h-c-ß-fp-sS A-dn-bn∏v Xp-S-ßn-b tc-J-IƒC-Xn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ hcpw.

186 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

aq-∂v k-am-\-kz-`m-h-ap-≈ B-i-b-ß-fp-sS B-hn¿-`m-hw(Origin of Three Similar Concepts)

(a) tIm¿-∏-td-‰v km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw [Corporate Social Responsibility]: A-ta-cn-°-bn-em-Wv

C-Xv B-cw-`n-®-Xv. A-hn-sS k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ t£-a-Øn-\pw kw-c-£-W-Øn-\pw

th-≠n k¿-°m¿ Ip-Ø-I ]-h¿-Øn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc hn-izm-k-h-©-\ \n-b-aw (Anti Trust

Act) ]m-km-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

(b) _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X [Business Ethics]: 1970 ¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-em-Wv C-Xn\pw B-cw- w

Ip-dn-®-Xv. _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X km-aq-ln-I aq-ey-ß-fpw _n-kn-\- p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ B-i-¶-I-fpw D-b¿-Øn-°m- p-∂p. C-Xp-h-gn, D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°pw ]-cn-ÿn-

Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn-\pw tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°m-hp-∂ \-b-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw ]-hr-Øn-I-

fn¬ \n-∂pw hn- p-\n¬-°m≥ I-º-\n-Iƒ \n¿-_-‘n-X-cm-bn.

(c) tIm¿-∏-td-‰v -c-W-\n¿-h-l-Ww [Corporate Governance]: U-b-d-tŒ-gv-kn-\v Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-

tfm-Sp-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I F-∂ D-t±-i-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn Cw-•-≠n-em-Wv C-Xv

B-Zy-am-bn Xp-S-ßnb-Xv. Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p

th-≠n Iq-Sp-X¬ kp-Xm-cy-am-b ]-cn-tim-[-\m kw-hn-[m-\-hpw kz-X-¥ U-b-d-Œd¿amcpsS

h¿-[n-® D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fpw A-tXm-sSm-∏w-X-s∂ sN-b¿-am-s‚-bpw am-t\PnwKv U-b-dIvSdp-

sSbpw Npa-Xe hn- -Pn-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h tIm¿-∏-td-‰v -c-W-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬ Du-∂¬

\¬-Ip-∂p.

(iii) ]-cn-tim-[-\m k-º-Zm-bw ÿm-]n-°pI [Establishment of compliance

mechanisms]: H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿-∞Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw A-h-bp-sS[m¿Ωn-I co-Xn-Iƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®m-sW-∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. C-Xn-\m-bn A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b kw-hn-[m-\w ÿm-]n-°-Ww. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ aq-ey-ßƒ-°pw[m¿Ωn-I-X-bv-°pw ]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip-I, ]-cn-io-e-\-ß-fn¬ tIm¿-∏-td-‰v [m¿Ωn-I-X D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I, ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf Ir-Xy-am-bnhn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I, [m¿Ωn-I-a-√m-Ø s]-cp-am-‰-

ßƒ A-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°m-bn Po-h-\-°m-sck-lm-bn-°m≥ th-≠n i-cn-bm-b hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b kw-hn-[m-\w \-S-∏n-em-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-Ø-cw kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.(iv) F-√m-Xe-Øn-ep-ap-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Øw [Involving employees at all

levels]: _n-kn-\- n-s‚ hy-Xy-kv-X X-e-ß-fn¬ tPm-en sN-øp-∂ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ B-WvA-Xn-s‚ [m¿-Ωn-I \-b-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-t°≠-Xv. F-∂m¬ am-X-ta _n-kn-\- v [m¿-ΩnI-XF-∂ B-i-bw ]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-Iq. A-Xp-sIm-


≠v [m¿-Ωn-I \-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ A-h-cp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Øw D-d-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn]-[m-\-s∏-´ [m¿-Ωn-I hn-j-b-ßƒ N¿-®sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS sN-dn-bIq- -ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂Xn-eq-sS sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS C-Ø-cw \-b-ß-tfm-Sp≈ a-t\m- m-hw]-cn-tim-[n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.

[m¿-Ωn-I-X-bv-°mhiy-amb A-Sn-ÿm-\ XXzßƒ[Ground Rules of Ethics]

F-√m a-\p-jy-cpw A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn¬ [m¿-Ωn-I-X ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n Xm-sg-∏-

d-bp-∂ km¿-h-Xn-I aq-ey-ßƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-I-bpw hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I-bpw io-e-am-°p-I-bpw

sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv.

(a) hn-iz-kv-X-X ]p-e¿-Øp-I.

(b) a-‰p-≈-h-sc B-Z-cn-°p-I.

(c) D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw kzbw Gs‰Sp°pI.

(d) C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \ym-b-am-b k-ao-]-\w kzo-I-cn-°p-I.

(e) a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS t£-a-Øn-\m-bn Pm-K-X Im-´p-I.

(f) s]m-Xp aq-ey-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw I-S-a-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw H-cp \√ ]uc-\m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°pI.

(v) -ew hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I[Measuring results]:

[m¿-Ωn-I ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sS Ir-Xy-am-b -ewhn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I F-∂-Xv ]-bm-k-ta-dn-bIm-cy-am-Wv. F-¶n-epw [m¿-Ωn-I-X F-X-tØm-fw ]-cn-]m-en-®n- p-≠v F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Xp-S¿ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°m-bn Cu^-e-sØ D-∂-X D-tZym-K-ÿ-cpw a-‰psXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw Iq-Sn N¿-® sN-tø-≠-Xp-≠v.

188 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂ B-i-bw : k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ aq-ey-ßƒ-°pw e-£y-ßƒ-°pw A-`n-Im-ay-am-b X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fpw F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pth-≠n-bp-≈ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wv A-Xn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X : _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X A-Xn-s‚ _n-kn-\- v Xm-Xv-]-cy-ß-fp-tS-bpw km-aq-ln-I Xm-Xv-]-cy-ß-fp-tS-bpw m-K-am-bn- p-≈-Xm-Wv-. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\p A-\p-Iq-e-hpw ]-Xn-Iq-e-hp-am-b hm-Z-ßƒ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p.

km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-b hm-Z-ßƒ : ]-[m-\-s∏-´ A-\p-Iq-e-am-bhm-Z-ßƒ: (i) \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw h-f¿-®-bv-°pw th-≠n-bp-≈ \o-Xo-I-c-Ww (ii) Zo¿-L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ Xm-ev-]-cyw (iii) k¿-°m¿ \n-b-¥-W-ß-fp-sS H-gn-hm-°¬ (iv) km-aq-lkw-c-£-Ww (v) _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-°-ep-≈ hn- -h-ß-fp-sS e- y-X (vi) ]-iv-\-ß-sf A-h-k-c-ß-fm-°n am-‰¬ (vii) _n-kn-\- v sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ an-I-® ]-cn-ÿn-Xn (viii) km-aq-ln-I]-iv\-ß-fn¬ _n-kn-\- pw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bm-Wv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hv.

km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\p F-Xn-cm-b hm-Z-ßƒ : (i) ]-c-am-h-[n em-`w F-∂ e-£y-Øn¬ \n-∂p-≈ hy-Xn-N-e-\w (ii) D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v A-[n-I m-cw (iii) km-aq-ln-I ssh-Z-Kv-[y-Øn-s‚ A- m-hw (iv) s]m-Xp-P-\-]n-¥p-W-bp-sS A- m-hw.

km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-s‚ bm-Ym¿-∞yw : _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- v hy-Xy-kv-X hm-Z-ßƒ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p _n-kn-\- p-Im-c-s\ \n¿-_-‘n-°p-∂-Xpw t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-b \n-c-h-[n L-S-I-ß-fpw Im-c-W-ß-fpw D-≠v. A-h-bn¬ ]-[m-\-s∏- -h : (i) s]m-Xp \n-b-¥-W-ß-

][m\ ]-Z-ßƒ][m\ ]-Z-ßƒ][m\ ]-Z-ßƒ][m\ ]-Z-ßƒ][m\ ]-Z-ßƒ

km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw P-e-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

]-cn-ÿn-Xn -i–-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-Ww hm-bp-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

[m¿Ωn-I-X-bp-sS \o-Xn-im-kv-Xw aÆv a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

_n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X \n-b-a-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw


fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ o-j-Wn (ii) sXm-gn-em-fn ]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS k-Ω¿-±w (iii) ]-_p-≤-cm-b D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w (iv) _n-kn-\- n-\p th-≠ km-aq-ln-I \n-e-hm-c-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-kw(v) _n-kn-\- v hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-kw (vi) km-aq-ln-I Xm¬-]-cy-hpw _n-kn-\- v Xm¬-]-cy-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘w (vii) s]m-^-j-W¬ `-c-W\n¿-h-l-W hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚hn-Im-kw.

hy-Xy-kv-X X¬-∏-c-I-£n-I-tfm-Sp-≈ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ : _n-kn-\- n-\vhy-Xy-kv-X hn- m-K-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ ; (i)Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v A-h-cp-sS ap-X¬-ap-S-°n-\v A-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ ]-Xn- -ew \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-epw A-h-cp-sS ap-X¬ap-S-°n-s‚ kp-c-£n-X-Xzw D-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw D-≠v. (ii) sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v Im-cy-£-a-am-bn tPm-en sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw H-cp-°n sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v (iii) D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v i-cn-bm-b Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-epw A-f-hn-epw km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw \ym-b-am-b hn-e-bv-°v e-`y-am-°p-I F-∂-Xv H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v A-Xn-s‚ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tfm-Sp-≈D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw B-Ip-∂p (iv) cm-Py-Øv \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ \n-b-a-ß-sf am-\n-°p-I-bpw Ir-Xy-am-bpw k-Xy-k-‘-am-bpw \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ A-S-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-sb kw-c-£n-°p-IF-∂p-≈-Xpw k-aq-l-tØm-Spw k¿-°m-cn-t\m-Sp-ap-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Ip-∂p.

_n-kn-\- pw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-hpw : ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-sa-∂-Xv _n-kn-\- vt\-cn-Sp-∂ Kp-cp-X-c-am-b ]-iv-\-am-Wv. ]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-hpw a-\p-jy-\n¿-Ωn-X-hp-am-bn \-ap-°vNp-‰pw Im-Wp-∂-h-bp-sS B-sI-Øp-I-bm-Wv ]-cn-ÿn-Xn F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. hym-h-km-bn-ID-Xv-]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚ -e-am-bn ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-te-°v hn-\m-i-I-c-am-b hn-j-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ Ip-Ønh-bv-°p-∂-Xm-Wv a-en-\o-I-c-Ww. a-en-\o-I-c-Ww a-\p-jy-s‚-bpw a-‰v Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS-bpwPo-h-\v o-j-Wn-bm-Ip-∂p.

a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ Im-c-W-ßƒ : a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ ]-[m-\ D-d-hn-Sw A-f-hn-epwhnj-km-µ-X-bnepw hy-h-km-b-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂ am-en-\y-ß-fm-Wv. ]-e _n-kn-\- vÿm-]-\-ß-fpw hm-bp, P-ew, a-Æv, i-–w Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-Ip-∂p.

a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X : a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W-Øn-\v B-[m-c-am-b ]-[m-\-s∏-´ Im-c-W-ßƒ : (i) B-tcm-Ky-]-iv-\-ßƒ Ip-d-bv-°p-∂p (ii) \-„km-[y-XIpd-bv-°p-∂p (iii) sN-e-hv Np-cp-°p-∂p (iv) ]-Xn-—m-b h¿-≤n-°p-∂p (v) a-‰v km-aq-ln-It\- -ßƒ.

]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn¬ _n-kn-\- n-\p-≈ ]-¶v : ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw\-Ωƒ-s°-√m-h¿-°pw H-cp-t]m-se ]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ A-h \-in-®p-t]m-Im-sX kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Iq- m-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw \-ap-°p-≠v. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn ]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v kz-¥-am-b]-cn-lm-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-≈ t\-Xr-Xzw _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-°-Ww. ]-cn-

190 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v \-S-∏m-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ Nn-e]-[m-\-s∏- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂p; D-∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS m-K-Øp-\n-∂p-≈ C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, Ir-Xy-am-b \-b-ß-fpw ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-I, k¿-°m¿ \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´p-≈ \n-b-a-ß-fpw N-´-ß-fpw A-\p-k-cn-°p-I, k¿-°m¿ ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-hp-I,a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-sf Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I, hn-Zym- ym-k in¬-]-im-e-I-fpw ]-cn-io-e-\ km-a-Kn-I-fpw X-øm-dm-°n \¬-Ip-I.

_n-kn-\- v [m¿-an-I-X F-∂ B-i-bw: a-\p-jy-s‚ s]-cp-am-‰-Øn-se i-cn-bpw sX-‰pw F-¥m-s∂-∂p-≈-Xn-s\°p-dn-®m-Wv [m¿Ωn-I-X ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. H-cp ]-tXy-I ]-h¿-Ø-\- ta-J-e-bn¬ k-aq-lw Aw-Ko-I-cn-® s]-cp-am-‰-Øn-s‚ \n-e-hm-cw A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv C-Xv Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ e-£y-ßƒ, ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ, k-º-Zm-b-ßƒ, k-aq-l-Øn-s‚\-∑ C-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ ]-‰n-bm-Wv _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. [m¿-Ωn-I-X G-sXm-cp _n-kn-\- n-\pw hfsc ]-[m-\-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

_n-kn-\- v [m¿Ωn-I-X-bp-sS L-S-I-ßƒ : Np-h-sS sIm-Sp-Øn- p-≈ _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bp-sS L-S-I-ßƒ ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v sXm-gn-en-S-ß-fn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-X \-S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥ km-[n-°p-∂p; (i) D-∂-X-X-e am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v ]-Xn-_-≤-X (ii) \n-b-am-h-en-bp-sS ]-Im-i-\w (iii) ]-cn-tim-[-\m k-º-Zm-bw ÿm-]n-°p-I (iv) F-√m-Ø-c-Øn-ep-ap-≈sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Øw (v) -ew hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬.


1. km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂-Xv...........

a.\n-b-a-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\v k-am-\-am-Wv

b. \n-b-a-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØ-°mƒ hn-im-e-am-Wv

c. \n-b-a-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØ-°mƒ Np-cp-ßn-b-Xm-Wv

d. C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√

2. H-cp _n-kn-\- v \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv ssh-hn-[y-hpw k-¶o¿-Æ-hp-am-b ]-iv-\-ßƒ

\n-d-™ H-cp k-aq-l-Øn¬ B-sW-¶n¬ A-Xv..........

a. hn-P-bn-°m-\p-≈ km-[y-X Ip-d-hm-Wv

b. hn-P-bn-°p-hm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv

c. ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Ip-d-hm-Wv

d. hn-P-b-hpw ]-cm-P-b-hp-am-bn _-‘-an-√

3. _n-kn-\- n-\v ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ ssh-Z-Kv-[yw D-≈-h

a. F-√m km-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ß-fpwb. Ip-d-®v km-aq-ln-I-]-iv-\-ßƒc. km-aq-ln-I ]-iv-\-ßƒ H-∂pw X-s∂ ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ km-[y-a-√


d. F-√m km-º-Øn-I ]-iv-\-ß-fpw

4. H-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\w H-cp- DØ-a ]u-c-s\t∏m-se s]-cp-am-d-Ww F-∂p-≈-

Xv A-Xn-s‚ B-tcm-Sp-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv?

a. D-S-a-Iƒ b. sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ

c. D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ d. s]m-Xp-k-aq-lw

5. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-Ww G-‰-hpw ^-e-]-Z-am-bn \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂-Xv

B-cp-sS i-a-^-e-am-bn-´m-Wv?

a. _n-kn-\- v b. k¿-°m¿

c. im-kv-X-⁄¿ d. F-√m-Ø-cw hn-`m-K-ß-fpw

6. hm-l-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v ]p-d-tØ-°p h-cp-∂ Im¿-_¨-tam-tWm-Iv-ssk-Uv ......... \v

Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p?

a. P-e a-en-\o-I-c-Ww b. i-–-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

c. a-Æv a-en-\o-I-c-Ww d. hm-bp a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

7. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X hn-i-Z-am-

°p-∂-Xv G-Xv?

a. sN-e-hp-Np-cp-°¬ b. \-„-km-[y-X Ip-d-bv-°¬

c. B-tcm-Ky-]-iv-\-ß-fp-sS Ip-d-hv d. C-h-sb-√mw

8. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ k-aq-l-Øn-\v ]-c-am-h-[n Kp-Ww \¬-Im≥ km-[n-°p-∂-h

G-Xv?

a. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ D-b¿-® b. \n-b-a-ß-fpw \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw

c. [m¿-Ωn-I-X d. s]m-^-j-W¬ am-t\-Pv-sa≥-dv

9. [m¿Ωn-I-X Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-cn¬ B¿-°m-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xv?

a. D-∂-X am-t\-Pv-sa≥-dv

b. a-[y X-e am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v

c. `-c-W \n¿-∆m-l-I¿ A-√m-Ø sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ

d. C-h¿ H-∂p-a-√

10. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ G-Xn-\p- am-X-am-Wv ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ -e-]-Z-am-b [m¿ΩnI

]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ D-d-∏ph-cp-Øm≥ km-[n-°q-∂-Xv?

a. \n-b-am-h-en-bp-sS ]-Im-i-\w b. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Øw

c. ]-cn-tim-[-\m k-º-Zm-bw ÿm-]n-°¬ d. C-h-sb-√mw

192 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


1) _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw F-∂m¬ F-¥v? C-Xv \n-b-a-]-c-am-bD-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬ \n-∂v F-ß-s\ hy-Xym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p?

2) ]-cn-ÿn-Xn F-∂m¬ F-¥v? ]-cn-ÿn-Xn a-en-\o-I-c-Ww F-∂m¬ F-¥v?

3) _n-kn-\- v [m¿Ωn-I-X F-∂m¬ F-¥v? _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ßƒ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-I?

4) Np-h-sS tN¿-Øn-´p-≈-h Np-cp-°n hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

a) hm-bp a-en-\o-I-c-Ww b) P-e a-en-\o-I-c-Ww c) a-Æv a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

5) _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[ X-e-ßƒ G-sX-√mw?


1) km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\v A-\p-Iq-e-hpw ]-Xn-Iq-e-hp-am-b hm-Z-ßƒ hni-Zo-

Icn-°p-I?

2) _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ B-i-¶ h¿-[n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-b L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I.

3) "_n-kn-\- v A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn H-cp km-aq-ln-I ÿm-]-\-am-Wv, tI-h-ew em-`-ap-

≠m-°p-∂ H-cp ]-h¿-Ø-\w am-X-a-√'. hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

4) _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ F-¥p-sIm-≠v a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-¥-W \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssI-

s°m-≈-W-sa-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

5) a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ A-]-I-S-ß-fn¬- \n-∂v ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-sb kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p

H-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\w kzo-I-cn-t°-≠ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

6) _n-kn-\- v [m¿-Ωn-I-X-bp-sS hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

t]m-P-Œv/A-ssk≥-sa‚ v

1) \n-ß-fp-sS ¢m-kv ap-dn-°v B-h-iy-am-b H-cp \n-b-am-h-en F-gp-Xn X-øm-dm-°p-I. CXn¬hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°pw A-[ym-]-I¿-°pw ]n≥-kn-∏-en-\pw _m-[-I-am-b s]m-Xp-hm-b am¿§-\n¿-t±-i-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-S-Ww.

2) h¿-Ø-am-\ ]-X-ßƒ, am-kn-I-Iƒ, a-‰v _n-kn-\- v kq-N-I-ßƒ F-∂n-h D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn km-aq-ln-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xpw \n-d-th-‰m-Ø-Xp-am-b aq-∂v Iº-\n-I-sf ho-Xw I-s≠-Øn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

193Iº\n cq]oIcWw

`mKw ˛ 2

tIm¿∏-td‰v ÿm]-\-ßƒ,

[\-Im-cyhpw hym]m-chpw

194 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

A≤ymbw 7

Iº\n cq]oIcWw

[FORMATION OF A COMPANY]

]T-\t\ -ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®v Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv;

$ I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ ]-[m-\ L-´-ßƒ ]kvXmhn°p∂p-.Á-Ï

$ I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ L-´-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p∂p.

$ I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-t°≠ ]-am-W-ßƒ G-sX-√m-sa∂v ]kvXmhn°p∂p.

$ cPn-kvtS-j≥ k¿ń-^n-°-‰n-t‚bpw hym]mcw Bcw-`n® k¿ń-^n-°-‰n-t‚bpw Bh-iy-IX -hniZo-Icn-°p-∂p-.Ï

195Iº\n cq]oIcWw


B-[p-\n-I Im-e-sØ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°vIq-Sp-X¬ aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv. am-X-hp-a-√, h¿-[n-®v h-cp-∂ In-S-a-’-c-hpw km-t¶-XnIhn-Zy-bn-ep-≈ Xz-cn-X am-‰-ß-fpw _n-kn-\- ns‚ \-„km-[y-X-Iƒ h¿-[n-∏n-°p∂p.A-Xp-sIm-≠v C-S-Ø-c-˛-h≥-In-S _n-kn-\- vB-cw-`n-°m≥ X-øm-sd-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ I-º-\ncq-]-Øn-ep-≈ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°m-Wv D-b¿-∂]-cn-K-W-\ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.

Hcp- _n-kn-\- v B-cw- n-°p-I F-∂ B-i-bwDSse-Sp-°p-∂-Xp ap-X¬ \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn _nkn-\- v ]-h-Ø-\-ßƒ B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv hscB-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂ hn-hn-[ \-S-]-Sn-I-sf Iº-\n cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-se hn-hn-[ L- -ßƒ F∂v]-d-bp-∂p. I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-se \-S-]-Sn I-a-ßfpw Cu L- -ß-fn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ \„km-[y-X-I-fpw G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂- B-fp-I-sft]mtam- ¿ (Promoter) F-∂v hnfn-°p∂p.

I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-se hn-hn-[ L- -ß-fpwHm-tcm L-´-Øn-epw B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂hnhn[ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-am-Wv Cu A-≤ym-b-Øn¬ hn-h-cn°p-∂-Xv.

7.2 I-º-\n-bp-sS cq-]o-I-c-Ww[Formation of a Company]

\n-b-a-]-c-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fpw ]-In-b-I-fpwB-h-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-Ww Hcpk-¶o¿-Æ-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv. I-º-\n cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-se hn-hn-[ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-sf aq-∂vhy-Xy-kv-X L-´-ß-fm-bn X-cw Xn-cn-°mw:1. ]mcw`w (Promotion) 2. cq]o-I-cWw(Incorporation) 3. aq-e-[-\ k-am-l-c-Ww(Subscription of Capital).

kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v (Private Companies)

s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v aq-e-[-\w k-am-l-cn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cw I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf £-Wn-°p∂-Xn\p-≈ £-W-]-Xn-I(Prospectus) X-øm-dm-t°≠-Xn-√. C-Ø-cwI-º-\n-Iƒ-°v -Np-cp-ßn-b aq-e-[\w (Minimum

Subscription) B¿-÷n-°-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-t°≠B-h-iy-hp-an-√.

Xp-S¿-∂v h-cp-∂ m-K-ß-fn¬ I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-se hn-hn-[ L- -ßƒ hn-i-Z-am-bn ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p.Á

G-Imw-K hym-]m-cn-bm-b A-cp¨ F∂ k-a¿-Y-\m-b Hm-t´m-sam-ss_¬ F-©n-\o-b¿ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ^m-Œ-dn-bn¬ A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv Hcp-Í]p-Xn-b Im¿-_-td-‰¿ hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. Cu]p-Xn-b Im¿-_-td-‰-dn-\v s]-tSmƒ D-]-t`m-Kw 40 i-X-am-\w -Ipdbv°m≥ I-gn-bpw. C-t∏mƒA-t±-lw Cu Im¿-_-td-‰¿ hymh-km-bnI ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ B-tem-Nn°p∂p.C-Xn-\v h-en-b tXmXn¬ aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv. A-t±-l-Øn-\v Im¿-_-td-‰¿ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂-Xn\pw hn-]-W-\w sN-øp∂-Xn\pw ]-cym-]v-X-amb _n-kn-\- v G-Xm-sW∂-dn-bm≥ hn-hn-[ cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ _n-kn-\- p-I-sf°p-dn-®v hn-e-bn-cptØ-≠Xp≠v. ]p-Xn-b D¬-]∂-am-b-Xp-sIm≠pwIq-Sp-X¬ aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp∂Xp-sIm≠pw \-„-km-[y-X Iq-Sp-X-em-Im≥ C-S-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ G-Imw-K _nkn-\- ns\ ]-¶m-fn-Ø _nkn-\ m-bn am-‰p-∂Xv A- n-Im-ay-a-√ F∂v A-t±-lw Xocp-am-\n-®p. I-º-\n B-cw- n°p∂-Xm-Wv D-Nn-X-sa∂v A-t±-l-Øn-\vD-]-tZ-iw e`n°p∂p. I-º-\n cq-]o-I-cn-°p∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ F-s¥-√m-am-sW∂vA-t±-l-Øn-\v Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

196 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

7.2.1 ]mcw`w [Promotion]

I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-se H-∂m-a-sØ L- -am-Wv ]mcw`w. _n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒap-X-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn _n-kn-\- v B-i-b-ßƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-I-bpw C-ß-s\ cq-]w\¬-In-b B-i-b-ß-sf ù-Xn-I cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ I-º-\n-I-fm-bn cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v ap≥-ssI F-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-†-]-In-b-bm-Wv s]mtam-j≥.†-]mtbm-Kn-I-amb _n-kn-\- v B-i-b-ßƒ I-s≠Øp-∂-tXm-SpIq-Sn s]m-tam-j≥F-∂ L- w B-cw- n-°p-∂p.†-H-cp hy-‡n-t°m,H-cp Iq- w hy-‡n-Iƒ-t°m, I-º-\n-Iƒ-t°m]p-Xn-b _n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒ I-s≠Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-A-Ø-cw hy-‡n-tbm, hy-‡n-Itfm, I-º-\n-I-tfm C-ß-s\ I-s≠Øn-b_n-kn-\- v B-i-b-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Xp-S¿-∂p t]m-Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-h-sc I-º-\n-bp-sS s]mtam-´¿ (Promoter) F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.H-cp _n-kn-\- v B-i-b-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, A-Xv \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-bI-º-\n cq-]o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw B I-º-\n ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-÷-am-Ip-∂ hn-[-Øn¬]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂B-fp-I-sf s]m-tam-´¿ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.H-cp s]m-tam-´¿ _n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒI-s≠Øp-∂-Xn-\v ]p-d-ta, A-Ø-cw A-h-k-c-ßƒ hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-I-bpw A-h-bp-sSkm-[y-X-Iƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bpw A-h]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b hy‡n-Iƒ, h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, b-¥-ßƒ, -c-W-]-c-am-bI-gn-hp-Iƒ, [-\w F-∂n-h kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw I-º-\n-sb ]-h¿-Ø-\k-÷-am-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p.

I-º-\n \n-b-a-Øn-se 69--˛mw h-Ip-∏v ]-Im-cwXm-sg X-∂n-cn-°p-∂ kq-N-\-Iƒ D-≈ hy-‡n-I-sf-tbm I-º-\n-I-sf-tbm-†-s]m-tam- ¿ F-∂vhn-fn-°mw.

1. I-º-\n-bp-sS Hm-l-cn £-W-∏-Xn-I-bn¬(Prospectus) s]m-tam- ¿ F-∂v t]-cv tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ.

2. Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ F-∂ \n-e-bvt°m U-b-d-Œ¿ F-∂ \n-e-bvt°m I-º-\n Im-cy-ß-fn¬ t\-cn-t´m, ]-tcm-£-am-tbm \n-b-¥-W-ap-≈-bmƒ.

3. I-º-\n-bp-sS U-b-d-IvS¿am¿ B-cp-sSD-]-tZi, \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®m-tWmIº-\n Im-cy-ßƒ \SØn h-cp-∂-Xv,B hy‡n.

F-∂m¬ H-cp s]m- -j-W¬ s]m-tam- ¿-°vCu hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ H-∂pw _m-[-I-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√.

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ B-i-b cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\vti-jw s]m-tam- ¿ Cu B-i-b-Øn-s‚ km[p-X ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bpw B-h-iy-am-b ]-am-W-ß-fpw hn-`-h-ß-fpw e`yam-°p-I-bpw kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.†-A-tXm-sSm-∏w I-º-\n-°v H-cp t]-cv \¬-Ip-I-bpw I-º-\n-bp-sShym-]m-c -]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ B-cw- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b k¿-ń-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ kwL-Sn∏n°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.†-C-Ø-c-Øn¬ I-º-\n \n-e-hn¬ h-cp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b \n-c-h-[n ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ s]m-tam- ¿ \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂p.†

s]m-tam-´-dp-sS [¿-Ω-ßƒ(Functions of a Promoter)

s]m-tam- -dp-sS ]-[m-\ [¿-Ω-ßƒ Xm-sg tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

197Iº\n cq]oIcWw

(1) _n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-bpI (Identification of business opportunties):†-_n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒ I-s≠Øp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv H-cp s]m-tam-´-dp-sS ]-c-a-]-[m-\-am-b[¿Ωw.†-_n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒ Xm-sg]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Imw:˛

H-cp ]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂w D¬-]m-Zn-∏n°p-I-tbmhn¬-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-I.

]p-Xn-b tk-h-\w e- y-am-°p-I.

D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ]p-Xn-b co-Xn-bn-tem ti-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-tbm e- y-am-°p-I.

a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw \n-t£-] km-[y-X-I-fp-≈-†-A-h-k-c-ßƒ I-s≠Øp-I.

ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-® _n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒI-s≠Øn-°-gn-™m¬ A-h-bp-sS km-º-Øn-Ihpw km-t¶-Xn-I-hp-am-b km-[y-X-Iƒs]mtam- ¿ hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-∂p.

(2) km-[y-Xm ]T-\w (Feasibility studies) :

s]m-tam- ¿ Xn-cn-®-dn-™ F-√m A-h-k-c-ß-fpw em- -I-c-am-bn \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ km-[n-°-W-sa-∂n-√. A-Xp-sIm≠v s]m-tam-´¿ B-cw-`n-°m≥ Dt±-in°p-∂ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ F-√mL-S-I-ß-fpw hn-i-Z-am-b km-[y-Xm ]T-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p.†-G-s‰-Sp-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\w em-`-I-c-am-tWmF-∂v hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn s]m-tam-´¿ F-©n-\n-b¿-am¿, Nm¿-t´¿-Uv A-°u≠‚ vXpS-ßnb-h-cp-sS hn-Z-Kv-≤ tk-h-\w D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS kz- m-h-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ km-[y-Xm]T-\-ßƒ \-S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†

(i) km-t¶-Xn-I km-[y-Xm ]T-\w (Technical

feasibility) :†-Nn-e _n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒB-i-b-]-c-am-bn \-√-Xm-bn-cn-°p-sa-¶n-epw \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn _p-≤n-ap- p-≈-Xm-

bn-cn-°pw. B-h-iy-am-b A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fpw km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-I-fpw F-fp-∏-Øn¬e- y-am-Im-Ø-Xp-sIm≠m-Wv C-ß-s\ kw- -hn-°p-∂-Xv.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, t\-c-tØ kq-Nn-∏n-® I-Y-bn¬ A-cp-Wn-\v Im¿-_-td-‰¿ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-≥ Hcp khn-tij tem-lw B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v I-cp-Xp-I. ]-kv-Xp-X tem-lw\-Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øv D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-Ø-Xm-sW-¶n¬ A-cp-Wn-\v A-Xv C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-tø≠-Xm-bn h-cpw.†-F-∂m¬ cm-„-ßƒ X-Ωn¬]Xn-Iqe cm-„o-b km-l-N-cy-am-Wv \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ A-cp-Wn-\v C-d-°p-a-Xnkm-[y-am-Im-sX h-cn-I-bpw a-‰v am¿-§-ßƒI-s≠-Øm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø ]-£w ]-≤-Xnkm-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn A-km-[y-am-bnØo-cp-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p.†

(ii) [-\-]-c-am-b km-[y-Xm ]T-\w

(Financial feasibility) :

-F-√m _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°pw aqe[-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv. s]m-tam- ¿ I-s≠Øn-°-gn-™ _n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒ-°v F-X-am-Xw [-\w B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-sa-∂v I-W-°m-°-Ww. H-cp ]-≤-Xn-°m-h-iy-am-b aq-e-[-\wh-f-sc Iq-Sp-X-em-hp-I-bpw A-X-bpw o-a-am-bXp-I e-`y-am-b [-\mKa am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sSkzcq]n-°m≥ I-gn-bm-sX h-cn-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬ ]-≤-Xn D-t]-£n-t°-Xm-bn h-cpw.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, ]p-Xn-b-Xm-bn H-cp Su¨jn∏v(Township) hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-I F-∂-Xv h-f-sc em- -I-c-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn tXm-∂n-tb-°mw.†-F-∂m¬ C-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v cq-] H-cp I-º-\n cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS H-cp s]m-tam-´¿-°v e`y-am-°m≥ I-gn-b-W-sa-∂n-√.†-X-∑q-ew ]-≤-Xn [-\-]-c-am-bnA-km-[y-am-Ip-I-bpw D-t]-£n-t°-≠Xm-bnh-cn-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.†

198 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(iii) km-º-Øn -I km -[y -Xm ]T -\w(Economic Feasibility): Nn-e-t∏m-sgm-s° H-cp]-≤-Xn [-\-]-c-am-bpw km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bpw-km-[y-am-sW-¶n-epw em- -I-c-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√.-A-Ø-cw km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ D-t]-£n-t°≠-Xm-bn h-t∂-°mw.†-C-Ø-cw ]T-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn s]m-tam-´¿-am¿hn-Z-Kv-≤-cp-sS k-lm-bw tX-Sm-dp≠v.†-C-Ø-cwhn-Z-Kv-≤¿ s]m-tam-´¿-am-sc k-lm-bn-°p-sa-¶n-epw C-h¿ I-º-\n-bp-sS s]m-tam-´¿-am-cm-Ip-∂n-√.

C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ A-t\z-j-W-ß-fpw ]T-\-ß-fpw A\p-Iq-eamb ^-e-ßƒ \¬Ip∂p-s≠¶n¬ am-X-ta H-cp s]m-tam-´¿ I-º-\nB-cw- n-°m≥ i-an-°p-I-bp-≈q.

(3) t]-cv Aw-Ko-I-cn-°¬ (Name approval):†-H-cp I-º-\n B-cw-`n-°m≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®v I-gn-™m¬ s]m-tam-´¿ I-º-\n-°v H-cp t]-cvsX-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xpw B t]-cn-\v Aw-Ko-Im-cw e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn I-º-\n ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ kw-ÿm-\-sØ I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ ap≥-]m-sI A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xp-am-Wv. -Aw-Ko-Im-cw e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn \n¿-t±-in-® t]-cvA-`n-Im-ay-am-Ip-∂ ]-£w c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ Bt]-cn-\v A-\p-a-Xn \¬-Ip-∂p.†-Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-\m-bn \n¿-t±-in-® t]-cv \n-e-hn-ep-≈ a-s‰m-cpI-º-\n-bp-tS-tXm A-Xn-\v k-am-\-am-b-tXmB-b t]-cv B-Ip-I-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ t]-cv B-Ip-I-tbmsN-bv-Xm¬ A-Ø-cw t]-cn-\v A-\p-a-Xn e-`n-°p-I-bn-√.†-A-Xp-sIm≠v, t]-cn-s‚ A-\p-a-Xn-°m-bn I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂A-t]-£-bn¬ ap≥-K-W-\m I-a-Øn¬ aq-∂vt]-cp-Iƒ \n¿-t±-in-°m-dp≠v. (t]-cn-s‚ A-\p-a-Xn-°m-bn k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂ A-t]-£-bp-sS(Form 1A) am-Xr-I Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øn-s‚A-h-km-\w \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

(4) sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ H-∏v h-bv°p-∂-h-sc Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I(Fixing up Signatories to the Memorandum of

Association) :†-cq-]o-I-cn-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂ I-º-\n-bp-sS sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm- v A-t m-kntb--j-\n¬ H-∏n-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Aw-K-ßƒ B-scm-s°-bm-sW-∂v s]m-tam- ¿ Xo-cp-am-\n-°-Ww. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm- v A-tkm-kn-tb-j-\n¬ H-∏v h-bv-°p-∂-h¿ X-s∂ Bbn-cn-°pwB I-º-\n-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ U-b-d-Œ¿-am¿.-Iº-\n-bp-sS U-b-d-Œ¿-am-cm-bn ]-h¿-Øn°p-∂-Xn-\pw tbm-Ky-Xm Hm-l-cn-Iƒ (Qualific-

ation shares) hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ C-h-cp-sSk-Ω-X]Xw F-gp-Xn hm-tß≠-Xv B-h-iy-am-Wv.†

(5)hn-Z-Kv-≤-sc \n-b-an-°¬ (Appointment of

professionals):†-I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ ap≥-]m-sIk-a¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b ]-amW-ßƒX-øm-dm-°p-tºmƒ s]m-tam- -sd k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Hm-Un-‰¿-am¿, a¿®‚ v _m-¶p-IƒF-∂n-h-sc \n-b-an-°m-dp≠v. Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fpsSt]-cv, hn-em-kw, A-h¿-°v Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pwA-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏- n- p-≈ Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS F-ÆwF∂o hn-h-c-ßƒ c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-°Ww. -C-ß-s\ \¬-Ip-∂ ]-kv-Xm-h-\-sbHml-cn A-\p-h-Zn-°¬ ]-Xn-I (Return of

allotment) F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p.

(6) B-h-iy-am-b tc-J-Iƒ X-øm-dm-°¬(Preparation of necessary documents):†-I-º-\nc-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xv In- p-∂-Xn-\m-bn I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v ap≥-]m-sI k-a¿-∏n-°p∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b Nn-e \n-b-a ]-am-W-ßƒ (Legal docume-

nts) s]m-tam- ¿ X-øm-dm-°-Ww. satΩm-dm≠wHm- v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥, B¿- n-°nƒkv Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥, U-b-d-Œ¿-am-cp-sS k-Ω-X-]-Xw F-∂n-h-bm-Wv A-h-bn¬ ]-[m-\w.

199Iº\n cq]oIcWw

c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\m-bn k-a¿-∏n-t°≠ tc-J-Iƒ:

I. Iº-\n-bpsS _mly-Imcy \nb-am-hen/

sata-tam-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥

(Memorandum of Association):

I-º-\n-bpsS e-£y-ßƒ \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂]-am-Ww F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ I-º-\n-bp-sS G-‰-hpw ]-[m\ tc-J-bm-Wv CXv.†-sa-tΩm-dm≠wHm v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂ ]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°p-]-cn-bm-bn H-cp ]-h¿-Ø-\-hpw \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v-†-G-s‰-Sp-°m≥ km-[y-a√.†-sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^vAt m-kn-tb-j≥ hn-hn-[ hIp-∏pI-fm-bm-WvX-øm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.†-A-Ø-cw hIp-∏pIƒ Xm-sg X-∂n-cn-°p∂p.

1. \m-ah-Ip-∏v (Name clause): I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-In-b-Xpw C-\n ap-X¬I-º-\n A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-am-b t]-cm-Wv-†-CuhIp∏n¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.†-†

2. c-Pn-tÃ¿-Uv Hm-ô-kv hIp∏v/sUman-ssk¬ hIp∏v (Registered office clause) : -I-º-\n-bp-sS c-Pn-tÃ¿-Uv Hm- o-kv ÿn-Xn sN-

øp-∂ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cm-Wv Cu hIp-∏n¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- c-Pn-Ã¿sN-øp-∂ k-a-b-Øv c-Pn-tÃ¿-Uv Hm- o-kn-s‚Ir-Xy-am-b ta¬-hn-em-kw C-Xn¬ tN¿-°-W-sa-∂n-√.†-F-∂m¬ I-º-\n c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xvap-∏-Xv Zn-h-k-ßƒ-°p-≈n¬ X-s∂ c-Pn-tÃ¿Uv Hm- o-kn-s‚ hn-em-kw c-Pn-kv-SmsdA-dn-bn-t°-Xm-Wv.

3. e-£y h-Ip-∏v (Object clause): sa-tΩm-dm-≠Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\-s∏- h-Ip-∏m-Wn-Xv.†-I-º-\n-bp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W e-£y-am-WvC-Xn¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.†-e-£y-h-Ip-∏n¬- ]-kv-Xm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°-Xo-X-am-bn-†-H-cp ]-h¿-Ø-\-hpw \n-b-a-]-c-ambn G-s‰-Sp-°m≥ I-º-\n-°v A-[n-Im-c-an-√.-

e£y h-Ip-∏n-s\ D-]-hIp-∏pI-fm-bn X-cwXncn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p:

(a) ap-Jy e-£y-ßƒ (Main objects):†-I-º-\n-bp-sS G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\-s∏-´ e-£y-am-

Wv Cu D-]-h-Ip-∏n¬ tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.†-Cu

D-]-h-Ip-∏n¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- n-s√-¶n¬ Iq-Sn-

\m-ah-Ip-∏v [Name Clause]

Xm-sg ]-d-bp∂ km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ t]-cv A-`n-Im-ay-a-√m-Ø-Xm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p∂p:1. \n-e-hn-ep-≈ Hcp I-º-\n-bp-sS t]-cv, A-s√-¶n¬ A-Xn-t\m-Sv A-Sp-Ø km-Zr-iy-ap-≈ t]-cv

B-sW-¶n¬;2. sX-‰n-≤m-c-W D-f-hm-°p∂ t]-cv B-sW-¶n¬; I-º-\n-bp-tS-X-√m-Ø _n-kn-\- v B-bn

sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ t]-cpI-fm-Wv sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p∂ t]cp-I-fm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p∂-Xv.3. ap-Z-I-fp-tS-bpw t]-cp-I-fp-tS-bpw i-cn-bm-b co-Xn-bn-e-√m-Ø D-]-tbm-Kw X-S-bp-∂Xn-\m-bn

1950 ¬ \n-e-hn¬ h∂ \n-b-a-Øn-se ]ń-I ]-Im-cw hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ-°v hn-cp-≤-am-b t]-cvB-sW-¶n¬; Cu \n-b-a-Øn-se ]ń-I ]-Im-cw, UNO, WHO, UNESCO, `m-c-X k¿-°m¿,kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°mcpIƒ, cm-„-]-Xn, kw-ÿm-\ K-h¿-Æ¿, tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I ap-X-em-b-h-bp-sS t]cp-I-tfm, ap-Z-I-tfm I-º-\n-bp-sS t]-cp-I-tfm-sSm-∏w D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√.Cu \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v `m-c-X k¿-°m-cn-s‚-tbm, kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cn-s‚-tbm, X-t±-io-bhIp-∏p-I-fp-tS-tbm k-lm-b-tam ]n-¥p-W-tbm kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂ t]cp-Ifpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥]m-Sn√.

200 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

bpw I-º-\n-bp-sS ]-[m-\ e-£yw t\-Sp-∂-Xn-

\m-bn G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂ F-√m A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-

Ø-\-ß-tf-bpw km-[p-X-bp-≈-h-bm-bn ]-cn-K-

Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

(b) a-‰v e-£y-ßƒ (Other objects):

ap-Jy e-£y-h-Ip-∏n¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm-Ø

e-£y-ßfmWv Cu D-]h-Ip-∏n¬ ]-kv-Xm-hn-

®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. F-∂n-cp-∂m¬Ø-s∂-bpw Cu

D-]h-Ip-∏n¬ -Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-

\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ I-º-\n H-cp

]-tXy-I ]-ta-b-tam km-[m-c-W ]-ta-b-tam-

]mkm°n tI-µ k¿-°m-cn-s‚ A-\p-a-Xn

t\-tS≠-Xm-Wv.†

4.†-_m-[y-Xm h-Ip-∏v (Liability clause):†-Cu h-Ip-∏v ]-Im-cw Aw-K-ß-fp-sS _m-[y-X,

A-h-cp-sS Hm-l-cn-I-fn-t∑¬ A-S-bv-°m≥

_m-°n-bp-≈ Xp-I-bm-bn ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

cn-°p-∂p.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, H-cp Hm-l-cn D-S-a

10 cq-] ap-Jhn-e-bp-≈ 1000 Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-

ßp-I-bpw Hm-tcm Hm-l-cn-°pw 6 cq-] \n-c-°n¬

]-W-a-S-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn- p-s≠¶n¬ A-t±-

l-Øn-s‚ _m-[y-X Hm-tcm Hm-l-cn-°pw 4 cq-

] ho-X-am-bn ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

A-Xp-sIm≠v I-º-\n-bp-sS ]Xn-Iqe km-l-

N-cy-ß-fn¬ t]m-epw ]-c-am-h-[n 4000 cq-] am-

X-ta A-t±-l-Øn-t\m-Sv A-S-bv-°p-hm≥ B-h-

iy-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q.†

5.†-aq-e-[-\ h-Ip-∏v (Capital clause):†-Hm-l-cn-Iƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS H-cp I-º-\n-bv-°v k-am-l-cn-°m≥ A-[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈ ]-c-am-h-[n aq-e-[-\-am-Wv Cu h-Ip-∏n¬kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.†-B-cw- n-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂ I-º-\n-bp-sS Aw-Ko-Ir-X aq-e-[-\w, A-Xn-s‚ Hm-l-cn-I-fmbp≈ hn-`-P-\w,†-Hm-tcmHm-l-cn-I-fp-tS-bpw \n-›n-X ap-J-hn-e F-∂n-h-sb-√mw Cu h-Ip-∏n¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.-D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS Aw-Ko-IrXaq-e-[-\w 25 e-£w cq-]-bp-sS 10 cq-] ap-J-hn-e-bp-≈ 2.5 e-£w Hm-l-cn-I-fm-sW-∂n-cn-°s´.†-B I-º-\n-°v Cu h-Ip-∏n¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Xp-I Hm-l-cnaq-e-[-\-am-bn k-am-l-cn-°m≥ km-[n-°n-√.

6. ]-¶m-fn-Ø h-Ip-∏v (Association clause):†-I-º-\n-bp-sS sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm- v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ H-∏p sh-®n- p-≈ hy‡n-Iƒ I-º-\n-bp-am-bn k-l-h¿-Øn-®v ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ k-Ω-X-am-Wv Cu h-Ip-∏n¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.†-tbm-Ky-Xm Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ C-h-cp-sS k-Ω-X-hpw Cu h-Ip-∏n¬ tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

H-cp s]m-Xp I-º-\n-bp-sS sa-tΩm-dm≠wHm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-s‚ ]-¶m-fn-Ø h-Ip-∏n¬ Npcp-ßn-b-Xv G-gv hy‡nI-fpw kz-ImcyI-º-\n-I-fn¬ c≠v hy‡n-Ifpw H-∏v hbvt°-≠XmWv.†

]¶m-fnØ hIp∏v

]-¶m-fn-Ø hIp-∏v Xm-sg ]-d-bpw ]-Im-c-am-Wv:"Cu sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ t]-cpw hn-em-k-hpw tN¿-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈R-ßƒ, I-º-\n cq-]o-I-cn-°p∂-Xn\pw sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥ A-\pk-cn-®v ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw R-ß-fp-sS t]-cn-\v t\-sc tN¿-Øn-´p-≈ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp∂-Xn-\pw k-Ω-X-am-sW-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-øp∂p.'

201Iº\n cq]oIcWw

II. Iº-\n-bpsS B`y-¥c Imcy- \n-b-am-h-en (Articles of Association) : H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS B- y-¥-c -c-W-Im-cy-ß-sf°p-dn-®p-≈ N -ß-fm-Wv B`y-¥c Imcy \n-b-am-h-en AYhmB¿-ń-°nƒ-kv Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥.-CXn¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂ N- -ßƒ sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-s‚ h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ°v hn-t[-b-am-bn-cn-°pw F-∂-Xn-\m¬ sa-tΩm-dm-≠Øn-\v ssh-cp-[y-am-Ip-∂-tXm a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-tXm B-b \n-b-aßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥]m-Sn-√. H-cp s]m-Xp I-º-\n-°,v I-º-\n \n-b-a-Øn¬ \¬-In-bn-´p-≈ B¿-ń-°nƒ-kn-s‚am-Xr-I-bm-b ]- nI F (Table A) B¿- n°nƒ-kn\v ]-I-c-am-bn kzo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Iº-\n-bp-sS B- y-¥-c -c-W-Im-cy-ß-fp-sS N- -ß-fpw \n-_-‘-\-I-fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-am-W-am-Wv tS-_nƒ F.†-H-cp I-º-\n tS-_nƒ F bn-se hyh-ÿ-I-fm-Wv ]m-en-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ BI-º-\n-°v ]-tXy-Iw B¿- n-°nƒkv Hm- v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥ X-øm-dm-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√."-tS-_nƒ F' D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-Ø Iº-\n-Iƒc-Pn-Ã¿ sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v ]-tXy-Iw B¿- n-°nƒ-kv Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥ X-øm-dm-t°-≠Xpw th≠hn-[w ap-Z ]-Xn-∏n-®v sa-tΩm-≠dmw Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ H∏v sh-®n- p-≈ hy‡n-I-sfs°m≠v-†-H-∏v hbv]n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

III. \n-bp-‡ U-b-d-IvS¿am-cpsS A-\p-a-Xn(Consent of proposed directors) :†-sa-tΩm-dm≠wHm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\pw B¿-ń-°nƒkvHm- v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\pw ]p-d-ta, I-º-\n-bp-sS U-bd-Œ¿-am-cm-bn t]-cv tN¿-°-s∏- n- p-≈-h-cn¬ \n-∂v B \n-e-bn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw B¿- n-°nƒ-kv Hm- v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂ ]-Im-c-w tbm-Ky-XmHm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ k-Ω-X]-X-hpw Iq-Sn B-h-iy-am-Wv.

IV. I-cm¿ ]-am-Ww (Agreement):†-I-º\n\n-b-a-]-Im-cw I-º-\n-Iƒ c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-øp--∂--Xn-\v, I-º-\n-bp-sS am-t\-PnwKv U-b-d-Œ¿/apgp-h≥ k-a-b U-b-d-Œ¿/am-t\-P¿ B-bn \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xn-\v \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏- n- p-≈ hy-‡n-I-fp-am-bn-†-G-sX-¶n-epw X-c-Øn-ep-≈ I-cm-dn¬G¿-s∏-ń-´p-s≠¶n¬ B ]-am-W-ßƒ Iq-Snc-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xm-Wv.

V. \n-b-a-]-c-ap-≈ ]-Xn-⁄m]-Xw (Statutory

declaration): \n-b-a-]-Im-cw I-º-\n c-Pn-Ã¿sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v B-h-iy-am-b F-√m L-S-I-ß-fpw ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v F-∂v ]kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂ ]-Xn-⁄m]-Xw ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®]-am-W-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠Xm-Wv.†-ssl-t°m-S-Xn-te-tbm kp-]owtIm - S -X n -b n - te - tbm A`n -`m -j -I≥,Nm¿-t´¿Uv A-°u≠‚ v, B¿-ń-°nƒ-kvHm-^v At m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ t]-cv tN¿-Øn-´p-≈ U-b-d-Œ¿, I-º-\n-bp-sS am-t\-P¿, sk-I-´-dn F∂n-h-cn-em-sc-¶n-epw Cu ]-Xn-⁄m]-X-Øn¬ H-∏p-hbvt°-≠-XmWv.†-]-Xn-⁄m]-X-Øn-s‚ am-Xr-I t]Pv 202 ¬tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.†

VI. o-kv \¬-I¬ (Payment of fees):†-I-º-\n-bp-sS c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\v, ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®tc-J-I-tfm-sSm-∏w B-h-iy-am-b o-kv Iq-Sn\¬-tI≠-Xm-Wv.†-c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ o-kv HcpI-º-\n-bp-sS Aw-Ko-Ir-X aq-e-[-\-sØ(Authorised capital) B-i-bn-®n-cn-°pw.†

s]m-tam- ¿-am-cp-sS ÿm\w(Position of promoters):

H-cp I-º-\n c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xv A-Xn-s‚_n-kn-\- v B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-bF√m ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw H-cp t]m-tam- ¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p.†-F-∂m¬ H-cp s]m-tam- ¿ I-º-\n-

202 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

bp-sS G-P-t‚m S-Ãn-tbm A-√. Cu L-´-Øn¬ I-º-\n cq-]o-Ir-X-am-bn- n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬C-h¿-°v I-º-\n-bp-sS G-P‚m-hm≥ I-gn-bn-√.-cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v ti-jw-†-G-s‰-Sp-°m≥I-º\n Xøm-dm-Im-Ø ]-£w, I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ m-K-am-bn s]m-tam- ¿ G¿-s∏-Sp∂ F-√m I-cm-dp-I-fp-tS-bpw _m-[y-X A-t±-l-Øn-\v am-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.†-s]m-tam-´-dpwI-º-\n-bpw XΩn-ep-≈ _-‘w hn-izm-km-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv.†-A-Xp-sIm≠v I-º-\n-bpw s]m-tam-´¿-am-cpw Cu _-‘w Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ ]mSn-√.†-s]m-tam-´¿ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚]-Z-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-®v F-s¥-¶n-epw em- -ap≠m-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-Xv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-tØ≠-Xm-Wv. s]m-tam- ¿ F∂ ]-Z-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-®vAt±-lw bm-sXm-cp c-lky em-`-hpw D≠m-°m≥ ]mSn√. s]m-tam-´¿ GsX¶n-epw X-c-Øn-ep-≈ em- w D≠m-°p-I-bpw B h-kv-XpXsh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬A-t±-l-hp-am-bp≠m-°n-b I-cm¿ d±m-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-t±-l-Øn-\v \¬-In-bn-´p-≈ Icm¿Xp-I Xn-cn-®v hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\pw I-º-\n-°v A-h-

\n-b-a-]-c-am-bp-≈ k-Xy-]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-sS am-Xr-I

""t^m-dw \º¿ 1''

I-º-\n \n-b-aw 2013

2013 se I-º-\n \n-b-a-]-Im-cw, I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\v th≠ F-√m Im-cy-ß-fpw \nbam\p-krXw sN-bv-Xn´ps≠-∂p-≈-Xn-s‚ k-Xy-]-kv-Xm-h-\.

h-Ip-∏v 33 (2) A-\pk-cn-®v

I-º-\n-bp-sS t]-cv : ................................................................................

k-a¿-∏n-®Xv : kp-io¬ sI B¿ (N¿-tÚv A-°u≠‚ v)

C-¥y-bn¬ ap-gp-h≥ k-a-b Nm¿-tÚv A-°u≠‚m-bn ]-h¿-Øn°p-I-bpw ..............................

ss]-h-‰v en-an-‰-Uv F∂ I-º-\n-bp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp°p-I-bpw sN-bv-X

........................ (t]-cv) F∂ Rm≥ ]-kv-Xp-X I-º-\n-bp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v 2013 se

Iº-\n \n-b-a-]-Im-c-ap-≈ F-√m hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw ]m-en-®n´ps≠∂v _-lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw

k-Xy-k-‘-X-tbm-sS-bpw ]-kv-Xm-hn-°p∂p. Cu ]-kv-Xm-h-\ F-s‚ a-\- m-£n-°-\p-

k-cn-®v k-Xy-k-‘-am-sW∂v Rm≥ hn-iz-kn-°p∂p.

ÿ-ew : \yq-U¬-ln t]-cv

Xob-Xn : 16/08/2018 (Nm¿-tÚvA-°u≠‚ v)

203Iº\n cq]oIcWw

tbm-Ky-Xm Hm-l-cn-Iƒ

U-b-d-Œ¿-am¿-°v \n-bp-‡ I-º-\n-bn¬ \n-£n-]v-X Xm¬-]-cy-aps≠∂v D-d-∏m°p∂-Xn-\m-bn A-h¿ Hcp \n-›n-X Xp-Ibv°p-≈ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂Xn-\v B¿ń-°nƒ-kn¬hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-cn°p∂p. I-º-\n-°v A-Xn-s‚ hym-]m-c B-cw-` k¿ń-^n-°-‰ve-`n-°p∂Xn-\v ap-ºv X-s∂ A-h¿ Cu Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS Xp-I \¬-tI-≠Xm-Wv. CuHm-l-cn-I-sf tbm-Ky-Xm Hm-l-cn-Iƒ F∂v hn-fn°p∂p.

]Xn-]m-Zn-®-†-]-am-W-ßƒ Iq-Sn Cu A-t]-

£-tbm-sSm-∏w k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. -A-Øcw

]-am-W-ßƒ C-hn-sS Np-cp-°n hn-h-cn-°p∂p.†

1. th≠hn-[-Øn¬ ap-Z ]-Xn-∏n-®-Xpw H-∏v

sh-®-Xpw km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-am-b

satΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥.

Hcp s]m-Xp I-º-\n (public company)

B-sW-¶n¬ G-‰-hpw Ipd-™-Xv G-gv Aw-

K-ß-sf-¶n-epw C-Xn¬ H∏p-sh-®n- p≠m-h-

Ww.†F-∂m¬ H-cp kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-bn¬

(private company) c≠v Aw-K-ß-fp-sS H-∏v

a-Xn-bm-Ipw.†-C-Xn¬ H-∏p sh-®n-cn-°p-∂-h¿

A-h-cp-sS ta¬-hn-em-kw, sXm-gn¬, A-h-

cp-sS Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS F-Æw F-∂o hn-h-c-

ßƒ Iq-Sn \¬-tI≠-Xm-Wv.†

2. sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n-

te-Xv t]m-se ap-Z ]-Xn-∏n-®-Xpw H-∏v sh®-

Xpw km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-am-b B¿-ń-

°nƒ-kv Hm-^v A-t m-kn -tb-j≥.

F∂m¬, t\-c-tØ ]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xp

t]m-se, H-cp s]m-Xp I-º-\n-°v, I-º-\n

\n-b-a-Øn¬ \¬-In-bn-´p-≈ B¿-ń-°nƒ-

kn-s‚ am-Xr-I-bm-b "tS-_nƒ F' kzo-I-cn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-A-Ø-cw km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬

B¿- n-°nƒ-kv Hm- v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\v

]-I-c-am-bn tS-_nƒ F-bp-sS ]-I¿-∏v c-Pn-kv-

Sm¿ ap≥-]m-sI k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-XmWv.†

Im-i-ap≠v.†-kp-]-[m-\ hn-h-c-ßƒ shfn-s∏-

Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS F-s¥-¶n-epw \„w

I-º-\n-°p≠m-Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ \-„-]-cn-lm-

cw e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw I-º-\n-°v A-h-Im-i-ap≠v.-

I-º-\n cq-]o-I-c-W L- -Øn-ep≠m-Ip-∂ sNe-

hp-Iƒ Xn-cn-®v In- p-∂-Xn-\v s]m-tam- ¿-°v \nb-

a-]-c-am-b A-h-Im-i-an-√. F-¶n-epw I-º-\n-Iƒ

c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥, ]m-cw- sNe-hp-Iƒ F-∂ \ne-

bv-°v C-Ø-cw sNe-hp-Iƒ a-S-°n \¬-Im-

dp≠v. -A-tXm-sSm-∏w ]-Xn-^-e-am-bn H-cp

\n-›n-X Xp-I-tbm, B-kv-Xn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-

eq-sS e`n-°p-∂ I-Ωo-j-t\m, Hm-l-cn-Iƒ

hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ I-Ωo-j-t\m ]-Xn- -e-am-bn

s]m-tam-´¿-°v \¬-Im-dp≠v.†-A-Xp-t]m-se

X-s∂ s]m-tam-´¿-am¿-°v I-º-\n-I-fp-sS

Hm-l-cn-I-tfm IS-∏-X-ß-tfm A-\p-h-Zn-®v \¬-

Ip-I-bpw mhn hn-e-bv-°v \n-t£-]]-X-ßƒ-

sX-cs™Sp-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw-†-e-`n-°p-

I-bpwsNøp∂p.

7.2.2 cq]o-I-cWw (Incorporation)

ap-I-fn¬ ]-d-™ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ ]q¿-Øo-

I-cn-®-Xn-\v ti-jw s]m-tam-´¿ I-º-\n c-Pn-

Ã¿ sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-t]-£ X-øm-dm-°p-

∂p.†-c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\p-≈ A-t]-£, I-º-\n-bp-

sS c-Pn-tÃ¿-Uv Hm-ô-kv B-cw-`n-°m≥ D-t±-

in-°p-∂ kw-ÿm-\-sØ I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿

ap≥-]m-sI k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. t\-c-tØ

204 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

3. I-º-\n U-b-d-Œ¿-am¿ F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ ]h-

Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-†-tbm-Ky-Xm Hm-l-cn-Iƒ

hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\pw k-Ω-X-am-sW-∂v A-dn-bn-

®p-sIm≠v \n-bp-‡ U-b-d-Œ¿-am¿ \¬-Ip-

∂ k-Ω-X-]-Xw.

4. \n-bp-‡ am-t\-PnwKv U-b-d-Œ¿, am-t\-P¿,

ap-gp-h≥ k-a-b U-b-d-Œ¿ F-∂n-h-cp-am-bn

G-sX-¶n-epw X-c-Øn-ep-≈ I-cm¿ D≠m°n-

bn-´p-s≠¶n¬ B I-cmdns‚ ]I¿∏v

At]£-tbm-sSm-∏w k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-

XmWv.

5. I-º-\n-bp-sS t]-cn-\v I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿

\¬-In-b A-\p-a-Xn-]-X-Øn-s‚ ]-I¿-∏v.

6. c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\m-h-iy-am-b F-√m \S-]Sn

-I-a-ß-fpw ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v -F-∂v

]-kv-Xm-hn-®n-´p-≈ k-Xy-]kvXm-h\.

ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-te-tbm kp-]ow tIm-S-Xn-

bn-te-tbm h-°o¬, Nm¿-t´¿-Uv A°u-

≠‚ v, B¿- n-°nƒ-kv Hm- v A-t m-kn-tb-

j-\n¬ t]cv tN¿-Øn-´p-≈ U-b-d-Œ¿,

I-º-\n-bp-sS amt\-P¿, sk-I-´-dn F-∂n-

h -cn -em -sc -¶n -epw Cu ] -Xn -⁄m

]-X-Øn¬ H-∏p-sh-t°-≠Xm-Wv.†

7. I-º-\n-bp-sS c-Pn-tÃ¿-Uv Hm-ô-kn-s‚Ir-Xy-am-b ta¬-hn-em-kw kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂Ip-dn-∏v Iq-Sn Cu ]-am-W-ßƒ-s°m-∏wk-a¿-∏n-≠t°-Xm-Wv. F-∂m¬ c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \-S-Øp-∂ k-a-b-Øv ta¬-hn-em-kw\¬-Im≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ I-º-\n-bp-sScq]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xw e-`n-®v 30 Zn-h-k-Øn-\-Iw Cu Ip-dn-∏v k-a¿-∏n-®m¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.

8. c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ o-kv A-S-®-Xn-\p-≈ tcJm-]-c-am-b sX-fn-hv.†

c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\p-≈ A-t]-£-bpw B-h-iy-am-btc-J-I-fpw e-`n-®v I-gn-™m¬ F-√m tc-J-I-fpw Ir-Xy-am-tWm F-∂pw B-h-iy-am-bF-√m \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fpw ]m-en-®n-´p-t≠mF-∂pw c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. F-∂m¬c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\m-bn k-a¿-∏n-® F-√m tc-J-I-fn-epw ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-X-I-fp-sSB-[n-Im-cn-I-X hn-i-Z-am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n-t°≠Xv c-Pn-kv-Sm-dp-sS I-S-a A-√.†

c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\m-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ bYm-Iaw ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v F-∂v t_m-[y-am-bm¬ c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ I-º-\n-°v cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xamb cPn-kvtS-j≥ k¿ń-^n-°‰v

]m-cw- I-cm-dp-Iƒ

I-º-\n-bp-sS s]m-tam-j≥ Im-e-b-f-hn¬, s]m-tam´¿ I-º-\n-°v th≠n aq∂mwI-£n-I-fp-am-bn I-cm-dn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm-dp≠v. Cu I-cm-dp-I-sf ]m-cw- I-cm-dp-I-sf-t∂m c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ ]q¿-∆ I-cm-dp-I-sf-t∂m ]-d-bp-∂p. Cu I-cm-dp-Iƒ aq-ew I-º-\n-°v \n-b-a-]-Im-cw _m-[y-X D≠mIp∂n-√. F∂m¬, I-º-\n cq -]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v ti-jw,C-Ø-cw I-cm-dp-Iƒ A-tX hy-h-kv-X-I-tfm-sS ]p-Xp-°p∂-Xn\pw G-s‰-Sp-°p∂-Xn\pap-≈ Xo-cp-am-\w I-º-\n-°v F-Sp-°m-hp∂-Xm-Wv. ]m-cw` I-cm-dp-Iƒ Aw-Ko-I-cn°p∂-Xn-\vHcp I-º-\n-sb \n¿-_-‘n-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√. C-Ø-cw ]m-cw` I-cm-dp-Iƒ I-º-\nG-s‰-Sp-°m-Ø ]-£w Cu I-cm¿ s]m-tam´dp-sS hy-‡n-K-X-am-b _m-[y-X-bm-bnXp-Scp∂p.

205Iº\n cq]oIcWw

(Certificate of Incorporation) A-\p-h-Zn-®v \¬-Ip-∂p.†-C-Xv I-º-\n-bp-sS \nb-a-]-c-amb P\-\sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. -A-Xp-sIm≠v, cq]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-X-sØ I-º-\n-bp-sS P\\k¿- n- n-°-‰v F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

2000 \-h-wº¿ 1 ap-X¬ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°vkn.sF.F≥ (tIm¿-∏-td-‰v sF-U‚n-‰n \º¿)Iq-Sn I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ A-\p-h-Zn-®v \¬-Ip-∂p≠v.†

cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-X-Øn-s‚ ]-`m-hw(Effect of the Certificate of Incorporation):

cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-X-Øn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ønb Xo-b-Xn-bn-em-Wv H-cp I-º-\n \n-b-]-Im-cw cq-]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv.†-B Xo-b-Xn

apX¬ I-º-\n-°v ÿm-bn-bpw \n-b-a-]-c-hp-am-b A-ÿn-Xzw e- n-°p-∂p.†-\n-b-a-km-[p-X-bp-≈ I-cm-dp-I-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v I-º-\n-°vA¿-l-X e- n-°p-∂p.†-\n-b-a-]c-am-bn H-cp I-º-\n c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xn- p≠v F-∂-Xn-s‚ B[n-Im-cn -I-am -b sX-fn -hm -Wv cq -]o -I-c -Wkm-£y-]-Xw.†-c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-ø-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xpw cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xw C-√m-Ø-Xp-am-bH-cp I-º-\n-bp-am-bn G-sX-¶n-epw X-c-Øn-ep-≈ I-cm-dn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv Bh-kv-Xp-X Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬,]-kv-Xp-X Icm¿ A-km-[phm-bn Xo-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ ]-In-b-bn¬ G-sX-¶n-epwX-c-Øn-ep-≈ \yp-\-X-I-fp-s≠¶n¬ t]m-epw,H-cn-°¬ cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xw e-`n-®v

cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-X-Øn-s‚ am-Xr-I

2013se I-º-\n \n-b-a-]-Im-cw.....................(I-º-\n-bp-sS t]-cv) F∂ I-º-\n C-t∂

Zn-hkw c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xn´p-s≠∂pw ]-kv-Xp-X I-º-\n-bp-sS _m-[y-X ¢n-]v-X-am-sW∂pw

Rm≥ C-Xn-\m¬ km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C-t∂ Zn-h-k-am-b 2018 sa-bv G-gmw Xn-b-Xn

sIm®n-bn¬ F-s‚ I-øm¬ \¬-I-s∏ń´p-≈-Xv.

ô-kv : ap-Z-]-X-Øn-s‚ hn-e cq-]. ..........................

aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚ ap-Z-]-X Xocph cq-]. .........................

H-∏ v/-

I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿

sIm®n

I-º-\n-bp-sS Xn-cn-®-dn-b¬ kw-Jy : 1352/2018

ko¬

206 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

I-gn-™m¬ -I-º-\n \nb-am-\p-kr-X-am-b _n-

kn-\- v ÿm]\am-bnØo-cp-∂p. AXp-

sIm≠v cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xw Hcp I-º-

\n-bp-sS \n-b-am-\p-kr-X-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\p≈

B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b sX-fn-hm-Wv.†-cq-]o-I-c-W

km-£y-]-Xw B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b sX-fn-hm-Wv

F-∂v hy-‡-am-°p-∂ GXm-\pw D-Zm-l-c-W-

ßƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p:

(i) -H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS c-Pn-kv-tS-j-\m-h-iy-am-

b tc-J-Iƒ k-a¿-∏n-®-Xv P-\p-h-cn 6˛mw

Xn-b-Xn-bm-Wv.†-P-\p-h-cn 8\m-Wv cq-]o-I-

c-W km-£y-]-Xw e- n-®-Xv.†-F-∂m¬ cq-

]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-X-Øn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-

cn-°p-∂ Xo-b-Xn P-\p-h-cn 6 B-Wv.

-A-Xp-sIm≠v, P-\p-h-cn 6 \v I-º-\n \n-

e-hn¬ h-∂-Xm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bpw

P-\p-h-cn 6 ap-X¬ D≠m-°n-b F-√m I-

cm-dp-I-fpw \n-b-a km-[p-X D-≈-h-bm-bn

]-cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.†

(ii) I-º-\n-bp-sS Aw-K-ß-fn¬ H-cmƒ a-‰p-≈-

h-cp-sS H-∏v sa-tΩm-dm-≠Øn¬ Ir-Xn-a-

am-bn tN¿-Øv I-º-\n c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-øp-

∂p. ]-kv-Xp-X hn-h-cw Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-sX

cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xw A-\p-h-Zn-®m¬

t]m-epw B c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ km-[p-X-bp-

≈-Xm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.†

A-Xp-sIm≠v, c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ ]-In-b-bn¬

F-s¥-√mw \yp-\-X-Iƒ kw-`-hn-®m-epw H-cn-

°¬ cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xw A-\p-h-Zn-®v

I-gn-™m¬ A-Xv I-º-\n-bp-sS \n-b-a-]-c-amb

\n-e-\n¬-∏n-\p-≈ B-[n-Im-cn-I tc-J-bm-bn

amdp-∂p. -I-º-\n H-cp \n-b-a-hn-cp-≤-am-b

]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v th≠n cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xm-sW-

¶n¬ t]m-epw H-cn-°¬ c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-ø-s∏-´p

I-gn-™m¬ ]n-∂o-Sv I-º-\n-bp-sS c-Pn-kv-tS-

j≥ tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-√. -A-Y-hm

A-ß-s\ kw- -hn-®m-ep-≈ ]-cn-lm-cw I-º-\n

]n-cn-®phn-S¬ am-X-am-Wv.†-cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-

]-Xw A-X-am-Xw \n¿-Æm-b-I-am-b-Xn-\m¬

Cu km-£y-]-Xw A-\p-h-Zn-°p-tºmƒ c-Pn-

kv-Sm¿ h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw i-≤n-t°≠-Xp≠v.

cq-]o-I-c-W km-£y-]-Xw e-`n-®m¬ D-S-s\

X-s∂ H-cp kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-°v (Private

company) A-Xn-s‚ _n-kn-\- v B-cw- n-°m≥

I-gn-bpw. -A-Xn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-

am-b aqe[-\w, Aw-K-ß-fn¬ \n-t∂m A-h-cp-

sS kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ, _-‘p-°ƒ F-∂n-h-cn¬

\n-t∂m, a-‰v kz-Imcy I-ao-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-

tbm kz-cq-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xpw _n-kn-\- v B-cw`

]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn ap-tºm- v t]m-Im-hp-∂-

Xp-am-Wv.†-F-∂m¬ H-cp s]m-Xp-I-º-\n-°v

(Public company) c≠v L- -ßƒ Iq-Sn ]q¿-Øo-

I-cn-®m¬ am-X-ta _n-kn-\- v B-cw- n-°m≥

I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q.

7.2.3 aqe[\w kzcq]n°¬

(Capital Subscription)

H-cp s]m-Xp-I-º-\n-bv-°v Hm-l-cn-Iƒ, I-S-∏-X-

ßƒ F-∂n-h D-]-tbm-Kn-®v aqe[-\w k-am-l-

cn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.†-Hm-l-cn-I-fpw I-S-∏-X-ß-fpw

hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v s]m-Xp P-\-ß-sf £Wn--°p-

∂-Xn-\m-bn H-cp e-Lp-]-Xn-I (Prospectus)

C-d-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm-∏w hn-hn-[ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-

ßƒ ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-t°-Xp-ap≠v.†-s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-

fn¬ \n-∂v aq-e-[-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v

Xm-sg]-d-bp∂ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ B-h-iy-am-Wv.

207Iº\n cq]oIcWw

hy-Xym-k-Øn-s‚A-Sn-ÿm-\w

e-£y-ßƒ

ÿm-\w

_-‘w

km-[p-X

B-h-iy-I-X

t`-Z-K-Xn

sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^vA-t m-kn-tb-j≥

sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥ I-º-\n-bp-sS e-£y-ßƒ F-s¥-√m-am-sW∂v \n¿-∆-Nn-°p∂p-Á-Ï

I-º-\n \n-b-a-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-bn I-º-\n-bn¬ kq-£n-t°≠ G-‰-hpw ]-[m\]-am-W-am-Wn-Xv.

I-º-\n-°v, A-Xn-s‚ ]p-d-Øp-≈-h-cpÍ-am-bp-≈ _-‘w \n¿-∆-Nn-®n-cn-°p∂Á]-am-W-am-Wv sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^vA-t m-kn-tb-j≥

sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ ]-d-bp-∂Xn-\v hncp-≤-a-mbn´p-≈I-º-\n-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ A-km-[p-hm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p∂p. Aw-K-ß-fp-sS G-I-I-WvT-am-b thm-s´Sp-∏n-eq-sSt]mepw C-Ø-cw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°vAw-Ko-Im-cw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ km-[n-°n√.

cPn-kvtS-j\v th≠n F-√m I-º-\n-I-fpw \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw kz¥w satΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥ Xbm-dm°n k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠Xm-Wv.

]-e km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-epw sa-tΩm-dm≠wHm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥ t`-Z-K-XnsN-øp-∂Xv h-f-sc _p-≤n-ap´m-Wv. ]-e-t∏m-gpw C-Xn-\v Nn-e \n-b-am-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS A\p-a-Xn B-h-iy-am-Wv.

B¿ń-°nƒ-kv Hm-^vA-t m-kn-tb-j≥

I-º-\n-bp-sS B-`y-¥-c `-c-W Im-cy-ß-fp-sS \n-b-am-h-en-bm-Wv B¿ń-°nƒ-kv Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥.I-º-\n-bp-sS e-£y-ßƒ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv ssI-h-cn-°p∂sX∂v C-Xn-eq-sS kq-Nn-∏n°p∂p.

sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\pw I-º-\n \n-b-a-Øn\pw hn-t[-b-am-bn´p-≈ A\p-_-‘ ]-am-W-am-Wn-Xv.

I-º-\n-bpw A-Xn-s‚ Aw-K-ß-fpwX-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘w \n¿-∆-Nn-®n-cn°p∂-Á ]-am-W-am-Wv B¿ń-°nƒ-kv Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j≥.

sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\v hn-t[-b-am-b-Xpw B¿ń-°nƒ-kv Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ ]-d-bm-Ø-Xp-am-b Im-cy-ßƒ-°v Aw-Ko-Im -cw t\-Sn -sb-Sp -°m≥ Aw-K-ßƒ-°v km-[n-°pw.

¢n-]v-X _m-[y-X-bp-≈ s]m-Xp I-º-\n -bn¬ B¿ń -°nƒ-kv Hm -^vAt m-kn-tb-j≥ D-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿-_-‘-an-√. C-Ø-cw I-º-\n-°v I-º-\n\n-b-a-Øn-se ]ń-I"F' A-\p-h¿-Øn-°m-hp-Xm-Wv.

Aw-K-ßƒ ]-tXy-I ]-ta -bw]mkm°n B¿ń-°nƒ-kv t`-Z-K-XnsN-øm-hp∂-Xm-Wv.

sa-tΩm-dm≠w Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j\pw B¿ń-°nƒ-kv Hm-^v A-t m-kn-tb-j\pwXΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ

208 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

1. sk-Iyp-cn-‰o-kv B‚ v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v

t_m¿ -Uv Hm -^v C -¥y (SEBI) bp -sS

A-\p-aXn (SEBI Approval) :† \n-t£-]-I-cp-sSXm-¬-]-cy-ßƒ-kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw I-º-\n-sb kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ kp-]-[m-\ hn-h-c-ßƒsh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn _-‘-s∏- Nn-eam¿-§\n¿-t±-i-ßƒ, cm-Py-sØ Hm-l-cn hn-]-Wn-bp-sS \n-b-¥-W G-P≥-kn-bm-b sk-Iyp-cn-‰o-kv B‚ v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v t_m¿-Uv Hm- vC-¥y ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®n- p≠v.†-s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂v [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂ I-º-\n A-Xn-s‚F-√m kp]-[m-\ hn-h-c-ß-fpw \n-t£-]-I-tcm-Sv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xm-Wv.†-C-Xv \n-t£-]-Icp-sS Xm-¬-]-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv.†-A-Xp-sIm≠v s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂v [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-tºmƒ-†-sk-Iyp-cn-‰o-kv B‚ v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v t_m¿-Uv Hm-^vC-¥y-bp-sS ap≥-Iq¿ A-\p-a-Xn t\-tS-≠XmWv.†

2. t]mkvs]-IvSkv k-a¿-∏n-°¬ (Filing of

Prospectus) :†-I-º-\n-bp-sS t]mkvs]-IvStkmA-Xn-\v-†-]-I-c-am-bn- p-≈ ]-kv-Xm-h-\m]-X-tamc-Pn-kv-Sm¿ ap≥-]m-sI k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xm-Wv.H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS Hm-l-cn-I-tfm, I-S-∏-X-ßtfm hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf £Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn I-º-\n ]p-d-Øn-d-°p-∂t\mókv, hn-⁄m-]-\w, ]c-kyw, a-‰v tcJ-Iƒ ap-X-em-b-h-sb Hmlcn £W]-Xn-I(Prospectus) F∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬, I-º-\n-bn¬ aq-e-[-\w

\n-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m, Hm-l-cn-I-fpw I-S-∏-X-ß-fpw hm-ßp-∂-Xn-t\m s]m-XpP-\-ß-sf £-Wn-°p-∂ ]-Xn-I-bm-Wn-Xv.†-Cu ]-Xn-I-bn¬]-Xn-]m-Zn -®n-cn -°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-X-I-fp-sSA-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw ]m-Y-an-I-am-bn-\n-t£-]-I¿ A-h-cp-sS \n-t£-] Xo-cp-am-\wF-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xp-sIm≠v, Cu ]-Xn-I-bn¬I-º-\n-sb°p-dn-®p-≈ F-√m kp-]-[m-\ hn-h-c-ß-fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-tSm-∏w sX-‰n-≤m-c-W P-\n-∏n-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ H-gn-hm-t°≠-Xp-am-Wv.

3. _m-¶p -Iƒ, t_m-°¿-am¿, A≠¿

ssd-t‰-gv -kv F-∂n-h-sc \n-b-an -°¬

(Appointment of Bankers, Brokers,

Underwriters)

s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv h-f-sc _r-l-Øm-b tPm-en-bm-Wv.-Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS A-t]-£mô-kv I-º-\n-bp-sSA-°u≠p-≈ _m-¶p-I-fn¬ kzo-I-cn-°-Ww.Hm-l-cn Z√mƒ (share brokers) Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS A-t]-£-Iƒ hn-X-c-Ww sNøp-I-bpwHm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-°m≥ s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf t]-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpwth-Ww.- Hmlcn hnX-c-W-Øn\v s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v th≠X ]Xn-I-cWw e`n-°p-sa∂v Dd-∏n-s√-¶n¬ Iº-\n°v Pmay-°msc(underwriters) \nb-an-t°-≠-Xmbn ht∂°mw\n-b-an-t°-≠Xm-bn h-t∂-°mw.†-s]m-XpP-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v th≠-X A-t]-£-Iƒ e-`n-°m-Ø-]-£w A-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-

Xm¬-°m-en-I I-cm-dp-Iƒ

c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ I-gn-™v hym-]m-cw B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv I-º-\n H-∏p sh-°p-∂ I-cm-dp-I-fm-Wn-Xv.Iº-\n°v A-Xn-s‚ hym-]m-c B-cw-` k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v e-`n-®-Xn-\pti-jw am-X-ta C-Ø-cw I-cm-dp-Iƒ-°v]m-_-ey-ap≠mhp-I-bp-≈q. (F-∂m¬ hym-]m-c B-cw-` k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v e-`y-am-°¬ I-º-\n \nbawt`Z-KXn sNbvXXneq-sS H-gn-hm-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p)

209Iº\n cq]oIcWw

Iƒ A≠¿ssd-t‰gvkv G-s‰-Sp-ØpsIm-≈pw.†-C-ß-s\ Hml-cn-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v I-º-\n-bn¬ \n-∂v A≠¿ ssd‰¿-am¿°v I-Ωo-j≥ sImSp°p-∂p. A≠¿ssd-‰¿amcpsS \n-b-a-\w \n¿-_-‘-a√.

4. Np-cp-ßn-b aq-e-[-\ Xp-I (Minimum

Subscription) : \n-›n-X F-Æw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v A-t]-£ e-`n-®m¬ am-X-ta Hm-l-cn-IƒA-\p-h-Zn-®v \¬-Ip-∂ ]-In-b-bp-am-bn I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v-†-ap-t∂m- v t]m-Im≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q.A-]-cym-]v-X-am-b aq-e-[-\ hn- -h-ßƒ sIm≠vI-º-\n-Iƒ hym-]m-cw B-cw- n-°p-∂-Xv X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\v C-Xv k-lm-b-I-am-Wv.†-I-º-\n \n-b-a]-Im-cw C-Ø-cw \n-›n-X F-Æw Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS Xp-I-sb Np-cp-ßn-b aq-e-[-\ Xp-I F∂v]-d-bp-∂p.†-hn-X-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS90 i-X-am-\w B-Wv Np-cp-ßn-b aq-e-[-\ Xp-I-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-bm-bn \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.†-A-t]-£ e-`n-® Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS Xp-I hn-X-c-WwsNbv-X Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS Xp-I-bp-sS 90 i-X-am-\-Øn¬ Ip-d-hm-Ip-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬Hm-l-cn-Iƒ A-\p-h-Zn-®v \¬-Im≥ I-gn-bm-sXh-cn-I-bpw A-Xn-\m¬ A-Xp-h-sc e-`n-®A-t]£mô-kv A-t]-£-I¿-°v Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-I-bpw th-Ww.†

5. Hm -l-cn hn]-Wn -bn¬ A-t]-£

\¬-Ip-I (Application to Stock exchange):I-º-\n-bp-sS Hm-l-cn-I-fpw I-S-∏-X-ß-fpw Hm-l-cn hn]-Wbn-eq-sS ssI-am-‰w sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-\p-a-Xn e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv H-cp Hm-l-cn hn]-Wbn-se-¶n-epw A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°p≈ A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈XobXn I-gn-™v ]-Øv B-gv-N-°p-≈n¬C-Ø-cw A-\p-a-Xn e- n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Hm-l-cn hn-X-c-W ]-In-b A-km-[p-hm-bn I-W-°m-

°p-I-bpw F-´v Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ X-s∂F-√m A-t]-£mô-kpw A-t]-£-I¿-°v Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-Ibpw thWw.

6. Hm-l-cn -Iƒ A-\p-h-Zn -®v \¬-I¬(Allotment of Shares) :†-A-t]-£n-®-Xn-t\-°mƒIp-d-™ F-Æw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ A-\p-h-Zn-®v \¬-Ip-I-tbm H-cp Hm-l-cn t]m-epw A-\p-h-Zn-®v\¬-Im-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ A-[n-Iw h-cp-∂ A-t]-£mô-kvA-t]-£-I¿-°v Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-I-tbm A-h-cpsS Hm-l-cn A-\p-h-Zn-°¬ Xp-I-bn-te-°vh-chv sh-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂p.†-Hm-l-cn-IƒA-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿-°v Hm-l-cn A-\p-h-Zn-°¬]-Xw (Allotment letters) \¬-Ip-∂p. Hm-l-cn A-\p-h-Zn-°¬ ]-In-b A-h-km-\n-®v 30Zn-h-k-Øn-\-Iw I-º-\n sk-I- -dn-tbm Ub-d-Œ-tdm H-∏n- Hm-l-cn A-\p-h-Zn-°¬ ]-XnII-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xm-Wv.†

H-cp s]m-XpI-º-\n- Xß-fpsS Hm-l-cn-I-tfmI-S-∏-X-ßtfm hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\mbn F-t∏m-gpws]m-Xp-P-\-ß-sf £-Wn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.†-]-I-cw, kp-lr-Øp-°-fn¬ \n-t∂m _-‘p-°-fn¬\n-t∂m A-s√-¶n¬ kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-I-fn-te-Xp t]m-se-bp-≈-†-I-ao-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-tbmaq-e-[-\w k-am-l-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-C-Ø-cws]m-Xp I-º-\n-Iƒ t]mkvs]-IvSkv X-øm-dm-t°≠-Xn-√.†-F-∂m¬ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ A-\p-h-Zn -®v \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v 3 Zn -h-kw ap≥-]vt]mkvs]-IvS-kn\p ]-I-c-am-b ]-kv-Xm-h-\(Statement in Lieu of Prospectus’) I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v ap-ºm-sI k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xm-Wv.

7.2.4 _nkn-\ v Bcw`w[Commencement of Business]

]p-Xn-b Hm-l-cn-Iƒ ]p-d-Øn-d-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSNp-cp-ßn-b aq-e-[-\w B¿-÷n-°m≥ I-gn-bq-∂]-£w H-cp s]m-XpI-º-\n- hym-]m-c B-cw- k¿-

210 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

n- n-°-‰v e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿-°v A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-t°≠-Xm-Wv.†-C-Xn-\p-≈A-t]-£-tbm-sSm-∏w Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ tc-J-IƒIq-Sn k-a¿-∏n-t°-Ww.

1. t]m-kv-s]-Iv-‰-kn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂

Np-cp-ßn-b aq-e-[-\-Øn-\p-≈ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-

°p-≈ A-t]-£ e- n-®n- p-s≠∂pw A-h

A-\p-h-Zn-®v \¬-In-bn- p-s≠∂pw A-Xn-\p-

≈ ]-Ww e- n-®n- p-s≠∂p-ap-≈-†-k-Xy

-]-kv-Xm-h\.

2. F-√m U-b-d-Œ¿-am-cpw A-h-cp-sS tbmKyXm

Hm-l-cn -I-fp -sS A-t]-£mXpIbpw

Certificate of commencement of Business

(Specimen)

I hereby certify that ........................ ltd. of ......................... which was incorporated

under The Companies Act, 1956, on the ................ day of .................... 200..........

and which has this day filed a statutory declaration in the prescribed form that

the conditions of section 149 have been complied with, is entitled to commence

business.

Given under my hand at ........................... this day of .................. two

thousand ..................

SEAL Registrar

Joint Stock Companies

.............................(State)

A-\p-h-Zn-°¬ XpIbpw ]-W-am-bn \¬-

In-bn- p-s≠∂ k-Xy-]-kv-Xm-h-\.†

3. Hm-l-cn hn-]-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS Hm-l-cn-Iƒ

hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v A-\p-a-Xn e- n-

°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-®n-

´ps≠∂pw ]kvXpX A\p-aXn e`y-a-√m-

ØXv -aq-ew G-sX-¶n-epw X-c-Øn-ep-≈

]-Ww-†-Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v-†-\¬-Im-\p-≈

_m-[y-X C-s√-∂p-ap-≈ k-Xy-]-kv-Xm-h\.

4. ap-I-fn¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂ hy-h-ÿ-

Iƒ ]m-en-®n- p≠v F-∂-Xn-s‚ \n-b-a-]-Im-

c-ap-≈ k-Xy-]-kv-Xm-h-\.†-Cu k-Xy-]-

kv-Xm-h-\-bn¬ I-º-\n-bp-sS U-b-d-Œ-tdm

sk-I- -dn-tbm H-∏v sh-bv-t°≠-Xm-Wv.

Hm-l-cn hm-Kv-Zm-\ ]-X-Øn-\v ]-I-c-am-bn- p≈

e-Lp-]-Xn-I k-a¿-∏n-®n- p-≈-Xpw kz-Im-cy

tkm-X- p-I-fn¬ \n-∂v aq-e-[-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-

∂-Xp-am-b s]m-XpI-º-\n-Iƒ ap-I-fn¬ ]-d-™n-

´p-≈ 2 Dw 4 Dw tc-J-Iƒ am-Xw k-a¿-∏n-®m¬

a-Xn-bm-Ipw.†

Cu tc-J-Iƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-®v t_m-[y-am-Ip-∂

]-£w, I-º-\n c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ hym-]m-c B-cw`

k¿- n- n-°-‰v (Certificate of commencement of

business) ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p.†-H-cp I-º-\n

A-Xn-s‚ hym-]m-cw B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈

B-[n-Im-cn-I tc-J-bm-Wv CXv.- Cu k¿- n- n-

°-‰v A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm-sS I-º\n cq-]o-

I-c-W ]-In-b ]q¿-Æ-am-Ip-I-bpw I-º-\n-°v

A-Xn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\w \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn B-cw- n-

°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bpw sN-øp∂p.†

211Iº\n cq]oIcWw

Memorandum of Association(Specimen)

1. Name: The name of the company is Excellent Educational Services Limited. It is hereinafterreferred to as EES Ltd.

2. Registered Office: The Registered office of the company shall be situated in the NCT of Delhiand at present it is at: Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi-16.

3. (A) Main Objectives:

(a) To engage in the design, development and delivery of world class service products in thesphere of education for domestic as well as global markets.

(b) To establish and strengthen presence/market share in the various segments representingvarious stages in the education/re-education process in the life-long learning context, viz.,identification of prospects, curriculum-design, pedagogy, examination and evaluation,anticipating societal/market needs, content-delivery, placement services and human resourcedevelopment and renewal.

(c) To develop, publish/produce teaching, training and study materials, journals, periodicals,reports, books, monographs and other multilingual literature/multimedia products forpromoting the objectives of the company.

(d) To organise programmes, conferences, lectures, seminars, symposia and workshops on issuesimpacting education, industry, business and society.

(B) Ancillary Objectives:

(a) To develop special competencies and capabilities for designing, developing and deliveringservice products for persons with physical and mental disabilities;

(b) To liaison and network with various individuals and institutions in government and non-government sectors and fostering mutually beneficial relationship in the field of education;

(c) To host a website for virtual learning;

(d) To build up a research and reference library and to undertake documentation services;

(e) To own, purchase, lease, movable and immovable property in furtherance of the aims andobjectives of the company;

(f) To offer prizes, grants, stipends and scholarships in furtherance of the objectives of company;

(g) To provide a forum for raising, discussing and resolving of issues, problems and challengesin the field of education; and

(h) To do generally all such other lawful things as are conducive or incidental to the attainmentof the above objectives.

4. Liability Clause: Liability of the members would be limited to the amount of unpaid value ofthe share.

5. Capital Subscription Clause: The company shall be registered with a capital of Rs. 2.5 croredivided into Rs. 25 lakh shares of Rs.10 each.

We the following persons voluntarily agreed to be the signatories to the Memorandum ofAssociation:

212 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Sunita Vinita

Anil Kumar Sunil Kumar

Avtar Singh Renu

Anita Usha

The name and address of the company signatures to Memorandum have been modified.

FORM NO. 1-A

The Companies Act. 1961

(Application Form for Availability of Names*)

The Registrar of Companies,

Sir,

Subject: Availability of Names-information Furnishing of:

We, the following applicants are desirous of forming a company to be registered under theCompanies Act, 1956, in the State Union Territory of

1. Name and full address of the person(s) applying for availability, of the name (IN BLOCKLETTERS).

2. Proposed name of the Company.

3. State whether Public or Private.

4. In case the proposed name mentioned in item 2 is not available, 3 names to be considered, inthe order of preference.

5. Main objectives of the proposed Company.

6. Name and address of the prospective Directors of Promoters, etc.

7. Particulars of the names and situation of registered office of other companies in the samegroup or under the same management.

8. Proposed authorised capital.

9. Please furnish particulars and results of any application moved to this or any other Registrarpreviously for availability of name.

10. Particulars of remittance of fee

Situation

Dated Signature of the applicant

* Refer Rule 4 A of the Companies/Central Government’s/General Rules and Forms, 1956

213Iº\n cq]oIcWw

][m-\-]-Z-ßƒ [Key Terms]

s]mtam-j≥ B¿ń-°nƒ Hm^v Akm-kn-tb-j≥ aqe-[\w kzcq-]n-°¬

cq]o-I-cWw satΩm-dm≠w Hm^v Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ t]mkvs]-IvSkv

]mcw` Icm-dp-Iƒ hym]mc Bcw` k¿ń-^n-°‰v \nb-a-]-c-amb kXy-]kvYmh\

kwKlwkwKlwkwKlwkwKlwkwKlw

Hcp kzImcy Iº\nbpsS cq]oIcWØn\v s]mtamj≥, cPnkvtSj≥ F∂o c≠v

L´ßfp≠v.†Hcp s]mXpIº\n°v, aqe[\ kzcq]Ww, hym]mc Bcw` k¿ń^n°‰v

t\S¬ F∂o c≠v L´ßƒ IqSnbp≠v.

1. s]mtamj≥: _nkn\ v Bib cq]oIcWtØmsS Cu L´w Bcw`n°p∂p.†CØcw

Bibw emÌcambn \S∏nem°m≥ Ignbp∂XmtWm F∂v Xocpam\n°p∂Xn\mbn Nne

km[yXm]T\ßƒ \StØ≠Xp≠v.†DZm: kmt¶XnI km[yXm]T\w, [\Imcy km[yXm-

]T\w, kmºØnI km[yXm]T\w.†CØcw ]T\ßƒ A\pIqeamb êßfmWv \¬-

Ip∂sX¶n¬, s]mtam´¿am¿ Iº\n cq]oIcWØn\p≈ Xocpam\w FSp°p∂p.†_nkn\ v

Bibw cq]oIcn°pIbpw Iº\n cq]oIcn°p∂Xn\p≈ Xocpam\saSp°pIbpw AXn\m-

hiyamb \S]SnIƒ Gs‰Sp°pIbpw AXpambn _‘s∏´ \„km[yXIƒ Gs‰Sp°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂ BfpIsf s]mtam´¿am¿ F∂v hnfn°p∂p.†

s]mtamj\nse hnhn[ L´ßƒ:†

1. Iº\n cPnkvSmdn¬ \n∂v Iº\nbpsS t]cn\p≈ A\paXn t\SpI.

2. satΩmdm≠w Hm^v At mkntbj\n¬ H∏pshbvt°≠ BfpIsf \n›bn°pI.

3. s]mtam´¿amsc klmbn°p∂Xn\mhiyamb hnZKv≤sc \n›bn°pIbpw \nban-°pIbpw sNøpI.

4. cPnkvtSj\mhiyamb ]amWßƒ Xømdm°pI.

Bhiyamb tcJIƒ :

1. satΩmdm≠w Hm^v At mkntbj≥

2. B¿ń°nƒkv Hm^v At mkntbj≥

3.† \nbp‡ UbdŒ¿amcpsS A\paXn ]Xw

4. \nbp‡ amt\Pdpamtbm amt\PnwKv UbdŒdpamtbm Fs¥¶nepw Icm¿ Ds≠¶n¬AØcw†Icm¿.

5. \nba]camb kXy]kvXmh\

214 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

2. cPnkvtSj≥:†Iº\n cPnkvtSj\mhiyamb tcJIfpw cPnkvtSj≥ ôkpw AS-

ßp∂ At]£ s]mtam´¿ cPnkvSm¿°v ka¿∏nt°≠XmWv. Cu tcJIƒ kq£vaambn

]cntim[n®Xn\v tijw cPnkvSm¿ Iº\nbv°v cPnkvtSj≥ k¿ń^n°‰v \¬-

Ip∂p.†CØcw tcJIfn¬ kp][m\amb Fs¥¶nepw t]mcmbvaIfps≠¶n¬ amXta

cPnkvtSj≥ \nckn°s∏SpIbp≈q.†Hcp Iº\nbpsS \nba]camb \ne\n¬∏n-

\p≈†sXfnhmbn cPnkvtSj≥ k¿ń^n°‰v ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂p.†

3. aqe[\ kamlcWw : s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂v aqe[\w kamlcn°p∂ Iº\nIƒ°v

Xmsg ]dbp∂ \S]SnIaßƒ BhiyamWv:

1.† skIypcn‰okv B‚ v FIvkvtN©v t_m¿Uv Hm^v C¥ybpsS A\paXn t\SpI.

2. Hmlcn hmKvZm\ ]XnIbqsS ]I¿∏v Iº\n cPnkvSm¿°v ka¿∏n°pI.

3. Hmlcn CS\ne°m¿, _m¶pIƒ, A≠¿ssd‰¿am¿ F∂nhsc \nban°pI.†

4. Npcpßnb aqe[\w e`n°p∂ps≠∂v Dd∏v hcpØpI.

5. HmlcnIƒ Hmlcn hn]Wnbn¬ enÃv sNøp∂Xn\v At]£ ka¿∏n°pI.

6. A[nIambn e`n® At]£m XpI Ds≠¶n¬ Xncn®v \¬IpItbm Hmlcn

A\phZn°¬ XpIbnte°v \o°n shbv°pItbm sNøpI.

7.† HmlcnIƒ A\phZn°s∏Sp∂h¿°v HmlcnIƒ A\phZn®psIm≠p≈ IØv

\¬IpI.

8.† Hmlcn A\phZn°¬ ]XnI Iº\n cPnkvSm¿°v ka¿∏n°pI.

s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂√msX aqe[\w kamlcn°p∂ s]mXpIº\nIƒ HmlcnIƒ

A\phZn®v \¬Ip∂Xn\v aq∂v Znhkw ap≥]v Hmlcn hmKvZm\ ]XØn\v ]Icamb ]kv-

Xmh\ cPnkvSm¿°v ka¿∏nt°≠XmWv.†HmlcnIƒ A\phZn°¬ ]Inb ]q¿Øn-

bmbXn\v tijw Hmlcn A\phZn°¬ ]XnIbpw cPnkvSm¿ apºmsI ka¿∏nt°-

≠XmWv.

hy]mc Bcw`w:†s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂v aqe[\w kamlcn°p∂ s]mXpIº\nIƒ

AhcpsS _nkn\ v Bcw`n°p∂Xn\p≈ hym]mc Bcw` k¿ń^n°‰n\mbn Xmsg

]dbp∂ ]amWßtfmsSm∏w Iº\n cPnkvSm¿°v At]£ ka¿∏nt°≠XmWv.†

1.† Npcpßnb aqe[\w t\Sm≥ Ign™n´p≠v F∂ ]kvXmh\.

2. UbdŒ¿am¿°v HmlcnIƒ A\phZn®v \¬InbXn\p≈ ]kvXmh\

3.† Hmlcn At]£I¿°v ]Wsam∂pw†Xncn®v \¬Im\n√ F∂ ]kvXmh\

4. apIfn¬ kqNn∏n®ncn°p∂ hyhÿIƒ ]men®n´ps≠∂v ImWn°p∂ \nba]Im-

cap≈ ]kvXmh\.

215Iº\n cq]oIcWw

s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂v aqe[\w kamlcn°mØ s]mXpIº\nIƒ apIfn¬ ]Xn]m-

Zn®ncn°p∂ 2 Dw 4 Dw ]kvXmh\Iƒ amXw ka¿∏n®m¬ aXnbmIpw.

F√m \S]SnIaßfpw t_m[yamIp∂ ]£w Iº\n cPnkvSm¿ hym]mc Bcw` k¿ń-

^n°‰v A\phZn®v \¬Ip∂p.†Iº\nbpsS _nkn\ v Bcw`n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb F√m

\S]SnIaßfpw ]q¿ØoIcn®n´p≠v F∂Xns‚ sXfnhmbn hym]mc Bcw` k¿ń^n-

°‰ns\ ]cnKWn°p∂p.

]mcw` IcmdpIƒ :†Iº\n cPnÃ¿ sNøp∂Xn\v apºv s]mtam´¿ H∏psh®n´p≈ IcmdpI-

fmWnXv.

Xm¬°menI IcmdpIƒ : Iº\n cPnÃ¿ sNøs∏´Xn\v tijw _nkn\ v Bcw`n°p-

∂Xn\v apºv D≠m°nbn´p≈ IcmdpIfmWnXv.

]cn-io-e\ tNmZyßƒ]cn-io-e\ tNmZyßƒ]cn-io-e\ tNmZyßƒ]cn-io-e\ tNmZyßƒ]cn-io-e\ tNmZyßƒ

icn-bp-Øcw Xnc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-XpI.

1. kzImcy Iº\n (Private company) cq]oIcWØn\mhiyamb Npcpßnb AwKßfpsS FÆw

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7

2. s]mXpIº\n (Public company) cq]oIcWØn\mhiyamb Npcpßnb AwKßfpsS FÆw

(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 12 (d) 21

3. Iº\nbpsS t]cn\v A\paXn e`n°m≥ At]£ ka¿∏nt°≠Xv................BWv

(a) skIypcn‰okv B‚ v FIvkvtN©v t_m¿Uv Hm v C¥ybv°v†

(b) Iº\n cPnkvSm¿°v

(c) `mcX k¿°m¿ apºmsI

(d) Iº\n cPnÃ¿ sNøs∏Sp∂ kwÿm\sØ k¿°m¿ apºmsI.

4. Iº\nbv°mbn \n¿t±in°s∏´ t]cpIƒ A`nImaya√mXmIp∂Xv Xmsg ]dbp∂GXv kmlNcyØnemWv?

(a) \nehnep≈ as‰mcp Iº\nbpsS t]cmIptºmƒ

(b) \nehnep≈ as‰mcp Iº\nbpsS t]cnt\mSv kmZriyaps≠¶n¬

216 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(c) sFIycm„k`bpsStbm `mcX k¿°mcnt‚tbm apZIfmbn ]cnKWn°-s∏Sp∂ t]cpIfmsW¶n¬

(d) apIfn¬ ]d™ F√m kmlNcyßfnepw

5. t]mkvs]-IvSkv ]pds∏Sphn°p∂Xv..............BWv

(a) kzImcy Iº\n

(b) s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂v aqe[\w cq]oIcn°p∂ s]mXpIº\nIƒ

(c) s]mXpÿm]\ßƒ

(d) s]mXpIº\nIƒ

6. Iº\n cq]oIcWØnse hnhn[ L´ßfpsS icnbmb Iaw GXv?

(a) s]mtamj≥, hym]mc Bcw`w, cPnkvtSj≥, aqe[\ kzcq]Ww

(b) cPnkvtSj≥, aqe[\ cq]oIcWw, hym]mc Bcw`w, s]mtamj≥

(c) s]mtamj≥, cPnkvtSj≥, aqe[\ cq]oIcWw, hym]mc Bcw`w

(d) aqe[\ cq]oIcWw, s]mtamj≥, cPnkvtSj≥, hym]mc Bcw`w.

7. ]mcw` IcmdpIƒ H∏v sh°p∂Xv

(a) cPnkvtSj\v apºv

(b) cPnkvtSj≥ Ign™v aqe[\ kzcq]WØn\v apºv

(c) cPnkvtSj≥ Ign™v _nkn\ v Bcw`n°p∂Xn\v apºv

(d) _nkn\ v Bcw`n®Xn\v tijw

8.†]mcw` IcmdpIƒ

(a) Iº\nbpsS _m[yXbmWv

(b) cPnkvtSj\p tijw Iº\n AwKoIcn®m¬ amXw Iº\nbpsS_m[yXbmIp∂p

(c) cPnkvtSj\p tijw Iº\nbpsS _m[yXbmIp∂p.

(d) Iº\nbpsS _m[yX A√

217Iº\n cq]oIcWw

icntbm sXt‰m Fs∂gpXpI

1. F√m s]mXp Iº\nIfpw kzImcy Iº\nIfpw cPnÃ¿ sNtø≠Xv BhiyamWv.

2. s]mXpP\ßfn¬ \n∂v aqe[\w kamlcn°m≥ t]mIp∂ s]mXp Iº\nt]mkvs]Iv‰ n\p ]Icamb ]kvXmh\ ka¿∏n®m¬ aXnbmIpw.

3. cPnkvtSj≥ Ign™m¬ DSs\ Xs∂ kzImcy Iº\nbv°v _nkn\ v Bcw`n°m≥Ignbpw.

4. Iº\n cq]oIcW ]Inbbn¬ s]mtam´sd klmbn°p∂ hnZKv[scbpws]mtam´¿am¿ F∂p hnfn°p∂p.

5. cPnÃ¿ sNbvXv Ign™m¬†Iº\nbv°v AXns‚ ]mcw`†IcmdpIƒAwKoIcn°mhp∂XmWv.

6. Hcp Iº\n†I]-S-amb t]cn¬ cPnÃ¿ sNøpIbmsW¶n¬ AXns‚ cPnkvtSj≥Akm[phmIp∂XmWv.

7. B¿ń°nƒkv Hm v At mkntbj≥ Hcp Iº\nbqsS kp][m\ tcJbmWv.

8. F√m Iº\nIfpw B¿ń°nƒkv Hm v At mkntbj≥ ka¿∏n°Ww.

9. Iº\n cPnÃ¿ sNøp∂Xn\v apºv Xs∂ s]mtam´¿ Xm¬°menI IcmdpIfn¬ H∏vshbv°p∂p.

10. Hcp Iº\n mcn® ]iv\ßfn¬ AIs∏SpIbpw AXns‚ _m[yXIƒ sImSpØpXo¿°m≥ BkvXnIƒ XnIbmsX hcnIbpw sNøp∂ ]£w _m°n _m[yXIƒsImSpØp Xo¿°p∂Xn\p≈ XpI AwKßfpsS kzImcy BkvXnIfn¬ \n∂vCuSm°p∂XmWv.

ltkzmØc tNmZyßƒ

1. Iº\n cq]oIcWØns‚ hnhn[ L´ßƒ GsX√mw?

2.† Iº\n cPnÃ¿ sNøp∂Xn\mhiyamb ]amWßƒ ]ńIs∏SpØpI.

3. t]mkvs]Iv‰kv F∂m¬ F¥v?†F√m Iº\nIfpw \n¿_‘ambn t]mkvs]Iv‰kvka¿∏nt°≠Xpt≠m?

4. "Npcpßnb aqe[\w' F¥msW∂v hniZoIcn°pI.

5. Hmlcn A\phZn°¬ ]XnI F¥msW∂v Npcp°n hniZoIcn°pI.

218 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

6. Iº\n cq]oIcWØns‚ GXv L´ØnemWv skIypcn‰okv B‚ v FIvkvtN©vt_m¿Uv Hm v C¥ybpambn CSs]tS≠n hcp∂Xv?

7. ]mcw` IcmdpIfpw Xm¬°menI IcmdpIfpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw Is≠ØpI.


1. s]mtamj≥ F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v F¥mWv A¿∞am°p∂Xv?†s]mtam´¿cq]oIcn°p∂ Iº\nbn¬†At±lØn\p≈ \nba]camb ÿm\w F¥msW∂v N¿®sNøpI.

2. Iº\n cq]oIcWØn¬ s]mtam´¿ Gs‰Sp°p∂ hnhn[ ]h¿Ø-\ßƒGsX√msa∂v hniZoIcn°pI.

3. satΩmdm≠w Hm^v At mkntbj≥ F∂m¬ F¥v? CXns‚ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-IƒNpcp°n hniZoIcn°pI.

4. satΩmdm≠w Hm^v At mkntbj\pw†B¿ń°nƒkv Hm^v At mkntbj\pwXΩnep≈ hyXymkßƒ Fs¥√mw?

5. Iº\n cPnkvtSj≥ ]amWØns‚ A¿∞w hni-Z-am-°p-I.

6. Hcp Iº\n cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ hnhn[ L -ßƒ N¿® sNøp-I.

t]mPŒv/Assk≥sa‚ v

Hcp Iº\n cPnkvSmdpsS Hmôkn¬ \n∂v Iº\n cq]oIcWØn\p≈ bYm¿∞\S]SnIaßƒ Fs¥√msa∂v Is≠ØpI.†\nßƒ ]mT`mKØv ]Tn®Xpambn XmcXaywsNbvXv c≠pw XΩnep≈ s]mcpØßƒ ]cntim[n°pI.†Iº\n cPnÃ¿ sNøptºmƒt\cntS≠n hcp∂ ][m\ XS ßƒ Fs¥√msa∂v Is≠ØpI.

A[ymbw 8

_nkn\ v [\-Øns‚ tkmX- pIƒ[SOURCES OF BUSINESS FINANCE]

]T\-t\- -ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®pIgn-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv ;

$ _nkn-\ v [\-Øns‚ A¿∞w, kz`mhw, ]m[m\yw F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.

$ _nkn-\ v [\-Øns‚ hnhn[ tkmX- pIƒ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

$ hnhn[ _nkn-\ v [\ tkmX- pIfpsS KpW-ßfpw tZmj-ßfpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXvhni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ A¥¿tZ-iob [\-am¿K-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ A\ptbm-Py-amb [\-am¿K-ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnhn[ LS-I-ßƒhnhcn°p-∂p.

220 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

8.1 BapJw [INTRODUCTION]

H-cp _n-kn-\- v B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw ]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw B-h-iy-am-b [-\w G-sX-√mw D-d-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v I-s≠-Øm-sa-∂v Cu]mT- m-K-Øn¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. [-\-Øn-s‚C-Ø-cw D-d-hn-S-ß-fp-sS Kp-W-ß-fpw tZm-j-ß-fpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b [-\ D-d-hn-S-ß-fp-sSsX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-s\ \n¿-Æ-bn-°p-∂ L-S-I-ß-fpw C-hn-sS kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.†-H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\m-h-iy-am-b ]-Ww G-sX-√mw am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sS B¿÷n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw F-∂v H-cp _n-kn-\- vv B-cw-`n-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂ G-sXm-cm-fpwA-dn-™n-cn-°-Ww. C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ Hm-tcm [-\ D-d-hn-S-ß-fp-tS-bpw t\- -ß-fpw tIm- -ß-fpwA-dn-™m¬ am-X-ta G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b [-\ am¿-§-ßƒ I-s≠-Øm≥ km-[n-°p-I-bp≈q.

8.2 _nkn\ v [\w˛Bibw,kz`mhw, ]m[m\yw [MEANING,

NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF

BUSINESS FINANCE]

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw hn-X-c-Ww \-S-Øp-I-bpwsNøp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-amWt√m _n-kn-\- v?hnhn-[ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v _nkn-\- n-\v ]-Ww A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. A-Xp-sIm≠v[\-sØ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ "Po-h-c-‡w' F-∂vhn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ hn-hn-[]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb k-º-Øn-s\bmWv _n-kn-\- vv [\wF∂v ]-d-bp-∂Xv.†B-h-iy-am-b [-\w b-Ym-k-a-b-Øv e- y-am-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬ _n-kn-\- n-\v i-cn-bm-bn ]-h¿-

io. A\n¬ c≠v h¿j°meambn Hcp dtÃmd‚ v \SØp∂p. `£WØns‚ Db¿∂

KpW\nehmcw sIm≠v†Cu ÿm]\w hfsc s]s´∂v Xs∂†]ikvXambn Xo¿∂p.

dtÃmd‚ns‚ hnPbØn¬ \n∂v ]tNmZ\apƒs°m≠v hnhn[ ÿeßfn¬ dtÃmd‚ v

irwJe XpSßm≥ A\n¬ BtemNn°p∂p. F∂m¬ At±lØns‚ kz¥w [\w Cu

hn]peoIcW Bhiyßƒ°v XnIbp∂n√. CXn\v ]Xnhn[n F∂ \nebv°v, as‰mcp

dtÃmd‚ v DSabpambn ]¶mfnØ Icmdn¬ G¿s∏SpIbmsW¶n¬ At±lw IqSn aqe[\w

sIm≠phcnIbpw em`˛\„ßƒ ]¶nSpIbpw sNøp∂XneqsS _nkn\ v hn]peoIcn°m≥

Ignbpsa∂v A\nens‚ ]nXmhv \n¿t±in°p∂p. _m¶n¬ \n∂v hmbv] FSp°p∂Xns\

Ipdn®pw At±lw BtemNn°p∂p. FhnsS \n∂v Fßs\ [\w kamlcn°psa∂Xn¬

At±lØn\v Hcp [mcWbpan√. At±lw, kplrØmb ctajpambn C°mcyw N¿®

sNbvXt∏mƒ, [\kamlcWØn\v HmlcnIfpw IS∏Xßfpw D]tbmKn°msa∂v ctajv

]dbpIbp≠mbn. F∂m¬ CØcw am¿§ßƒ Iº\nIƒ°v amXta D]tbmKn°m≥

]‰pIbp≈q F∂pw At±lw kqNn∏n°pIbp≠mbn.†F∂m¬ Hmtcm [\ kamlcW

am¿§ßƒ°pw AXnt‚Xmb KpWßfpw tZmj-ßfpw D≈ hkvXpX ctajv A\nens‚

i≤bn¬s∏SpØn. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ [\kamlcWØn\p≈ am¿§ßƒ A¥naambn

Xocpam\n°ptºmƒ, [\Øns‚ BhiyIX, ImessZ¿Lyw F∂nßs\bp≈ LSIßƒ

IqSn ASnÿm\amt°≠XmsW∂v A\n¬ a\- n-em°n.†hnhn[ [\ kamlcW

am¿§ßsf°pdn®v IqSp-X¬ Adnbm≥ At±lØn\v Gsd BKlw tXm∂n.

221_nkn\ v [\-Øns‚ tkmX- pIƒ

Øn-°m≥ I-gn-bn-√.†-_n-kn-\ n-s‚ D-S-a-

ÿ≥ _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-t£-]n-°p-∂ ]m-cw`

aq-e-[-\w am-Xw _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-

ßƒ-°v ]-cym-]v-X-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√.†-A-Xp-

sIm≠v a-t‰-sX-√mw am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sS _n-kn-

\- n-\m-h-iy-am-b [-\w k-ºm-Zn-°m-sa-∂v

Iq-Sn A-t±-lw B-cm-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.†_n-kn-\-

n\v B-h-iy-am-b [-\w F-X-bm-sW-∂v

hy‡-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xpw hn-hn-[

[-\mK-a\ am¿-§-ßƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xpw

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b

c-≠v ]-[m-\ L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv.

H-cp kw-c- -I≥ _n-kn-\- v B-cw- n-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-≈ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xp ap-X¬ _n-kn-

\- vv [-\-Øn-\p-≈ B-h-iy-hpw B-cw-`n-

°p∂p. Nn-e B-h-iy-ßƒ-°p-≈ [-\w _nkn-

\- v Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒ X-s∂ th-≠n h-cp-∂p. -

DZm: b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, ¿-Wn-®¿ F-∂n-h

hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b [-\w.†-A-Xp-t]m-se

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ ssZ-\wZn-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-

°pw [-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv. D-Zm: A-kw-kv-Ir-X

h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\pw sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-

°v th-X-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw _n-kn-\- n-s‚

hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-\pw [-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv.

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-º-Øn-Im-h-iy-ß-sf

Xmsg ]-d-bpw ]-Im-cw X-cw Xn-cn-°mw.

1. ÿn-c aq-e-[-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ

(Fixed capital requirements):

_n-kn-\- v B-cw- n-°p-tºmƒ ÿ-ew, sI- nSw,

b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, ¿-Wn-®¿ ap-X-em-b ÿnc

B-kv-Xn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v [-\w B-h-iy-am-

Wv.†-C-Xn-s\ ÿn-c aq-e-[-\m-h-iy-ßƒ F∂p

]-d-bp-∂p.†-ÿn-c B-kv-Xn-I-fn¬--†Zo¿-L-Im-e-

tØ-°v [-\w \n-t£-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.†-_nkn-

\- n-s‚ h-en-∏w, kz- m-hw ap-X-em-b-h-bp-sSA-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn-hn-[ _n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v hy-Xy-kv-X A-f-hn-ep-≈ ÿn-c

aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂p.†-H-cp hym-]mcÿm-]-\-Øn-\v D¬]m-Z-\ ]-In-b-bn-te¿-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- n-t\-°mƒ Ip-d-™A-f-hn-ep-≈ ÿn-c aq-e-[-\-am-bn-cn-°pwB-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂-Xv. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂Hcp h≥-In-S hym-]m-c-ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v sN-dp-InS

ÿm-]-\-tØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ A-f-hn-ep-≈ÿn-c aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂p.

2. ]-h¿-Ø-\ aq-e-[-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ(Working capital requirements):

ÿn-c B-kv-Xn-Iƒ B¿-÷n-°p-∂-tXm-sS

H-cp _n-kn-\- vv kw-cw- -Øn-s‚ [-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ A-h-km-\n-°p-∂n-√.†-Hcp _n-kn-\- vvsN-dp-In-S ÿm-]-\-am-bm-epw h≥-In-S ÿm-]-\-am-bm-epw ssZ-\wZn-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v[-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv.†-C-Ø-cw [-\-Øn-s\H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\ aq-e-[-\wF-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-

Ø\ aq-e-[-\w H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ lr-kz-Im-e B-kv-Xn-Iƒ, A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ ap-X-em-b-h hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\pw i-º-fw,Iq-en, hm-S-I, \nIpXn ap-X-em-b ]-h¿-Ø-\sNe-hp-Iƒ sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.†]-e L-S-I-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬, Hm-tcm _n-kn-\- n-\pw B-h-iy-am-b]-h¿-Ø\ aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚ Xp-I hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, ]-Xn-hm-bnD-¬-]-∂-ßƒ I-S-am-bn hn¬-°p-∂ H-cp _nkn-\- n-\v scm°w ]-W-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am-Xw C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂ _n-kn-

\ - n -s\-°mƒ IqSp -X¬ ]-h¿-Ø-\-aq-e-[-\w B-hiy-am-bn h-cp-∂p.†

222 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

NnXw 8.1 [\ tkmX- p-I-fpsS Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ h-f¿-®-bp-tS-bpw hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-t‚-bpw L- -Øn-epw ÿn-c aq-e-[-\-Øn-t‚-bpw ]-h¿-Ø-\ aq-e-[-\-Øn-t‚-bpwB-h-iyw h¿-≤n-°p-∂p.†-D-’-h Im-e-ß-fn-ep-≠m-tb-°m-hp-∂ h¿-[n-X tNm-Z-\-Øn-\v D-X-Ip-∂ hn-[w D-b¿-∂ A-f-hn¬ tÃm-°vkq-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]h¿Ø\aq-e-[-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv.†

8.3 [-\ tkmX- pI-fp-sS X-cw Xn-cn-°¬[CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF

FUNDS]

G-Imw-K hym-]m-c-ßƒ-°pw ]-¶m-fn-Øÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw B-h-iy-am-b [-\w, _n-kn-\- n-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ-s‚ kz-Im-cy tkm-X- p-I-fn¬ \n-t∂m kp-lr-Øp-°-fn¬ \n-t∂m_m¶p-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ hm-bv-]-I-fn-eq-sS-tbm


B¿-÷n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-I-º-\n D-S-a-ÿ-Xm_n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v aq-e-[-\w ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b hn-hn-[ [-\ D-d-hn-S-ßƒ NnXw 8.1 ¬ \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.†

NnXØn¬ Im-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp t]m-setkmX- p-Isf Im-e-b-fhv, D-S-a-ÿ-X, Dd-hnSw F∂o hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw Xn-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. [-\-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[-†-tkm-X- p-I-fpw A-h-bp-sS hn- -P-\-hpw Xmsg hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

8.3.1 Im-e-b-f-hn -s‚ A-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈X-cw Xn-cn-°¬ [Period Basis]

Im-e-b-f-hn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ [-\ tkm-X- p-I-sf aq-∂m-bn X-cw Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p;Zo¿LIm-e -tkm-X- p-Iƒ, a-[y-Im-e -tkm-X- p-Iƒ, lr-kz-Im-e -tkm-X- p-Iƒ.

A-©v h¿-j-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-e-tØ-°m-h-iy-am-b km-º-Øn-Im-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\v Zo¿-L-Im-e [-\ -tkm-X- p-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Hm-l-cn-Iƒ, I-S-∏-X-ßƒ, _m-¶p-Iƒ t]mep-ff [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßfn¬\n-∂p-ap-≈ Zo¿-L-Im-e hm-bv-]-Iƒ F-∂n-hZo¿-L-Im-e [-\ -tkm-X- p-Ifn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-Ø-cw [-\w, Zo¿-L-Im-e B-kv-Xn-I-fm-bn-´p-≈ b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, sI-ń-Sw,^¿-Wn-®¿ ap-X-em-b-h hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

H-cp h¿-j-Øn-e-[n-I-hpw F-∂m¬ A-©v h¿-j-Øn¬ Xm-sg-bp-ap-≈ Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°m-h-iy-am-b [-\-Øn-\v a-[y-Im-e aq-e-[-\ tkm-X- v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-I-fn¬\n-∂pw a-‰v [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈ hm-bv-]-Iƒ, s]m-Xp \n-t£-]-ßƒ, ]m--°-cm¿ hy-h-ÿ-bn-eq-sS-bp-≈ km-º-Øn-I

am¿-K-ßƒ ap-X-em-b-h C-Ø-cw tkm-X- p-I-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.

H-cp h¿-j-Øn¬ I-hn-bm-Ø Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°m-h-iy-am-b [-\-am-Wv lr-kz-Im-e [-\w.-hym-]m-c E-Ww, hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ,hm-WnPy _m-¶p-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ lr-kz-Im-e hmbv-]-Iƒ F-∂n-h l-kz-Im-e-tkm-X- p-Iƒ-°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

8.3.2 D-S-a-ÿ-X-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈X-cw Xn-cn-°¬ [Ownership Basis]

D-S-a-ÿ-X-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ [-\-tkm-X- p-I-sf D-S-a-ÿXm [-\-sa-∂pw (Owner's

Fund) hm-bv-]m-[-\-sa-∂pw (Borrowed Fund)c-≠m-bn Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. G-Imw-K hym-]m-cn-tbm, ]-¶m-fn-I-tfm, Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-tfm sIm≠p-hcp∂ [-\-sØ D-S-a-ÿ-Xm [-\w F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. D-S-a-ÿ≥ ]n≥-h-en-°m-sX _n-kn-\- n¬ I-cp-Xn-sh-® em- -hpw C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.†-D-S-a-ÿXm [-\w _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-t£-]-am-bn Zo¿-L-Im-ew \n-e\n¬-°p∂p. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\ Im-e-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ CXvXn-cn-®v \¬-tI-≠-Xn-√.†-Cu [-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm\-Øn-em-Wv D-S-a-ÿ¿-°v _n-kn-\- n-s‚ -c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Imcwe- n-°p-∂-Xv. -km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ, ssI-hiI-cp-X¬ em- w F-∂n-h-bm-Wv D-S-a-ÿXm [\-Øn-s‚ c-≠v ]-[m-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ.

hm-bv-]-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw I-Sw hm-ß-en-eq-sS-bpw_n-kn-\- v kz-cq-]n-°p-∂ [-\-am-Wv "hm-bv-]m-[-\w'.†-hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈hm-bv-]-Iƒ, [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈ hm-bv-]-Iƒ, I-S-∏-X-ßƒ, s]mXp\n-t£-]-ßƒ, hym-]m-c E-W-ßƒ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv hm-bv-]m-[-\-Øn-\p-≈ tkm-X- p-I-fn¬Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.†-C-Ø-cw tkm-X- p-Iƒ

224 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

\n›nX hy-h-ÿI-tfm-sS-†-\n-›n-X Im-e-

tØ°v [-\w \¬Ip-I-bpw ]-kv-Xp-X Im-em-

h-[n-°v ti-jw C-h Xn-cn-®v \¬-tI-≠-Xp-

amWv. C-Ø-cw [-\w I-Sw hm-ßp-∂-h¿,-

hm-bv-]-Iƒ°v \n-›n-X \n-c-°n-ep-≈ ]-en-i

\¬-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. _n-kn-\- n\v em- w Ip-d-hp-

≈-t∏m-gpw \-„w kw- -hn-°p-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn-

epw \n-›n-X \n-c-°n¬ ]-en-i sIm-Sp-t°-≠-

Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- n-\v C-sXm-cp m-c-am-bn hn-

°p-∂p. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn ÿm-h-c B-kv-Xn-

I-fp-sS Cu-Sn-em-Wv hm-bv-]m-[-\w e`n-°m-

dp≈Xv.

8.3.3 Dd-hnS-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ X-cw Xn-cn-°¬[Source of Generation Basis]

DdhnSØn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ [-\ tkmX-

p-I-sf B-`y-¥-c tkm-X- p-I-sf-∂pw

_m-ly tkm-X- p-I-sf-∂pw c-≠m-bn X-cw

Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.†-_n-kn-\- n-\p-≈n¬ \n-∂p

X-s∂ D-f-hm-Ip-∂ [-\-am¿-§-ß-sf B- y¥c

tkm-X- p-I-sf-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-ssI-h-i

I-cp-X¬ em- -Øn-eq-sS-bpw A-[n-I I-cp-X¬

ti-J-cw hn-s‰m-gn-hm-Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bpw I-Sw \¬-

In-b Xp-I Xn-cn-®v hm-ßp-∂-Xv Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bpw H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\v B-`y-

¥-c-am-bn- [-\w kz-cq-]o-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.-

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-cn-an-X-ß-fm-b [-\ B-h-iy-

ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\v am-X-am-Wv B- y-¥-c

tkm-X- p-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.†-D¬-∏-∂

hn-X-c-W-°m¿, hm-bv-]m-Zm-Xm-°ƒ, \n-t£-]-

I¿ ap-X-em-b _m-ly I-£n-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap≈

[-\ k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-am-Wv _m-ly tkm-

X- p-Iƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. _n-kn-\- n-\v

h-enb A-f-hn-ep-≈ ]-Ww B-h-iy-ambn

h-cp-tºmƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn _m-ly tkmX-

p-I-sf B-i-bn-°p-∂p.†-B-¥-cn-I tkm-X-

p-I-sf A-t]-£n-®v _m-ly tkmX- p-I-

fn-eq-sS-bp≈ [-\ k-am-l-c-Ww Nn-e-th-dn-b-

Xm-Imw. -Nn-e km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬, _mly-tkm-

X- p-I-fn-eq-sS [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v _n-

kn-\- n-s‚ B-kv-Xn-Iƒ ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-

Xm-bn h-t∂-°mw. I-S-∏-X-an-d-°¬, hmWn-Py-

_m-¶p-I-fn¬ \n-∂pw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-

fn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈ hm-bv-]-Iƒ, s]m-Xp-\n-t£-

]-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°¬ ap-X-em-b-h _mly

tkm-X- p-Iƒ-°p-≈ D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

8.4 [-\Øns‚ tkmX- p-Iƒ[Sources of Finance]

H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\v hn-hn-[ tkm-X- p-I-fn¬\n-∂v [-\w B¿-÷n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.†-Hm-tcmtkm-X- p-Iƒ-°pw X-\-Xv k-hn-ti-j-X-IƒD-≈-Xn-\m¬ A-h i-cn-bm-bn a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xpw [\w kzcq-]n-°p-∂-Xn\vv G-‰-hpw A-\p-

tbm-Py-am-b tkm-X-kv G-Xm-sW-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-am-Wv.†-_n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-l-N-cy-ßƒ, D-t±-irßƒ, \-„-km-≤y-X-Iƒ ap-X-em-b-h-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ D-Nn-X-am-b tkm-X-kv sX-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ÿn-c aq-e-[-\

B-h-iy-Øn-\v, Zo¿-L-Im-e A-Sn-ÿ-\-Øn¬[-\w Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ ]-kv-Xp-X [-\wD-S-a-ÿ-X [-\-Øn-eq-sS-tbm hm-bv-]m[-\-Øn-eq-sS-tbm B¿-÷n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂, H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ssZ-\wZn-\B-h-iy-Øn-\p-≈ [-\w lr-kz-Im-e D-d-hn-S-

ß-fn¬ \n-∂v k-am-l-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

hn-hn[ [-\ tkm-X- p-I-sf°p-dn-®pw A-h-

bp-sS Kp-W-tZm-j-ß-sf°p-dn-®pw Xm-sg hn-h-

cn-°p∂p.


8.4.1 I-cp-X¬ em- w [Retained Earnings]

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-º-\n-Iƒ A-Xn-s‚ ap-gp-h≥ em-`-hpw Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v em-`-hn-ln-X-am-bn hn-X-c-Ww sN-øm-dn-√.†-I-º-\n-bp-sShn-`-P-\o-b em`Øn-s‚ (Divisible profit) H-cp`m-Kw I-º-\n-bn¬ X-s∂ I-cp-Xnh-bv-°p-I-bpw`m-hn B-h-iy-ßƒ-°m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p. C-Xn-s\ "I-cp-X¬ em- w'F-∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. -C-Xv "B- y-¥-c ap-X¬ ap-S-°v' F∂pw"em-`w-- _n-kn-\- n¬ C-d-°¬' F-∂pw"kz-[\w D-]-tbm-Kn-°¬' F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.†-H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ I-cp-X¬ em- -Øn\ve-`y-am-Ip-∂ Xp-I, A-‰m-Zm-bw, em`-hn-ln-X\-bw, ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ ]m-bw F∂n-ß-s\hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ß-sf B-i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.†

Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

[-\ k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ am¿-§-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ I-cp-X¬ em-`-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-ßƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

1. I-cp-X¬ em- w _n-kn-\- n-\v [-\ k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ ÿn-c tkm-X- m-Wv.

2. I-cp-X¬ em- -Øn-\v ]-en-i, em- -hn-ln-Xw,hn-X-c-W Nn-e-hp-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b kv-]-„sN-e-hp-Iƒ (Explicit cost) H-∂p-an-√.

3. B-`y-¥-c tkm-X- m-b-Xn-\m¬ [-\hn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ D-b¿-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\kzm-X-¥y-hpw A-b-hpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

4. A-]-Xo-£n-X \-„-ßƒ A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ ti-jn _n-kn-\- n-\v e-`n-°p∂p.†

5. I-º-\n-bp-sS km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sShn-]-Wn aq-eyw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.

tZm-j-ßƒ (Demerits)

[-\ k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ am¿-§-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ I-cp-X¬ em- -Øn-s‚ tZm-j-ßƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p.†

1. A-an-X-am-bn ssI-h-i-em-`w kzcq]n°p-∂Xv Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS em-`-hn-ln-XwIp-d-bv°pIbpw-†-A-h-cn¬ A-Xr-]v-XnD-f-hm-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

2. _n-kn-\- n¬ em- hy-Xn-bm-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw H-cp \n-›n-XXp-I ssI-h-i-[-\-am-bn am‰n-sh-bv°m≥Ign-bn-√.

3. ssI-h-i [-\-Øn≥-ta-ep-≈ k-µ¿- -hy-bw(Opportunity cost) ]-e ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw]-cn-K-Wn-°m-dn-√.†-B-b-Xn-\m¬ [-\-Øn-s‚ D-]-tbm-Kw Im-cy-£-a-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√.

8.4.2 hym-]m-c E-Ww [Trade Credit]

H-cp hym-]m-cn a-s‰m-cp hym-]m-cn-sb km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw I-S-am-bn hm-ßm≥A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ ku-I-cy-sØ hym-]m-c E-WwF-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-D-S-\-Sn ]-Ww \¬-Im-sXX-s∂ km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßm-\p-≈ ku-I-cywhym-]m-c E-Ww H-cp-°p-∂p.†-C-Ø-c-Øn¬km-[-\-ßƒ I-S-am-bn hm-ßp-∂ hy‡nI-fp-sS I-W-°p_p°n¬ I-Sw "k¨-Sn sI-Un-t‰¿-kv' (Sundry Creditors) F-t∂m "A-°u-≠vt]b-_nƒ' (Account payable) F-t∂m tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.†-hym-]m-c E-W-ßƒ km-[m-c-WK-Xn-bn¬ lr-kz-Im-e [-\ D-d-hn-S am¿-§-am-bnD-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.†-D-b¿-∂ k¬-t∏-cpw km-º-Øn-I \n-e-bp-ap-≈ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v am-X-ta hym-]m-c E-Ww A-\p-h-Zn-°m-dp-≈q.†-I-SwA-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bpw Im-e-b-f-hpwH-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ Io¿-Øn, km-º-Øn-Iÿn-Xn,†-D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂ Af-hv, ap≥-Im-e-ß-fn-se I-Sw Xn-cn-®-S-hn-s‚ co-Xn, hn-]-Wn-bn-se In-S-a-’-c-ßƒ F-∂n-h-sb B-i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. hym]m-c E-W-Øn-\p-≈ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Hm-tcm hy-h-km-b-Øn-\pw Hm-tcmhy-‡n-°pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.

226 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

hym-]m-c E-W-Øn-s‚ ]-[m-\ Kp-W-ßƒXm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1. ku-I-cy-]-Z-hpw \n-c-¥-cw [-\w e- r-am-°p-∂-Xp-am-b tkm-X- m-Wn-Xv.

2. D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s‚ E-W-ti-jn hn-X-c-W-°m-c-\v t_m-[y-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬ hym-]m-cE-Ww-†-e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\v F-fp-∏-am-Wv.

3. hym-]m-c E-Ww H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚hn¬∏\ h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.

4. H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\v k-ao-] m-hn-bn¬ hn-]-W-\-hym-]v-Xn h¿-≤n-∏n-t°-≠ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Iq-Sq-X¬ Nc-°v \o-°n-bn-cn-∏n\mbnhym-]m-c E-Ww D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

5. hym-]m-c E-W-Øn-\v ÿm-h-c B-kv-Xn-Iƒ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√


H-cp [-\ k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬hym-]m-c E-W-Øn-\v Nn-e tZm-j-ß-fp-≠v.†-A-h Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p.

1. hym-]m-c E-W-Øn-s‚ e-`y-X F-fp-∏-hpwA-b-hp-≈-Xp-am-b-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- n¬h¿-[n-X hym-]m-cw D-≠m-°p-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn \-„ km-[y-X h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p.

2. hym-]m-c E-W-Øn-eq-sS h-f-sc ]-cn-an-X-am-b [-\w am-X-ta B¿-÷n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q.

3. a-‰v [-\ tkm-X- p-I-sf A-t]-£n-®vIq-Sp-X¬ Nn-e-th-dn-b am¿-§-am-Wn-Xv.

8.4.3 I-Sw ]n-cn-s®-Sp-°¬ tkh\w[Factoring]

I-Sw ]n-cn-s®-Sp-°¬ (^m-Œ-dnw-Kv) H-cp km-º-Øn-I tk-h-\-am-Wv.†-Cu ]-In-b-bn¬,

I-Sw ]n-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂ Bƒ (^m-Œ¿) Xm-sg]-d-bp-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p.†

(i) ssI-am-‰ _n-√p-Iƒ Un-kv-Iu-≠v sN-øp-I-bpw I-£n-I-fp-sS I-Sw ]n-cn-s®-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.†-Cu ]-In-b-bn¬ km-[-\-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bp-≈ I-S-ß-fpw ssI-am-‰ _n-√p-I-fpw m-Œ¿-°v H-cp \n-›n-X C-f-hn¬ hn¬-°p-∂p.†-]-kv-Xp-X I-S-ßƒ ]n-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ap-gp-h≥ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hpw^m-Œ-dp-tS-Xm-Ip-I-bpw In- m-°-S-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≠m-Im-hp∂ \-„-Øn-s\-Xn-sc kw-c-£-Ww -\¬IpI-bpw sN-øp-∂p. - m-Œ-dnw-Kn-\v c-≠v co-Xn-Ifp≠v. 1. h-kq-e-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ m-Œ-dnw-Kv(Recourse factoring) 2. h-kq-e-[n-Im-c-an-√mØ m-Œ-dnw-Kv (Non-recourse factoring).h-kq-e-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ m-Œ-dnw-Kn¬ In- m-°-Swaq-e-ap-≈ \-„-Øn-\v I-£n-Iƒ-°v kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°n-√. F-∂m¬ h-kq-e-[n-Im-c-an-√m-Ø m-Œ-dnw-Kn¬ I-S-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- apgp-h≥ \-„km-[y-X-bpw m-Œ¿ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p.-Cu co-Xn-bn¬, I-Sw In- m-°Sw B-bm¬ t]m-epw ]-‰p-hn-e No- n¬ (Invoice) kq-Nn-∏n-® apgp-h≥ Xp-I-bpw m-Œ¿ I-£n-Iƒ-°v \¬-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.†

(ii) hn-hn-[ I-£n-I-fp-sS E-W-ti-jn-sbIp-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p. _n-kn-\- vv ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS km-º-Øn-I A-h-ÿ-sb°p-dn-®v h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒA-S-ßnb tc-J-Iƒ m-Œ¿ kq-£n-°m-dp-≠v.-C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ tc-J-Iƒ ^m-Œ-dnw-Kvtk-h\w D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ I-£n-Iƒ-°v,I-Sw Xn-cn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ho-gv-N h-cp-Øp-∂ C-S-]m-Sp-Im-sc H-gn-hm-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.†-km-º-Øn-I-˛-hn-]-W-\ ta-J-e-I-fn¬hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ hn-Z-Kv-≤ A- n-]m-b-ßƒtX-Sp-∂-Xn-\v m-Œ¿-am-sc B-i-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†


^m-Œ¿ \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ-°v ô-kvCu-Sm-°p-∂p.†-C-¥y-bn¬ m-Œ-dnw-Kv tk-h-\w sXm-Æq-dp-I-fp-sS B-cw-`-Øn-em-Wv Xp-S-ßn-bXv.†-F-kv. _n. sF. m-tŒ¿-kv B‚ vsIm-ta-gv-ky¬ k¿-∆o-k-kv, Im≥-_m¶v^m-tŒ¿kv, t^m¿-tam-Ãv ^m-tŒ¿-kv, `m-c-Xob tÃ-‰v _m-¶v, Im-\-d _m-¶v, ]-©m-_v\m-j-W¬ _m-¶v, A-e-l-_m-Zv _m-¶v F-∂n-h-bmWv ]-[m-\-am-bpw m-Œ-dnw-Kv tk-h-\w]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.†-C-Xn-\p]p-d-ta [m-cm-fw _m-¶n-X-c km-º-Øn-I ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw a-‰v G-P≥-kn-I-fpw ^m-Œ-dnwKvtk-h-\w \¬-Ip-∂p.Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

[-\-k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ -mŒ-dnw-Kn-s‚ Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂p.1. _m-¶v hm-bv-]-Iƒ t]m-se-bp-≈ am¿-§-ß-

sf A-t]-£n-®v ^m-Œ-dnw-Kn-eq-sS-bp-≈[-\k-am-l-c-Ww Nn-e-hv Ip-d-™-Xm-Wv.

2. ^m-Œ-dnw-Kn-eq-sS-†-I-Sw Xn-cn-®p- In- p-∂-XvXz-cn-X K-Xn-bn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ I-£n-Iƒ-°vA-h-cp-sS _m-[y-X-Iƒ Ir-Xy-k-a-b-ØvsIm-Sp-Øp -Xo¿-°m≥ I-gn-bp∂p.

3. _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS I-S-ßƒXn-cn-®v In- p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kp-c-£n-X am¿-§-am-Wv m-Œ-dnw-Kv.

4. ^m-Œ-dnw-Kn-\v _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ÿm-h-cB-kv-Xn-Iƒ ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.

5. I-Sw Xn-cn-®p ]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ m-Œ¿ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ I-£n-Iƒ-°v _n-kn-\- n-s‚-a‰v ]-h¿-Ø ta-J-e-I-fn¬ i-≤ sNep-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.


[-\k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ m-Œ-dnw-Kn-s‚ tZm-j-ßƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p.1. Ip-d-™ Xp-I-bv-°p-≈ ]-‰phn-eNo-´p-I-

fpsS F-Æw Iq-Sp-X-em-Ip-tºmƒ Cu am¿-§w Nn-e-th-dn-b-Xm-Wv.

2. ^m-Œ¿ ap≥-Iq-dm-bn \¬-Ip-∂ [-\-Øn-s‚]-en-i \n-c-°v a-‰v tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS ]-eni\n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv.

3. A-[-a¿-Æ-s\ (Debtor) kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw m-Œ¿ H-cp aq-∂mw I-£n B-b-Xn-\m¬ C-S-]mSpI-fn¬ A-Xr-]v-Xn D-≠m-Im≥ km-[y-X-bp-≠v.

8.4.4 ]m-´-°-cm¿ [Lease Financing]

]m-´-°-cm¿ F-∂-Xv c-≠v hy-‡n-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep≈ I-cm¿ hy-h-ÿ-bm-Wv.†-Cu I-cm¿]Im-cw H-cp B-kv-Xn-bp-sS D-S-a H-cp \n-›nXI-cm¿ Xp-I-bv-°v a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v ]-kv-Xp-XB-kv-Xn D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw \¬-Ip-∂p.†-a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬ H-cpB-kv-Xn \n-›n-X Im-e-tØ-°v Hcp ]Xn-^-ew- hmßn D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-s\]m- -°-cm¿ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-B-kv-Xn-bp-sSD-S-a-ÿ-s\ "]m-´Øn\v sImSp-Ø-bmƒ'A-Y-hm "se- ¿' (Lessor) F-∂pw B-kv-Xn\n-›n-X Im-e-tØ-°v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Bsf"]m´-Øn\v FSp-Ø-bmƒ AYhm "se- n'(Lessee) F-∂pw hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-C-ß-s\B-kv-Xn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°m-bn se- n,se- ¿-°v H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I ]-Xn- -e-am-bn\¬-Ip-∂p.C-Xn-s\ ]m-´-Øp-I (Lease rent)

F-∂v ]-d-bp∂p.†

]m-´-°-cm-dn-s‚ Im-em-h-[n A-h-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ B-kv-Xn se- ¿-°v Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-∂p.†-_n-kn-\- n-s‚ B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-W-Øn\pw ssh-hn-[y-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\pw B-h-iy-am-b [-\w I-s≠-Øm≥ G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b tkm-X- m-bn ]m-´-°-cm¿ hy-h-ÿ-sb I-W-°m-°p-∂p.†-km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-bpsSZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ ]p-tcm-K-Xn-sIm-≠v h-f-sc

228 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

th-K-Øn¬ Im-e-l-c-W-s∏- p- t]m-Ip-∂ I-ºyp-´¿, C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ F-∂n-h-bv-°p-≈ [-\tkm-X- m-bn C-Xn-s\ ]-cn-K-Wn-°mw.†-F-∂m¬ ]m- -°-cm-dn-eq-sS B-kv-Xn-Iƒt\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ sN-e-hpw B-kv-Xn-Iƒkz-¥-am-bn hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ sN-e-hpw Xm-c-X-ayw sN-tø-≠-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv.

Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)]m- -°-cm¿ hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.1. Ip-d-™ \n-t£-]w sIm-≠v B-kv-Xn-Iƒ

t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\v _nkn-\- ns\ k-lmbn-°p∂p.

2. e-fn-X-am-b ]-am-W-ß-fn-eq-sS B-kv-Xn-Iƒ t\-Sp-∂-Xv F-fp-∏-am-°p-∂p.

3. \n-Ip-Xn I-W-°m-°m≥ ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-†-em-`-Øn¬ \n-∂v ]m-´-Øp-I-†Ip-d-hvsN-øp-∂-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \n-Ip-Xn`m-cw Ip-d-bp-∂p.

4. \n-e-hn-ep-≈ D-S-a-I-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-Øn-epw \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn-epw H- pwIp-d-hv h-cm-sX X-s∂ [-\w B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ am¿-§-am-Wn-Xv.

5. `m-hn-bn¬ [-\w I-Sw hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈_n-kn-\- n-s‚ ti-jn-sb ]m-´-°-cm¿kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂n-√.

6. B-kv-Xn-Iƒ Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-eq-sSD-≠m-tb-°m-hp-∂ \-„w se- ¿ h-ln-°p-∂p.†-A-Xp-sIm-≠v se- n-bv-°v F-t∏mƒth-W-sa-¶n-epw B-kv-Xn-Iƒ ]p-\:ÿm-]n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.


]m- -°-cm-dn-s‚ tZm-j-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.1. ]m- -°-cm¿ hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ B-kv-Xn-Iƒ

D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\v se- ¿ Nn-e hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ \n¿-t±-in-°m-dp-≠v.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-

Øn-\v, D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ B-kv-Xn-I-fn¬se- n bm-sXm-cp hn-[-Øn-ep-ap-≈ t -Z-K-Xn-Ifpw h-cp-Øm≥ ]m-Sn-√.

2. ]m- -°-cm¿ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Im-tem-Nn-X-am-bn ]p-Xp-°m-Ø ]-£w _n-kn-\- n-s‚km-[m-c-W ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ X-S- -s∏-t -°mw.

3. ]m-´-°m-em-h-[n A-h-km-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\vap-ºv, B-kv-Xn-Iƒ ]-h¿-Ø-\c-ln-X-am-Ip-∂ ]-£w ]m- -°-cm¿ A-h-km-\n-∏n®v]p-Xn-b B-kv-Xn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\vse- n-°v m-cn-® sNe-hv D-≠m-tb-°mw.

4. se- n H-cn-°-epw ]m-´-Øn-s\-Sp-Øh-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ-\m-Ip-∂n-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v D-]-tbm-Kti-j-ap-≈ B-kv-Xn-bpsS B-In hn-e (scrap value) e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-t±-l-Øn-\v A¿-lX C-√.

8.4.5 s]m-Xp \n-t£-]-ßƒ[Public Deposits]

H-cp _n-kn-\- vv s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂vt\-cn- v kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ \n-t£-]-ß-sf s]m-Xp\n-t£-]-ßƒ F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ßƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ ]-en-i-bp-sS \n-c-°vkm-[m-c-W _m-¶v \n-t£-]-Øn-s‚-†-]-en-i\n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ A-[n-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.†-H-cp\n-›n-X t^m-dw ]q-cn-∏n-®v k-a¿-∏n-®p-sIm-≠vXm-ev-]-cy-ap-≈ G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw-†-_n-kn-\- n¬]-Ww \n-t£-]n-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.†-\n-t£-]-Øn-\v ]-I-c-am-bn _n-kn-\- v \n-t£-]-I-\v ssI-∏-‰v c-ko-Xv (Deposit Receipt) \¬-Ip-∂p. s]m-Xp\n-t£-]w km-[m-c-W-bm-bn_nkn-\- n-s‚ a-[y-Im-e [-\ tkm-X- m-bpwlr-kz-Im-e [-\ tkm-X- m-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.†-s]m-Xp \n-t£-]-ßƒ \n-t£-]-I-\pw_n-kn-\- n-\pw H-cp-t]m-se D-]-Im-c-]-Z-am-Wv.\n-t£-]-I-\v _m-¶v \n-t£-]-tØ-°mƒ D-b¿-


∂ ]-en-i e- n-°p-tºmƒ _m-¶v hm-bv-]-bp-sS]-en-i \n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ Ip-d-™ ]-en-i \n-c-°n¬ _n-kn-\- n-\v [-\w e- y-am-Ip-∂p. -Iº-\n-Iƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn aq-∂v h¿-jw h-sc-bp-≈ Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°m-Wv s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ßƒ £-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ

s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv dn-k¿-hv _m-¶ns‚ \n-b-¥-W-Øn-em-Wv.†

Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

s]m-Xp\n-t£-]-ß-fp-sS Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv:

BkvXnIƒ ]m´Øn\v sImSp°p∂h¿ :

1. hnZKv≤ ]m´°cm¿ Iº\nIƒ: BkvXnIƒ ]m´Øn\v \¬Ip∂Xn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂\m\qdne[nIw h≥InS Iº\nIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. Chsb ]m´°cm¿ Iº\nIƒ F∂vhnfn°p∂p.

2._m¶pIfpw A\p_‘ ÿm]\ßfpw:†]m´°cmdn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xn\v _m¶pIƒ°v dnk¿hv_m¶v†1994 s^_phcn apX¬†A\paXn \¬Inbn´p≠v.†AXphsc ]m´°cmdn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂Xn\v a‰v [\Imcy ÿm]\ßƒ°v amXta A\paXn D≠mbncp∂p≈q.†1994 \v apºv]m´°cmcns\ dnk¿hv _m¶v Hcp _m¶nXc ]h¿Ø\ambn´mWv ]cnKWn®ncp∂Xv.

3. hnZKv≤ [\Imcy ÿm]\ßƒ: ]cºcmKX coXnbnep≈ [\ CS-]m-Sp-I-tfm-sSm∏w ]m´-°cm¿ hyhÿbn¬ [\w e`y-am-°p∂ \nch[n _m¶nXc [\Imcy ÿm]\ßƒ C¥ybn¬]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v.†sF.kn.sF.kn.sF CØcØn¬ ap≥ \ncbneq≈ [\Imcy ÿm]-\amWv.

4. D¬]mZI se ¿: hn]Wnbnse InSa’csØ AXnPohn°p∂Xn\pw hn¬∏\ h¿[n∏n-°p∂Xn\pw D¬∏mZI¿ AhcpsS D¬∏∂ßƒ ]m´°cm¿ hyhÿbn¬ hn¬°m-dp≠v.†C°meØv hml\ßfpw AXpt]msebp≈ Zo¿LIme D]t`m‡r D¬∏∂-ßfpw†hn¬°p∂h¿ ]m´°cm¿ Iº\nIfpambn kJyw tNcpIbpw Iq´p kwcw`ØneqsS]m´°cm¿ hyhÿbn¬ D¬∏∂ßƒ hn¬°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

]m´°cm¿ [\ tkmX- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿:

1. s]mXptaJem kwcw`ßƒ: [mcmfw tIµ˛kwÿm\ s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßƒBkvXnIƒ B¿÷n°p∂Xn\mbn ]m´°cm¿ coXn D]tbmKs∏SpØmdp≠v.

2. anUv am¿°‰v Iº\nIƒ:†\ymbamb hn[Øn¬ hmbv]m tijnbp≈Xpw F∂m¬ A[nIw]ikvXa√mØXpamb ÿm]\ßsfbmWv anUv-˛am¿°‰v Iº\nIƒ F∂v hnfn°p-∂Xv.†CØcw ÿm]\ßƒ _m¶pIfn¬ \nt∂m AXpt]msebp≈ [\Imcy ÿm]\-ßfn¬ \nt∂m hmbv] FSp°p∂Xn\p ]Icambn ]m´°cm¿ kºZmb-ØneqsSbp≈ [\tkmX pIsfbmWv IqSpX¬ Bibn°p∂Xv.

3. D]t`m‡m°ƒ: [\klmbw \¬Ip∂Xnse kwLSnX ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ \n∂v D≠m-Ip∂†tamiw A\p`hßƒ ]m´°cm¿ t]mep≈ [\ tkmX pIfnte°v i≤ Xncn°p∂-Xn\v ]e _nkn\ v kwcw`ßtfbpw t]cn∏n°p∂p≠v. DZmlcWØn\v Im¿ ]m´Øns\-SpØv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv C∂v C¥ybn¬ km[mcW kw`hamWv.

4.k¿°m¿ hIp∏pIfpw A[nIrXcpw: Cu ASpØ ImeØv ]m´°cm¿ kºZmbØnte°vk¿°mcpw IS∂v h∂n´p≠v. DZmlcWØn\v, hm¿Ø hn\nab hIp∏n\pth≠n GItZiw1000 tImSn cq]bv°p≈ [\kamlcWØn\mbn tIµ k¿°m¿ ]m´°cm¿ kºZmbwD]tbmKs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

230 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

1. _m-¶v hm-bv-]-Iƒ-°p-≈-Xp-t]m-ep-≈\n-_-‘-\-I-fpw \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fpw s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ßƒ-°n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ s]mXp-\n-t£-]-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ [-\-k-am-l-c-Wwh-f-sc e-fn-X-am-Wv.

2. s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ß-fn-eq-sS [-\w B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ sNe-hv km-[m-c-W-bm-bn_m-¶v hm-bv-]-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ [-\k-am-l-c-W sNe-hn-t\-°mƒ Ip-d-hm-Wv.

3. s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ [-\k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\v I-º-\n-bp-sS B-kv-Xn-Iƒ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v I-º-\n-bp-sS B-kv-Xn-Iƒ, B-h-iy-sa-¶n¬,a-‰v tkm-X- p-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ [-\k-am-l-l-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ ]-W-b h-kv-Xp-°-fm-bnD-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

4. s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-I¿-°v thm- -h-Im-i-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-cw Ip-d-bp-∂n-√.

tZm-j-ßƒs]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ß-fp-sS t]m-cm-bv-a-Iƒ Xm-sgtN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.1. ]p-Xn-b-Xm-bn cq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏- , ]-i-kv-Xn-

aq-eyw Ip-d-™ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v-†-s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ [-\-k-am-l-c-WwA-\p-tbm-Py-a-√.

2. I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v [-\w B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n-t£-]-I-cn¬ \n-∂vA-\p-Iq-e ]-Xn-I-c-Ww e- n-°m-Ø ]-£wCu am¿-§w A`n-Im-ay-a-√.

3. h-en-b Xp-I B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-tºmƒ s]m-Xp-\n-t£-] am¿-§-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°q-∂-Xv-_p-≤n-ap- m-Wv.

8.4.6 hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ[Commercial Papers] (CP)]

hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ [-\ tkmX- mbn

C-¥y-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv sXm-Æq-dp-I-fp-sS B-cw-`-Øn-em-Wv. 90 ap-X¬ 364Zn-h-kw h-sc-bp-≈ Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°v B-h-iy-am-b lr-kz-Im-e [-\w B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\pth-≠n _n-kn-\- v ]p-d-Øn-d-°p-∂ Cu-Sn-√mØ hm-Kv-Z-Ø ]-X-ß-f-m-Wv hm-Wn-Py]-X-ß-ƒ. C-Ø-cw ]-X-ßƒ H-cp _n-kn-\ v--a-‰v _n-kn-\- v ÿm]-\-ßƒt°m C≥-jp-d≥-kv Iº-\n-Iƒ-t°m _m-¶p-Iƒ-t°m \¬-Ip-∂p. -h-f-sc Iq-Sn-b A-f-hn-ep-≈ [-\w hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ß-fn-eq-sS k-am-l-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.CuSv \¬-I¬ B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø [-\ k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬ \-√ E-W-aq-ey-ap-≈_n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v hm-Wn-Py-]-Xw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.†-hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ß-fp-sSC-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ `m-c-Xo-b dn-k¿-hv _m-¶m-Wv\n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv.

Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

hm-Wn-Py-]-X-ß-fp-sS Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sgsImSp-°p-∂p.

1. Cu-Sv \¬-I¬ B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø, ISpØ\n-_-‘-\-I-fpw hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-an-√m-Ø[-\k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-am-Wv h-Wn-Py]-X-ßƒ.

2. h-f-sc kz-X-¥-am-bn ssI-am-‰w sN-øm-hp-∂ ]-am-W-am-b-Xn-\m¬ hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ°v AÿncX (Liquidity) h-f-scIq-Sp-X-em-Wv. AXm-bXv Ah s]s´∂v]W-am°n am‰m≥ Ign-bpw.

3. hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ a-‰v tkm-X- p-I-sfA-t]-£n-®v Iq-Sp-X¬ [-\w e`y-am-°m≥Ignbp-∂ [-\ tkm-X- m-Wv.†-hm-Wn-Py]-X-ßƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb sN-e-hv _m-¶v hm-bv-]-I-fn-eq-sS [\wk-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b sN-e-hp-I-tf-°mƒ Ip-d-hm-Wv.


4. \n-c-¥-cw [-\w e`y-am°m≥ I-gn-bp∂ [\tkm-X- m-Wv hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ. F-¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\v [-\wB-h-iy-ap-≈ Im-e-b-f-hp-Iƒ-°-\p-kr-X-amb Im-em-h-[n-bp-≈ hm-Wn-Py-]-X-ßƒ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-Iq-Sm-sX, H-cphm-Wn-Py-]-X-Øn-\p ]-I-c-am-bn- a-s‰m-cphm-Wn-Py ]-X-an-d-°n-sIm-≠v B-Zy-sØ]-X-Øn-s‚ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

5. I-º-\n-I-fn¬ A-[n-Iw h-cp-∂ [-\whm-Wn-Py ]-X-ß-fn¬ \n-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS \-√ h-cp-am-\w t\-Sm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.


1. km-º-Øn-I-am-bn \-√ `-Z-X-bp-≈ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v am-X-ta hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ß-fn-eq-sS [-\-k-am-l-c-Ww \-S-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q. ]p-Xn-b-Xpw km-º-Øn-I `ZXIp-d-™-Xp-am-b ÿ-]-\-ßƒ-°v Cu am¿§-Øn-eq-sS [-\w B¿-÷n-°m≥ km-[n-°n√.

2. hmWnPy ]Xw hmßp -∂-h -cpsSssI-hiw H-cp \n-›n-X k-a-b-Øv e- y-ambA-[n-I [-\-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v am-X-ta hm-Wn-Py-]-X-Øn-eq-sS ]-Ww k-am-l-cn-°m≥I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q.

3. hm-Wn-Py ]-Xw-†-hy-‡n-]-c-am-b ]cn-K-W\ h-f-sc Ip-d-™ [-\k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-am-Wv.†-A-Xp-sIm-≠v, Im-em-h-[n-bm-bhm-Wn-Py-]-X-ßƒ Xn-cn-®v \¬-tI-≠km-l-N-cy-Øn¬-†-km-º-Øn-I _p-≤n-ap- vA-\p-`-hn-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- n-\v hm-Wn-Py]-X-Øn-s‚ Im-em-h-[n Zo¿-Ln-∏n-®v In- p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ km-[y-X-bn-√.

8.4.7 Hm-l-cn-I-fn-d-°¬ [Issue of Shares]

Hm-l-cn-Iƒ C-d-°n-s°m-≠v k-am-l-cn-°p-∂aq-e-[-\-sØ Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p.†-H-cp I-º-\n-bp-sS aq-e-[-\w sN-dn-b L-S-

I-ß-fm-bn hn- -Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. C-ß-s\-bp-≈Hm-tcm L-S-I-sØ-bpw Hm-l-cn- (Share) F-∂vhn-fn-°p-∂p.†-Hm-tcm Hm-l-cn°pw \n›nI XpIapJ-hne D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v,10,00,000 cq-] Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\-ap-≈ H-cp I-º-\n-°v 10 cq-] apJhn-e-bp-≈ 1,00,000 Hm-l-cn-Iƒ ]p-d-Øn-d-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. I-º-\n-bp-sS-†-Hm-l-cn-Iƒ ssI-h-iw sh-°p-∂-bm-sfHm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ (Shareholders) F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-k-m[m-c-W-bm-bn I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v km-[m-cW Hm-l-cn-Iƒ, ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-IƒF∂o c-≠v X-c-Øn-ep-≈ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.†-km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒhn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v B¿-÷n-°p-∂aq-e-[-\-sØ km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\-sa-∂pw ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v B¿-÷n-°p-∂ aq-e-[-\-sØ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\-sa-∂pw hn-fn-°p∂p.†

a. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ (Equity Shares)

Zo¿-L Im-e-tØ-°v aq-e-[-\w B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\-s∏- tkm-X- m-Wvkm-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ.†-km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ-Xm Hm-l-cn-IƒB-b-Xn-\m¬ C-h D-]-tbm-Kn-®v kz-cq-]n-®aq-e-[-\-sØ D-S-a-ÿ-Xm aq-e-[-\-sa-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w H-cpI-º-\n-bp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v-†-A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. -km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°p≈em- hn-ln-Xw-†-Hm-tcm h¿-j-tØ-bpw em- -Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬A-h¿-°v ÿn-c-am-b \n-c-°n-ep-≈ em- -hn-ln-Xw e- n-°p-∂n√.†-I-º-\n-bp-sS h-cp-am-\-ß-fpwB-kv-Xn-I-fpw ap≥-K-W-\-bp-≈ F-√m I-£n-Iƒ-°pw ho-Xw sh-®-Xn-\pti-jw in-„-am-bh-am-X-am-Wv km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°ve-`n--°p-∂-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cnD-S-a--Isf "in-„ D-S-a-ÿ¿' F-∂pw hn-fn-°p-

232 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

∂p. -_n-kn-\- n-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ A-h-Im-iwC-h¿-°m-b-Xn-\m¬ \-„-km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xpw ]-Xn- -e-am-bn em- -hn-ln-Xw e- n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.†-F-∂m¬ C-h-cp-sS ]-c-am-h-[n _m-[yX C-h¿ _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-t£-]n-® aq-e-[-\-Øn¬ ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.thm-´-h-Im-i-ap-≈ Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠v C-h¿°v I-º-\n-bp-sS -c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fn-eq-sS aq-e-[-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈ Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg]-d-bp-∂p.1. D-b¿-∂ \-„km-[y-X-bv-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-Xn-

-ew e- n-°p-∂ \n-t£-]-ß-fn¬ ap-X¬ap-S-°m≥ Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≈-h¿-°v G-‰-hpwA\p-tbm-Py-am-b am¿-§-am-Wn-Xv.

2. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v em- -hn-ln-Xw \¬-tI-≠-Xv \n¿-_-‘-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v C-sXm-cp \n-c-¥-c m-c-am-bnam-dp-∂n-√.

3. I-º-\n ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-tºmƒ am-Xw C-Øcwaq-e-[-\w Xn-cn-®v \¬-In-bm¬ a-Xn F-∂-Xn-\m¬ km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w Iº-\n-bp-sS ÿn-c aq-e-[-\-am-bn-cn-°pw.km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS aq-e-[-\w--G-‰-hpw A-h-km-\w am-Xw Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n ]n-cn-®v hn-Sp-∂ L- -Øn¬ a-‰v \n-t£-]-I¿-°v B-izm-k-am-Wv.

4. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w-†-Iq-Sp-X¬E-W-aq-eyw \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬-†-I-º-\n-bv-°vI-Sw \¬-Ip-∂-h¿-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ B-fl-hn-izm-kw \¬-Ip-∂p.

5. I-º-\n-bp-sS B-kv-Xn-Iƒ ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-sX X-s∂ [-\w kz-cq-]n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ am¿-§-am-Wv km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ.A-Xp-sIm-≠v, Iq-Sp-X¬ [-\w B-h-iy-ambn

h-cp-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬, C-Ø-cw kz-X-¥ B-kv-Xn-Iƒ ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-Øn a-‰vam¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sS [-\w B¿-÷n-°p-hm≥I-gnbpw.

6. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS thm- -h-Im-iw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v _n-kn-\- n-s‚ -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sf thm-s´Sp-∏neq-sS sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬, _n-kn-\- n-s‚ -c-W \n-b-¥-Ww-†-P-\m-[n-]-Xy co-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.


km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fn-eq-sS aq-e-[-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈ tZm-j-ßƒ Xm-sg]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.1. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS em- -hn-ln-

Xw ÿn-c-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \n-t£-]-Øn-eq-sS ÿn-c-h-cp-am-\w ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂-h¿-°vC-sXm-cp-†-A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b \n-t£-] am¿-§-a-√.

2. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ [-\k-am-l-c-W a-‰v am¿-§-ß-sf A-t]-£n-®vNn-e-hv h-f-sc Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv.

3. `m-hn-bn-¬ aq-e-[-\m-h-iy-ßƒ-°m-bnho-≠pw km-[m-cW Hm-l-cn-Iƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-t°-≠n h-cp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]p-Xn-b Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ _n-kn-\- n-te-°vI-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≈ km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-cw Ip-d-bm≥ km-[y-X-bp-≠v.

4. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fn-eq-sS aq-e-[-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v H-cp-]m-Sv \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒD-≈-Xn-\m¬ Im-e-Xm-a-k-ap-≠m-Im≥ C-S-bp-≠v.

b. ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ(Preference Shares)

ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fn-eq-sS k-am-l-cn-°p-∂aq-e-[-\-sØ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w


F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-sf A-t]-£n-®v ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v c-≠v ]-[m-\ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ap≥-K-W-\-Iƒe- n-°p-∂p. 1. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°p-≈ em-`-hn-ln-Xw ]-Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºvX-s∂ H-cp \n-›n-X \n-c-°n¬-†-em- -hn-ln-Xwe-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw, 2. I-º-\n]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂ L-´-Øn¬, D-Ø-a¿-Æ-cn¬(creditors) \n-∂v I-Sw hm-ßn-b Xp-I Xn-cn-®v\¬-In-b D-S-t\ X-s∂ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cnD-S-a-I-fp-sS aq-e-[-\w Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-∂p.(km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv X-s∂ C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sSXp-I Xn-cn-sI \¬Ip-∂p.) a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn¬]-d-™m¬, em-`-hn-ln-Xw e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-epwI-º-\n ]n-cn-®v hn-Sp-∂ L-´-Øn¬ aq-e-[-\wXn-cn-sI e- n-°p-∂-Xn-epw km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cnD-S-a-I-tf-°mƒ ap≥-K-W-\m A-h-Im-i-ap-≈Hm-l-cn-I-fm-Wv ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ.\n-›n-X \n-c-°n¬ em-`-hn-ln-Xw e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v I-S-∏-X-ß-tfm-Sv km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.†-F-∂m¬ \n-Ip-Xn\¬-In-b-Xn-\v ti-j-ap-≈ em-`-Øn¬ \n-∂v-I-º-\n U-b-d-tŒ-gv-kn-s‚ hn-th-N-\m-[n-Im-cm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am-Xw em- hn-ln-Xw e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fp-am-bpw km-Zr-iy-ap-≠v.†-A-Xp-sIm-≠v ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fp-tS-bpw I-S-∏-X-ß-fq-tS-bpwNn-e k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v.†-ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-º-\n-bp-sS-c-W Im-cy-ß-fn¬ thm- -h-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-

°n-√.†I-º-\n-Iƒ hnhn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ap≥-K-W-\ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ C-d-°m-dp≠v.Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1. ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v \n-›n-X\n-c-°n-ep-≈ ÿn-c-h-cp-am-\w e- n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ kp-c-£n-X-amb\n-t£-] am¿-§-hp-am-Wv.

2. Xm-c-X-tay-\ \-„-km-[y-X Ip-d-™-Xpwÿn-c h-cp-am-\-ap-≈-Xp-am-b \n-t£-]-ßƒ°v ap≥-K-W-\ \¬-Ip-∂-h¿-°v C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv.

3. ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v thm- -h-Im-i-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ k-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Ip-d-hp-≠m-Ip-∂n-√.

4. I-º-\n-°v [m-cm-fw em- -ap-≠m-Ip-∂ km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-epw ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ\n-›n-X \n-c-°n-ep-≈ em- -hn-ln-Xw am-Xw\¬-In-bm¬ a-Xn F-∂-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cwIm-e-ß-fn¬ km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v D-b¿-∂ em- -hn-ln-Xw e- n-°p-∂p.

5. I-º-\n ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂ k-a-b-Øv, km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v ]-Ww Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS]-Ww Xn-cn-®v e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ap≥-K-W-\ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.

6. C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-I-fn-eq-sS aq-e-[-\w cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v I-º-\n-bp-sS B-kv-Xn-Iƒ]-W-b h-kv-Xp-°-fm-bn \¬-tI-≠-Xn-√.


aq-e-[-\ tkm-X-s -∂ \n-e-bn¬ ap≥-K-W-\mHm-l-cn-I-fp-sS tZm-j-ßƒ Xm-sg-]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.1. Iq-Sp-X¬ \-„-km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v

Iq-Sn-b \n-c-°n-ep-≈ em- hn-ln-Xw ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂ \n-t£-]-I¿-°v ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ A- n-Im-ay-a-√.

2. ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w, km-[m-c-WHm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v I-º-\n-bp-sS B-kv-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep-≈ A-h-Im-iw Ip-d-bv-°p-∂p.

234 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

3. ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS em-`-hn-ln-X\n-c-°v km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-S-∏-X-ß-fp-sS]-en-i \n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ A-[n-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.

4. I-º-\n-bv-°v em- -ap-≠m-Ip-∂ h¿-j-ß-fn¬am-X-ta em-`-hn-ln-Xw e-`n-bv-°q F-∂-Xn-\m¬ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°vF-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw ÿn-c-am-b h-cp-am-\w D-≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ \n-t£-]-I¿-°v B-I¿-j-I-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√.

5. ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ em- -hn-ln-Xw sN-e-hn-\-Øn¬ Ip-d-bv-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-Ip-Xn-\¬-tI-≠n h-cp-∂p.†-A-Xp-sIm-≠v, hm-b-]-I-fp-tS-Xp t]m-ep-≈ ]-en-i sIm-≠p-≈\nIp-Xn Ip-d-bv-°¬ km-[y-am-Ip-∂n-√.

8.4.8 I-S-∏-X-ßƒ [Debentures]

Zo¿-L-Im-e I-S aq-e-[-\w B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]-[m-\ am¿§-am-bn I-S-∏-X-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.†-I-S-∏-X-ß-fp-sS ]-en-i \n›nX\n-c-°n-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.†`m-hn-bn¬ H-cp\n›n-X Im-em-h-[n-°v ti-jw Xn-cn-®v \¬-ImwF-∂ hm-Kv-Zm-\-tØm-sS H-cp-†-\n-›n-X Xp-II-º-\n I-Sw hm-ßn-bn- p-≠v F-∂ A-dn-bn-∏m-Wv I-S-∏-Xw.†-I-S-∏-X D-S-a-I-sf Iº-\n°vhmbv∏ \¬In-bn-´p-f-f-h-cmbmWv (creditors)

]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. H-cp h¿-j-tam B-dv am-k-tam D-≈ C-S-th-f-I-fn¬ I-S-∏-X D-S-a-Iƒ-°v\n-›n-X \n-c-°n¬ ]-en-i e- n-°p-∂p.†-I-S-∏-X-ßƒ s]m-Xp-hn-X-c-W-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ "In-kn¬' (CRISIL-Credit Rating and

Information Services of India Ltd) t]m-se-bp-≈

hn-hn-[-X-cw ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ (Types of Preference shares)

1. Ip-Sn-»n-I ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fpw Ip-Sn-»n-I c-ln-X ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fpw(Cumulative and Non cumulative): em- w Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ em- -hn-ln-Xw \¬-Im≥ I-gn-bm-Xn-cp-∂ h¿-j-sØ em-`-hn-ln-Xw Ip-Sn-»n-I-bm-°n am-‰n-sh-®v h-cpw h¿-j-ß-ß-fn-seem-`-hn-ln-X-tØm-sSm-∏w hm-ßm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-sf Ip-Sn-»n-I ap≥-K-W-\ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-F-∂m¬, Ip-Sn-»n-I c-ln-X ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS em- -hn-ln-Xw G-sX-¶n-epw h¿-jw e- n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ ]-kv-Xp-X em- -hn-ln-Xw Ip-Sn-»n-I-bm-°n am-‰n sh-°m≥ I-gn-bn-√.2. ]-¶v ]-‰p-∂ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fpw ]-¶v ]-‰m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-

I-fpw (Participating and Non participating): \n-›n-X \n-c-°n-ep-≈ em- -hn-ln-X-Øn-\v ]p-d-ta km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v \n-›n-X \n-c-°n¬ em- -hn-ln-Xw \¬-In-b-Xn-\v ti-jwA-h-ti-jn-°p-∂ em-`w Iq-Sn ]-¶v sh-°m≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-≈ Hm-l-cn-I-fm-Wv ]-¶v ]-‰p-∂ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v \n-›n-X \n-c-°n¬ em- -hn-ln-Xw\¬-In-b-Xn-\v ti-jw A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂ em- w ]-¶v sh-°m≥ A-h-Im-i-an-√m-Ø Hm-l-cn-I-sf ]-¶v ]-‰m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p.3. cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fpw cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm≥I-gn-bm-Ø ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fpw (Convertible and Non-convertible): H-cp \n-›n-XIm-e-b-f-hn-\p ti-jw km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fm-°n am-‰m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fm-Wv cq-]-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ.†-F-∂m¬, km-[m-c-WHm-l-cn-I-fm-bn am-‰m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-sf cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-bmØ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p.


E-W-ti-jn \n-e-hm-c \n¿-Æ-b (Credit rating)

G-P≥-kn-I-sf-s°m-≠v \n-e-hm-c-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. I-º-\n-bp-sS ]q¿-∆-Im-e N-cn-Xw,em- -ti-jn, ]q¿-∆Im-e-†-I-Sw Xn-cn-®-Shv co-Xn,E-W-ti-jn F-∂n-h-bp-sS-sbm-s° \n-e-hm-cwhn-e-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.†-H-cp I-º-\n-°v hn-hn[X-c-Øn-ep-≈ I-S-∏-X-ßƒ hn-X-c-WwsN-øm≥ I-gn-bpw. ]-en-i c-ln-X I-S-∏-X-ß-fm-Wv C-t∏mƒ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. C-Ø-cw I-S-∏-X-ßƒ ap-J-hn-e-tb-°mƒ Ip-d-™ hn-e-bv-°m-Wv hn-X-c-WwsN-øp-∂-Xv.†-ap-J-hn-e-bpw hn¬-]-\-hn-e-bpwX-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-k-am-Wv C-Ø-cw I-S-∏-X-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-h-cp-sS em- w.Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

I-S-∏-X-Øns‚ Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.†1. \-„-km-[y-X Ip-d-hp-≈-Xpw ÿn-c-h-cp-am-

\w e-`n-°p-∂-Xp-am-b \n-t£-]-ß-fn¬ap-X¬ ap-S-°m≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂-h¿-°vA-\p-tbm-Py-am-b \n-t£-]-am-Wv I-S-∏-X-ßƒ.

2. I-S-∏-X D-S-a-Iƒ-°v ÿn-c-am-b ]-en-iam-Xw \¬-In-bm¬ a-Xn.†-C-h¿-°v I-º-\n-bp-sS em- -Øn-s‚-†-hn-ln-Xw \¬-tI-≠-Xn-√.

3. I-º-\n-bp-sS hn¬-∏-\ h-cp-am-\-hpw em- -hpw ÿm-bn-bm-sW-¶n¬ I-S-∏-X-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈ aq-e-[-\ cq-]o-I-c-W-am-WvD-Nn-Xw.

4. I-S-∏-X D-S-a-Iƒ-°v thm- -h-Im-i-an-√mØ-Xn-\m¬ I-S-∏-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v aq-e-[-\wk-am-l-cn-°p-tºmƒ, I-º-\n-bp-sS -c-WIm-cy-ß-fn¬ km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°p-≈ \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-cw Ip-d-bp-∂n-√.

5. I-S-∏-X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ aq-e-[-\ cq-]o-I-c-W sN-e-hv, km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ, ap≥-

K-W-\ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ F-∂n-h-bq-sS sNe-hn-t\-°mƒ Ip-d-hm-Wv. \n-Ip-Xn I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b em-`w I-s≠-Øp-tºmƒ I-S-∏-X-ß-fp-sS ]-en-i hm¿-jnIh-cp-am-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v Ip-d-hv sN-øm≥Ignbpw.


I-S-∏-X-ßƒ-°v Nn-e t]m-cm-bv-a-I-fp-≠v.A-h Xm-sg tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.†1. I-S-∏-X-ßƒ-°v F-√m h¿-j-hpw \n-›n-X

Xp-I ]-en-i-bn-\-Øn¬ sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v C-sXm-cp `m-c-am-bnam-dp-∂p.†-I-º-\n-bp-sS em- -Øn¬ Ip-d-hp-≠m-Ip-∂ h¿-j-ß-fn¬ I-º-\n-bv-°vh-enb \-„-km-[y-X-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p.

2. \n-›n-X Im-em-h-[n-bv-°v ti-jw-†-a-S-°n-\¬-tI-≠ I-S-∏-X-ßƒ Xn-cn-®v \¬-tI-≠-Xn-te-bv-°v, I-º-\n-bv-°v em-`-am-sW-¶n-epw\-„-am-sW-¶n-epw I-cp-X¬ ti-J-cw-†-\o-°nsh-bv-t°-≠-Xm-bn h-cp-∂p.

3. Hm-tcm I-º-\n-°pw A-h-cp-tS-Xm-b E-Wti-jn D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.†-F-∂m¬, I-S-∏-X-ßƒ C-d-°p-∂ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v ]n-∂o-SvI-Sw hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ E-W-ti-jn Ip-d-bp∂p.

8.4.9 hm-Wn-P y _m-¶p-Iƒ [Commercial Banks]

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°v B-h-iy-am-b Xp-Ie`y-am°p-∂ ]-[m-\-s∏- [-\ tkm-X- m-Wvhm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒ.†-_m-¶p-Iƒ h-ep-XpwsN-dp-Xp-am-b F-√m-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°pwhn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ hm-bv-]-Iƒ \¬-Im-dp≠v.Iym-jv sI-Un-‰v, Hm-h¿Um-^v-‰v, _n¬Un-kv-Iu-≠v sN-ø¬, E-Wm¿-l-X ]-X-an-d-°¬ (Issue of Letter of Credit) F-∂n-h-bm-Wv

236 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

hm-bv-] A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\v _m-¶p-Iƒkzo-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-[m-\ am¿-§-ßƒ.†-kmº-ØnI hn-]-Wn-bn¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≈ ]-eni \n-c-°v, hm-bv-]-sb-Sp-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- n-s‚kz- mhw F-∂o hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv _m-¶v hm-bv-]-I-fp-sS ]-en-i\n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.†-hm-bv-]m Xp-I H-cp-an-t®mX-h-W-I-fm-tbm A-S-®p Xo¿-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†

_m-¶v hm-bv-]-Iƒ ÿn-c aq-e-[-\-Øn-\p-≈tkm-X- v B-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n-√.†-_m-¶p-Iƒ hm-bv-]m Im-em-h-[n Zo¿-L-Im-e-tØ-°vA-\p-h-Zn-°m-dp-s≠-¶n-epw km-[m-c-W-bm-bnC-Ø-cw hm-bv-]-Iƒ lr-kz-˛ a-[y-Im-e [-\B-h-iy-ßƒ-°m-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈-Xv.†-hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-I-fn¬ \n-∂v C-Ø-cw hm-bv-]-Iƒ e-`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\v km-[m-c-W-bm-bnI-º-\n-bp-sS B-kv-Xn-Iƒ Cu-Sm-bn \¬-Ip-I-tbm ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-tbm sN-tø-≠-Xp≠v.

Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ hm-bv-]-I-fn-eq-sS [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-XpsIm-≠p-≈Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.†

1. _n-kn-\- n-\v B-h-iy-am-b Xp-I b-Ym-k-a-b-Øv e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-b-I-am-

hnhn[bn\w IS∏Xßƒ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ÁIº\nIƒ[Companies issuing different Debentures]

a-lo-µ & a-lo-µ F-∂ I-º-\n-bm-Wv,†1990 P-\p-h-cn-bn¬,†-B-Zy-am-bn ]-en-i c-ln-X-hpw

cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ømhp-∂-Xp-am-b I-S-∏-X-ßƒ C-¥y-bn¬ ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv. k-ao-] Im-e-

Øm-Wv 126.83 tIm-Sn cq-] k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn, A-h-Im-i A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬,†-`m-Kn-I-

am-bn cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂ I-S-∏-X-ßƒ ]p-d-Øn-d-°p-∂-Xn-\v ssS-‰m≥ C≥-U-kv-So-

kn-s‚ `-c-Wk-an-Xn Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-In-b-Xv.†-I-º-\n-bn-se k-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v,

Hm-tcm 20 Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v H-cp I-S-∏-Xw F-∂ A-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ 600 cq-] ho-Xw hn-e-bp-≈-

`m-Kn-I-am-bn cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂ 21 e-£w I-S-∏-X-ß-fm-Wv I-º-\n ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv.

Ip∂ [-\ tkm-X- m-Wv _m-¶v hm-bv-]-Iƒ.

2. hm-bv-] F-Sp-°p-∂-†-_n-kn-\- n-s\°p-dn-®v_m-¶n-\v \¬-Ip-∂ hn-h-c-ßƒ c-l-ky-am-bn kq-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬, A-Ø-cw_n-kn-\- n-s‚ kz-Im-cy-X Im-Øv kq-£n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.

3. Hm-l-cn-I-fn-d-°p-tºmƒ B-h-iy-am-b£-W-]-X-an-d-°¬, Hm-l-cn-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp-°¬ I-cm-dp-≠m-°¬, ap-X-em-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ _m-¶v hm-bv-]-Iƒ-°m-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ h-f-sc e-fn-X-am-b [-\k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-am-Wn-Xv.

4. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ [-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°-\p-kr-X-am-bn hm-bv-]m Xp-I h¿-≤n-∏n-°m≥I-gn-bp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠pw A-[n-I [-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ k-µ¿-`-ß-fn¬ Im-em-h-[n Xo-cpwap-tº hm-bv-]m [-\w Xn-cn-®v \¬-Im≥I-gn-bp-∂-XpsIm-≠pw _m-¶v hm-bv-]-IƒH-cp A-b-hp-≈ [-\k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-am-Wv.

tZm-j-ßƒ (Limitations)

H-cp [-\k-am-l-c-W tkm-X- v F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ _m-¶v hm-bv-]-I-fp-sS t]m-cm-bv-a-IƒXm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.


1. _m-¶v hm-bv-]-I-fn-eq-sS e-`n-°p-∂ [-\wsN-dn-b Im-e-b-f-hn-te-bv-°p-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.†-C-Ø-cw hm-bv-]-I-fp-sS Im-em-h-[nZo¿-Ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw hm-bv-]-Iƒ ]p-Xp-°p-∂-Xpw A-\n-›n-X-hpw ]-bm-k-ta-dn-b-Xp-am-Wv.

2. _m-¶v hm-bv-]-Iƒ e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈\-S-]-SnI-a-ßƒ h-f-sc _p-≤n-ap- p-≈-Xm-Wv.†-C-Ø-cw hm-bv-]-Iƒ \¬-Ip-tºmƒI-º-\n-bp-sS B- y-¥-c Im-cy-ß-sf°p-dn-®pw km-º-Øn-I L-S-\-sb°p-dn-®pw_m-¶p-Iƒ hn-i-Z-am-b A-t\z-j-Ww \-S-ØpI-bpw hm-bv-]m Xp-I-bv-°v B-\p-]m-XnIam-b hy-‡n Pm-ay-tam ]-W-bB-kv-Xn-I-tfm B-h-iy-s∏-Sp -I-bpwsNøp∂p.

hn-hn-[-X-cw I-S-∏-X-ßƒ (Types of Debentures)

1. Cu-Sp-≈-Xpw Cu-Sn-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b I-S-∏-X-ßƒ (Secured and Unsecured) : I-º-\n-bp-sSB-kv-Xn-Iƒ Cu-Sm-bn \¬-In-s°m-≠v ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ I-S-∏-X-ß-sf-bm-Wv Cu-Sp-≈ I-S-∏-X-ßƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬ B-kv-Xn-Iƒ Cu-Sm-bn \¬-Im-sX ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ I-S-∏-X-ß-sf Cu-Sn-√m-Ø I-S-∏-X-ßƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.

2. c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-X I-S-∏-X-ß-fpw hm-l-I I-S-∏-X-ß-fpw (Registered and Bearer):

I-º-\n-bn¬ kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂,†-I-S-∏-X D-S-a-I-fp-sS c-Pn-Ã-dn¬ tN¿-°-s∏- n- p-≈ I-S-∏-X-ß-sf c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-X I-S-∏-X-ßƒ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. C-Ø-cw I-S-∏-X-ßƒ ssI-am-‰w sN-øp-tºmƒ c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ B-h-iy-am-Wv. C-h kz-X-¥-am-bn ssI-am-dm≥ I-gn-bn-√.†-t\-tc a-dn-®v, kz-X-¥-ssI-am-‰w km-[y-am-b- I-S-∏-X-ß-fm-Wv hm-l-I I-S-∏-X-ßƒ. C-Ø-cw I-S-∏-X-ß-fp-sS hm-l-I-cm-bn-cn-°pw C-Xn-s‚ D-S-a-Iƒ.

3. cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xpw cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-Im-Ø-Xp-am-b I-S-∏-X-ßƒ(Convertible and Non-convertible) : H-cp \n-›n-X Im-em-h-[n-°v ti-jw km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fm-bn am-‰m-hp-∂ I-S-∏-X-ß-sf cq-]-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂ I-S-∏-X-ß-sf-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-F-∂m¬ cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-Im-Ø I-S-∏-X-ßƒ km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fm-bnam-‰m≥ I-gn-bn-√.

4. H-∂mw X-cw I-S-∏-X-ß-fpw c-≠mw X-cw I-S-∏-X-ß-fpw (First and Second) :†-Im-em-h-[n-bv-°v ti-jw I-S-∏-X-ß-fp-sS ]-Ww a-S-°n \¬-Ip-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw B-Zyw-†-]-Ww Xn-cn-sI e- n-°p-∂ I-S-∏-X-ß-sf H-∂mw X-cw I-S-∏-X-sa-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-H-∂mw X-c-Øn¬s]- I-S-∏-X-ß-fp-sS Xp-I-†-Xn-cn-®v \¬-In-b-Xn-\v ti-jw am-Xw Xp-I Xn-cn-sI e- n-°p-∂ I-S-∏-X-ß-sf c-≠mw X-cw I-S-∏-X-ßƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.

3. Nn-e km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬, _m-¶v hm-bv-]A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\v _m-¶p-Iƒ k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ \n¿-t±-in-t®-°mw.-D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, _m-¶v hm-bv-] A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-kv-Xn-Iƒhn¬-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√ F-∂ hy-h-ÿ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ k-[m-c-W ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf _m-[n-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v.

8.4.10 [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ[Financial Institutions]

_n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v km-º-Øn-Ik-lm-bw e- y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pth-≠n k¿-°m¿cm-Py-Øm-I-am-\w [m-cm-fw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ÿm-]n-®n- p-≠v.†-kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-I-fpw tI-µ k¿-°m-cp-I-fpw C-Ø-c-Øn-

238 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ep≈ [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v.†-C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ _n-kn-\- n-\vaq-e-[-\-hpw Zo¿-L- -lkz Im-e hm-bv-]-bpw\¬Ip-∂tXm-sSm-∏w hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒt]m-se-bp-≈ ]-c-º-cm-K-X km-º-Øn-IG-P≥-kn-I-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v ]n¥pW\¬Ip-Ibpw sN-øp-∂p.†-cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hy-h-km-b hn-I-k-\-sØ t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-sf "hn-I-k-\_m-¶p-Iƒ' (Development Banks) F-∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.†-km-º-Øn-I k-lm-b-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v ]p-d-ta-†-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ k¿-t∆-Iƒ \-S-Øp-I-bpw _n-kn-\- v kw-cw- -I¿-°v km-t¶-Xn-Ik-lm-b-hpw -c-W-]-c-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.†-H-cp _n-kn-\- v kw-cw- -Øn-s‚ B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-Ww, ]p-\:kw-L-S-\, hn-]p-eo-I-c-Ww F-∂o B-h-iy-ßƒ-°vh-en-b Xp-I Zo¿-L-Im-e-tØ-°v th-≠n h-cp-tºmƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b[-\ tkm-X- m-Wv C-Ø-cw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.

Kp-W-ßƒ (Merits)

[-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-eq-sS [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ Kp-W-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂p.1. hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒ-°v \¬-Im≥ I-gn-

bmØ Zo¿-L-Im-e hm-bv-]-Iƒ [-\-Im-cyÿm-]-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p.

2. [-\w e`y-am°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm-∏w C-Ø-cw[-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ _n-kn-\- n-s‚km-º-Øn-I, km-t¶-Xn-I, `-c-W Im-cy-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b D-]-tZ-i tk-h-\-ß-fpw\¬Ip-∂p.

3. [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw hm-bv]e- n-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v aq-e-[-\ hn]-Wn-bn¬ D-b¿-∂ k¬-t∏-cp-≠m-°m≥km[n-°p-∂p.†-A-Xn-s‚ -e-am-bn C-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v a-‰v [-\ tkm-X- p-

I-fn¬ \n-∂v F-fp-∏-Øn¬ kam-lcn-°m≥km-[n-°p-∂p.

4. [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈hm-bv-]-Iƒ X-h-W-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-®v \¬-ImwF-∂-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v Xn-cn-®Shv Hcp`m-c-am-bn am-dp-∂n-√.

5. a-‰v km-º-Øn-I tkm-X- p-I-fn¬ \n-∂vhn- n-∂-am-bn km-º-Øn-I am-µy Im-e-L- -ß-fn-epw C-Ø-cw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v [-\w e- y-am-Ip-∂p.

tZm-j-ßƒ (Limitations)

[-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ t]m-cm-bv-a-Iƒ Xm-sg X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.1. [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ hm-bv-]-Iƒ A-\p-

h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\v h-f-sc I¿-°-i-am-b am-\-Z-fi-ßƒ D-≠v. H-cp-]m-Sv \-S-]-SnI-a-ßƒD-≈-Xn-\m¬ hm-bv-]-sb-Sp-°¬ ]-In-b kp-Zo¿-L-hpw Nn-e-th-dn-b-Xp-am-bnØo-cp-∂p.

2. hm-bv-] F-Sp-°p∂ I-º-\n-I-fp-sS em- -hn-ln-X Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ F-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-ep-≈ A-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-sS ta¬ Nn-e \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ C-Ø-cw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒG¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°mw.

3. C-Ø-cw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-h-cpsS]-Xn-\n-[n-I-sf hm-bv-] F-Sp-°p-∂ I-º-\n-bp-sS -c-Wk-an-Xn-bn¬ \n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ I-º-\n-bp-sS A-[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬\nb¥-W-ß-fp-≠m-tb-°mw.

8.5 A-¥¿-tZ-io-b [-\-am¿-§-ßƒ[International Financing]

ap-I-fn¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-® [-\kam-lcW am¿-§-ßƒ-°v ]p-d-ta _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°vA-¥¿-tZ-io-b-X-e-Øn-epw [-\w kam-lcn-°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-hn-[ h-gn-I-fp-≠v.†-k-º-Zv-hy-h-ÿ-


]-tXy-I km-º-Øn-I ÿm-]-\-ßƒ

1. `m-c-Xo-b hy-h-km-b [-\-Im-cy tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ (Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)):

1948 se C≥-U-kv-Sn-b¬ ^n-\m≥-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ B-Œv A-\p-k-cn-®v \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ ÿm-

]-\-am-Wn-Xv. hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fp-sS k-¥p-en-X-am-b hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw k-º-Zv-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS

ap-Jy-[m-cm ta-J-e-I-fn¬ kw-cw-`-ßƒ Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\v kw-cw-`-I-sc t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw

B-Wv Cu ÿm-]-\w \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv.†-cm-Py-sØ am-t\-Pvsa‚ v hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ hn-I-k-

\-Øn-\v sF.F-^v.kn.sF H-cp-]m-Sv kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v.

2. kw-ÿm-\ [-\-Im-cy tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ (State Financial Corporations (SFC)): sF.F-^v.kn.sF

bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ s]-Sm-Ø a-[y-Im-e-˛-lr-kz-Im-e [-\m-h-iy-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-te-°m-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ta-J-e-I-fn¬ kw-ÿm-\ [-\-Im-cy tIm¿-∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ B-cw-`n-

°p-∂-Xn-\v 1951 se tÃ-‰v ^n-\m≥-jy¬ tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ B-Iv-‰v kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°mcp-I-sf

A-[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F-kv.F-^v.kn.bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\ hym-]v-Xn sF.F-^v.kn.sF-bp-

tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. F-¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, C-Xv s]m-Xp-I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v ]p-d-ta kz-Imcy

I-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw G-Imw-K hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw km-º-

Øn-I k-lm-bw \¬-Im-dp-≠v.

3. C‚-kv-Sn-b¬ sI-Un-‰v B≥-Uv C≥-sh-Ãvsa‚ v tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ Hm-^v C≥-Uy (Industrial

Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI)): C-¥y≥ I-º-\n \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v 1955 ¬

cPn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ s]m-Xp-I-º-\n-bm-Wv sF.kn.sF.kn.sF. Cu ÿm-]-\w

hyh-km-b kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v (]-[m-\-am-bn kz-Im-cy ta-J-e-bv-°v) A-h-bp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-

\pw hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-\pw B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\pw B-h-iy-am-b [-\ k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-

∂p.†-Cu tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ cm-Py-sØ hn-tZ-i aq-e-[-\ ]-¶m-fn-Øw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp∂p.

4. `m-c-Xo-b hy-h-km-b hn-I-k-\ _m-¶v (Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)): hm-Wn-Py

_m-¶p-I-fp-tS-bpw a-‰v [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-tS-bpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-I F∂

e-£y-tØm-sS 1964 se C≥-U-kv-Sn-b¬ U-h-e-∏vsa‚ v _m-¶v Hm-^v C≥-Uy B-Œv A-\p-k-

cn®v 1964¬ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ ÿm-]-\-am-Wv C-Xv.†-a-‰v [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v km-º-Øn-I

k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-I, hy-h-km-b kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v t\-cn-´v [-\k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-I, km-º-Øn-I-˛-

km-t¶-Xn-I tk-h-\-ß-sf G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-I-bpw ]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I F-∂n-ß-s\-bp≈

aq-∂v ]m-[m-\ [¿-Ω-ß-fm-Wv Cu _m-¶p-Iƒ sN-øp-∂-Xv.

5. kw-ÿm-\ hy-h-km-b hn-I-k-\ tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ (State Industrial Development Corporation (SIDCO)):

]-e kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-I-fpw A-h-cp-sS kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se hy-h-km-b hn-I-k-\w ]-cn-t]m-

jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn kw-ÿm-\ hy-h-km-b hn-I-k-\ tIm¿-∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

C-h-bp-sS e-£y-ßƒ Hm-tcm kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-epw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.

6. bq-Wn-‰v S-Ãv Hm-^v C≥-Uy (Unit Trust of India (UTI)): 1963 se bq-Wn-‰v S-Ãv Hm-^v C≥-Uy

B-Œv A-\p-k-cn-®v 1964¬ `m-c-X k¿-°m¿ ÿm-]n-®-Xm-Wn-Xv.†-k-aq-l-Øn-se k-©n-X [-\w

240 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

bpw _n-kn-\- n-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw B-tKm-f X-e-Øn-te-°v h-gn Xp-d-∂-Xn-\m¬ C-¥y≥I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v B-tKm-f aq-e-[-\ hn-]-Wn-bn-te-°v ]-th-i-\w e- n-®p.†-hn-hn-[ A-¥¿-tZ-io-b [-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ Xm-sg X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

1. hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒ (Commercial Banks):

tem-I-sa-ºm-Sp-ap-≈ hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒ_n-kn-\- v B-h-iy-ßƒ-°p-≈-†-hn-tZ-i\mWb hm-bv-]-Iƒ \¬-Im-dp-≠v.†-A-¥¿tZ-io-b I-®-h-S C-X-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°vkmº-Øn-I k-lm-bw e- y-am-°p-∂ ]-[m-\tkm-X- p-I-fm-Wv hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒ.-hmWn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ hm-bv-]-I-fpwtk-h-\-ß-fpw cm-Py-ßƒ tXm-dpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. "Ãm≥-tU¿-Uv Nm¿-t´¿-Uv'F∂ [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\w C≥Uy-bnse hyh-

(Savings) k-am-l-cn-®v A-h D¬-]m-Z-\-]-c-am-b ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n-t£-]n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ e-£yw.†-C-Xn-\m-bn, Cu ÿm-]-\w hy-h-km-b kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v t\-cn-´vk-lm-b-ßƒ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bpw A-h-bp-sS Hm-l-cn-I-fn-epw I-S-∏-X-ß-fn-epw [-\w \n-t£-]n-°p-I-bpw a-‰v [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bn tbm-Pn-®v ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

7. `m-c-Xo-b hy-h-km-b \n-t£-] _m-¶v(¢n-]v-Xw) (Industrial Invesment Bank of India Ltd):†-B-Zy-Im-e-ß-fn¬, ]o-Vn-X hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS ]p-\x-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\m-bm-Wv Cu _m-¶p-Iƒ B-cw-`n-®-Xv.†-ap≥-Im-e-ß-fn¬ C-Xn-s\ m-c-Xo-b hy-h-km-b ]p-\x-kw-L-S-\ tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ F-∂mWvhn-fn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.†1985¬ Cu ÿm-]-\w ]p-\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw C≥-U-kv-Sn-b¬ do-I¨-kv-S-£≥ _m-¶v Hm-^v C≥-Uy F-∂v ]p-\¿-\m-a-I-c-Ww sN-øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.†-ho-≠pw 1997¬CXn-s‚ t]-cv `m-c-Xo-b hy-h-km-b \n-t£-] _m-¶v F-∂m-°n am-‰n. ]o-Vn-X hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w ]p-\xkw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw C-Ø-cw _n-kn-\- p-I-fp-sS `-c-Wkw-hn-[m-\w sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw D-Zm-c-am-b hy-h-ÿ-I-tfm-sS [-\w e`y-am°p-∂-Xn-\pw C-Ø-cw _m-¶p-Iƒ k-lm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.

8. sse- v C≥-jp-d≥-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ Hm- v C≥-Uy (Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)):

\n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ 245 C≥-jp-d≥-kv I-º-\n-Iƒ tZ-i-km¬-°-cn-®-Xn-\q ti-jw 1956seF¬.sF.kn. B-Œv A-\p-k-cn-®v B h¿-jw \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ ÿm-]-\-am-Wn-Xv. Cu ÿm-]-\w,C≥-jq-d≥-kv ]o-an-b-Øn-s‚ cq-]-Øn¬ k-aq-l-Øn-se k-©n-X [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-I-bpwA-h kz-Im-cy-˛-s]m-Xp-ta-J-e hy-h-km-b kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v, t\-cn-´p-≈ hm-b-]v-I-fn-eq-sS-tbm,Hm-l-cn-I-fpw I-S-∏-X-ß-fpw hm-ßp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-tbm, Hm-l-cn hn¬-∏-\-bq-sS D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-XzwG-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-tbm-†-e- y-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

kmb ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v hntZi \mWy-hm-bv]Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Hcp ]apJ hm-Wn-Py-_m-¶mWv.

2. A-¥¿-tZ-io-b G-P≥-kn-I-fpw hn-I-k-\_m-¶p-I-fpw (International Agencies and

Development Banks):†-A-¥m-cm-„ hym-]m-c-ßƒ-°pw I-®-h-S-ßƒ-°pw [-\ k-lm-bw\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v [m-cm-fw A-¥¿-tZ-io-b G-P≥-kn-Ifpw hn-I-k-\ _m-¶p-I-fpw ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p≠v.†-C-Ø-cw G-P≥-kn-Iƒ, tem-I-Øn-se[-\-]-c-am-bn ]n-t∂m-°w \n¬-°p-∂ ]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn-\m-bn, Zo¿-L-˛-l-kz-Im-e hm-bv-]-I-fpw k-lm-b-ß-fpw e`y-am°p-∂p.†-hn-hn-[-X-cw ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b [-\ k-lm-b-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn hn-I-kn-X cm-„-ß-fn-se k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ ]m-tZ-in-I, tZ-io-b, A-¥m-cm-„ X-e-


Øn¬ cq-]o-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xm-Wv C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.†-A-¥¿-tZ-io-b n-\m≥-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j≥, F-Iv-knw _m-¶v, G-jy≥ sU-h-e-∏v-a‚ v _m-¶v F-∂n-h C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈i-t≤-b-am-b Nn-e G-P≥-kn-I-fm-Wv.

3.†-A-¥¿ tZ-io-b aq-e-[-\ hn-]-Wn (Inter-

national Capital Markets): B-[p -\n -I_n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°pw _-lp-cm-„I-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ C-¥y≥,hn-tZ-i \m-W-b hm-bv-]-Iƒ B-h-iy-am-Wv.-C-Ø-cw hm-bv-]-Iƒ-†-\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-[m-\-s∏- km-º-Øn-I D-]m-[n-IƒXm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.†

(a) B-tKm-f \n-t£-]I ]-Xw (Global De-

pository Receipts (GDR's):†-C-Xp ]-Im-cw H-cpI-º-\n A-Xn-s‚ ]m-tZ-in-I Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-H-cp \n-t£-]-I _m-¶n-\v ssI-am-dp-∂p. _m¶v,C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v ]-I-c-am-bn X-Øp-eyhn-e-bv-°p-≈ \n-t£-] ]-X-ßƒ I-º-\n-°v\¬-Ip-∂p. C-Ø-cw \n-t£-]I ]-X-ß-fp-sShn-e A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy\m-Sp-I-fp-sS \m-W-b-am-b-†-tUm-f¿ B-bn- m-Wv tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.†-C-Xn-s\ B-tKmf \n-t£-]I]-X-ßƒ (Global Depository Recipts (GDR))

F∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.- Pn.Un.B¿ ssI-am-‰-]-X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ a-t‰-sXm-cp km-º-ØnI ]am-W-hpw t]m-se F-fp-∏-Øn¬ kz-X-¥-am-bnssI-am-‰w sN-øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-¥y≥ I-º-\n-Iƒ C-Ø-cw \n-t£-]I ]-X-ßƒ hn-tZiaq-e-[-\ hn-]-Wn-I-fn¬ hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw hn-tZ-i Hm-l-cn hn-]-W-\ tI-µ-ß-fn-eq-sS I®h-Sw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.†-A-Xp h-gn hn-tZ-i \m-W-bw tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.- Pn. Un. B¿. F-t∏mƒth-W-sa-¶n-epw ]q¿-∆ A-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈Hm-l-cn-I-fm-bn cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-

Pn.Un.B¿. Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v I-º-\n-bn¬thm- -h-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°n-√. F-∂m¬ A-h¿-°v em- -hn-ln-Xw e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw \n-t£-]-ß-fp-sS hn-]-Wn-aq-eyw h¿-≤n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bp-≈ t\-´-ßƒ-°pw-†-A¿-l-X-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. C≥-t^m-kn-kv, dn-e-b≥-kv, hn-s]m,sF.kn.sF.kn.sF F-∂n-h Pn.Un.B¿D-]-tbm-Kn-®v [-\-k-am-l-c-Ww \-S-Øn-bn- p-≈C-¥y≥ I-º-\n-I-fm-Wv.(b) A-ta-cn-°≥ \n-t£-]I ]-X-ßƒ(American Depository Receipts (ADR's): A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy\m-Sp-I-fn-se I-º-\n-Iƒ ]p-d-Øn-d-°p-∂ \n-t£-]I ]-X-ß-sf A-ta-cn-°≥ \n-t£]I ]-X-ßƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p∂p.F.Un.B¿. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se aq-e-[-\ hn-]-Wn-I-fn¬ km-[m-c-W K-Xn-ep-≈ Hm-l-cn-I-sft]m-se X-s∂ hn¬-°p-I-bpw hm-ßp-I-bpwsNøp-∂p.†-C-h Pn.Un.B¿ t]m-se X-s∂-bm-sW-¶n-epw A-ta-cn-°-bn-se Hm-l-cn hn¬-∏-\tI-µ-ß-fn-eq-sS A-hn-Sp-sØ ]u-c≥-am¿-°vam-X-ta \¬-Ip-I-bp-≈q.(c) hn-tZ-i \m-W-b ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\ t_m-≠p-

Iƒ (Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds

(FCCB's)): km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fp-am-bn_-‘n-∏n-®n-´p-≈ I-S-]-am-W-ß-sf-bm-Wvhn-tZ-i \m-W-b ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\ t_m-≠p-IƒF-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. H-cp \n-›n-X Im-em-h-[n-°vti-jw C-Ø-cw t_m-≠p-I-sf km-[m-c-WHm-l-cn-I-fm-tbm \n-t£-]I ]-X-ß-fm-tbmam-‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-C-h-bp-sS hn-e I-W-°m-°p-∂Xv hn-tZ-i \m-W-b-Øn-em-Wv.†-C-Xn-\v H-cp\n-›n-X \n-c-°n-ep-≈ ]-en-i-†-D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-¶n-epw ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-øm≥ I-gn-bm-Øa-‰v I-S ]-am-W-ß-tf-°mƒ Ip-d-™ \n-c-°m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu t_m-≠p-Iƒ hn-tZ-i Hm-l-cn

hn-]WnIfn¬ (stock exchanges) Aw-Ko-IrX

]- n-I-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw hn¬-°p-I-bpw

242 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

hm-ßp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-h C-¥y-bn-se ]cn-

h¿-Ø-\w sN-øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ I-S-∏-X-ßƒ°v

k-am-\-am-Wv.

8.6 [-\ tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS sX-c-s™-Sp-°en-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ L-S-I-ßƒ [Factors Affecting the Choice

of the Source of Funds]

_n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-º-Øn-I B-h-iy-ßƒ

Zo¿-L-Im-ew, lkz-Im-ew, ÿn-c-am-b-h,

hy-Xn-bm-\-ap-≈-h F-∂n-ß-s\ ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-

≠v.†-A-Xp-sIm-≠v, [-\-k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\m-bn

_n-kn-\- v hn-hn-[ tkm-X- p-I-sf B-i-bn-

°p-∂p.†-lkz-Im-e hm-bv-]-Iƒ F-Sp-°p-∂-

Xn-eq-sS A-\m-h-iy aq-e-[-\ kq-£n-∏v H-gn-

hm-°n aq-e-[-\ sN-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°m≥ km-[n-

°p-∂p. F-∂n-cp-∂m¬Ø-s∂-bpw Zo¿-L-Ime

[-\w ]-e Im-c-W-ßƒ sIm-≠pw A-Xym-h-

iy-hp-am-Wv.†-A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ tIm¿-∏-td‰v

ta-J-e-bn-te°v [\w kzcq-]o-°p-∂-Xn¬ km-

[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v h-en-b ]-¶m-Wp-≈-Xv.

H-cp aq-e-[-\ tkm-X- pw t]m-cm-bv-a-I-fn¬

\n-∂v ap-‡-a-√ F-∂-Xn-\m¬ G-sX-¶n-epw

H-cp tkm-X- n-s\ am-Xw B-i-bn-°p-∂-Xn-

\v ]-I-cw hn-hn-[ tkm-X- p-I-sf an-i-Ww

sNbvXv D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw

A- n-Im-ayw. CØ-c-Øn¬ tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS-

k-Ωn-i-Ww Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ hn-hn-[

L-S-I-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-sIm-≠v,

_n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v C-sXm-cp k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b

Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ ]-In-b B-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.-

[-\ tkm-X- p-I-fpsS k-Ωn-i-Ww Xn-c-s™-

Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠ L-S-I-ßƒ Xm-

sg Np-cp-°n hn-h-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

1. sN-e-hv (Cost): aq-e-[-\hpambn _‘-s∏ v[-\kaml-c-W sNe-hv, [-\ D-]-tbm-K sNe-hv F-∂o c-≠v X-cw sN-e-hp-I-fp-≠v. H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ aq-e-[-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ Cu c-≠v X-cw sNe-hp-I-fpw]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.†

2. km-º-Øn-I Zr-V-X-bpw ]-h¿-Ø-\ÿn-c-X-bpw (Financial strength and stability

of operation): [-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ B _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-º-Øn-I `-Z-X-†-H-cp kp-]-[m-\ L-S-I-am-Wv.hn-hn-[ [-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ, -I-Sw hm-ßp-∂ Xp-I-bpw A-Xn-s‚-]-en-i-bpw b-Ym-k-a-b-Øv Xn-cn-®p \¬-Im-\p-≈ km-º-ØnI -Z-X D-t≠m F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ hm¿-jn-Iem-`w A-ÿn-c-am-sW-¶n¬, ÿn-c-am-b ]-en-i _m-[y-X-bp-≈ [-\ tkm-X- p-I-fm-b ap≥-K-W\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ, I-S-∏-X-ßƒ F-∂otkm-X- p-Iƒ I-cp-X-tem-sS Xn-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠-XmWv.†-A-√m-Ø ]-£w, em-`w Ip-d-™Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ _n-kn-\- n-\v A-an-Xkm-º-Øn-I m-cw-†-D-≠m-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v.

3. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ X-c-hpw \n-b-a]c-ambÿnXnbpw(Form of organization and legal status):

_n-kn-\- vv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS X-c-hpw \n-b-a-]-c-am-b ÿn-Xn-bpw H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ [-\kam-l-cW tkm-X- p-Iƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ ]-[m-\ L-S-I-am-Wv.D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v-,†-km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-IƒD-]-tbm-Kn-®v I-º-\n-Iƒ [-\w B¿-÷n-°p-


∂Xp t]m-se, ]-¶m-fn-Ø ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v-†-Hm-l-cnIfn-eqsS [\kam-l-cWw km[y-a√.

4. [-\-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-hpw Im-e-b-f-hpw

(Purpose and time period):

[-\k-am-l-c-W tkm-X- p-Iƒ B-kq-X-WwsN-øp-tºmƒ [-\ D-]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚ Im-e-b-fhv Iq-Sn ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, lkz-Im-e [-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°m-bn]-en-i \n-c-°v Ip-d-™ [-\-tkm-X- p-I-fmbhym-]m-c I-Sw, hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ ap-X-em-bam¿-§-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. -F-∂m¬Zo¿-L-Im-e Bh-iy-ßƒ°v Hm-l-cn-Iƒ,I-S-∏-X-ßƒ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv D-Nn-X-am-b [-\am¿-§-ßƒ.†-A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ [-\w B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X-bv-°-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv [\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, Zo¿-L-Im-e A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ _n-kn-\- v hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v, sN-dn-bIm-e-b-f-hn¬ X-s∂ Xn-cn-®v \¬-tI-≠ X-c-Øn-ep≈ _m-¶v Hm-h¿-Um-^v-‰v t]m-ep-≈[-\ am¿-§-ßƒ-†-kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv A- n-Im-ay-a√.

5. \-„-km-[y-X (Risk profile):

[-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hm-tcm [-\-tkm-X- p-I-fp-tS-bpw \-„-km-[y-X Iq-Sn hn-e-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.†-D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, _n-kn-\- n-\v em-`-ap-s≠-¶n¬ am-Xw em-` hn-ln-Xw\¬-Ip-∂-Xv sIm-≠pw†-_n-kn-\- v ]n-cn-®vhn-Sp-tºmƒ am-Xw aq-e-[-\w Xn-cn-®v \¬-In-bm¬ a-Xn F-∂-Xn-\m-epw km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-°v \-„-km-[y-X h-f-sc Ip-d-hm-Wv.-F-∂m¬, hm-bv-]-I-fp-sS Xn-cn-®-S-hn-\pw ]-enisIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw \n-›n-X Im-e-b-f-hp-IƒD-≠v. _n-kn-\- n-\v em- -am-bm-epw \-„-am-bm-epw hm-bv-]-I-fp-sS-†-]-en-i \¬-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

6. \n-b-¥-Ww (Control):

Nn-e [-\k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-ßƒ km-[m-c-WHm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬Ip-d-hp-≠m-°m≥ km-[y-X-bp-≠v.†-km-[m-c-WHm-l-cn-Iƒ C-d-°p-∂-Xv aq-ew \n-e-hn-ep-≈Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-fp-sS \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-cw Ip-d-bp-∂p.†-hm-bv-]-Iƒ \¬-Ip-tºmƒ [-\-Im-cyÿm-]-\-ßƒ hm-bv-] F-Sp-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- vÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS B-kv-Xn-I-fp-sS ta¬ \n-b-¥-Ww G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-tbm hm-bv-]m I-cm-dn-s‚-†-A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nn-e \nb-¥Why-h-ÿ-Iƒ \n¿-t±-in-°p-I-tbm sN-øm-\n-S-bp-≠v.-A-Xp-sIm-≠v hn-hn-[ am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sS [-\wk-am-l-cn-°p-tºmƒ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ D-S-a-IƒA-h-cp-sS \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-cw F-X-am-Xw]-¶v sh-°m≥ X-øm-dm-Wv F-∂ h-kv-Xp-X IqSn]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

7. hm-bv-]m-ti-jn-bp-sS ta-ep-≈ kzm-[o-\w (Effect on creditworthiness):

Nn-e [-\ tkm-X- p-I-sf am-Xw B-i-bn-°p-∂-Xv H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ hm-bv-]m ti-jn-sb _m-[n-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v,Cu-Sv I-S-∏-X-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-tºmƒ \n-e-hn-ep-≈-†-Cu-Sn-√m-ØI-S-∏-X D-S-a-I-fp-sS Xm¬-∏-cy-ß-sf tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p-I-bpw m-hn-bn¬ hm-bv-]\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v Cu-Sn-√m-Ø I-S-∏-X D-S-a-I-fp-sS Xm¬-∏-cyw Ip-d-bp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

8. h-g-°-hpw F-fp-∏-hpw (Flexibility and Ease):

[-\ tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS h-g-°-hpw k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ F-fp-∏-hpw [-\ tkm-X- p-IƒXn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂as‰mcp L-S-I-am-Wv.†-a-‰v am¿-§-ß-fn-eq-sS[-\w h-f-sc F-fp-∏-Øn¬-†-k-am-l-cn-°m≥Ign-bp-tºmƒ X-s∂,†-A-[n-I-cn-® \n-_-‘-\-

244 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

I-fpw hn-i-Z-am-b A-t\z-j-W-ß-fpw hn-hn-[]-am-W-ßƒ X-øm-dm-°-epw-†-B-h-iy-am-b_m-¶v hm-bv-]-Iƒ-°v _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ap≥-K-W-\ \¬-Im-dn-√.

9. \n-Ip-Xn- t\-´w (Tax benefits):

hn-hn-[ [-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bp-≈ \n-Ip-Xn t\- -ßƒ Iq-Sn ]-cn-K-Wn-®p sIm-≠m-Wv tkm-X- p-Iƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, \n-Ip-Xn I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b em- w I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v hm-bv-]-I-fp-tS-bpw I-S-∏-X-ß-fp-tS-bpw

]-en-i Ip-d-hv sN-øm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬_n-kn-\- n-s‚ em- w Ip-d-bp-I-bpw A-Xn-\m¬\n-Ip-Xn `m-cw Ip-d-bp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. F-∂m¬ km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-fp-tS-bpw ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-I-fp-tS-bpw em- -hn-ln-Xw C-Ø-c-Øn¬ Ip-d-hv sN-øm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- n-\v \n-Ip-Xn t\-´w e-`n-°p-∂n-√.-A-Xp-sIm-≠v, em- -t\- w ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ hm-bv-]-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw I-S-∏-X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw-†-[-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-Wv ap≥-K-W-\ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.

thm -h-Imiwÿnc CuSp≈ [\wIn´m-\p≈ ]Ww_n√p-I-fpsS UnkvIu-≠nwKvISw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°¬ tkh\wBtKmf \nt£-]-I ]XßƒhntZi \mWb ]cn-h¿Ø\ t_m≠p-IƒAta-cn-°≥ \nt£]I ]X-ßƒ

[\wDS-a-ÿXm aqe-[\wÿnc aqe-[\w]h¿Ø\ aqe-[\whmbv]maqe-[\wlkz-Ime [\ Dd-hnSwZo¿L-Ime Dd-hnSwBkvXn-I-fnep≈ Ah-Imiw

][m\ -]-Z-ßƒ



_n-kn-\- vv [-\w- : _n-kn-\- vv B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øn-s°m-≠v

t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw B-h-iy-am-b [-\-sØ _n-kn-\- vv [-\w F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. B-h-iy-am-b [-\-an-√m-

sX H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\pw A-Xn-s‚-†-hn-hn-[ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-Øv \-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Im≥

I-gn-bn-√. H-cp _n-kn-\- n-\v A-Xn-s‚ ÿn-c B-kv-Xn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\pw (ÿn-c aq-e-[-\w),

ssZ-\w Zn-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw (]-h¿-Ø-\ aq-e-[-\w) hn-]p-eo-I-c-W ]-h-Ø-\-ßƒ-

°pw [-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv.

[-\ tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS X-cw Xn-cn-°¬ :†-_n-kn-\- n-\v [-\w e-`y-am-Ip-∂ tkm-X- p-I-sf aq-∂v

L-S-I-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ X-cw Xn-cn-°mw.†1. Im-e-b-f-hn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (l-kz-Im-e

tkm-X- v, a-[y-Im-e tkm-X- v, Zo¿-L-Im-e tkm-X- v), 2. D-S-a-ÿ-X-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

(D-S-a-ÿXm [-\w, hm-bv-]m [-\w), 3. Dd-hnS-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (B-`y-¥-c tkm-X- p-Iƒ,

_m-ly tkm-X- p-Iƒ)

Zo¿-L-˛-a-[y-˛-l-kz-Im-e [-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ : 5 h¿-j-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°v [-\w

e`y-am°p-∂ tkm-X- p-I-sf Zo¿-L-Im-e tkm-X- p-Iƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-H-cp h¿-j-Øn¬

Iq-Sp-X-epw 5 h¿-j-Øn¬ Xm-sg-bp-ap-≈ Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°v [-\w e`y-am°p-∂ tkm-X- p-I-sf a-[y-

Im-e tkm-X- p-I-sf-∂pw, H-cp h¿-j-Øn¬ Ip-d-™ Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°v [-\w e`y-am°p-∂ tkm-X-

p-I-sf lkz-Im-e tkm-X- p-I-sf-∂pw hn-fn-°p-∂p.

D-S-a-ÿXm [-\-hpw hm-bv-]m [-\-hpw :†-H-cp _n-kn-\- n¬ A-Xn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ¿ \n-t£-]n-°p-∂

[-\-sØ D-S-a-ÿXm [-\w F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.†-_m-¶v hm-bv-]-I-fn-eq-sS-tbm hy-‡n-I-fn¬- \n-t∂m

a-‰v [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-t∂m I-Sw hm-ßp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-tbm _n-kn-\- v k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-†-[-\-

am-Wv hm-bv-]m-[-\w.

B-`y-¥-c tkm-X- p-I-fpw _m-ly tkm-X- p-I-fpw :†-ssI-h-i em-`-Øn-eq-sS-bpw a-‰pw _n-kn-\-

v B-¥-cn-I-am-bn X-s∂ [-\w-†-B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ am¿-§-am-Wv B-`y-¥-c

tkm-X- p-Iƒ.†-F-∂m¬ _n-kn-\- n-\v ]p-d-Øp-≈ D¬-∏-∂ hn-X-c-W-°m-cn¬ \n-t∂m hm-bv-]m

ZmXm-°-fn¬ \n-t∂m \n-t£-]-I-cn¬ \n-t∂m B-Wv [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ A-Xn-s\

_m-ly D-d-hn-S-ßƒ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.

_n-kn-\- v [-\-Øn-s‚ D-d-hn-S-ßƒ : ssI-h-i em-`w, hym-]m-c I-Sw, ]m-´-°-cm¿, ^m-Œ-dnw-Kv,

s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ßƒ, hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ, Hm-l-cn-Iƒ, I-S-∏-X-ßƒ,†-hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-I-fn¬

\n-∂pw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈ hm-bv-]-Iƒ, A-¥¿-tZ-io-b tkm-X- p-Iƒ

F-∂n-h-bm-Wv ]-[m-\-s∏-´ [-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ.

ssI-h-i em-`w : I-º-\n-bp-sS em-`-Øn¬ \n-∂v Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v em-`hn-ln-X-am-bn \¬-Im-sX

am-‰n sh-®n-cn-°p-∂ Xp-I-bm-Wv ssI-h-iem-`w.†-ssI-h-iem-`-Øn-s‚ Xp-I I-º-\n-bp-sS em-`-

hn-ln-X \-b-Øn-\v A-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu [-\w km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-º-\n-bp-sS

h-f¿-®-bv-°pw hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-am-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

hym-]m-c I-Sw : H-cp I-®-h-S-°m-c≥,†km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\vv,†a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v

I-Sw A-\p-h-Zn-®v \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv hym-]m-c I-Sw. hym-]m-c I-S-Øn-s‚ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Hm-tcm hy-h-km-

b-ß-fn-epw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.†-Cu hy-h-ÿIƒ C≥-thm-bv-kn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw.

246 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

]p-Xn-b _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°pw sN-dp-In-S _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°pw a-‰v tkm-X- p-I-fn¬ \n-∂v [-\w

k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v km-am-\y-am-b _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈-XpsIm-≠v km-[m-c-W-bm-bn hym-]m-c I-S-sØ-bm-

Wv B-i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

^m-Œ-dnw-Kv : k-ao-] Im-e-Øv D-]-tbm-Kn-®v h-cp-∂ H-cp l-kz-Im-e [-\ tkm-X- m-Wv ^m-Œ-dnw-Kv.

Cu km-º-Øn-I tk-h-\-]-Im-cw m-Œ¿ H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ sU-_v-t‰-gv-kn¬ \n-∂v Xp-I ]n-cn-s®-

Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw _n-kn-\- n-\v In-´m-°-Sw aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂

\-„km-[y-X-bn¬ \n-∂v kw-c-£-Ww \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.†-h-kq-e-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ ^m-Œ-dnw-Kv,

h-kq-e-[n-Im-c-an-√m-Ø m-Œ-dnw-Kv F-∂n-ß-s\ c-≠v X-cw m-Œ-dnw-Kv \n-e-hn-ep-≠v.

]m-´-°-cm¿ :† Cu I-cm¿ ]-Im-cw H-cp B-kv-Xn-bp-sS D-S-a (se- ¿) H-cp \n-›n-X I-cm¿ Xp-I-bv-°v

a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v (se- n) ]-kv-Xp-X B-kv-Xn D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw \¬-Ip-∂p.†-B-kv-Xn-

Iƒ ]m-´w \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ]-I-c-am-bn se- ¿ Cu-Sm-Ip-∂ Xp-I-sb ]m-´-hm-S-I (eo-kv sd‚ v) F-∂v

hn-fn-°p-∂p.

s]m-Xp \n-t£-]-ßƒ :†-s]m-XpP-\-ß-fp-sS k-©n-X-[-\w I-º-\n-I-fn¬ \n-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v

s]m-XpP-\-ß-sf £-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v [-\w k-am-l-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.†-Zo¿-L-Im-e

[-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°pw l-kz-Im-e [-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°pw-†-s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-

≠v.†-C-Ø-cw \n-t£-]-ß-fp-sS ]-en-i \n-c-°v km-[m-c-W _m-¶v \n-t£-]-ß-fp-sS ]-en-i \n-c-°n-

t\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw.†

hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ : lkz-Im-e [-\w B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\pth-≠n _n-kn-\- v ]p-d-Øn-d-°p-∂

Cu-Sn-√m-Ø hm-Kv-Z-Ø ]-X-ß-sf-bm-Wv hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ß-sf-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ß-fp-sS

Im-em-h-[n km-[m-c-W-bm-bn 90 ap-X¬ 364 Zn-h-kw h-sc B-bn-cn-°pw.

Cu-Sv \¬-Im-Ø hm-bv-]m am¿-§-am-b-Xn-\m¬, \-√ hm-bv-]mti-jn D-≈ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v am-X-ta

hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ [-\ tkm-X- m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q.†-C-¥y-bn¬ hm-Wn-Py

]-X-ß-fp-sS C-S-]m-Sp-I-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv m-c-Xo-b dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v B-Wv.

km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ :†-km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ I-º-\n-I-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿXm aq-e-[-\w k-am-l-cn-

°p-∂-Xn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Hm-tcm h¿-j-tØ-bpw em-`-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ em-`-hn-ln-Xw

I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-I-fp-sS D-S-a-Iƒ-°v e-`n-°p-∂ em-`hn-ln-Xw ÿn-c-am-bn-cn-

°n√.†-A-Xp-sIm-≠v C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-sf I-º-\n-bp-sS \-„km-[y-Xmhm-l-I¿ F-∂v hn-fn-°p-

∂p. F-∂m¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ em-`-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ h¿-j-ß-fn¬ C-h¿-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ t\-´-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p.-

thm-ńw-Kv A-h-Im-i-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°v I-º-\n-bp-sS -c-WIm-cy-ß-fn¬ C-S-

s]-Sm≥ I-gn-bp∂p.

ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ : em-`hn-ln-Xw e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw aq-e-[-\ Xp-I Xn-cn-®v e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-epw

km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-tf-°mƒ ap≥-K-W-\ e-`n-°p-∂ Hm-l-cn-I-fm-Wv ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ.-

A-an-X \-„km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-°m≥ Xm¬-]-cy-an-√m-Ø-h-cpw ÿn-c em- -hn-ln-Xw ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂-h-cp-

am-b \n-t£-]-I-cm-Wv km-[m-c-W-bm-bn C-Ø-cw Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xv.†-H-cp I-º-\n-°v hn-hn-[

X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ C-d-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†


I-S-∏-X-ßƒ : I-S-∏-Xw I-º-\n-bp-sS hm-bv-]m aq-e-[-\-am-Wv.†-I-S-∏-X D-S-a-Iƒ I-º-\n-bp-sS

sI-Un-t‰-gv-kv B-Wv.†-C-h-bp-sS ]-en-i \n-›n-X \n-c-°n-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.†hn¬-]-\ h-cp-am-\-Øn-

epw em-`-Øn-epw ÿn-c-X-bp-≈ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v [-\-k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b tkm-X-

m-Wv I-S-∏-X-ßƒ.†

hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒ : hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-Iƒ F-√m-X-c-Øn-ep-ap-≈ _n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v B-h-iy-

amb lkz-˛-a-[y-Im-e hm-bv-]-Iƒ e`y-am°p-∂p.†-hm-bv-]m Xp-I ap-gp-h≥ H-cp-an-t®m X-h-W-I-fm-

tbm Xn-cn-®-S-bv-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.†-k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ ]-en-i \n-c-°v, hm-bv-] F-Sp-

°p-∂-Xn-s‚ kz- m-hw ap-X-em-b L-S-I-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv _m-¶v hm-bv-]-Iƒ-°v ]-en-i Cu-Sm-°p-

∂-Xv.†

[-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ : I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v [-\k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn tI-µ kw-ÿm-\ k¿-

°m-cp-Iƒ cm-Py-hym-]-I-am-bn [m-cm-fw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≠v.†-C-h-sb hn-I-k-\

_m-¶p-Iƒ F-∂pw hn-fn-°p-∂p. hn-]p-eo-I-c-Ww, ]p-\xkw-L-S-\, B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-Ww F-∂o

B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ Xp-I B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂ L-´-Øn¬-†-_n-kn-\- p-Iƒ-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-

am-b [-\ tkm-X- m-Wv C-Ø-cw [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.†

A-¥¿ tZ-io-b [-\-am¿-§-ßƒ : D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-t‚-bpw B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-t‚-bpw

-h-c-thm-Sp Iq-Sn C-¥y≥ I-º-\n-Iƒ [-\k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\v th-≠n A-¥¿-tZ-io-b [-\ hn-]-Wn-sb

B-i-bn-®v Xp-S-ßn.†-hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ hn-tZ-i \m-W-b hm-bv-]-Iƒ, hn-I-k-\

_m-¶p-I-fpw A-¥¿-tZ-io-b G-P≥-kn-I-fpw \¬-Ip-∂ [-\k-lm-b-ßƒ, A-¥¿-tZ-io-b aq-e-[-\

hn-]-Wn-bn¬ C-d-°p-∂ [-\-Im-cy ]-am-W-ßƒ (Pn.Un.B¿, F.Un.B¿) F-∂n-h-bm-Wv ]-[m-\-s∏-

´ A-¥¿-tZ-io-b [-\k-am-l-c-W am¿-§-ßƒ.

aq-e-[-\ tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-\ L-S-I-ßƒ : aq-e-[-\ cq-]o-I-c-

W-Øn-\p-≈ Nn-e-hv, _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-º-Øn-I Zr-V-X, \-„km-[y-X, \n-Ip-Xn t\-´w, F-∂n-

ß-s\ hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b [-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ sX-c-

s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv.


icn-bp-Øcw Xnc-s™-Sp-sØ-gp-Xp-I.

1.†-km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn D-S-a-I-sf I-º-\n-bp-sS........................................................F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p.(a) D-S-a-ÿ¿-†-†-† (b) ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-†-†(c) m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ-†-† (d) c-£-I¿-Øm-hv

2. ""d-Uo-a-_nƒ''(Xn-cn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv) F-∂ ]-Zw Xm-sg X-∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ G-Xp-am-bn_-‘-s∏- m-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv?

(a) ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-† (b) hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ-†(c) km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-Iƒ-†-† (d) s]m-Xp\n-t£-]-ßƒ

248 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

3. Xm-sg X-∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ l-kz-Im-e B-kv-Xn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b [-\w GXv?(a) ÿn-c aq-e-[-\w-†-†-†-† (b) ssI-h-i em- w-†-†-†(c) ]-h¿-Ø-\ aq-e-[-\w-† (d) ]m- -°-cm¿ hy-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈ [-\w

4. F.Un. B¿ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv .......cm-Py-Øm-Wv.(a) I-\-U (b) ssN-\(c) C¥y (d)A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy \m-Sp-Iƒ

5. s]m-Xp \n-t£-]-ßƒ..................¬ \n-∂v t\-cn- v kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ \n-t£-]-am-Wv.(a) s]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ-† (b) U-b-d-Œ¿-am¿-†-†-†(c) Hm-Un-‰¿-am¿-†-† (d) D-S-a-ÿ¿

6. ]m- -°-cm¿ ]-Im-cw se- n-°v.................................................................... A-h-Im-iw e- n-°p-∂p.(a) e- -dp-sS em- -Øn¬ H-cp hn-ln-Xw-†-†(b) _n-kn-\- n-s‚ -c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw-†(c) \n-›n-X Im-e-tØ-°v B-kv-Xn-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw-†-†(d) B-kv-Xn-Iƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw

7. I-S-∏-X-ßƒ..........s\ ]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.(a) I-º-\n-I-fp-sS ÿn-c aq-e-[-\w-†-† (b) I-º-\n-I-fp-sS ÿm-bn-bm-b aq-e-[-\w-

†-† (c) I-º-\n-I-fp-sS hy-Xn-N-en-°p-∂ aq-e-[-\w-†(d) I-º-\n-bp-sS hm-bv-]m aq-e-[-\w.

8. m-Œ-dnw-Kv I-cm¿ ]-Im-cw, m-Œ¿...........(a) km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-®v \¬Ip-∂p-.†-†(b) I-cm-dn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿-°p th-≠n ]-Ww \¬-Ip-∂p.-†(c) I-cm-dn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-sS sU-_v-t‰-gv-kn¬ \n-∂v ]-Ww ]n-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.-†-†(d) H-cp ÿ-e-Øv \n-∂v a-s‰m-cp ÿ-e-tØ-°v km-[-\-ßƒ sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥

k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

9. hm-Wn-Py-]-X-ß-fp-sS Im-e-b-f-hv..............B-Wv.(a) 20 ap-X¬ 40 Zn-h-k-ßƒ-†-†-† (b) 60 ap-X¬ 90 Zn-h-k-ßƒ-†(c) 120 ap-X¬ 365 Zn-h-k-ßƒ-†-† (d) 90 ap-X¬ 364 Zn-h-k-ßƒ

10. aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚ B- y-¥-c D-d-hn-S-sa-∂-Xv................(a) D¬-∏-∂ hn-X-c-W-°m¿ t]m-se-bp-≈ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ _m-ly-am-b Bƒ-°m¿

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.-†-†-†-†(b) hm-Wn-Py _m-¶p-I-fn¬ \n-∂v hm-bv-] F-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv-.†-†(c) Hm-l-cn-Iƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv-.†-†-†

(d) _n-kn-\- n-s‚ D-≈n¬ \n-∂v X-s∂ B¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.



1. _n-kn-\- v [-\w F-∂m¬ F-¥m-Wv?†-F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv _n-kn-\- n-\v [-\w B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂-Xv? hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

2. Zo¿-LIm-e [-\-Øn-t‚-bpw l-kz-Im-e [-\-Øn-t‚-bpw tkm-X- p-Iƒ G-sX-√m-sa-∂vF-gp-Xp-I.

3. -B- y-¥-c tkm-X- p-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw _m-ly-tkm-X- p-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw [-\w k-am-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ F-s¥-√m-sa-∂v hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

4. ap≥-K-W-\m Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ-°p-≈ ap≥-K-W-\-Iƒ F-s¥-√m-am-sW-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I5. G-sX-¶n-epw aq-∂v hn-Z-Kv-≤ [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS t]-sc-gp-Xp-I. -A-h-bp-sS [¿-Ω-

ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

6. Pn.Un.B-dpw F.Un.B-dpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ F-¥m-sW-∂v hn-h-cn-°p-I.


1. H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ l-kz-Im-e [-\ tkm-X- p-I-fm-b hym-]m-c I-Sw, _m-¶v hm-bv-]F-∂n-h-sb°p-dn-®v hn-h-cn-°p-I.

2. H-cp h≥-In-S hy-h-km-b kw-cw- -Øn-\v A-Xn-s‚ B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\pw hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-\pw B-h-iy-am-b aq-e-[-\w kz-cq-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b tkm-X- p-I-sf°p-dn-®v hn-h-cn-°p-I.

3. km-[m-c-W Hm-l-cn-I-tf-°mƒ I-S-∏-X-ßƒ-°p-≈ t\- -ßƒ F-s¥-√mw?4. s]m-Xp\n-t£-]-ßƒ, ssI-h-i em- w F-∂o [-\ tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS Kp-W-ß-fpw t]m-cm-

bv-a-I-fpw ]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-I.5. A-¥¿-tZ-io-b [-\kaml-c-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ am¿-§-ßƒ hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.6. hm-Wn-Py ]-X-ßƒ F-∂m¬ F-¥v? C-Xn-s‚ Kp-W-ß-fpw t]m-cm-bv-a-I-fpw F-s¥-√mw?

t]m-P-Œv/A-ssk≥-sa‚ v

1.†- k-ao-] Im-e-ß-fn¬ I-S-∏-X-ßƒ ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-bn- p-≈ I-º-\n-I-sf°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒti-J-cn-°p-I.†-I-S-∏-X-ß-sf Iq-Sp-X¬ P-\-k-Ω-Xn-bp-≈-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠ \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I.

2. [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn ]m-[m-\yw Iq-Sn h-cp-∂p-≠v.†-Cu ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, C-¥y-bn¬ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v [-\-k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂ [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-ß-sf°p-dn-®v hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-®v Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ X-øm-dm-°p-I.

3. ]mT`m-K-Øv hn-h-cn-® hn-hn-[ [-\ tkm-X- p-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, d-tÃm-d‚ v D-S-a-bp-sS [-\B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\v tbm-Pn-® [-\ tkm-X- p-Iƒ G-sX-√m-sa-∂v\n¿-t±-in-°p-I.

4. hn-hn-[ [-\ tkm-X- p-I-sf Xm-c-X-ayw sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈ Nm¿- v X-øm-dm-°p-I.

A≤ymbwA≤ymbwA≤ymbwA≤ymbwA≤ymbw 9

sNdpInS _nkn\ v[SMALL BUSINESS]

]T\ t\´ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®v Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv :

• sNdp-InS _nkn-\- ns‚ A¿∞hpw ]Ir-Xhpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

• `mc-X-Øn¬ sNdp-InS _nkn-\- ns‚ ]k‡n hne-bncpØp-∂p.

• sNdp-InS _nkn-\- ns‚ ]iv\-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

• sNdp-InS _nkn-\- p-Iƒ°v ]tXy-In®v KmaoW ae-tbmc taJ-e-I-fnse sNdp-In-S-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°v k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ hnhn[ klm-b-ßƒ hne-bn-cpØp-∂p.

251sNdpInS_nkn\ v

9.1 BapJw [INTRODUCTION]

ap≥ A[ymbßfn¬ _nkn\ v, hym]mcw,hmWnPyw, hyhkmbw F∂o BibßƒN¿® sNøpIbp≠mbn. Cu A[ymbØn¬_nkn\ ns‚ hen∏w F∂ Bibwhym-]mchpambn _‘s∏SpØn N¿®sNøp∂p. sNdpInS _nkn\ pIfpsS ]¶v,sNdpInS ÿm]-\ßƒ t\cnSp∂ ][m\]iv\ßƒ F∂nhbpw ]cma¿in°p∂p.IqSmsX hnhn[ k¿°mcpIƒ Kma-]tZi-ßfnepw aeº-tZißfnepw sNdpInS_nkn\ n\mbn \¬Ip∂ hnhn[ klmb-ßfpw ]cma¿-in°p∂p.

9.2 sNdp-InS _nkn-\- ns‚ A¿∞hpw]Ir-Xhpw [Meaning and Nature ofSmall Business]

C-¥y-bn-se sN-dp-In-S Km-ao-W -hy-h-km-bta-J-e-bn¬ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-hpw B-[p-\n-I-hp-am-b hy-h-km-b-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu ta-J-ebv°v hn-hn-[ hn-`m-K-ßfp-≠v. ssI-Ø-dn,

I-c-Iu-i-ew, I-b¿, Jm-Zn, Km-ao-W hy-h-km-b-ßƒ, sN-dp-In-S hy-hkm-b-ßƒ, b-¥-h¬-Ir-X ssI-Ø-dn, ]-´p-\q¬ hy-h-km-bw Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-Xn¬ Dƒs]-Sp-∂p. C-h-bn¬ sN-dp-In -S hy -h -km-b-ßƒ, b-¥-h¬-Ir -XssI-Ødn F∂nh B-[p-\n-I sN-dp-In-Shy-h-km-b-ßƒ F-∂ K-W-Øn¬- s]-Sp-∂p.a-‰p-≈-h ]-c-º-cm-K-X hy-h-km-b-ß-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ hn`m-K-amWv Km-aoW sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ.sN-dp-In-S _n-kn-\- n-s‚ A¿-∞-hpw ]-Ir-X-hpw a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv _n-kn-\- n-s‚ h-en-∏w F-∂ B-i-b-sØ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv \n¿-hN-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv F-∂v A-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. _n-kn-\- n-s‚ h-en-∏w A-f-°p-∂-Xn-\v-th-≠n hy-Xy-kv-X am-\-Z-fißƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. _n-kn-\- n¬ tPm-en sN-øp-∂sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS F-Æw, _n-kn-\- n¬\n-t£-]n-® aq-e-[-\w, D-Xv-]m-Z-\ A-f-hv,_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v D-]-tbm-Kn-

Aa¿, AIv_¿, B‚Wn F∂n-h¿ kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw kwc- I shmt°j-W¬ tImgvkv]q¿Øn-bm-°nb aq∂v kqlrØp-°-fm-Wv. \s√mcp tPmen I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°msX h∂-t∏mƒXß-fpsS ]T-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n® Ign-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp sNdp-InS _nkn-\ v ÿm]n-°m-hm-\p-ff Bi-b-Øn¬ Ah¿ FØn-t®¿∂p. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, _nkn-\- ns\°pdn®v Ch¿°v hf-sc-°p-dn-®p-am-Xta Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-f-fp. _nkn-\ v FhnsS XpS-ßWw? _nkn-\- n\v Bh-iy-amb sajn\dn-Ifpw hkvXp-°fpw Fßs\ tiJ-cn-°Ww? FhnsS \n∂pw Fß-s\-sb√mw ]Wwkam-l-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Fßs\ Itºm-f-Øn¬ D¬∏-∂ßƒ hn]W\w sNøp-sa-∂p-apff ImcyßsfIpdn®v Hcp hy‡-Xbpw Ch¿°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ sIm√w Pn√-bnse Bimaw C≥U-kvSn-b¬FtÃ-‰n\p kao-]-Øp-ff Pn√m C≥U-kvSn-b¬ sk‚¿ \S-Ønb bph-kw-cw- -I¿°v Hcp sNdp-InS_nkn-\- v XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ klm-btØbpw Ah¿°v \¬Ip∂ t]m’m-l\tØbpw Ipdn®v \S-°p∂ skan-\mdns\Ipdn-®-dn-™p. Cu aq∂v kqlr-Øp-f-fpw Cu skan-\m-dn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb bphm-°ƒ°v KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤-Xn-bpsSIogn¬ tIµ- -kw-ÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ kmº-ØnI kmt¶-XnI klm-b-ßfpw a‰v klm-b-ßfpw skan-\m-dn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em°n Ifn-∏m- -ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ _nkn-\ v Bcw- n-°p-hm≥Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Aßs\ JmZn B‚ v hnt√Pv C≥U-kvSokv IΩo-js‚ klm-b-tØmsS kmº-ØnI klmbw kzoI-cn®v Ah-cpsS Kma-Øn¬ Hcp sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw Bcw- n-®p. C∂v Ah¿hnP-b-I-c-ambn Ifn-∏m- - \n¿am-Whpw hn]-W-\hpw \S-Øp-∂p. kao] mhn-bn¬ Ah¿ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-hn-]-Wnbpw e£y-an-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

252 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

°p∂ Du¿-÷-Øn-s‚ A-f-hv Xp-S-ßn-b-hC-h-bn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬, Cu am-\-Z-fi-ß-sfm∂pw X-s∂ ]q¿-Æ-am-bn ]-cn-an-Xnhn-ap-‡-a-√.sN-dp-In-S _n-kn-\- n-s\ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn C-¥ym K-h¨-sa‚ v D-]-tbm-Kn°p-∂am\-Z-fiw b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fn-ep-≈ aq-e-[-\-\n-t£-]-am-Wv. Cu am-\-Z-fiw aq-e-[-\w]-cn-an-X-hpw sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ A-]-cn-an-X-hp-amb C¥y-bnse km-aq-ln-I km-ºØn-I]-cn-ÿn-Xn-sb ap≥-\n¿-Øn-bm-Wv kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.tk-h-\-ta-J-e-bp-sS h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈B-hn¿- m-h-tØm-sS sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c ta-J-e-bn-se ÿm-]-\-ß-tf-bpw a-‰v A-\p-_-‘tk-h-\-ß-tf-bpw H-tc Ip-S-°o-gn¬ sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ K-h¨-sa‚ v i-an-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.sNdp-In-S kw-cw -ß-fp-sS hn-Im-kw C-S-Øcwÿm-]-\-ß-fn-te-°v F-Øn-\n¬-°p-tºmƒDb¿-∂ X-e-Øn-ep-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw h-f-cp-∂ B-tKm-fo-I-c-W temI-Øv A-\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p. A-XpsIm-≠v AØ-c-Øn-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-iv-\-ßƒ Hcp\n-b-a N-´-°q-Sn¬ sIm-≠ph-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.2006 -se ssa-tIm, kv-tamƒ B‚ v ao-Un-bwF‚¿-ss]-k-kv U-h-e-]vsa‚ v \n-b-aw(MSMED) sNdp-In-S kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS \n¿-∆-N-\w, I-Sw, hn-]-W-\w, km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy F-∂n-h-bp-sS ]-cn-jv-°-c-Ww e-£yw h-bv-°p-∂p.C-S-Ø-cw hyh-km-b kw-cw- -ß-fpw, tk-h-\-ßfp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ kw-cw-`-ß-fpw Cu\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ h-cp-∂p. 2006˛-seFw.Fkv.Fw.-C.Un (MSMED)\n-b-aw, 2006H-Iv-tSm-_-dn-em-Wv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ ÿm-]-\-ß-sf D-Xvv -]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-sb∂pw tk-h-\-ta-J-e-sb-∂pw c-≠v ]-[m-\hn`m-K-ßfm-bn Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

D¬∏mZ\w [Manufacturing]

1951 se U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v B‚ v sd-Kp-te-j≥\n-b-a-Øn-se sj-Uyqƒ H-∂v ]-Im-cw D-¬∏m-Z-\w, \n¿-Ωm-Ww F-∂n-h-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-ÿm-]-\-ß-sf aq-∂m-bn X-cw Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

1. kq-£v-a kw-cw-`-ßƒ

(Micro Enterprises) :

b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fn-ep-≈ \nt£-]w 25e-£w cq-]-bn¬ I-hn-bm-Ø ÿm-]-\-ßƒ

2. sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ßƒ

(Small Enterprises)

b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fn-ep-≈ \n-t£-]w 25 e-£-Øn-\pw 5 tIm-Sn-°pw C-S-bn-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.

3. C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw-`-ßƒ

(Medium Enterprises)

b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fn-ep-≈ \n-t£-]w 5tIm-Sn-°pw 10 tIm-Sn-°pw C-S-bn-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.

tkh\ßƒ [Services]

tkh-\-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ß-sfbpw aq-∂v hn- m-K-ß-fm-bn X-cw Xn-cn-°mw.

1. kq£va kw-cw- -ßƒ (Micro Enterprises)

b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fn-ep-≈ \n-t£-]w 10 e-£-Øn¬ I-hn-bm-Ø-h.

2. sN-dpInS kw-cw- -ßƒ (Small Enterprises)

b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fn-ep-≈ \n-t£-]w 10e-£-Øn-\pw 2 tIm-Sn-°pw C-S-bn-ep-≈-h.

3. C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ßƒ(Medium Enterprises)

b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fn-ep-≈ \n-t£-]w 2 tImSn-°pw 5 tIm-Sn-°pw C-S-bn¬ h-cp-∂-h.

253sNdpInS_nkn\ v

Kma hyh-km-b-ßƒ [Village Industries]:

C-h-sb Dƒ-\m-S≥ hy-h-km-b-ßƒ F-∂pw]-c-º-cm-K-X hy-h-km-b-ßƒ F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a-‰p-≈ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ß-sf-t∏m-se C-h-sb aq-e-[-\ \n-t£-]Øn-s‚A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n¿-h-Nn-®n-√. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw Kma -hy-h-km-bßƒ-°v Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ D-≠v.1. C-h ]-tZ-in-I hn-`-h-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v

hy-‡n-Iƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.2. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ßƒ-°p-≈

ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-hpw ]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn e- yam-bI-gn-hp-I-fpw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

3. e-fn-X-am-b D-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

4. aq-e-[-\ \n-t£-]w h-f-sc Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw.

5. X-ß-fp-tS-Xm-b u-Xn-I ku-I-cy-ß-fn¬\n¿-Ωn-°p-∂ e-fn-X-am-b D-¬∏-∂-ßfm-Wnh.

6. X-t±-io-b-am-b km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v D-¬∏∂-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂p.

9.3 sNdpInS, Im¿jnI, KmaoW hyhkm-bßfpsS `cWkwhn[m\w

[ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP FOR THE SMALL

SCALE, AGRO AND RURAL INDUSTRIES]

tI-µ-k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Io-gn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ssa-tIm, kv-amƒ B‚ v ao-Un-bw F‚¿-ss]-

k-kv a-¥m-e-bw Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ \-b-ßƒcq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw tI-µ k-lm-b-ß-sfG-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈, Cu ta-J-e-bp-sShn-I-k-\-Øn-\v k-lm-bn°p-∂ hn-hn-[ ]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p. Cu a-¥m-e-b-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v I-Ωo-j-W-dpsS Hm-ô-kv B ta-J-e-bn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂ hn-hn-[ \-b-ß-fp-tS-bpw ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-tS-bpwD-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw h-ln-°p-∂p. Cu Hmô-kn-s\kv-tamƒ C≥-U-kv-So-kv U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (SIDO) F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.]-kv-Xp-X a-¥m-e-bw sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS h-f¿-®-°pw hn-Im-k-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈]-≤-Xn-I-fpw \-b-ß-fpw cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-bv-Xv\-S-∏n-em-°n h-cp-∂p. Iq-Sm-sX tI-µ a-¥m-e-b-Øn-\v Io-gn-ep-≈ s]m-Xp-ta-J-em ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-b \m-j-W¬ kv-tamƒ C≥-U-kv-So-kvU-h-e-]v-sa‚ v tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ (NSIC) hn-]-Wnk-lm-b ]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cwkw-cw- -ß-sf k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

Im¿-jn-I Km-a -hy-h-km-b a-¥m-e-bw,Km-ao-W ssI-Ø-dn hy-h-km-b ta-J-ebn-set\m-U¬ G-P≥-kn-bm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.]-[m-\-a-¥n-bp-sS sXm-gn¬-Zm-\ ]-≤-Xn \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xpw Cu G-P≥-kn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.Cu a-¥m-e-bw Im¿-jn-I Km-ao-W hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw \-b-

hn`mKw D¬]mZ\w tkh\ßƒ ]Zm\w

\nt£] ]cn[n sNøp∂Xv \nt£] ]cn[n

kq£va kwcw`ßƒ 25 e£w 10 e£w

sNdpInS kwcw`ßƒ 25 e£Øn\pw 5 tImSn°pw CSbn¬ 10 e£Øn\pw 2 tImSn°pw CSbn¬CSØcw kwcw`ßƒ 5 tImSn°pw 10 tImSn°pw CSbn¬ 2 tImSn°pw 5 tImSn°pw CSbn¬

* b¥ kma-Kn-I-fnep≈ \nt£]w I≠p ]nSn-°p-tºmƒ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-¥W kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ°pwKth-jW hnI-k-\ -]-h¿Ø-\ßƒ°pw, -hym-h-km-bnI kpc-£bv°pw am‰n hbv°p∂ XpI Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

254 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ßfpw Jm-Zn hy-h-km-b I-Ωo-j≥, I-c-Iu-i-e t_m¿-Uv, I-b¿ t_m¿-Uv, kn¬-°vt_m¿-Uv F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ ÿm-]-\ß-fn-eq-sS \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂p.

hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ sNdp-In-Sta-J-e-bp-sS h-f¿-®-°pw hn-I-k-\Øn-\p-am-bn hy-Xy-kv-X ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw ]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hy-h-km-b h-Ip-∏n-s‚ t\-Xr-XzØn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂p-≠v.

9.4 C¥ybn¬ sNdpInS _nkn\ vkwcw`ßfpsS ]¶v[Role of Small Business in India]

sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-ßƒ cmPy-Øns‚kmaqly- km-º-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn\v ][m\]¶v hln-°p-∂p. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h sNdp-InS_nkn-\ v kwcw- -ß-fpsS ]m[m\yw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

1. cm-Py-sØ B-sI-bp-≈ hy-h-km-b kw-cw--ß-fn¬ 95 iXam\hpw sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-

`ß-fm-Wv. sam-Øw hym-h-km-bn-I aq-ey-Øn-s‚ G-I-tZ-iw 40 iXam\hpw B-sI

I-b-‰pa-Xn-bpsS 45 iXam\hpw Cuta-J-e-bp-sS kw- m-h-\-bm-Wv.

2. sXm-gn¬ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-¬ Im¿-jn-I-ta-J-e-bv-°v ]n-d-In¬ c-≠mw ÿm-\Øm-Wv Ip-Sn¬ hy-h-km-b ta-J-e. Iq-Sp-X¬\n-t£-]w B-h-iy-ap-≈ h≥-In-S hy-h-kmb-ß-fp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ ta-J-e-bm-Wn-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ Ip-d-™ aq-e-[-\ ]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ ta-J-e-bm-bpw a-\p-jy-hn- -h-ti-jn ]m-[m-\y-ta-dn-bta-J-e-bm-bpw ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a-\p-jy-hn- -h-ti-jn G-sd-bp-≈ C-¥y-sb-t]m-ep-≈cm-Py-Øv C-Xv Hcp A-\p-K-l-am-Wv.

3. sd-Un-sa-bv-Uv h-kv-X-ßƒ, tÃ-j-\-dn D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, tkm-∏v, tkm-∏p-s]m-Sn, Km¿-lnID-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Xp-I¬, πm-Ãn-Iv, d-_¿D-Xv-∏-∂-ßƒ, kw-kv-I-cn-® -£y-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, ]-®-°-dn-Iƒ, ^¿-Æn-®-dp-Iƒ,s]-bn‚ v, hm¿-Wn-jv, Xo-s∏- n F-∂n-ß-s\hn-hn-[-X-cw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b ta-J-e ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂p-≠v.

]ńI H∂v]ńI H∂v]ńI H∂v]ńI H∂v]ńI H∂vsNdpInS taJebnse ][m\ hyhkmbßƒ

$ `£y D¬∏∂ßƒ

$ cmkhkvXp°fpw cmtkm¬∏∂ßfpw

ï $ ASnÿm\ teml hyhkmbßƒ

ï $ sshZypXb¥kmaKnIfpw `mKßfpw

$ d∫dpw πmÃnIv D¬∏∂ßfpw

ï $ sshZypX D]IcWßƒ HgnsIbp≈bt¥m]IcWßƒ

$ sdUnsabvUv hkvXßfpw Iºnfn D¬∏-∂ßfpw

$ Ateml [mXpD¬∏∂ßƒISemkv D¬∏∂ßfpw A®Snbpw

$ KXmKX D]IcWßfpw `mKßfpw

$ XpIepw XpI¬ D¬∏∂ßfpw

$ ]ehI D¬∏mZI hyhkmbßƒ

$ eLp]m\obßƒ, ]pIbnebpwA\p_‘ D¬∏∂ßfpw

$ dn∏b¿ tkh\ßƒ

$ ssIØdn hkvXßƒ

$ Iºnfn, kn¬°v, IrXna \mcpIƒD]tbmKn®p≈ hkvXßƒ

$ NWw, NW\mcv F∂nh sIm≠p≈hkvXßƒ

$ a‰v tkh\ßƒ

255sNdpInS_nkn\ v

A-Xym-[p-\n-I D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp-∂C-e-Iv-Sn-Iv, C-e-Iv-tSm-Wn-Iv h-kv-Xp-°-fmbsS-en-hn-j≥, Im¬-°p-te-‰¿, sa-Un-°¬

D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ C-e-Iv-tSm-Wn-Iv t_m-[-\k-lm-bn-bm-b Hm-h¿ sl-Uv s]m-P-Iv-S-dp-Iƒ, a-cp-∂pIƒ, Nn-In-’m D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Im¿-jn-I D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, F-©n-\n-b-dnw-Kv D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mwCu ta-J-e e`y-am°p-∂p≠v. I-b-‰p-aXn

]m-[m-\yw ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ ssI-Ødn,I-c-Iu-i-e-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ t]m-ep-≈-h]tXy-Iw ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-tS≠-Xm-Wv.

k¿-°m-cn-s‚ am-\-Z-fi-ßƒ ]-Im-cwsN-dp-In-S hym-h-km-bn-I ta-J-e-bn-se ]-[m\-hy-h-km-b-ß-sf F-ßn-s\ X-cw- Xn-cn-°p-∂p-

sh-∂v ]- n-I H-∂n¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cn°p-∂p.

4. Km-ao-W ta-J-e-bp-sS k-¥p-en-X-am-bhn-I-k-\-Øn¬ sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ßƒh-ln-°p-∂ ]-¶v \n-kv-Xp-e-am-Wv. sN-dp-InShy-h-km-b-ßƒ e-fn-X-am-b km-t¶Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-®pw ]m-tZ-in-I- hn- -h-ß-

fp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS-bpw cm-Py-sØhn-sS-bpw ]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ ]m-]v-X-am-Wv. ]m-tZ-in-I-am-b ]-Xn-_-‘-ß-fn√m-sX hy-h-km-bh¬-°-c-W-Øn-s‚ KpW- -e-ßƒ F-√mta-J-e-I-fn-epw sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ sN-dp-In-Shy-h-km-b-ß-fn-eq-sS km-[n-°p-∂p. A-Ø-

c-Øn¬ C-h cm-Py-Øn-s‚ kp-ÿn-c hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ h-en-b ]-¶v h-ln-°p∂p.

5. sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ßƒ kz-bw kw-cw-`-I-Xz-Øn-\v A-\-¥-am-b A-h-k-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p. \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ Xo-sc-bn-√m-sX,

Ipd-™ aq-e-[-\w D-]-tbm-Kn-®v, km-[mcW-°m-cp-sS I-gn-hp-I-sf-bpw ss\-]p-Wn-I-sf-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v, A-h-cp-sS _n-kn

\- v B-i-b-ß-sf sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-te-°v \-bn-°p-∂p.

6. Ip-d-™ sN-e-hn-ep-≈ D-¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚ta-∑-Iƒ sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ßƒ-°v e- n°p-∂p. ]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn e- y-am-b hn- -h-ßƒD-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ sN-e-hv Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw. Ip-d-™ aoXns®-e-hp-Iƒ (Over

head expenses) am-X-ta D-≠m-Ip-∂p-≈qF-∂-Xn\m¬ ÿm-]\ sNe-hp-Ifpw,ssZ-\w-Zn-\ sN-e-hp-I-fpw Ip-d-bp-∂p.

7. h-en-b _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ß-sf A-t]-£n-®v sN-dp-In-S- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v h-en-∏wXo-sc Ip-d-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ k-a-b-_-‘n-X-am-bpw th-K-Øn-epw Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp°m≥km-[n-°pw. ]p-Xn-b _n-kn-\- v A-h-k-c-ßƒ b-Ym-k-a-bw D-]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øm-\pwI-gn-bpw.

8. D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf ap-∂n¬ I-≠p-sIm-≠p-≈ D-¬∏m-Z-\-co-Xn-°v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbmPy-am-Wv sN-dp-In-S ÿm-]-\-ßƒ. A-Xm-b-Xv Hm-tcm hy-‡n-bp-sS-bpw C-jv-S-ßƒ°pw ]-cn-K-W-\-Iƒ-°pw B-h-iy-ßƒ-°pw A-\p-kr-X-am-bn D¬∏-∂- \n¿-Ωm-Wwkm-[y-am-Ipw. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v H-cp X-ø¬-°m-c≥ j¿-´v, ]m‚ v F-∂n-h Hm-tcm D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s‚-bpw C-jv-S-]-Im-camWv X-bv-°p-∂-Xv. I-ºyq- -dp-Iƒ t]m-ep-≈ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-a-√m-Ø D-¬∏∂-ß-fp-sS \n¿-Ωn-Xn-bn¬ t]m-epw Hm-tcm D-]-t`m-‡mhn-s\-bpw]tXy-Iw ]-cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ co-Xn-bm-Wv A-h-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xv. e-fn-X-hpw A-b-hp-≈-Xp-am-b D-¬∏m-Z-\ co-Xn-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hm-tcm D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s‚bpw C-jv -S -ßƒ ]-cn -K-Wn-°m≥km-[n°pw.

256 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

9. sN-dp-In-S ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v Hm-tcm C-S-]m-Sp-Im-c-\p-am-bpw sXm-gn em-fn-I-fp-am-bpw hy-‡n_-‘w ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw hy-‡n-]-c-am-b i-≤ \¬-Ip∂-Xn-\pw km-[n-°pw.km-[m-c-W-bm-bn, sNdp-In-S -ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\Øn¬ k¿-°m¿ C-S-s]-Sm-dn-√. k-aq-l-Øn-\pw kº-Zv-L-S-\-bn-epw Kp-

W-I-c-am-b a-’-cØn-\p-≈ A-h-k-c-hpw

C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p.

9.5 Km-ao-W m-c-X-Øn¬ sN-dp-In-S _n-kn-\-kv kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°p-≈ ]-¶v[Role of Small Business in Rural

India]

hn-I-kz-c -cm-Py-ß-fn¬ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn

P-\-ßƒ ]-[m-\-am-bpw Im¿-jn-I-hr-Ønbn-

em-Wv G¿-s∏Sp-∂-Xv. Km-ao-W ta-J-e-bn-se

P\-ßƒ h-cp-am-\-Øn-\m-bn hy-Xykv-X-hpw

_lp-hn-[-hp-am-b am¿-§-ßƒ A-h-ew-_n-°p-

∂p-≠v F-∂-Xn-\v \n-c-h-[n sX-fnhp-Iƒ \n-c-

Øm≥ I-gn-bpw. ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-b Im¿-jn-I

]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w Im¿-jn-tI-X-c-am-b

]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬, hm-Wn-Py-hp-am-bn _-‘-

s∏-´ Iq-en-th-e-Iƒ, kz-bw-sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bpw Dƒ-s∏Sp-∂p-≠v. C-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn-hn-[ ]-≤-Xn cq-]o-I-c-W

L- -ßfn¬ Im¿-jn-Im-\p-_-‘n-X-am-b hy-h-

km-b-ßƒ-°v k¿-°m¿ ]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip-

I-bpw A-h-cp-sS h-f¿-®-°pw hn-Im-k-Øn-\pw

t]m-’m-l-\-ßƒ \¬-In h-cn -I-bpw

sNøp∂p.

C-¥y-bn-se hy-h-km-bn-I hnI-k\ -X-¥-

Øn¬ Km-ao-W sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°v

F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw ]-[m-\yw \¬-In- h-cp-∂p.

]-tXy-In-®v c-≠mw ]-©-h¬-k-c-]-≤-Xn-°v

ti-jw, Km-ao-W ta-J-e-bn¬ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-

ßƒ krjv-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Km-ao-W-˛-Ip-Sn¬

hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°v h-en-b ]-¶p-≠v. CXn-eqsS

]-c-º-cm-K-X I-c-Iu-i-e- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf t]m-

ep≈ k-aq-l-Øn-se Zp¿-_-e-hn- m-K-ßƒ-°v

hen-b ]-tbm-P-\w e- n°p-∂p. sXmgn-e-t\z-

j-I-cm-bn Km-ao-W¿ ]- -W-ß-fn-te-°v tN-t°-

dp-∂-Xn-s\ C-Xv ^-e-]-Z-am-bn ]-Xn-tcm-[n-

°p∂p.

Km-ao-W sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ß-fn-eqsS

A-[n-I-ap-≈ a-\p-jy-hn- -h-ti-jn D]tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øn hn-hn-[ D-]-t`m-‡r D-¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D¬-

]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn Zm-cn-Zyw, sXm-gn-

en-√m-bv-a F-∂o ]-iv-\-ß-ƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥

k-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. hcp-am-\-Øn-ep-

≈ A-k-a-Xzw C-√m-Xm-°m≥ hyh-km-b-ß-

fp-sS k-a-K hn-Ik-\w, k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bn-se

a-‰v hn-I-k-\-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ _-‘w Xp-S-ßn-b

km-aq-ly km-ºØn-I- h-i-ß-sfbpw Cu

ta-J-e ]-tbm-Kn -I-am -bn ssI-Im-cyw

sN-øp∂p.

Km-ao-W ]n-t∂m° ta-J-e-I-fp-sS AXn-thK

hy-h-km-bh¬-°-c-W-hpw sXm-gn-eh-k-c-ßƒ

kr-jv-Sn-°-epw F-∂ e-£yw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-

∂-Xn-\v G-‰-hpw ^-e-]-Z-am-b am¿Kw

F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-bn-I

ta-J-e-bp-sS h-f¿-®-bv-°pw Km-ao-W hy-h-km-

b-h¬-°-c -W-Øn-\pw tI-µ-k¿-°m¿

]tXyI ]m-[m-\yw \¬-In- h-cp-∂p.

F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw sN-dp-In-S hy-km-b-ß-fp-sS

hym-]v-Xn ]q¿-Æm¿-∞-Øn¬ C-\n-bpw a-\- n-

em-°-s∏- n- n-√. ssZ-\w-Zn-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-

257sNdpInS_nkn\ v

am-bn _-‘-s∏- v Km-ao-W \-K-c ta-J-e-Ifn¬

A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-

sb-∂v \-ap-°v ]-cn-tim[n-°mw.

9.6 sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ßƒ A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ

[Problems of Small Business]

h≥-In-S hy-h-km-b kw-cw-`-ß-fp-am-bn Xm-c-

X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`ßƒ-

°v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.

hym]m-c-]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS hym-]v-Xn°p-d-hv,

]-W-Øn-s‚ e- y-X-°p-d-hv, B-[p-\n-I km-t¶-

Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]-cn-an-Xn-

Iƒ, A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS e- y-X-bn-

√m-bv-a F-∂n-h-sb-√mw Cu ta-J-ebn-se ]iv-

\-ß-fm-Wv. C-Xv ]-e hn-[-Øn-ep-≈ _p≤n-ap-

´pIƒ-°v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

sN-dp-In-S _n-kn-\ v ta-J-e-bn-se ][m-\

]-iv-\-ßƒ ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS h-en-∏ an-√m-bv-

a-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. A-Xp-aq-ew h≥-

In-S ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v e-`n-°p-∂ ]-e KpW-

ß-fpw C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v e- n-°m-sX

t]m-Ip-∂p. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw F-√mØ-cw sNdp-

In-S- hy-h-km-b-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw A-`n-ap-Jo-I-

cn-°p-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ H-tc X-cØn-ep-≈-h-b√.

D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v sN-dp-In-S A-\p-_-‘-ÿm-

]-\-ßƒ A-\p- -hn-°p-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-[m-

\-am-bpw k-a-b-Øv km-º-Øn-I D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-

Xz-ßƒ \n¿-h-ln-°m≥ I-gn-bmXn-cn-°¬,

D¬∏m-Z-\ ]-In-b-bn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ \n-c-¥-c

am‰-ßƒ, Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ In-´p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Im-

e-Xm-a-kw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. ]-c-º-cm-K-X

hyh-km-b kw-cw-`-ßfp-sS ]-iv-\-ß-fn¬

]-[m-\-am-bpw th-≠-X hn-I-kn-X-a-√m-Ø

ù-XnI ku-I-cy-ßƒ, t\-Xr-Xz-]m-S-h-Øn-s‚

A`mhw, Kp-W-ta-∑ C-√m-bv-a, ]-c-º-cm-K-X-

amb km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, ]-W-Øn-s‚ A-]-cym-

]v-X-X F∂n-h Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- p sN-dp-In-S -kw-

cw-`-ß-fp-sS ]-iv-\-ßƒ hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-I-

sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ÿn-Xn hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-fp-sS

A- m-hw, hn-]-Wn ssh-Z-Kv-≤yØn-s‚ A`mhw,

hn-tZ-i-\m-Wy hn-\n-a-b-\n-c-°p-I-fn-ep-≈ hy-

Xn-bm-\-ßƒ, Kp-W-ta-∑m\n-e-hm-cw XpS-ßn-

b-h-bm-Wv. s]m-Xp-hn¬ sN-dp-In-S kwcw- -ßƒ

A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-[m-\ ]iv-\-ßƒ

Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1) ]-W-e-`y-X (Finance) : sN-dp-In-S hy-h-

km-b-kw-cw- -ßƒ t\-cn-Sp-∂ G-‰-hpw ]-[m-

\ ]-iv-\w hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-

am-b [-\-e-`y-X-bp-sS A-]-cym]v-X-X-bm-Wv.

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn H-cp sN-dp-In-S _n-kn-\- v

Ip-d-™ aq-e-[-\w D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv B-cw-`n-

°p-I. Cu ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈ ]-e ÿm-]-\-ß-

fp-tS-bpw aq-e-[-\ hn-]-Wn-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈ hn- -

h-k-am-l-c-W ti-jn h-f-sc Zp¿-_-e-am-Wv.

A-Xp sIm-≠p-X-s∂ C-h¿ km-º-Øn-I-

tkm-X- p-Iƒ-°m-bn ]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn e-`y-

am-b ku-I-cy-ß-sf B-i-bn-t°-≠n h-cn-I-

bpw kz-Im-cy ]-W-an-S-]m-SpIm-cp-sS Nq-j-W-

Øn-\v hn-t[-b-cm-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. I-S-ßƒ

b-Ym-k-a-bw sIm-Sp-Øp-Xo¿-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-

Xp-sIm-≠pw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ b-Ym-k-a-bw hn-‰v

t]m-Im-sX sI-ń-°n-S-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠pw

B-h-iy-Øn-\v ]-h¿-Ø-\ -aq-e-[-\-an-√m-sX

C-h¿ ]bm-k-s∏-Sp-∂p. _m-¶p-Iƒ B-h-iy-

s∏-Sp-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ Cu-Sp-Iƒ \¬-Im-\m-

hm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]-Ww I-Sw hm-ßm\pw

C-h¿°v km-[n-°p-∂n√.

258 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

2. A-kw-kv -Ir-X h-kv -Xp -°ƒ (Raw

materials) : A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS

e- y-X-°p-d-hm-Wv Cu ta-J-e-bp-sS a-s‰m-cp

]-[m-\ ]-iv-\w. B-h-iy-Øn-\-\p-kcn-®v

h-kv-Xp-°ƒ e- n-°m-sX h-cp-tºmƒ Kp-W-t∑-

-bn¬ hn- p-ho-gv-N sN-tø-≠n h-cn-I-bpw D-b¿∂

Kp-W-ta-∑°m-bn h-f-sc D-b¿-∂ hn-e \¬-tI-

≠n h-cn-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn

C-h¿ sN-dn-b A-f-hn-em-Wv h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hm-

ßp-∂-Xv F-∂-Xn-\m¬ C-h-cp-sS hn-e-t]-i¬

ti-jn-bpw Xm-c-X-tay-\ Zp¿-_-e-am-bn-cn-°pw.

h-kv-Xp-°ƒ kq-£n-®v -hbv-°m-\p-≈ ku-I-

cy-ßƒ Ip-d-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ H-∂n-®p hmßn

kq-£n-®p -h-bv-°-epw km-[y-am-Ip-∂n√.

tem-l-ß-fp-sS s]m-Xp-hn-ep-≈ e- y-X-°p-d-hv,

cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-bpw J-\-\w sN-bv-sX-Sp-

°p-∂ A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-tS-bpw

Ip-dhv F-∂n-h G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _m-[n-°p-

∂Xv sN-dp-In-S ta-J-e-sb-bm-Wv. D-¬∏m-Z-\-ti-

jn ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sm-sX

t]m-Ip∂-Xpw k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bn¬ \-jv-S-Øn-\v

Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

3. Im-cy-\n¿-∆-l-W ti-jn (Managerial

Skill) : km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ _n-kn-\- n-s‚

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b Im-cy-\n¿-∆-l-W-

ti-jn-bn¬ A-X-sbm-∂pw ]m-K¬- y-an-√mØ

hy-‡n-I-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw sN-dp-

In-S ÿm-]-\ßƒ. ]-e _n-kn-\- v kw-cw- -

I¿-°pw D-b¿-∂ km-t¶-Xn-I ]-cn-⁄m-\w

D-s≠¶n-epw D-¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn-]-W\w sN-øp-

∂-Xn¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn Im-Wmdp-≠v.

am-X-a-√ hn-hn-[ ]-h¿-Ø-\-[¿-Ω-ßƒ \n¿-∆-

ln-°p-∂-Xn-\v C-h¿ ]-et∏mgpw k-a-bw

\o-°n-h-bv-°m-dp-an-√. A-tX-k-a-bw hnZ-Kv-[

am-t\-P¿-am-sc \n-b-an°m-\p-≈ kmº-Øn-I-ti-

jn-bpw C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°n√. C-sX-√mw

C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS Imcy-\n¿-∆-l-Wti-

jn-sb ]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn _-m[n-°p∂p.

4. sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ (Labour): sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-

°v D-b¿-∂ i-º-fw \¬-Im≥ sN-dpIn-S-

kw-cw- -ßƒ-°v km-[n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ITn-\m-

[zm\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS

k-∂-≤-X-bpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-¬∏m-Z-\w F-∂

e£y-hpw km-[y-amIp-∂n-√. B-b-Xn-\m¬

sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X Ip-d-bp-

I-bpw sIm-gn™p-t]m-°v h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. Ip-d-™ ]-Xn-^-ew am-Xw \¬-

Ip-∂-Xn\m¬ ]m-K¬-`y-ap-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn

-I-sf ÿm-]-\-Øn-te-°v B-I¿-jn-°m≥

C-h¿-°v I-gn-bp-∂n-√. A-hn-Z-Kv-≤ sXm-gn-em-

fn-Iƒ Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-™ Iq-en-°v e-`y-

am-sW-¶n-epw A-h¿-°v sXm-gn¬-]-cn-io-e-\w

\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn h-en-b sN-ehpw k-a-b-hpw

th-≠n-h-cp-∂p. h-en-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se

t]m-se sXmgn¬ hn-`-P-\w km-[y-am-Im-Ø-

Xn-\m¬ k-hn-ti-j-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-

-ew \-jvS s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

5. hn-]-W-\w (Marketing):

h-cp-am-\w \¬-Ip-∂ ]-In-b F-∂ \n-e-bn¬

hn-]-W-\-Øn-\v h-en-b ]m-[m-\yap-≠v. -e-]-

Z-am-b hn-]-W-\-Øn-\v D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s‚ B-h-

iy-ß-sf-∏-‰n hy-‡-am-b A-dn-hv B-h-iy-am-Wv.

an-°-hm-dpw sN-dn-b _n-kn-\- p-I-fn¬ hn-]-W-

\-sa-∂-Xv Zu¿-_-ey- ta-J-e-bm-Wv. C-Xn-\m¬

C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ C-S-\n-e-°msc h-en-b

tXm-Xn¬ B-i-bn-°p-I-bpw XXv- -e-am-bn

sN-dn-b hn-e-am-Xw \¬-In-bpw b-Ym-k-a-bw

]-Ww \¬-Im-sX-bp-ap-≈ A-h-cp-sS Nq-j-W

-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-cm-hp-I-bpw sNøp-∂p. A-Snÿm\

ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS A- m-hw \n-an-Øw t\-cn- p-≈hn-]-W-\w F-∂-Xv ]bm-k-I-chp-am-Wv.

259sNdpInS_nkn\ v

6. KpW-ta≥a (Quality) :

]-e sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ßƒ-°pw \n-›n-X D¬-∏-∂ Kp-W-ta∑- D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂n√.]-I-cw A-h¿ D-¬∏m-Z-\ sN-e-hv Ip-d-°m-\pwA-Xp-h-gn D¬-∏-∂hn-e Ip-d-®p sIm-≠p-h-cm-\pw i-an-°p-∂p. \n-›n-X-\n-e-hm-cw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂Xn-\p-≈ i-a-ßƒ, KpW-ta≥a-kw-_-‘n-® ]T-\w F∂nh \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-t\m\n-e-hnep-≈ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-t\m D-≈ i-a-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv-°v]-Ww sN-e-h-gn-°m≥ C-h¿-°v I-gn-bp-∂n-√.A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ B-tKm-f -hn-]-Wn-bn¬Kp-W-ta-∑°p-dhv sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sSG-‰-hpw ]-[m-\ Zu¿-_-ey-am-bn am-dp-∂p.

7. D-¬∏m-Z-\ti-jn-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw(Capactiy Utilization) :

hn-]-W-\ ti-jn-bp-sS A- m-h-hpw ]cn-an-X-am-b tNm-Z-\-hpw \n-an-Øw ]-e sN-dpIn-S kw-cw- -ß-fpw A-h-cp-sS D¬∏m-Z-\-ti-jn mKn-I-am-bn am-Xw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw X-¬- -e-am-bn A-h-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\sN-e-hv h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-Xv I-ta-W tcm-Km-Xp-c-kw-cw- -am-bn (sick unit) am-dp-∂-Xn-\v hgn-sh-bv-°p-I-bpw I-ta-W A-S-®p]q- -en-se-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

8. km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy (Technology)

Im-e-l-c-W-s∏- km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Kp-cp-X-c-amb]-Xn-_-‘-am-Wv. Ip-d-™ D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw em- -I-c-a-√m-Ø D¬∏m-Z-\ ]In-b-bp-am-Wv CXns‚ ]cn-Wn-X- ew.

9. tcm-Km-Xp-c-X (Sickness)

\-b-cq-]o-I-c-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-h¿-°pw kw-cw-`-I¿-°pw H-cp-t]m-se ]-bm-k-ap-≠m°p-∂-XmWv sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS tcm-Km-Xp-cX.

sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS tcm-KmXp-c-X-bn¬_m-ly-hpw B-¥-cn-I-hp-am-b L-S-I-ßƒIm-c-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. B¥-cnI ]iv-\-ßƒ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]-cn-io-e-\w e- n-® hn-Z-Kv-≤-cm-b sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS A- m-hw, Im-cy\n¿-∆-l-Wti-jn-bpsSbpw hn-]-W-\ti-jn-bpsSbpw Ip-d-hv F∂n-h CXn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.b-Ym-k-a-bw ]-Ww \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°¬, A-]-cym-Xv-]-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\ aqe-[-\w, A¢n]vX-_m-[y-X, D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v th-≠-X tNm-Z-\-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-I F∂n-h-bm-Wv ap-Jy ]-iv-\ßƒ.

10. B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn-ep-≈ a¬-k-cw

(Global Competition)

tem-I-Øm-I-am-\-ap-≈ hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ß-fn¬B-tKm-f-h-¬°-c-W, D-Zm-c-h-¬°-c-W, kz-Im-cy-h-¬°-c-W \-b-ßƒ \-S-∏m°p-∂-Xn-eqsSKmaoW IpSn¬ hykm-b-ßƒ°pw tNmZ-\-°p-dhv kw -hn-°p-Ibpw \jvSkm[y-Xbv°vhgn hbv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 1991 -\v ti-jwC-¥y-bpw ]pXnb km-º-Øn-I-\-b-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-°n hcn-I-bm-Wv. B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn-ep-≈a¬-k-cw G-sX-√mw ta-J-e-I-sf F-ßn-s\-sb-√mamWv _m-[n-°p-∂-sX-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.

1. h-en-∏-Øn-epw hn¬-∏-\-bn-epw ò-am-Im-c-amb _-lp-cm-jv-S I-º-\n-I-fn¬- \n-∂pwC-S-Ø-cw h≥-In-S ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pwa-’-cw t\-cn-tS-≠n hcp-∂p. C-Xv sN-dp-InS ÿm-]-\-ß-sf ]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn_m-[n-°p-∂p.

2. h-en-b hy-h-km-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-tS-bpw_lp-cm-jv-S I-º-\n-I-fp-tS-bpw KpW-ta∑m \n-e-hm-cw, km-t¶-Xn-I-ti-jn,km-º-ØnI hn-`-h- k-am-l-c-W-ti-jnF-∂n-htbm-Sv a’-cn-°m≥ sN-dp-In-S-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v Ign-bp-∂n-√.

260 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

3. sF.F-kv.H. 9000 t]m-ep-≈ Kp-W-ta-∑mkm-£y-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fp-sS \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ\n-d-th-‰m≥ sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v]-bm-k-am-Wv.

9.7 sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°pw sN-dp-InS _n-kn-\- v kw-cw- -ßƒ-°p-ap-≈ k¿-°m-cn-s‚ hn-hn-[ k-lm-b-ßƒ [Government Assistance to

Small Industries and Small Business

Units]

sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-fp-sS e-`y-X, cm-Py-Øn-s‚k-¥p-en-X-am-b ]m-tZ-in-I-hn-I-k-\w, I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\w Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn¬ sN-dp-In-S ta-J-e-bp-sS ]m-[m-\yw a-\- nem-°n Cuta-J-e-bp-sS hn-Im-k-Øn-\m-bn k¿-°m¿hn-hn-[ \-b-ßƒ, ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ F-∂n-h \-S-∏n-em-°n h-cp-∂p. ]n-t∂m-° ta-J-e-I-fn-seKm-ao-W, Ip-Sn¬ hy-h-km-bßƒ-°m-bn]-tXy-I k-lm-b-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p. Km-ao-W-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ kz-bw sXm-gn¬ A-h-k-c-ßƒh¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS ASn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy hn-I-k-\w,aq-e-[-\ e`yX, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, sXm-gn¬-]-cn-io-e-\w, Akw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-]-W-\w Xp-S-ßn-b ta-J-e-I-fn¬ tI-µ kwÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp -Iƒ]-tXyI t]m-’m-l-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.k¿-°m¿ k-lm-b-Øn\p≈ \-b-ßfpw, ]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ]m-tZ-in-I- hn- -h-ßƒ, A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, ]m-tZ-in-I h-\-hn-`-h-ßƒF-∂n-h- D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂v \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂p. C-h hn-hn-[ G-P≥-kn-I-fp-sS-bpwh-Ip-∏p-I-fp-sS-bpw ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw k-lm-btØm-sS hyh-km-b- h-Ip-∏v \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂p.

sN-dp-In-S Km-ao-W hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn-\m-bn \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂ Nn-e ]-≤-Xn-Ifpw t]mw-h-gn-I-fpw Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂p.

F) ÿm-]-\-]-c-am-b ]n-¥p-W

(Institutional Support)

1. tZ-io-b Km-ao-W Im¿-jn-I hn-I-k-\_m-¶v(National Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development [NABARD])

k-a-K Km-ao-W- hn-I-k-\w e-£y-am-°n 1982 -

em-Wv \-_m¿-Uv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv. A∂v-ap-

X¬ hn-hn-[ hnI-kt\m-∑p-J- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

ÿm-]-\w G-s‰-Sp-Øv \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂p. Im¿-

jn-I ta-J-e Iq-Sm-sX sN-dp-In-S, Km-ao-W,

Ip-Sn¬- hy-h-km-b-ßƒ Km-ao-W ssI-sØm-

gn-ep-Im¿ F-∂o hn-`m-K-ßƒ-°v hn-hn-[- X-c-

Øn-ep-≈ k-lm-b-ßƒ \¬-Ip∂p. Km-ao-W

kw-cw- -ßƒ-°m-bn D]-tZ-i-ßfpw am¿-§-\n¿-

t±-i-ß-fpw \¬-Ip-I-bpw ]-cn-io-e-\ ]-cn-]m-

Sn-Iƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

2. Km-ao-W sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c hn-I-k-\

tI-µw

(The Rural Small Business Development

Centre [RSBDC])

\-_m¿-Un-s‚ km-º-Øn-I k-lm-b-tØm-sS

]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ Cu ÿm-]-\w BtKm-f-X-

e-Øn-ep-≈ sN-dp-In-S, C-S-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-

fp-sS kw-bp-‡ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ÿm-]n-°-

s∏´ G-I ÿm-]-\-am-Wv. k-maq-ln-I-am-bpw

km-º-Øn-Iam-bpw ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ t\-cn-Sp-∂

hy-‡n-Iƒ-°pw Kq∏p-Iƒ-°pw k-lm-bw

\¬-Ip-Ibm-Wv ]-[m-\ D-t±-iyw. h-f-sc

kq£-vahpw sN-dp-Xp-am-b kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v

am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v, km-t¶-Xn-I ]n-¥p-W-Iƒ \¬-

Ip-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-s‚ e£yw. Km-ao-W-

ta-J-e-bn¬ kw-cw- -I-Xz- hn-I-k-\w, ss\-]p-

261sNdpInS_nkn\ v

Wy hn-I-k-\w, ]-cn-io-e-I-cp-sS ]-cn-io-e-\w

F-∂o ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n-c-h[n ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Jm-

kn-bm-_m-Zv, t\m-bv-Uv F∂n-hn-S-ßfnse hn-

hn-[ Km-a-ßfn¬ kw-L-Sn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. -£y-

kw-kv-I-c-Ww, I-fn-∏m- - \n¿-Ωm-Ww, sd-Unsa-

bv-Uv h-kv-X \n¿ΩmWw, sagp-Ip-Xn-cn \n¿-

Ωm-Ww, N-µ-\-Øn-cn \n¿-Ωm-Ww, C-cp-N-I-

hm-l\-ß-fp-sS dn-∏-b-dnw-Kv, aÆn-c -I-tºm-Ãv,

]-c-º-cm-K-X-a-√m-Ø sI-ń-S- \n¿-Ωm-W-h-kv-

Xp°ƒ F-∂n-ß-s\ hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fn¬ kv-

Xo-Iƒ, bp-h-P-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sc e-£yam-

°n \n-c-h[n ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-®ph-cp-∂p.

3. tZ-io-b sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b tIm¿-∏-td-

j≥

(National Small Industries Corporation

[NSIC])

cm-Py-Øp-S-\o-f-ap-≈ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b kw-

cw-`-ß-fp-sS t]m-’m-l-\w, A-h bv-°p-≈

hn-hn-[ k-lm-b-ßƒ F-∂n-h e-`y-am-°p-∂-

Xn-\m-bn 1955˛¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-b Cu ÿm-]-

\w Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hm-Wn-Py-]-c-am-b [¿-Ω-

ß-fn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-b-Xpw C-d-°p-a-Xn sNøp-∂-

Xp-am-b b-t¥m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ e-fn-X

hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ e- y-am-°p-I.

$ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-hpw C-d-°p-a-Xn sNøp-∂Xp-am-

b A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS hm-ß¬,

hnX-c-Ww F-∂n-h D-d-∏ph-cp-Øp-I.

$ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-

°p-∂ D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰pa-Xn-bpw

hym]v-Xn-bpw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I.

$ D-]-tZ-i-I, ssI-Øm-ßv tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-

Ip-I.

$ _n-kn-\- n-s‚ km-t¶-Xn-I ]n-¥p-Wm kw-

hn-[m-\-am-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I.

$ tkm- v-‰v-sh-b¿ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zym ]m¿-°p-

I-fpw km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zym ssI-am-‰ tI-µ-

ß-fpw hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I.

tZ-io-b sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -I-Xz hn-I-k-\ tIm¿-

∏-td-j-\p-I-fn-eq-sS "s]¿-t^m-a≥-kv B‚v

sI-Un-‰v td-‰nw-Kv' F-∂ \q-X-\ ]-≤-Xn \-S-

∏n-em-°n h-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ]-[m-\ D-t±-iy-

ßƒ C-h-bm-Wv.

1. sN-dp-In-S ÿm-]-\-ß-sf, A-h-bp-sS ISw-

hm-ß¬ £-a-X-sb-∏-‰n t_m-[-h¬-°

cn°¬.

2. hn-Z-Kv-≤ km-º-Øn-I C-S-]m-Sv ]-›m-Ø-

ew kq-£n-°p-hm≥ C-h-sc t]-cn-∏n-°¬.

]-h¿-Ø-\ -aq-e-[-\-Øn-\pw \n-t£-]-Øn-\p-

am-bn km-º-Øn-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-sf k-ao ]n-°p-

tºmƒ sN-dp-InS kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v ap-Jy-]-cn-

K-W-\ e-`n-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv B-Xy-¥nI

e£yw.

hn-]-W-\ k-lm-b ]-≤-Xn

(Marketing Assistance Scheme)

sN-dp-In-S, C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -I-cp-sS hnI-k-\-

Øn-\pw \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\pw hn-]-W-\ sa∂ X-

¥-Øn-s‚ -e-]-Z-am-b D-]-tbm-Kw A-\n-hm-

cy-am-Wv. sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw` a-¥m-

e-bw tZ-io-b sN-dp-In-S hy-h-kmb tIm¿-∏-

td-j-≥ aptJ\, sN-dp-In-S- -C-SØ-cw kwcw- -

ßƒ-°v hn-]-W-\ k-lm-b ]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS

]n-¥p-W \¬-In- h-cp-∂p.

262 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

D-t±-iy-ßƒ (Objectives)

Cu ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS ]-[m-\ D-t±-iy-ßƒ Xm-sg

]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1. sN-dp-In-S-˛C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS

hn-]-Wn -an-I-hpw hn-]-W-\-ti-jn-bpw

h¿-≤n∏n-°p-I.

2. sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS

tijn-Iƒ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

3. \n-e-hn-ep-≈ hn-]-Wn A-h-ÿ-I-fpw Ah-

bp-sS ]-Xym-Lm-X-ß-fpw kw-_-‘n-®v

sNdp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ßƒ-°v hn-h-

c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I.

4. D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw

hn-]-W-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-

cw kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS Iq´mbva cq-]o-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-I.

5. sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ßƒ-°v h≥-

In-S kw-cw- -I-cp-am-bn C-S-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\p≈

A-h-k-c-ßƒ H-cp-°p-I.

6. k¿-°m-cn-s‚ hn-hn-[ ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-

em-°p-I-bpw ]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I.

7. sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS hn-]-

W-\ ti-jn-Iƒ h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I.

kq-£v-a, sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -I¿-°p-

≈ hn-]-Wn ]n-¥p-W (Marketing Support to

MSMES)

Cu ]-≤-Xn ]-Im-cw hn-hn-[ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-

fn-eq-sS D-¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-]-Wnh¬-°-c-Ww,

a-’-c-£-a-X F-∂n-h h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

th-≠n Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ ]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p.

1. hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn¬ tZ-io-b sN-dp-In-S

hy-h-km-b tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ t\-XrXz-

Øn¬ A-¥¿-tZio-b km-t¶-Xn-I taf-

I-ƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw AØcw taf-

Ifn¬ ]-s¶-Sp -°p-I-bpw sN-øp -I.

(Organising International technology

exhibitions in foreign countries by NSIC and

participation in international exhibitions)

B-[p-\n-I \q-X-\ hn-]-Wn-I-fp-sS

km-[y-X-Iƒ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn

C¥y-bn-se sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ßƒ-

°v A-h-k-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂ hn-[-Øn¬

A¥¿-tZio-b km-t¶-Xn-I ta-f-Iƒ, hn¬-∏\

ta-f-Iƒ F-∂n-h tZ-io-b sN-dp-In-S hy-h-kmb

tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kw-L-Sn-∏n-

°p-∂p.

C-Xv sN-dp-In-S-˛-C-S-Ø-cw hym-]m-c-ta-J-e-bp-

am-bn _-‘n-∏n-®v hym-]m-cw, kw-bp-‡ kw-

cw- -ßƒ, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zym- ssI-am-‰w, hn]-

Wn ku-I-cy-ßƒ H-cp-°¬ F-∂n-h-bpw

A-Xp-h-gn C-¥y-bn-se C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ßƒ-

°v hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \-√ ]-Xn-Om-b krjv-

Sn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-¥¿-tZio-b ta-f-I-

fp-sS kw-Lm-S-\w Iq-Sm-sX tZ-io-b sN-dp-InS

hym-]m-c tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬

sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ A-¥¿-tZio-b ta-f-I-

fnepw a-‰pw C-¥y-bn-se sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw

kw-cw- -ßƒ-°v A-h-k-c-ßƒ H-cp°p-I-bpw

sNøp-∂p. C-Ø-cw A-h-k-c-ßƒ A-¥¿-tZ-

io-b hym-]m-c-co-Xn-I-fp-am-bn ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥

C-h-sc k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

263sNdpInS_nkn\ v

2. B-`y-¥-c ta-f-I-fp-sS kw-Lm-S-\-hpw

A-h-bn-se ]-¶m-fn-Ø-hpw

(Organising domestic exhibitions and

participations in exhibitions / Trade Fairs

in India)

sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ß-sf e£y-am-°n tZ-io-b sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c hnIk-\tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ (NSIC) t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Nn-e]tXy-I B-i-b-ß-fn-eq-∂n-bp-≈ ta-f-Iƒkw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]p-Xn-b km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-sS ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßfp-sS\n¿-Ωn-Xn, Nn-e ]-tXy-I ta-J-e-I-fn¬- \n∂p-≈ D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-N-b-s∏-SpØ¬ ( -£y-kw-kv-I-c-Ww, b-t¥m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, C-e-Iv-tSm-Wn-Iv-kv, Xp-I¬ D¬-]-∂ßƒ) F∂n-h-bpw Cu ]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS e-£y-Øn¬-s]-Sp∂p.

C-Ø-cw ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-ep-≈ ]-¶m-fn-Øw, ]p-Xn-b hn-]-Wn km-[y-X-I-fp-sS I-s≠Ø¬, \n-e-hn-ep-≈ hn-]-Wn-bp-sS hn-]p-eo-I-c-Ww F-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cwkwcw- -ß-fp-sS km-[y-X-Iƒ h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-sa-∂v ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂p.

3. a-‰v kw-L-S-\-I-fpw hym-h-km-bn-I GP≥-

kn-I-fpw kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂ ta-f-I-fn-se

]¶m-fn-Ø-hpw ]n-¥p-W \¬-Iepw

(Support for Co-sponsoring of Exhibitions

Organised by other Organisations/Industry

/ Associations / Agencies)

Cu ]n-¥p-W tZ-io-b sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b hn-I-k-\ tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ t\-Xr-XzØn¬ \-S-°p-∂ ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sS kw-Lm-S-\-Øn-ep-≈ ]-¶m-fn-Øw F-∂ \n-e-bn-em-Wv.CØ-cw ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sS kw-Lm-S-\-Øn-ep-≈]-¶m-fn-Øw e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn \n-›n-X \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]m-en-®v A-t]-£ \¬-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

4. hmßp∂h-cp -sSbpw hn¬-∏-\ -°m-

cpsSbpw IqSn-°m-gvN-Iƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-

°¬ (buyer seller meets)

sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS I-tºm-fa’-c-£-a-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠nsdbn¬-th, ]-Xn-tcm-[-h-Ip-∏v, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-h-Ip-∏v F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ h≥-In-S D-]t`m-‡m-°ƒ, h-en-b I-º-\n-Iƒ F-∂n-h-cp-am-bp-≈ A-`n-ap-J-ßƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. C-Ø-cw ap-Jm-ap-J-ß-fn-eq-sS h≥-In-S D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS B-h-iy-ß-sf-∏-‰n a-\- n-em°p-∂-Xn\v sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°v I-gn-bp-∂p.IqSm-sX sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS ti-jn-IƒXn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v h≥-In-S D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sfk-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

5. Du¿-÷n-X t_m-[-h¬-°-c-W ]-cn-]m-

Sn-I-fpw hn-]-W-\ t]m-’m-l-\ ]-cn-]m-

Sn -I-fpw (Intensive campaigning and

Marketing Promotion Events)

sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cw hym-]m-c-ßƒ-°m-bp-≈ hn-hn-[ ]-≤-Xn-I-sf-∏-‰n A-h-sct_m-[-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn hn-hn-[ ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. D¬-]-∂-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ \q-X-\-]-h-W-X-Iƒ, Kp-W-ta-∑m- am-\-Z-Wv-U-ßƒ F-∂n-ßs\-bp-≈ Im-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰n a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pwA-Xp-h-gn hn-]-W-\ hym-]v-Xn h¿-≤n-∏n°p-∂-Xn-\pw I-gn-bp-∂p.

6. a-‰v ]n-¥p-W ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

(Other support activities)

$ï sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cw hym-]m-c-ta-J-e-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈ D-¬∏-∂-ß-sf t]m-’mln-∏n-°m-\m-bn ]-Z¿-i-\- tI-µ-ßƒ, t_m¿-Up-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h ÿm-]n°p-I.

264 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

$ ]-N-c-W-Øn-\m-bn t_m-j-dp-Iƒ, ssI-∏p-kv-X-I-ßƒ, Im-‰tem-Kp-Iƒ, kn.Un.Iƒ, l-kz-Nn-X-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h \n¿-Ωn-°p-I.

$ sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sSD-¬∏∂-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-Øn-s‚-bpw hn-]-W-\-Øn-\m-bn sh-_v-ssk-‰v/t]m¿- ¬hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I.

$ ]-c-ky-Øn-\pw ]-Nmc-W-Øn-\p-am-bnhn-hn-[ ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-bh kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

$ sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw ta-J-e-bn-se D¬∏m-Z-I¿ /hnX-c-W-°m¿ /Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿ F∂n-h-cpsS U-b-d-Iv-S-dn ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I.

$ sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw hym-]m-c kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS hn-P-b-I-Y-Iƒ ]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I.

$ tZ-io-b A-¥¿-tZ-io-b hn-]-Wn-I-fn-sekm-[y-X-I-sf ]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn-\m-bn ]T-\w \-S-Øp-I.

4. C-¥y≥ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c hn-I-k-\_m-¶v(Small Industries Development Bank of India

(SIDBI)

sN-dp-In-S ta-J-e-bn-se hm-bv-] kw-_-‘n-®B-h-iy-ßƒ \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠ncq-]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈ D-∂-X-X-e _m-¶m-Wn-Xv.k-am-\-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-SØp-∂ a-‰vÿm-]-\-ß-sf G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Cuÿm-]-\w k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

5. A-kw-L-Sn-X ta-J-e-bn-se kw-cw- -ßƒ-°m-bp-≈ tZ-io-b I-Ωo-j≥(The National Commission for Enterprises

in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS))

2004 sk-]v-Xw-_-dn-em-Wv C-Xv cq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏--Xv. C-Xn-s‚ D-t±-iy-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-p.

$ A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-se sN-dp-InSkw-cw- -ß-fp-sS D¬∏m-Z-\ £-a-X sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I.

$ KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ kp-ÿn-c-am-Ip-∂ hn-[-Øn-ep-≈ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-jv-Sn-°p-I.

$ D-b¿-∂p h-cp-∂ B-tKm-f -km-l-N-cy-ß-sfA-Xn-Po-hn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS a-’-c-£-a-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I.

$ sN-dp-In-S- hym-]m-c-ta-J-e-sb hm-bv-],A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy, hn-]-W-\w Xp-S-ßn-b ta-J-e-I-fnep≈a-‰v ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘n∏n-®v ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I.

I-Ωo-j≥ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒhn-i-Z-am-b ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-°m-bn I-s≠Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p.

$ A-kw-L-Sn-X-ta-J-e-bp-sS h-f¿-®-bv-°mbn,]p-d-Øp-\n-∂p-≈ km-º-Øn-I k-lm-b-ßƒ e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn ¢-Ã-dp-Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°¬.

$ s]m-Xp- -kz-Im-cy -ta-J-e-I-fp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Ø-Øn-eq-sS A-kw-L-Sn-X-ta-J-e-sb i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.

$ kqjva km-º-Øn-I k-lm-b-ßƒ (Micro-

finance) Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ tk-h-\-ßƒA-kw-L-Sn-X ta-J-e-bv-°v e- y-am-°¬.

$ A-kw-L-Sn-X ta-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v km-aq-ln-I k-c-£n-X-Xzw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Ø¬.

265sNdpInS_nkn\ v

6. Km-ao-W kv-Xo kw-cw- -I-Xz hn-I-k-\w (Rural &Women Entrepreneurship

Development [RWED])

_n-kn-\- n-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- hn-[-Øn¬]cn-ÿn-Xn L-S-I-ß-sf t]m-’m-ln∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv C-Xn-s‚ e-£yw. Cu D-t±-iy-Øn-\mbnKm-ao-W- kv-Xo-Iƒ-°v _n-kn-\- v kw-cw-`-ßƒ B-cw- n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn ÿm-]-\-]-c-hpwa-\p-jyti-jn-bne-[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-b ]n-¥p-W-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂p. Km-ao-W kv-Xo kw-cw- -IXzhn-I-k-\-Øn-eq-sS Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p.

$ Km-ao-W kv-Xo kw-cw-`-I¿-°v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b km-l-N-cy-ßƒ kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p.

$ D-Xv-]m-Z-\-£-a-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bnam\p-jn-I-hpw ÿm-]-\-]-c-hp-am-b ti-jnD-b¿-Øp∂p.

$ kv-Xo kw-cw- -I¿-°m-bn hn-hn-[ ]-cn-io-e-\ ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p∂p.

$ hn-hn-[ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ B-h-iy-am-b D]-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p.

7. sN-dp-In-S C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ßƒ-°m-bp-

≈ tem-I Iq-´m-bv-a

(World association for Small and Medium

Enterprises [WASME])

sN-dp-In-S˛C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw- -ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n- C-¥y-bn¬ cq-]o-Ir-Xam-b-Xpw tem-I-Øn¬ B-Zy-tØ-Xp-am-b A-¥m-cm-jv-S k¿-°m-tc-X-c kw-L-S-\-bmWn-Xv. Km-ao-W hy-h-km-bh¬-°-c-W-Øn-\m-bn C-Xn-s‚ Io-gn¬H-cp B-tKm-f kw-L-S-\ cq-]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.Kmao-W hy-h-km-b kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS h-f¿-®-

bpw hn-I-k-\hp-am-Wv C-Xn-s‚ e-£yw. Im¿-jn-tI-X-c hn-`m-K-ß-sf k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn tI-µ k¿-°m¿ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂ hn-hn[]-≤-Xn-Iƒ C-h¿ \-S-∏n-em-°n h-cp-∂p.sF.B¿.Un.]n. (IRDP) ]n.Fw.B¿.ssh.(PMRY), ssS-kw (TRYSEM) Xp-S-ßn-b-hCXn¬ Dƒs]-Sp-∂p. C-h Iq-Sm-sX sP.B¿.-ssh. (JRY), tPm-en-°v Iqen `-£-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b ]-≤-Xn-Ifp-ap-≠v. C-Xn\p ]p-d-sa JmZn,ssI-Ø-dn, I-c-Iu-i-e taJ-e-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈]-tXy-I ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v.

8. ]m-c-º-cy hy-h-km-b-ß-sf ]p-\-cp-÷o-

hn-∏n-°m-\p-≈ ^-≠p-Iƒ

(Scheme of Fund for the Regeneration of

Traditional industries [SFURTI])

kp-ÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w F-∂ e-£yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n ]-c-º-cm-K-X hyh-km-b-ß-sf D-Xv-]m-Z-\-£-a-X, a-’-c-£-a-X, kp-ÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w F-∂n-h-bp-sS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v k¿-°m¿ 100 tIm-Sncq-]-bp-sS -≠v kz-cq-]n®n- p-≠v. 2005 ap-X¬hn-\n-tbm-Kw sN-ø-Ø-° hn[-Øn-em-Wv CuXp-I \o-°n h-®n- p≈-Xv. hnhn-[ kw-ÿm-\k¿-°m-cp-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS Im¿-jn-I,Km-ao-W hy-hkm-b a-¥m-e-b-am-Wv ]-≤-Xn\-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xv. Cu -≠v cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ e-£yßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

$ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[ m-K-ß-fn¬ ]-c-º-cm-K-X hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS ¢-Ã-dpIƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°¬.

$ ]-c-º-cm-K-X hy-h-km-b-ß-sf a-’-tcm-∑p-J-hpw em- -I-c-hpw kp-ÿn-c-hp-am°¬.

$ ]-c-º-cm-K-X hy-h-km-b ta-J-e-bn¬ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-jv-Sn-°¬.

266 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

9. Pn-√m hy-h-km-b tI-µ-ßƒ (The District Industries Centres [DICS])

sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b kw-cw-`-I-cp-sS hn-hn-[

B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-I F-∂ D-t±-iy-tØm-

sS 1978 sa-bv am-k-Øn¬ Pn-√m-X-e-ß-fn¬

ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xm-Wv Pn-√m hy-h-km-b tI-µ-

ßƒ. hn-hn-[ k¿-°m¿ h-Ip-∏p-I-fp-sS-bpw

GP≥-kn-I-fp-sS-bpw ]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf GtIm-

]n-∏n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-h-bp-sS ][m\

[¿Ωw. sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS

c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \-S-tØ-≠-Xv Pn-√m -hy-h-km-

b-tI-µ-ß-fnem-Wv. C-h-bv-°m-h-iy-am-b

F-√m X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ]n-¥p-W-bpw C-hn-sS

\n-∂v e- n-°pw. Km-ao-W kw-cw- -I-cp-sS a-t\m-

`m-h-Øn¬ A-\p-Iq-e-am-b am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂-

Xn-\pw Km-ao-W ta-J-e-bp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn-

\pw Cu ÿm-]-\w h-en-b ]-¶v h-ln-°p-∂p-

≠v. A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b hn-hn-[ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ

Is≠-Ø¬, km-[y-Xm-]T-\-ßƒ \SØ¬,

B-h-iy-am-b aq-e-[-\ kz-cq-]-Ww, b-¥-km-

a-Kn-I-fp-sSbpw A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-

sS e- y-X Dd-∏m-°¬, a-‰v A-\p-_-‘- tk-h-

\-ßƒ F-∂n-h-bn-se-√mw Pn-√m hy-h-kmbtI-

µ-ßƒ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. CØc-Øn¬ cm-Py-

Øn-s‚ km-º-Øn-I hym-h-kmbn-I h-f¿-®-

bn¬ h-en-b ]-¶m-Wv Cu ÿm-]-\w \n¿-∆-

ln-°p-∂-Xv.

B. t]m-’m-l-\-ßƒ (Incentives)

hn-hn-[ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ B-Zn-hm-kn

]n-t∂m-° ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se hy-hkm-b hn-I-

k-\-Øn-\v k¿-°m¿ ap≥-K-W-\ \¬-In-bn- p-

≠v. ]n-t∂m-° ta-J-e-bp-sS hn-I-k-\w F-∂-

Xv H-cp Zo¿-L-Im-e ]-In-b-bm-Wv F-∂ Xncn-

®-dn-hn¬ hn-hn-[ I-Ωn-‰nIƒ, Cu ta-J-e-sb-

∏-‰n hn-i-Z-am-b ]T-\-Øn-\m-bn \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. k-¥p-en-X hn-I-k-\-sa-∂ AXF-fp-∏-a-√m-Ø e-£yw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\vhn-hn-[ \n¿-t±-ißƒ Cu I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ ap-t∂m-v h-®n- p-≠v. kw-tbm-Pn-X Km-ao-W hn-I-k-\

]-cn-]m-Sn (IRDP) C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ \n¿-t±-i-ß-fp-sS -e-am-bn D-≠m-b-Xm-Wv. tI-µ-k¿-°m¿ap-t∂m-´v h-® Km-ao-W hy-h-km-b ]-≤-XnKm-ao-W -ta-J-e-bn-se sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-ß-sf e-£yw h-®p-≈-Xm-Wv. hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Cu ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS \-S-Øn-∏v hy-Xy-kv-X co-Xn-bnem-sW-¶n-epw ]n-t∂m-° -ta-J-e-I-fn-se hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°v t]m-’m-l-\w\¬-Ip-∂ ]-cn-]m-Sn F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ sF-Iy-cq-]w t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn sN-dp-In-S ta-J-e-bv-°m-bn \¬-Ip-∂ ]-[m-\t]m’m-l-\-ßƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-hbm-Wv.

`q-an (Land)

hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-bn, A-Sn-ÿm-\ kuIcy e- y-X-bp-≈ Bh-iy-amb q-an tπm- p-I-fm-bn \¬-Ip-∂p. Nn-e kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ \n-›n-X h¿-j-tØ-°v ÿ-e-hm-S-I Cu-Sm-°p-∂n-√. a-‰v Nne¿-°v hm-S-I K-Up-°-fm-bn A-Sbv-°m≥ A-\p-hm-Zw \¬-Ip-∂p.

Du¿-÷w (Power)

Nn-e kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ ssh-Zyp-tXm¿-÷-Øn-\v50% In-gn-hv \¬-Ip-tºmƒ a-‰v Nn-e kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ ]m-cw-`-Im-e-Øv A-Xv ]q¿-Æ-am-bnH-gn-hm-°n sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

hn¬-∏-\ \n-Ip-Xn (Sales tax)

F-√m tI-µ- -c-W ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw hyh-km-b-ß-sf ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw hn¬-∏-\ \nIp-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v H-gn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Nn-e kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ B-Zy 5 h¿-j-°m-e-sØ- \nIpXnH-gn-hm-°n sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

267sNdpInS_nkn\ v

H-Iv-tSm-bn (Octroi)

G-Xm-≠v F-√m kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-epw H-Iv-tSm-bn ]q¿-Wam-bpw H-gn-hm°n-bn- p-≠v.

A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ (Raw materials)

]n-t∂m-°-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂hyh-km-b bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ-°v, Zu¿-e-`yw t\-cn-Sp-∂ kn-a‚ v, C-cp-ºv, I-ºn F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ Akw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS e- y-Xbn¬ap≥-K-W-\ \¬-In -h-cp-∂p.

km-º-Øn-Iw (Finance)

aq-e-[-\ B-kv-Xn-Iƒ-°v 10 ap-X¬ 15 iX-am\wh-sc k-_v-kn-Un-bpw hm-bv-]-I-fp-sS ]-en-i\n-c-°n¬ C-f-hp-I-fpw e- y-am-°p-∂p.

hym-h-km-bn-I F-tÃ-‰p-Iƒ (Industrial

Estates)

Nn-e kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ, ]n-t∂m-°-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ hym-h-km-bn-I F-tÃ‰p-Iƒÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v t]m-’m-l-\w \¬-Ip-∂p.

\n-Ip-Xn A-h-[n-°m-ew (Tax Holiday)

]nt-∂m-°, B-Zn-hm-kn, a-etbm-c]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hy-h-km-b ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ÿm-]n-°p∂-h¿-°v 5 ap-X¬ 10 h¿-jw h-sc \n-Ip-Xn H-gn-hm-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.

9.8 `m-hn (Future)

\mw Po-hn-°p-∂-Xv tem-I-hym-]m-c kwL-S-\\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ Im-e-L- -Øn-em-Wv. hym-]m-c-ta-J-e-bn-se \n-b-a-ßƒ, tem-I-Øns‚]-Xo-£-Iƒ am-dp-∂-Xn-s\m-∏w \n-c-¥-cam-bam-‰-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.ÿm-]-I Aw-Kw F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ `mc-X-hpwtem-I hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS \-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-ßƒ-s°m-∏w \n¬-°m≥ _m-[y-ÿ-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°pw

C-Xv _m-[-I-am-Wv. C-¥y≥ k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bpwB-tKm-f k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bp-am-bn Xm-Zm-flyw]m]n-® \n-e-bv-°v ]p-Xn-b hn-]-Wn-Iƒ I-s≠-

Øm≥ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ta-J-e D-W¿-∂p]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A-h Iq-Sp-X¬ a-’-c-£-a-X t\-S-Ww. B- y-¥-c-X-e-Øn¬ am-X-a-√ B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn-epw C-Xv A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. k¿-°m≥ \n-b-¥-I≥ F-∂ \n-e-bn-e-√m-sX k-lm-bn-bm-bpw t]m-’m-l-I-\m-bpw

sN-dp-In-S ta-J-e-bn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.h≥-In-S sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Ø]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v I-cp-tØ-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ]p-Xn-b ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Du¿-÷-kz-e-X, A-b-hv, \q-X-\ ]-tbm-K-ßƒF∂n-h hn-]-Wn tI-µo-Ir-X k-º-Zv-hy-h-ÿ-

bn¬ B-h-iy-am-Wv. sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-bta-J-e B-tKm-fh¬-°-c-W-sØ H-cp A-h-k--c-ambn I≠p-sIm≠v thK-Øn¬ ]cn-Wm-a-s∏- p-h-tc-≠-Xm-Wv. k¿°m-¿ sNdp-InS hyh-kmb taJ-ebv°v \nb-¥-I≥ F∂\nebn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£-I-\mbpw tkh-\-hn- h ZmXm-hmbpw ]n¥p-W-°mc\mbpw amd-

Ww. sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-ßsf t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]pXnb X¥-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hyh-kmb Iq´mbva cq]o-I-cn-°p-I, Inbm-flI hn]-W\w hnI-kn-∏n-°pI, \yqX-\kmt¶-XnI hnZy -bpsSIgnhpIƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sa®-s∏-

Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I, sa®-s∏´ Ib-‰p-aXna’cw D≠m-°p-I, sNdp-InS _nkn-\- p-Im-cpsS kp]-[m\ Ign-hp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-IF∂n-hbpw k¿°mcns‚ ]≤-Xn-I-fm-Wv.

hmkvX-h-Øn¬ BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-WsØ

sNdp-InS hyh-kmb taJe kPo-h-ambn]s¶Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff Ah-k-c-ambn I≠vAXn-\p-X° DXv]-∂-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw

268 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


aq-e-[-\-\n-t£-]-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c- kw-cw-`-ß-sf sN-dp-In-S

hy-h-km-b-ßƒ, A-\p-_-‘ sN-dp-In-S- hy-h-km-b bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ, I-b-‰p-a-Xn A-[n-jvTn-X bq-Wn-‰p-

Iƒ, kv-Xo-I-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b kw-cw-`ßƒ, kq-£v-a hy-h-km-b

bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ, sN-dp-In-S tk-h-\-ßƒ, hym-]m-c kw-cw-`ßƒ, Ip-Sn¬ hy-h-km-b-ßƒ, ssa-tIm

kwcw-`-ßƒ, Km-ao-W hy-h-km-b-ßƒ F-∂nß-s\ X-cw -Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

`-c-W-\n¿-∆-l-W kw-hn-[m-\w

sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS `-c-W-\n¿-∆-l-W kw-hn-[m-\w c-≠v a-¥m-e-bßƒ°v Io-gn-

em-Wv ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b a-¥m-e-b-hpw Im¿-jn-I Km-ao-W hy-h-km-b

a-¥m-e-b-hpw B-Wv. tI-µ-k¿-°m-cn-\v Io-gn-ep-≈ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b a-¥m-e-bw t\m-U¬

GP≥-kn-bm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-®v \-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-hpw hn-I-k-\-hpw D-d-∏ph-cp-Øp-∂p.

\n¿Ωn-°pIbmWv th≠-Xv. sNdp-InS _nkn-\- p-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hn]Wn hnln-XhpwBtcm-Ky-I-c-amb hf¿®bpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\pth≠n Ah¿ kzbw Hcp ]h¿Ø-\Xew krjvSn-t°≠Xp-≠v. sNdp-InS_nkn-\- pIƒ Xß-fpsS InS-a-’-c-ti-jn-bpsS ssZ¿Lyw Ah-cpsS a’-cm-[n-jvTn-X-

sNdp-InS ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v k¿°m¿ \¬Ip∂ ]n¥p-W-Iƒ[Forms of Support Offered to Small Industries by the Government]

• hmbv]m-ku-Icyw e`y-am-°p-∂p.

• sjÕp-Iƒ \n¿an-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ÿew hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p∂p.

• ]cnio-e\ kuIcyw e`y-am-°p∂p.

• b¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ Xh-W -hy--h-ÿ-bn¬ hmßm≥ kuI-cy-sam-cp-°p-∂p.

• B`y-¥-c- -I-b-‰p-aXn hn]-W-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p.

• kmt¶-XnI apt∂-‰-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kmº-Øn-I- -km-t¶-XnI klmbw \¬Ip∂p.

• ]nt∂m° taJ-e-I-fn¬ ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]tXyI t]m’m-l\w\¬Ip-∂p.

amb _e-Øns‚ Af-hn-s\bpw am‰sØDƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\p-ff ]m]vXnsbbp-amWvBi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.Npcp-°-Øn¬, Cu B[p-\n-I -Im-esØsNdp-InS _nkn-\- p-Im-cpsS hnP-b- a¥w-""BtKm-f-ambn Nn¥n-°-Ww, ]tZ-in-I-ambn]h¿Øn-°-Ww'' F∂-Xm-I-Ww.-

]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ

sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn A-[n-jvTn-X kw-cw-`-ßƒ Ip-Sn¬ hy-h-km-bßƒKm-ao-W hy-h-km-b-ßƒ Jm-Zn hy-h-km-b-ßƒ e-Lp-hym-]m-c kw-cw- -ßƒ

kv-Xo kw-cw-`-ßƒ kq£va kw-cw-`-ßƒ.

269sNdpInS_nkn\ v

A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂, Im¿-jn-I Km-ao-W a-¥m-e-bw Km-ao-W Jm-Zn hy-h-km-b-ßfp-sS

GtIm-]-\-Øn-\m-bp-≈ t\m-U¬ G-P≥-kn-bm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p. Hm-tcm kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-

I-fpw hn-hn-[ t]m-’m-l-\ hn-I-k-\ ]-≤-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ-°m-bn

\n-c-h-[n tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p.

`m-c-X-Øn¬ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°p-≈ ]-¶v

cm-Py-Øn-s‚ km-aq-ly km-º-Øn-I hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ h-en-b

]-¶m-Wv h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. cm-Py-Øv B-sI-bp-≈ kw-cw-`-ß-fn¬ 95 iX-am\w h-cpw C-h. 40 iX-am\

tØmfw sam-Ø hym-h-km-bn-I D¬-∏m-Z-\-hpw 45iX-am-\-Øn¬]-cw B-sI I-b-‰paXn-bpw Cu

taJe ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p. Im¿-jn-I-ta-J-e I-gn-™m¬ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b ta-J-e-bm-Wv cm-Py-

sØ c-≠m-a-sØ h-en-b sXm-gn¬ -]-Zm-\ -ta-J-e. C-Xv k-º-ZvL-S-\bv-°v ssh-hn-[y-am-¿∂ D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-®p \¬-Ip-∂p. ]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn e-`y-am-b hn-`-h-ß-fpw ]-c-º-cm-K-X km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-

Zy-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v C-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ k-¥p-en-X hn-I-k-\-Øn-\m-bn Im-cy-am-b kw-`m-h-\ sN-øp-

∂p-≠v. C-h kw-cw-`-I-XzØn-\m-bn A-\-¥ km-[y-X-Iƒ \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-e-hv Ip-d-™ D-Xv-]m-Z-

\w km-[y-am-°pI-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Iq-Sm-sX th-K-Øn¬ Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D-]-t`m-‡r

A-`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ D-Xv-]m-Z-\w km-[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

C-¥y-bn-se Km-ao-W ta-J-e-bn¬ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c-Øn-\p-≈ ]-¶v

Km-ao-W ta-J-e-I-fn¬ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c kw-cw-`-ßƒ hy-Xy-kv-X -X-c-Øn-ep-≈ h-cp-am-\

tkm-X- p-Iƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p. Iq-Sm-sX Im¿-jn-tI-X-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fneq-sS Km-ao-W ta-J-

e-I-fn¬ \n-c-h-[n sXm-gn¬ A-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p. ]-tXyIn-®v ]-c-º-cm-K-X-˛-I-c-Iu-i-e

sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ t]m-ep-≈ k-aq-l-Øn-se Zp¿-_-e hn-`m-Kß-fp-sS D-∂-a-\-Øn\v sN-dp-In-S hy-h-

km-b-ß-fp-sS kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ h-ep-Xm-Wv.

sN-dp-In-S kw-cw-`-I¿ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ

sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ hn-hn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ]-iv-\-ßƒ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂p-≠v.

km-º-Øn-Iw, A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS Zu¿-e-`yw, am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v ti-jn°p-d-hv, sXm-gn¬

ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-Øn-s‚ A-`m-hw, D-Xv-]-∂-ßƒ-°v hn-]-Wn I-s≠-Ø¬, Kp-W-ta∑-m\n-e-hm-cw \n-e-\n¿-

Ø¬, ]-c-º-cm-K-X km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw, B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn-ep-≈ a-’-c-ßƒ F-∂n-h-

sb-√mw C-h-bp-sS ]-iv-\-ß-fm-Wv.

sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ-°p-≈ k¿-°m¿ k-lm-b-ßƒ

sXm-gn¬ A-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-jv-Sn-°¬, k-¥p-en-X Km-ao-W hn-I-k-\w, I-b-‰p-a-Xn ta-J-e-

bn-se tk-h-\-ßƒ F-∂n-h ap≥-\n¿-Øn sN-dp-In-S _n-kn-\- v ta-J-e-bv-°v tI-µ kw-ÿm-\-

k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ k-lm-b-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-hn-I-k-\w,

km-º-Øn-Iw, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°p-≈ ]-cn-io-e-\w F-∂n-h C-Xn¬-s]-Sp-∂p.

270 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Cu ta-J-e-sb k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n tZ-io-b Km-ao-W Im¿-jn-I hn-I-k-\ _m-¶v,

Km-ao-W sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c hn-I-k-\ tI-µw, tZ-io-b sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b tIm¿-∏-td-j≥,

C-¥y≥ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c hn-I-k-\ _m-¶v, A-kw-L-Sn-X ta-J-e-bn-se kw-cw-`-I¿-°m-bp-≈

tZio-b I-Ωo-j≥, Km-ao-W kv-Xo- kw-cw-`-I-Xz- hn-I-k-\w, sN-dpIn-S C-S-Ø-cw kw-cw-`-I¿-°m-

bp-≈ B-tKm-f Iq-´m-bv-a, ]m-c-º-cy hy-h-km-b-ß-sf ]p-\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-\p-≈ -≠p-Iƒ, Pn-√m

hyh-km-b-tI-µ-ßƒ F-∂n-h ]-h¿Øn-®p h-cp-∂p.



1. H-cp _n-kn-\- n-s‚ h-en-∏w \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hy-Xy-kv-Xam-\-Z-Wv-U-ßƒ F-s¥-√m-am-Wv?

2. sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ß-sf tI-µ-k¿-°m¿ \n¿-h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\?

3. A-\p-_-‘ _n-kn-\- v bq-Wn-‰pIfp-sSbpw e-Lp bq-Wn-‰p-I-sf-bpw F-ß-s\ th¿-Xn-cn-°pw?

4. Ip-Sn¬ hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS ]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn°p-I.


1. C-¥y-bp-sS km-aq-ln-I, km-º-Øn-I hn-I-k-\-Øn-\v sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b-ßƒ F-ßs\-sb-√mw k-lm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v?

2. Km-ao-W m-c-X-Øn¬ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS ]-¶v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

3. sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c kw-cw- -ßƒ t\-cn-Sp-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ N¿-® sN-øp-I.

4. sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c ta-J-e-bp-sS km-º-Øn-I hn-]-W-\ ]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p∂-Xn-\vF-s¥-√mw \-S-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv k¿-°m¿ kzo-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv?

5. ]n-t∂m-° ˛ a-etbmc ta-J-e-I-fn-se hy-h-km-b-ß-sf k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠nF-s¥-√mw t]m-’m-l-\-ß-fm-Wv k¿-°m¿ \¬-In h-cp-∂-Xv?

s]m-P-Iv-Sv/A-ssk≥-sa‚ v

1. H-cp sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b bq-Wn-‰n-s‚ D-S-a t\-cn-Sp-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°p∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n tNm-Zym-h-en X-øm-dm-°p-I. A-Xn-s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n H-cp s]m-P-Iv-Sv dn-t∏m¿- vX-øm-dm-°p-I.

2. \n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ G-sX-¶n-epw 5 sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-c kw-cw-`-ßƒ k-µ¿-in-®vA-h-sc k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn k¿-°m¿ cq-]o-I-cn-®n- p-≈ ÿm-]-\ß-fn¬ \n∂v e- n-®n-´p-≈ k-lm-b-ßƒ I-s≠-Øp-I.

A≤ymbw 10

B`y¥c hym]mcw

[INTERNAL TRADE]

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

Cu A≤ymbw ]Tn®v Ignbptºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv :

$ B`y¥c hym]mcØns‚ A¿∞hpw hnhn[ Xcßfpw hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$ samØ hym]mcnIƒ D¬∏mZI¿°pw Nn√d hym]mcnIƒ°pw \¬Ip∂ tkh-\ßƒ hy‡am°p∂p.

$ Nn√d hym]mcnIƒ \¬Ip∂ tkh\ßƒ hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$ hnhn[ Xcw Nn√d hym]mcnIsf Xcw Xncn°p∂p.

$ sNdpInS, h≥InS Nn√d hym]mcnIfpsS hnhn[ cq]ßƒ hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$ B`y¥c hym]mcw t]m¬kmln∏n°p∂Xn¬ tNw_¿ Hm^v sImtagvkv- B‚ vC≥UkvSnbpsS ]¶v hniZoIcn°p∂p.

272 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

10.1 BapJw [Introduction]

em-`w F-∂ e-Iv-jyw ap≥-\n¿-Øn km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm hm-ßp-I-bpw hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ-bm-Wvhym-]m-cw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS Xp-S-°w ap-X¬ X-s∂ P\ßƒ G-sX-¶n-epw X-c-Øn-ep-≈ hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. \n-tXy-\ ]p-Xn-b]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I-bpwB-tKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ X-s∂ D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\vA-h e-`y-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ Cu B-[p-\n -I Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ hym-]m-c-Øns‚]-k-‡n \mƒ-°p-\mƒ h¿-≤n-®p -sIm-t≠bn-cn-°p-∂p. H-cp hy-‡n-°pw H-cp cm-„-Øn-\pw A-h¿-°v th-≠ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒD¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ kz-bw ]-cym-]v-X-am-sW-∂v A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sphm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√.X≥-aqew Hm -tcm cm -Py --hpw A-h¿-°v

G-‰-hpw e-]-Z-am-bn D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°phm≥I-gn-bp-∂ hkv-Xp-°ƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpwA-[n-I-ap-≈ km-[-\-ßƒ a-‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bnssI-am-‰w sN-øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.hm-ßp-∂-h-cp-sS-bpw hn¬-°p-∂-h-cp-sS-bpw`q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b ÿm-\w A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n hym-]m-c-sØ hn-im-e A¿-∞-Øn¬c-≠m-bn X-cw Xn-cn-°mw. (i) B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-cw (ii) hn-tZ-i hym-]m-cw. H-cp cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øv \-S-°p-∂ hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-cw. a-dn-®v c-t≠mA-Xn-e-[n-I-tam cm-„-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ \-S-Øp∂ hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv hn-tZihym-]m-cw. Cu A-≤ym-b-Øn¬ B-`y-¥-chym-]m-c-Øns‚ A¿-∞-hpw kz-`m-h-hpwAXns‚ hn-hn-[ X-c-ßƒ, B-`y-¥c hym-]m-cw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ tNw-_¿Hm-^v sIm-ta-gv-kns‚ ]-¶v F-∂n-h hn-i-Zambn N¿-® sN-øp-∂p.

hn]WnIfn√mØ Hcp Ahÿsb°pdnt®m, Aßns\sb¶n¬ hnhn[ D¬∏mZIcn¬ \n∂vD¬∏∂ßƒ Fßns\ \ap°v e`yamIpsat∂m \nßƒ Ft∏msg¶nepw Nn¥n®n´pt≠m?\ΩpsS kao] ]tZißfnep≈ \ap°mhiyamb \ntXym]tbmK km[\ßƒ hn¬°p∂]ehyRvP\°Ssb°pdn®v \nßƒs°√mh¿°pw Adnbmw. ]s£ AXpamXw aXntbm\ap°v? Nnet∏msg¶nepw Nne ]tXyI khntijXIfp≈ km[\ßƒ hmtß≠n hcp-tºmƒ IqSpX¬ henb ÿm]\ßfnte°pw hn]WnIfnte°pw \mw t]mImdp≠v. hnhn[XcØnep≈ D¬∏∂ßƒ, Nne khntij D¬∏∂ßƒ XpSßnbh \ΩpsS Bhiyßƒ-°\pkcn®v hn¬°p∂ ]e XcØnep≈ ISIfpw hn]WnIfpw H∂v \nco£n®m¬ \ap°vImWm≥ Ignbpw. Kma]tZißfn¬ ]®°dnIƒ, XpWnØcßƒ XpSßnb hneIpd™D¬∏∂ßƒ sXcpthmcßfnepw a‰pw hn¬°p∂ BfpIsfbpw \nßƒ I≠ncn°pw.\Kc]tZißfn¬ ImWp∂Xn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw hn`n∂amb ImgvNIfmWv CXv. Cßs\bp≈F√m Xcw hn]WnIfpw HsØmcpan®v klh¿ØnXztØmSpIqSn ]h¿Øn®phcp∂Xv \ΩpsScmPyØns‚ khntijXbmWv. Cd°paXn sNbvX hkvXp°fpsSbpw BtKmf _nkn\ vkwcw`ßfpsSbpw hcthmSpIqSn AØcw A¥¿t±iob D¬∏∂ßƒ hn¬°p∂ ISIfpwD≠mbnØpSßn. \Kcßfnepw ]´Wßfnepw Nne ]tXyI _m≥Uv sNøs∏´ D¬∏∂ßƒamXw hn¬°p∂ ISIƒ ImWmw. Fßns\bmWv Cu D¬∏∂ßsf√mw D¬∏mZIcn¬\n∂v ISIfn¬ FØp∂Xv F∂pIqSn \mw BtemNnt°≠Xp≠v. Cu ]hrØn Gs‰SpØvsNøp∂ CS\ne°mcn¬ IqSn amXta CXv km[yamhpIbp≈q. bYm¿∞Øn¬ Cu CS\n-e°m¿ Bhiyapt≠m? AtXm D¬∏∂ßfpsS hne h¿≤n∏n°m≥ amXta Ch¿ D]Icn-°pIbpt≈m?

273B`y¥c hym]mcw

10.2 B- y-¥-c hym-]m-cw[INTERNAL TRADE]

H-cp cm-Py-Øns‚ q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b A-Xn¿-

Øn-°p-≈n¬ \-S-Øp-∂ km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-tbm

tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-tbm hm-ß-epw hn¬-∏-\-bpw

B-Wv B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-cw. D-¬∏-∂-ßƒ

hm-ßp-∂-Xv sXm- -Sp-Øp-≈ I-S-bn¬ \n-t∂m

H-cp tI-µo-Ir-X hn-]-Wn-bn¬ \n-t∂m H-cp

Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚ v kv-t‰m-dn¬ \n-t∂m H-cp tjm-

∏nw-Kv- am-fn¬ \n-t∂m A-s√-¶n¬ ho-Sp-ho-Sm-

¥-cw \-S-∂v hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ h-gnhm-Wn- -

°m-cn¬ \n-t∂m Nn-e ]-Z¿-i-\ \-K-cn-I-fn¬

\n-t∂m B-bn-s°m-≈-s , km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-

∂-Xv cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øp-≈ ÿm-]-\-Øn¬

\n-t∂m hy-‡n-bn¬ \n-t∂m B-b-Xp-sIm-≠v

C-h-sb-√mw B- y-¥c hym-]m-cw X-s∂-bm-Wv.

km-[-\-ß-sf-√mw cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øv X-s∂ D¬-

]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw C-hn-sS X-s∂ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v B- y-¥-c hym-]m-

c-Øn¬ I-Ãw-kv Xo-cp-h-tbm C-d-°p-a-Xn

Xo-cp-h-tbm Np-a-Øm-dn-√. cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øv

D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ I-d≥-kn-bn¬ A-s√-¶n¬

A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw co-Xn-bn-em-bn-

cn-°pw B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-c-Øn¬ D¬∏-∂-

Øns‚ hn-e \¬-Ip-∂Xv.

B- y-¥-c hym-]m-c-sØ (i) sam-Ø hym-]m-cw

F-∂pw (ii) Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw F-∂pw c-≠v

hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bn X-cw Xn-cn-°mw. km-[m-c-W-

bm-bn cm-Py-Øns‚ hn-hn-[ `m-K-ß-fn-em-bn

hym-]n-®v In-S-°p-∂ A-\-h-[n D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-

°v- t\-cn-´v D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ F-Øn-°p-I F-∂-

Xv D¬-∏m-Z-I-sc kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw G-sd

_p-≤n-ap- m-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, cm-Py-Øns‚

]-e m-K-ß-fn-ep-≈ hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ D¬-

]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ -£y F-Æ-Iƒ, hkvX-ßƒ,

tkm-∏v, D-∏v Xp-S-ßn-b-h cm-Py-Øm-I-am-\w

hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂ Z-i-e-£-°-W-°n-\v D-]-

t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ sam-Ø

hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS-bpw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS-bpw

tk-h-\-ßƒ h-f-sc ]-[m-\-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

]p-\¿hn¬-∏-\-bv-°m-bn h-en-b-tXm-Xn¬

km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬

\n∂v hm-ßp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv sam-Ø hym-]mcw

F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.

t\-sc a-dn-®v, Xm-c-X-tay-\ sN-dn-b A-f-hn¬

D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßn B-Xy-¥n-I D-]-t`m-‡m-

°ƒ-°v hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv Nn√d

hym-]m-cw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. sam-Ø hym-]m-c-

Øn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂ hym-]m-cn-I-sf sam-Ø

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ F-∂pw Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-Øn¬

G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-h-sc Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ F-∂pw

]-d-bp-∂p. km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬-

∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-∂v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn-te-°v

F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hn-]-Wn C-S-\n-e-°m-sc-∂

\n-e-bv°v sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-I-fpw Nn-√-d

hym-]m-cn-I-fpw \n-c-h-[n [¿-Ω-ßƒ \n¿-∆-ln-

°p-∂p-≠v. Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hn-epw Iq-Sp-X¬

th-K-Øn-epw cm-Pyw ap-gp-h≥ km-[-\-ßƒ

F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ B- y-¥-c hym-]m-cw K-Wy-

am-b ]-¶v h-ln-°p-∂p.

10.3 sam-Ø hym-]m-cw[Wholesale Trade]

ap≥- m-K-ß-fn¬ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-® t]m-se ]p-\¿

hn¬-∏-\-bv-°m-bn h≥-tXm-Xn¬ km-[-\

-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-∂v-

hm-ß-p-I-bpw Nn√d hym]m-cn-Iƒ°v hn¬°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xns\bm-Wv sam-Ø hym-]m-

cw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.

274 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v t\-cn- v hn¬-°m-sX Nn-√d

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-t°m a-‰v hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-t°m a-‰v

hym-h-km-bn-I D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-t°m C-S-\n-e-

°m¿-t°m hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cn°pw

sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ i-≤ sN-ep-

Øp-I. D¬-∏m-Z-Isc-bpw Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m-

sc-bpw X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ C-S-\n-e-°m-

cm-Wv sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ. C-h¿, Nn-√-d hym-

]m-cn-I-fn-eq-sS cm-Py-Øns‚ hn-hn-[ m-K-ß-

fn-em-bn hym-]n-®v In-S-°p-∂ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn-

te-°v F-Øm≥ D¬∏m-Z-Isc k-lm-bn-°p-I

am-X-a-√, km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-

bpw hn-X-c-W-Øn\mh-iy-amb a-‰-\-h-[n [¿-

Ω-ßƒ Iq-Sn \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. A-h¿ km-

[m-c-W-bm-bn km-[-\-ß-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-

iw G-s‰-Sp-Øv kz-¥w t]-cn¬ hm-ß-epw hn¬-

°-epw \-S-Øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v _n-kn-\- v

\-„km-[y-X kz-bw G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p. C-h¿

h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßn sN-dnb

A-f-hn¬ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw a‰v hym-h-

km-bn-I D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°pw hn¬-°p-∂p.

D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ tK-Uv sN-øp-I, sN-dn-b `m-K-

ß-fm-°n ]m-bv-°v sN-øp-I, km-[-\-ß-fp-sS

kw-`-c-Ww, I-S-Øv, hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤-I ]-h¿-

Ø-\-ßƒ, hn-]-Wn hn-h-c ti-J-c-Ww, Nn-√d

hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn®v

A-h¿-°v D¬-∏∂-ßƒ hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-I

XpS-ßn \n-c-h-[n ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Ch¿ Gs‰-

Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ N-c-°v \o°n-

bn-cp-∏v kq-£n-°p-I F-∂ _p-≤n-ap- n¬ \n∂v

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-sf H-gn-hm-°m≥ k-lm-bn-

°p-I-bpw A-h¿-°v hm-bv-]-bm-bn km-[-\-ßƒ

\¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-Xp-sIm≠v X-s∂

sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂ ]-e [¿-

Ω-ß-fpw H-gn-hm-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√. sam-Ø

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ C-√m-bn-cp-∂psh-¶n¬ Cu

]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-√mw H-∂p-In¬ D¬-∏m-Z-I-tcm

A-s√-¶n¬ Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m-tcm G-s‰-Sp-t°-

≠n-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

samØ hym]mcnIƒ \¬Ip∂ tk-h\ßƒ

[Services of Wholesalers]

km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hn-X-

c-W-Øn¬ sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-

°pw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw ]-e-hn-[ tk-h-

\-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p. D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

B-h-iy-ap-≈ ÿ-e-Øv B-h-iy-ap-≈ k-a-b-

Øv D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\v e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS

A-h¿ H-tc k-a-bw ÿ-e D-]-bp-‡-X-bpw

k-a-b D-]-bp-‡-X-bpw kr-„n-°p-∂p. sam-Ø

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ hn-hn-[ hn-`m-K-ßƒ-°v \¬-

Ip-∂ ]-e-hn-[ tk-h-\-ßƒ Np-h-sS hn-h-cn

-°p-∂p.

10.3.1. D¬∏mZI¿°p≈ tkh\ßƒ

[Services to Manufacturers]

km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-

∂-h¿-°v sam-Ø-hym-]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂

tk-h-\-ßƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\w km[y-

am -°p -∂p (Facilitating large scale

production): sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ A-t\-

Iw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v sN-dn-b

sN-dn-b Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ ti-J-cn-°p-I-bpw

A-h sam-Ø-am-bn D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v ssI-am-

dn h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hm-ß-en-\v C-S-bm-

°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-Xv D¬-∏m-Z-Isc

h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-\v k-lm-

bn-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-t‚-Xm-b t\- w e- y-am-

°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

275B`y¥c hym]mcw

(ii) \-„km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p (Bearing the

risk): sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ kz-¥w

t]-cn¬ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-

∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-∂v

sam-Ø-am-bn km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-I-bpw

kz-¥w kw-`-c-Wim-e-I-fn¬ kq-£n-®v

h-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Cu ]-In-b-bn-

eq-sS A-h¿ `m-hn-bn-ep-≠m-Im-hp-∂

hn-e-°p-d-hv, tam-j-Ww, D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v

tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ kw- -hn-°p-I, Xo-]n-Sp-Øw

Xp-S-ßnb \-„km-[y-X-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp-°p-

I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn D¬-∏m-Z-I-sc C-Ø-cw

\-„km-[y-X-I-fn¬- \n-∂v H-gn-hm-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p.

(iii) km-º-Øn-I k-lm-b-ßƒ (Financial

assistance): km-[m-c-W-bm-bn sam-Ø

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-∂v

scm-°]W-Øn\v am-X-ta km-[-\-ßƒ

hm-ßp-I-bp-≈q. X∑q-ew D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v

\o°n-bn-cp-∏v N-c-°n¬ aq-e-[-\w sI-ń-

°n-S-°p-I F-∂ ÿn-Xnhn-ti-jw H-gn-hm-

Ip-∂p. am-Xhp-a-√, ]-e-t∏m-gpw h-en-b

tXm-Xn-ep-≈ Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ-°v C-h¿ ap≥-

Iq-dm-bn ]-Ww \¬-Im-dp-ap-≠v.

(iv) hn-Z-Kv-≤ D-]-tZ-iw (Expert advice):

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fp-am-bn t\-cn- v _-‘-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS

Xm-¬∏-cy-ßƒ, hn-]-Wn-bn-se ÿn-Xn-hn-

h-c-ßƒ, a-’-cw, hm-ßp-∂-h-cp-sS

Xm-¬-∏-cy-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb∏-‰n D¬-

∏m-Z-I¿-°v th-≠ \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ \¬-

Im≥ C-h¿-°v km-[n-°pw. C-Ø-cw

h-kv-Xp-X-I-sf kw-_-‘n-® kp-]-[m-\

hn-]-Wn hn-h-c-ß-fm-bn C-h-sb I-W-

°m°mw.

(v) hn-]-W-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ k-lm-bn-

°p-∂p (Helping in marketing functions):

sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-

\v th-≠ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw

A-h¿ A-Xv cm-Py-sa-ºm-Spw hym-]n-®v

In-S-°p-∂ A-\-h-[n D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v

hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-Xv D¬-∏m-Z-

Isc hn-]-W-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v

am-dn \n¬-°m-\pw D¬-∏m-Z-\ ]-h¿-Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°m-

\pw k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(vi) Xp-S¿-®-bm-b D¬-∏m-Z-\w km-[y-am-°p-

∂p (Facilitate production continuity):

hy-h-km-bim-e-I-fn¬ D¬-∏m-Z-\w \-S-∂v

ssh-Im-sX X-s∂ sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ

D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßpI-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-tfm D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tfm

B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-h-sc A-h-cp-sS kw- -

c-Wim-e-I-fn¬ kq-£n-®v h-bv-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. A-Xp-h-gn h¿-jw ap-gp-h≥ D¬-

∏m-Z-\w \-S-Øm≥ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v km-[n-

°p-∂p.

(vii)kw- -c-Ww (Storage): D¬-∏m-Z-\w \-S-∂-

bp-S≥ X-s∂ sam-Ø-hym-]m-cn-Iƒ

km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-I-bpw A-h-cp-sS

kw- -c-W-im-e-I-fn¬ A-Y-hm ]-≠-I-im-

e-I-fn¬ kq-£n-®v h-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-

∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v A-h

kq-£n-®v h-bv-t°-≠ _m-[y-X C-√m-Xm-

Ip-∂p. A-Xp-h-gn k-a-b D-]-bp-‡-X-bpw

e- y-am-Ip-∂p.

276 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

10.3.2 Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°p-≈ tk-h-

\-ßƒ [Services to Retailers]

sam-Øhym-]m-cn-Iƒ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v

\¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS e-`y-X (Availability of

goods): D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ssh-hn-[y-am¿-

∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ- th-≠-X D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ \o-°n-bn-cp-∏v h-bv-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

F-∂m¬ sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ hn-hn-[

D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ B-h-iy-s∏-

Sp-tºmƒ e- y-am-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Nn-√-d

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v \n-c-h-[n D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS

D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ti-J-cn-°p-I-bpw kq-£n®v

h-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I F-∂ _p-≤n-ap- v

H-gn-hm-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.

(ii) hn -] -W-\ ]n¥p -W (Marketing

support): sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ G-s‰-Sp-

°p-∂ \n-c-h-[n hn-]-W-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-

ßƒ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v G-sd

k-lm-b-I-c-am-Wv. D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf

km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-hm≥ t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂

]-c-ky-ßƒ, hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤-I ]-h¿-Ø-

\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-h¿ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p-

≠v. C-h-sb-√mw X-s∂ ]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂-

ß-fp-sS B-h-iy-I-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-

sIm-≠v Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m¿-°pw

A-Xnt‚Xm-b Kp-Ww e- n°pw.

(iii) hm-bv-] A-\p-h-Zn-°¬ (Grant of credit):

sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ A-h-cp-sS ÿn-cw

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v km-[m-c-W-bm-bn

hm-bv-]m ku-I-cy-ßƒ A-\p-h-Zn-°m-

dp≠v. C-Xv Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v

s]m-Xp-th Np-cp -ßn-b ]-h¿-Ø\

aq-e-[-\w sIm-≠v A-h-cp-sS _n-kn-\- v

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-

Im≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(iv) k-hn -ti-j-am -b A-dn -hp -Iƒ

(Specialised Knowledge): sam-Ø hym-]m-

cn-Iƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn H-cp X-cw D¬-∏-

∂-ß-fn¬ am-Xw i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-

∂-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xn-s\ kw-_-

‘n® hn-]-Wn-bp-sS kv-]-µ-\w A-h¿-°v

hy-‡-am-bn A-dn-bmw. Cu k-hn-ti-j

A-dn-hv, ]-tXy-In-®v ]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ, A-h-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw, hn-e,

Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw Xp-S-ßn-b-h A-h¿

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v ssI-am-dp-∂p.

Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-im-e H-cp-°p-∂-Xpw, Dev]-

∂-ßƒ sj¬- p-I-fn-epw a-‰pw ASp-°n

h-bv-°p-∂-Xpw ]-e D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw ]-Z¿-

in-∏n-t°-≠ co-Xn-I-fpw H-s° C-h¿

D-]-tZ-in-°m-dp-≠v.

(v) \-„km-[y-X ]-¶v h-bv-°p-∂p (Sharing

the risk): sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ h-en -b tXm -Xn¬ hm -ßp -

I-bpw Xm-c-X-tay-\ sN-dn-b A-f-hn¬

Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m¿-°v hn¬-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. sN-dn-b tXm-Xn¬ hm-ßn-bm¬

a-Xn F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ kq-£n-®v

h-bv-°p-I, tam-j-Ww, ]-g-In tI-Sp-h-cn-I,

hn-e-°p-d-hp-≠m-hp-I, B-h-iy-I-X-bn-se

hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b \-„km-[y-X-

Iƒ sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS A-`m-h-

Øn¬ G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠n h-cp-∂-Xv Nn-√-d

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v H-gn-hm-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.

277B`y¥c hym]mcw

10.4 Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw [Retail Trade]

km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm A-¥na D-]-t`m-

‡m-°ƒ-°v t\-cn- v hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp∂ hym-

]m-c ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-bm-Wv Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ

F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Nn-√-d

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ sam-Ø

hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-I-

bpw Ah sN-dn-b A-f-hn¬ A¥n-a D-]-t`m-

‡m-°ƒ°v hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ sam-Ø hn-X-c-W-°m-cn¬ \n-t∂m D¬-

∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-t∂m hm-ßn A¥na D-]-t`m-‡m-

°ƒ°v ssI-am-‰w sN-øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v hn-X-

c-W irw-J-e-bn-se A-h-km-\ ]-Sn-bm-Wv

Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\ F-∂v ]-d-bmw. A-Xp-sIm-≠v

A-¥n-a D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v A-h-cp-sS hy-‡n-

]-c-am-b-Xpw _n-kn-\- v-]-c-a-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b

B-h-iy-ßƒ-°m-bn km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-

fpw hn¬-∏\ \-S-Øp-∂ _n-kn-\- ns‚

im-J-sb Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw F-∂v ]-d-bmw.

km-[-\-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\v t\-cn-t´m sS-e-

t^m¨ ap-tJ-\-tbm sh≥-Unw-Kv sa-jn-\p-Iƒ

ap-tJ-\-tbm H-s° ]-e am¿-§-ßƒ A-h-ew_n-

°mw. km-[-\-ßƒ ]-e ÿ-e-Øpw hn¬-∏-\

\-S-Ømw. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn H-cp kv-t‰m-dn-tem,

D-]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ ho-ń-tem, a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw

ÿ-e-tØm H-s° B-Imw. \-Ωp-sS \n-Xy

Po-hn-X-Øn¬ I≠n-´p≈ Nne D-Zm-l-c-W-

ßƒ t\m°mw: hn-e Ipd-™ t]-\-Iƒ,

am-¥n-I kn-≤n-bp-s≠-∂v A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂

a-cp-∂p-I-ƒ, Nn-e X-am-i ]p-kv-X-I-ß-ƒ H-s°

_- p-I-fn-epw tdm-Uv- h-°n-ep-sam-s° hn¬-

∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv. ku-µ-cy h¿-≤-I h-kv-Xp-

°ƒ tkm-∏v Xp-S -ßn-bh ho-Sp -I-fn¬

sIm-≠p-h-∂v hn¬-°p-∂-Xv, h-gn-tbm-c-ß-fn¬

]-®-°-dn-Iƒ hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ sN-dp-In-S

I¿-j-I¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sbm-s° \mw \n-tXy-\

Im-Wm-dp-≠v. ]-s£ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ A¥na

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v hn¬-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v

C-h-sb-√mw Nn-√-d hym-]mcw F-∂v X-s∂

]-d-bmw. A-Xp-sIm-≠v F-ßs\-bm-Wv hn¬-

°p-∂-Xv F-t∂m F-hn-sS-bm-Wv hn¬-°p-∂-Xv

F-t∂m D-≈ ]-cn-K-W-\ Iq-Sm-sX D-]-t`m-‡m-

°ƒ-°v t\-cn-´m-Wv hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv

F-¶n¬ A-Xn-s\ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw F-∂v

hn-fn-°mw.

km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hn-X-

c-W-Øn¬ Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m¿ \n-c-h-[n

tk-h-\-ßƒ A-Y-hm [¿-Ω-ßƒ \n¿-∆-ln-°p-

∂p-≠v. sam-Ø hn-X-c-W-°m-cn¬ \n-∂pw a-‰p-

≈-h-cn¬ \n-∂p-sa-√mw hn-hn-[-ß-fm-b D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-I, A-h i-cn-bm-bn kq-£n-®v

h-bv-°p-I, sN-dn-b A-f-hn¬ hn¬-∏-\ \-S-

ØpI, _n-kn-\- n-s‚ \-„km-[y-X G-s‰-

Sp-°p-I, D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ tK-Uv sN-øp-I, hn-]-

Wn hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-°p-I, hm-ßp-∂-h¿-

°v hm-bv-]m ku-I-cy-ßƒ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I,

]-Z¿-i-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw a-‰pw hn¬-∏-\

t]m-’m-l-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-I-bpw

A-Xn-\m-bp-≈ ]-≤-Xn-I-fn-epw a-‰pw ]-s¶-Sp-

°p-I-bpw sNøpI Xp-S-ßn A-\-h-[n D-Zm-l-

c-W-ßƒ \-ap-°v Im-Wmw.

Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m¿ \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-

ßƒ (Services of Retailers)

km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw hn-X-c-Ww

sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ D¬-∏m-Z-I-sc-bpw A-¥n-a D-]-

t`m-‡m-°-sf-bpw X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂

kp-]-[m-\ I-Æn-bm-Wv Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ.

A-h¿ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-

278 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

°pw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°pw h-f-sc D-]-tbm-K-

]-Z-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. Nn-√-d

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ Nn-e ]-[m-\ tk-h-

\-ßƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

10.4.1 D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ[Services to Manufacturers and

Whole-salers]

sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ

Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) km-[-\-ßƒ hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v

k-lm-bn-°p-∂p (Help in distribution of goods):

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw

D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn-X-c-Ww

sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ \¬-Ip-∂ G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\

-s∏- tk-h-\w, q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-bn hym-]n®v

In-S-°p-∂ A-¥n-a D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn-te-°v

D¬∏-∂-ßƒ F-Øn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p∂p

F-∂Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. A-Xp-h-gn D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ°v ÿ-e D-]-bp-‡-X kr-„n-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p.

(ii) hy-‡n-K-X hn¬-∏-\ (Personal Selling):

an-°-hm-dpw D-]-t`m-‡r D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn¬-

∏-\-bn¬ Ip-sd-sb-¶n-epw hy-‡n-K-X hn¬-

∏-\ B-h-iy-am-bn h-cpw. C-Ø-cw hy-‡n-K-X

hn¬-∏-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-eq-

sS Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏m-Z-I-sc Cu _p-

≤n-ap- n¬ \n-∂v H-gn-hm-°p-I-bpw D¬-∏-∂-ß-

fp-sS hn¬-∏-\ k-^-eo-I-cn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-


(iii) h≥ tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ km-

[y-am-°p-∂p (Enabling large scale operations):

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-Øm¬ D¬-

∏m-Z-I¿-°pw sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw sN-dn-

b A-f-hn¬ Hm-tcm D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-\pw t\-cn- v

D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-I F-∂ _p-≤n-ap-´v

H-gn-hm-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂p. C-Xv A-h¿-°v

A-h-cp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Xm-c-X-tay-\ h-en-b tXm-Xn¬

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

(iv) hn-]-Wn hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-°p-∂p

(Collecting market information) : Nn-√-d hym-

]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-h-cp-am-bn t\-

cn- v ÿn-c-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-]-

t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS Xm¬∏-cy-ß-fpw ap≥-K-W-\-

I-fpw a-t\m- m-h-ß-fp-sa-√mw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂

hn-]-Wn hn-h-c-ßƒ A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]-[m-

\ tkm-X- m-bn C-h¿ h¿-Øn-°p-∂p. H-cp

ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ hn-]-W-\ Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ

F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ C-Ø-cw hn-h-c-ßƒ G-sd

D-]-Im-c-]-Z-am-Wv.

(v) hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤-\-sb k-lm-bn-°p-∂p

(Help in promotion): Im-emIm-e-ß-fn-em-bn D¬-

∏m-Z-I¿-°pw sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw hn-X-

c-W-°m¿-°pw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn¬-∏-\ h¿-

≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn hn-hn-[ X-cw hn¬

-∏-\ h¿-≤-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-t°-

≠n h-cpw. D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS ]-c-ky-ßƒ \¬-

Ip-I, Iq-∏-Wp-Iƒ, k-Ωm-\-ßƒ, hn¬-∏-\

a-’-c-ßƒ, l-kz-Im-e t]m-’m-l-\-ßƒ

apXem-b-h D-Zm-l-c-W-ßƒ. Nn-√d hn¬-∏-\-

°m¿ C-Ø-cw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-

fm-hp-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpsS hn¬-

279B`y¥c hym]mcw

∏-\ h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v k-lm-bn-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p.

10.4.2 D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°p-≈ tk-h-\-ßƒ [Services to Consumers]

D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬ \n-∂vNn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS Xp-S¿-®-bm-b e-`y-X(Regular availability of products): hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-b D¬-∏m-Z-I¿ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ hn-hn-[X-cw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS e-`y-X D-d-∏v h-cp-Øp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\-s∏-tk-h-\w. D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v B-h-iy-ap-≈-t∏mƒ km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßm≥ CXv k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(ii) ]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-® hn-h-c-ßƒ e-`y-am-°p-∂p (New product

information): Im-cy-£-a-am-b Pm-e-I ]-Z¿-i-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw hy-‡n-K-X hn¬-∏-\ i-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw ]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS e-`y-X-bpw ]-tXy-I k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-sa-√mw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v e- y-am-°p-∂p. C-h D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hm-ß¬ Xo-cp-am-\-sØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ ]-[m-\ L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv.

(iii) hm-ß-¬ ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-°p-∂p(Convenience in buying): Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m¿km-[m -c -W-bm -bn Iq -S n -b A-f -hn¬km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-I-bpw B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v sN-dn-b A-f-hn¬hn¬-°p-I-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Cu ÿm-]-\-ßƒkm-[m-c-W-bm-bn D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ Xm-a-kn-°p∂- ÿe-Øn\v k-ao-]-Øm-bn ÿn-XnsN-øp-I-bpw Iq-Sp-X¬ t\-cw Xp-d-∂n-cn-°p-I-

bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-sX-√mw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°vB-h-iy-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ G-sd ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-bn hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(iv) hn-im-e-am-b sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v (Wide

selection): Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ km-[m-c-W-

bmbn hnhn[ D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS ssh-hn-[y-am¿-

∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-∏-\-bv-°v h-bv-°m-dp-≠v.

C-Xv D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v C-„-ap-≈ km-[-\-

ßƒ hm-ßm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(v) hn¬-∏-\m-\-¥-c tk-h-\-ßƒ (After-

sales services): km-[-\-ßƒ ho-ń¬ sIm-≠p-

t]m-bn sIm-Sp-°p-I, tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-°p-

∂-Xn-\m-bn ]-I-cw kw-hn-[m-\w e- y-am-°pI,

]-cm-Xn-Iƒ tIƒ-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b ]-e

]-[m-\-s∏-´ hn¬-∏-\m-\-¥-c tk-h-\-ß-fpw

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂-Xv Nn-√-

d hym-]m-cn-I-fm-Wv.

(vi) hm-bv-] A-\p-h-Zn-°¬ (Provide credit

facilities): ]-e Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fpw X-ß-fp-

sS ÿn-cw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v km-[-\-ßƒ

I-S-Øn\v \¬-Im-dp-≠v. C-Xv A-h-cp-sS D-]-

t`m -Kw h¿-≤n -∏n -°p -I-bpw A-Xp -h -gn

A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X \n-e-hm-cw Db¿Øp-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p.

10.5 hn-hn-[ X-cw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ[Types of Retailers]

C-¥y-bn¬ ]-e X-c-Øn-ep-≈ Nn-√-d hym-]m-

cn-Iƒ D-≠v. Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v

th-≠n A-h-sb Nn-e s]m-Xp hn- m-K-ß-fm-bn

X-cw Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv \-∂m-bn-cn-°pw. ]-e hn-Z-Kv-

≤-cpw Nn-√-d hn-¬-∏-\-°m-sc ]-e co-Xn-bn¬

X-cw Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, h-en-∏-

280 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Øns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A-h-sb h≥-In-S-

°m¿, sN-dp-In-S-°m¿, CS-Ø-c-°m¿ F-∂n-ß-

s\ X-cw Xn-cn-°mw. D-S-a-ÿ-XbpsS A-Sn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ G-Imw-K hym-]m-cn-Iƒ, ]-¶m-fn-Ø

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, k-l-I-c-W kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ,

I-º-\n-Iƒ F-∂n-ß-s\ X-cw Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ k-hn-ti-j D¬∏-∂ IS-Iƒ

(speciality stores), kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ,

Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ F-∂n-ß-s\-bm-

Wv X-cw Xn-cn-hv. X-cw Xn-cn-hn-\v km-[m-c-W

D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ a-s‰m-cp A-Sn-ÿm-\w A-h¿-

°v _n-kn-\- v sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v ÿn-c-am-b ÿ-

e-ap-t≠m F-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-sf c-≠m-bn X-cw Xn-cn-°mw.

F) k-©m-c-]-Ir-X-cm-b Nn-√-d hym-]m-

cn-I-ƒ

_n) ÿn-cw ÿm-]-\-ap-≈ Nn-√-d hym-]m

-cnI-ƒ

Cu c-≠v hn-`m-Kw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-sf

kw-_-‘n-®pw C-\n h-cp-∂ m-K-ß-fn¬ hn-i-

Z-am-bn ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n- p-≠v.

10.5.1 k-©m-c - ] -Ir -X -cm -b Nn -√ -dhym-]m-cn-Iƒ [Itinerant Retailers]

_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°m-bn ÿn-c-

am-b H-cp ÿ-e-an-√m-Ø Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-

sf-bm-Wv k-©m-c-]-Ir-X-cm-b Nn-√-d hym-]m-

cn-Iƒ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. C-h¿ H-cp ÿ-e-

Øv \n-∂v a-s‰m-cp ÿ-e-tØ-°v A-s√-¶n¬

H-cp sX-cp-hn¬ \n-∂v a-s‰m-cp sX-cp-hn-te°v

hym-]m-c km-[-\-ß-fp-am-bn D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf

tX-Sn k-©-cn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw.

k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ [Characteristics]

F) ]cn-an-X-amb hn-`-h-ß-fp-ambn ]-h¿

-Ø-\w \-S-Øp-∂ sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-cn-I-

fm-Wv C-h¿.

_n)]-g-ßƒ, ]-®-°-dn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b Xm-c-X-

tay-\ hn-e Ip-d-™ \n-tXym-]-tbm-K

km-[-\-ß-fm-Wv C-h¿ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn

ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xv.

kn)D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS ho- p-]-

Sn-°¬ e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS Iq-Sp-X¬

D-]-t`m-‡r tk-h-\-ß-fpw kw-Xr-]v-Xn-bp-

am-Wv C-Ø-cw hym-]m-cn-Iƒ e-£y-an-Sp-

∂-Xv.

Un)_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-

Xn-\v ÿn-c-am-b ÿm-]-\w C-√m-Ø-Xp

-sIm-≠v C-Ø-cw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v

hn¬-∏-\-bv-°p-≈ km-[-\-ß-fpw a-‰pw

kz-¥w ho-Sp-I-fn-tem a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw

ÿ-e-tØm kq-£n-®v h-bv -t°-≠n

h-cp∂p.

C-¥y-bn¬ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-≠p-h-cp-∂

k-©m-c-]-Ir-X-cm-b Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS

hn-hn-[ X-c-ßƒ Np-h-sS sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

(i) \-S-∂v hn¬-∏-\-°m-¿ (Peddlers and

Hawkers): hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ G-‰-

hpw ]-g-°w sN-∂ Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m-cm-b

\-S-∂v hn¬-∏-\-°m-cp-sS- ]-k-‡n Cu

B-[p-\n-I Im-e-Øpw \-„-s∏-ń-ń-√ F-∂-

XmWv bm-Ym¿-∞yw. ssk-°n-fp-I-fn-epw D-¥p-

h-≠n-I-fn-epw ssk-°nƒ dn-£-I-fn-epw X-e-

®p-a-Sm-bpw Hm-tcm ÿ-eØpw am-dn am-dn D-]-

t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS ho- p-]-Sn-°¬ t]mbn D¬-∏-

281B`y¥c hym]mcw

∂-ßƒ hn¬-°m≥ i-an-°p-∂ Xo-sc sN-dp-

In-S D¬-∏m-Z-I-tcm hym-]m-cn-I-tfm B-Wv

C-Ø-c-°m¿. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn \n-e-hm-chpw

hnebpw Ipd™ I-fn-∏m- -ßƒ, ]-®-°-dn-Iƒ,

]-g-ßƒ, Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ßƒ, ]-c-h-Xm-\n-Iƒ,

sF-kvIow, e-Lp -£yh-kv-Xp-°ƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv C-Ø-c-°m¿ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂Xv. P-\-hm-k tI-µ-ßƒ, ]-Z¿-i-\-ß-fpwta-f-I-fpw \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-e-ßƒ, D-® -£-Wk-a-b-Øv kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ-°v ap≥-]n¬, th-e-,]q-cw Xp-S-ßn-b B-tLm-j-ßƒ \-S-°p∂

ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ H-s° C-h-sc Im-Wm≥

I-gnbpw.

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-b tk-h-

\w F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Ø-cw Nn-√-d hn-¬∏-\-bp-

sS ]-[m-\ Kp-Ww. ]-s£ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS

Kp-W\n-e-hm-c-hpw hn-e-bpw hn-iz-k-\o-b-a-√m-

Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v C-Ø-c-°m-cp-am-bp-≈ C-S-]m-Sp-

I-fn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ kq-£v-a-X ]p-e¿-tØ-≠-

Xp≠v.

(ii) N¥-°-®-h-S-°m¿ (Market Traders):

\n-›n-X Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn F-√m

Rm-b-dm-gv-N-bpw ]-tXy-Iw ÿ-e-ß-fn¬

Xm¬-°m-en-I I-S-Iƒ Xp-d-∂v hn¬-∏-\ \-S-

Øp-∂ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-sf-bm-Wv N¥-I-®-

h-S-°m¿ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn

h-kv-X-ßƒ, I-fn-∏m- -ßƒ, a¨]m-X-ßƒ,

]-e-hy-Rv-P-\-ßƒ ap-X-em-b-h-bm-Wv- C-h¿

hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-I. ]-[m-\-am-bpw Xm-gv-∂

h-cp-am-\-°m-cm-b D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf e-£y-an-

´v hn-e Ip-d-™ \n-tXym]-tbm-K km-[-\-ß-

fm-bn-cn-°pw C-h¿ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xv.

(iii) sX-cp-hv I-®-h-S-°m¿ (Sreet Traders/

Pavement Vendors): Iq-Sp-X¬ B-fp-Iƒ h-∂p-

t]m-Ip-∂ sd-bn¬-th kv-t‰-j≥, _-kv

Ãm≥Uv Xp-S-ßn-b ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ Im-W-s∏-

Sp-∂ Xo-sc sN-dn-b Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fm-Wv

sX-cp-hv I-®-h-S-°m¿. \n-tXym-]-tbm-K km-[-

\-ß-fm-b kv-t‰-j-\-dn h-kv-Xp°ƒ, -£yh-

kv-Xp-°ƒ, h-kv-X-ßƒ, Zn-\-∏-X-ßƒ,

am-knIIƒ Xp-S-ßn-b hn-e Ip-d-™ h-kv-Xp-

°-fm-Wv C-h¿ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xv. N¥-

°-®-hS-°m-cpw sX-cp-hv I-®-h-S-°m-cpw X-Ωn-

ep-≈ ]-[m-\ hy-Xym-kw C-h¿ I-®-h-Sw \-S-

Øp-∂ ÿ-ew s]-s´-∂v am-dp-I-bn-√ F-∂-

XmWv.

(iv) No-]v Pm-Iv-kv (Cheap Jacks) : h-en-b

Bƒ°q´w hcp∂ ÿ-e-Øv Xo-sc sN-dn-b

Xm¬-°m-en-I tjm-∏p-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂ Xo-sc

sN-dp-In-S Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-°m-cm-Wv No-]v

Pm-Iv-kv. A-Xm-Xv ÿ-e-ß-fp-sS km-[y-X-Iƒ-

°-\p-k-cn-®v C-°q-´¿ H-cp ÿ-e-Øp-\n-∂v

a-s‰m-cp ÿ-e-tØ-bv-°v am-dn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-

°pw. ]-s£ sXcphv I®-hS-°m-sc-tbm h-gn-

hm-Wn-`-°m-sc-tbm t]m-se A-X th-Kw

ÿ-ew am-dp-I-bn-√ F-∂v am-Xw. \n--tXym-]-

tbm-K km-[-\-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w

hm-®v, Ip-S, sN-cp-∏v Xp-S-ßn-b-h \-∂m-°p-I

ap-X-emb sN-dn-b tk-h-\-ß-fpw C-Ø-c-°m¿

\¬-Ip-∂p.

10.5.2 ÿn-cw ÿm-]-\-ap-≈ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ [Fixed Shop Retailers]

hn-]-Wn-bn¬ k¿-∆ km-[m-c-W-am-b Nn-√-d

hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv C-h. t]-cv kq-Nn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv t]m-se X-s∂ km-[-\-ßƒ hn¬-

°p-∂-Xn-\v ÿn-c-am-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-≈

Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\ im-e-I-fm-Wv C-Xv. A-Xp-

282 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

sIm-≠v X-s∂ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf tX-Sn H-cp

ÿ-e-Øv \n-∂v a-s‰m-cp ÿ-e-tØ-°v

C-h¿ t]m-Im-dn-√. C-Ø-cw hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS

a-‰v Nn-e k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-

°p∂p.

k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ [Characteristics]

F) k-©m-c ]-Ir-X-cm-b Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-

I-sf A-t]-£n-®v Iq-Sp-X¬ hn- -h-ßƒ

D-≈ C-h¿ Xm-c -X-tay -\ h-en -b

tXm-Xn¬ hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\w \-S-Øp-

∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw. F-¶n-epw Xo-sc sN-dn-

b-Xp- ap-X¬ ]-e h-en-∏-Øn-epw C-Ø-

cw Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\im-e-Iƒ D-≠v.

_n)Im-e ssZ¿-Lyw D-≈-Xpw C-√m-Ø-Xp-

am-b hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b D-]-t`m-‡r D¬-

∏-∂-ßƒ C-h¿ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-

∂p-≠v.

kn) C-Ø-cw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v D-]-t`m-

‡m-°-fp-sS C-S-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Aw-Ko-

Im-cw D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. am-X-a-√, D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ ho-ń-se-Øn-°p-I, Kym-c-≠n

\¬-Ip-I, tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-Øv sIm-

Sp-°pI, hm-bv-]m ku-I-cy-ßƒ e- y-am-

°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b a-‰v tk-h-\-ßƒ Iq-Sn

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂p.

hn-hn-[ X-c-ßƒ [Types]

ÿn-cw ÿm-]-\-ap-≈ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-sf

A-h-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\ hym]vXn-bpsS A-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ c-≠v hy-Xy-kv-X hn-`m-K-ß

-fm-bn X-cw Xn-cn-°mw.

F) sN-dp-In-S tjm-∏p-Iƒ F-∂pw

_n) h≥-In-S Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ F-∂pw.

ap-I-fn-se c-≠v hn- m-K-ß-fn¬ h-cp-∂ hn-hn-[-

bn-\w Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ G-sX-√m-sa-∂v

Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

ÿn-cw ÿm-]-\-ap-≈ sN-dp-In-S Nn-√-d

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ

(i)s]mXp tÃmdpIƒ (General Stores):B-fp-Iƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂ ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw ]m-tZ-in-I hn-]-Wn-I-fn-epw G-‰-hpwIq-Sp-X¬ I-≠p-h-cp-∂ Nn-√-d hym-]m-c ÿm-]\-ß-fm-Wv s]mXp tÃmdpIƒ. t]-cv kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se k-ao-] ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-≈D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ssZ-\w Zn-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°p-≈ hn-hn-[ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ C-h¿ e- y-am-°p-∂p. C-Ø-cw I-S-Iƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sSkuI-cym¿-∞w Iq-Sp-X¬ k-a-bw Xp-d-∂vh-bv-°p-Ibpw ]-e-t∏m-gpw ÿn-cw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v km-[-\-ßƒ I-S-am-bn hn¬-°p-I-bpwsN-øp∂p.

C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS G-‰-hpw h-en-bKp-Ww A-h D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ku-I-cy-ß-fm-Wv. \n-tXym-]-tbm-K km-[-\-ß-fm-b ]-e-hy-Rv-P-\-ßƒ, e-Lp ]m-\o-b-ßƒ,kv-t‰-j-\-dn D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h G-‰-hpw ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-bn D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°ve-`y-am-°p-∂p. an-°-hm-dpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒH-cp sN-dn-b ]-tZ-i-Øp-≈-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠vD-S-a-ÿs‚ ]-Xn-Om-b-bpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bp-≈ hy-‡n_-‘-ß-fpw C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS hn-P-b-Øn-\v k-lm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

(ii) k-hn-ti-j D¬∏∂ ISIƒ (Speciality

Shops): Cu A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv ]-tXy-In-®v\-K-c-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]-Nm-c-Øn¬ h-∂ Nn-√dhn¬-∏-\ im-e-I-fm-Wv k-hn-ti-j D¬∏∂IS-Iƒ. hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-I-cw

283B`y¥c hym]mcw

C-Ø-cw IS-Iƒ G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp X-cw D¬-∏-∂-Øn¬ am-Xw i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂p.D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn Ip- n-Iƒ-°p-≈ h-kv-X-ßƒ,]p-cp-j≥-am¿-°p-≈ h-kv-X-ßƒ, kv-Xo-Iƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, I-fn-∏m-´-ß-fpwk-Ωm-\-ß-fpw, kv-Iqƒ bq-Wn-t^m-ap-Iƒ,tIm-tfPv ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ, ssh-Zyp-X D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, a-cp-∂p-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b H-tc X-cw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ am-Xw hn¬-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv Cuÿm-]-\-ßƒ.

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn [m-cm-fw B-fp-I-sf B-I¿-jn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ]-[m-\ tI-µ-ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°pw k-hn-ti-j D¬∏∂ IS-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°pI. A-h D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v km-[-\-ßƒsX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ H-cp-]m-Sv ssh-hn-[y-ßƒ e`y-am°p-∂p.

(iii) sX-cp-hv Ãm-ƒ \S-Øp-∂-h¿ (Sreet Stall

Holders) : h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw B-fp-Iƒ I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ sX-cp-thm-c-ß-fn-epw a-‰pw Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ sN-dn-b I-S-Iƒ \-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fm-Wv- C-°q- ¿. I-fn-∏m--ßƒ, sdUn-sabvUv hkvX-ßƒ, kn-K-c-‰p-

Iƒ, e-Lp ]m-\o-b-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b hn-e-Ip-d-™ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ Cuÿm-]-\-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-bpw k-©-cn-°p-∂D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf e-£yw h-®p-≈-h-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Xo-sc sN-dn-b ÿ-e-Øv ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ sN-dn-b tXm-Xn¬ am-Xwhym-]m-cw \-S-Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv C-h¿. D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v B-h-iy-ap-≈ km-[-\-ßƒ ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-bn hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw e`y-am-°p∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv C-h-cp-sS ]-[m-\KpWw.

(iv) D-]-tbm-Kn-® km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn¬-∏-\-im-e-Iƒ (Second Hand Goods Shops) : D-]-tbm-Kn-® ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ, hm-l-\-ßƒ, ^¿-

Wn-®-dp-Iƒ a‰v ho- p-km-[-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bhhn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-fm-Wv C-h. Ip-d-™ hn-e-bv-°v D¬-∏-∂-ßƒhn¬-°p-∂ C-h-cp-sS D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ km-[m-

c-W-bm-bn h-cp-am-\w Ip-d-™ B-fp-I-fm-bn-

cn-°pw. A-]q¿-∆-am-bn am-Xw e-`y-am-Ip-∂

N-cn-X-]-c-am-b aq-ey-ap-≈-Xpw ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp-°-

fp-sam-s° A-h-tbm-Sv ]-tXy-I a-a-X-bp-≈

B-fp-Iƒ-°v h-f-sc D-b¿-∂ hn-e-bv°vv hn¬-

°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw C-Ø-c-Øn-ep≠v.

Xn-c-t°-dn-b sX-cp-hp-I-fn-epw Ihe-I-fn-epw

Xo-sc sN-dn-b Xm¬-°m-en-I X-´p-I-fn-tem

ta-i-I-fn-tem H-s°-bm-bn-cn-°pw ]p-kv-X-I-ß-

fpw a-‰pw hn¬-∏-\-bv-°m-bn ]-Z¿-in-∏n-°p-∂-

Xv. hm-l-\-ß-fpw ^¿-Wn-®-dp-I-fpw ]p-cm-h-

kv-Xp-°-fp-sam-s° hn¬-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-

ßƒ-°v Ipd®v Iq-Sn sa-®-s∏- ku-I-cy-ßƒ

D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

(v) GI-tiWo tÃmdp-Iƒ : sdUn-

sabvUv hkvX-ßƒ, hm®p-Iƒ, ]mZ-c-£-Iƒ

XpS-ßnb Hcp tiWn-bn-ep≈ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

amXw hnev]\ \S-Øp∂ Nn√d hn¬∏\im-

e-I-fmWv GI-tiWn tÃmdp-Iƒ.

kv-Yn-cw ÿm-]-\-ap-≈ h≥-In-S Nn-√-dhym-]m-cn-Iƒ

1. Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ

(Departmental stores)

H-cp Iq-c-bv-°v Io-gn¬ hn-hn-[ hn`m-K-ß-fm-bn

th¿-Xn-cn-°-s∏- -Xpw F-√m-Ø-cw D-]-t`m-‡m-

°-fp-sS-bpw B-h-iy-ßƒ Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xpw h-f-sc-tb-sd ssh-hn-[y-ß-fm-b D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xp-am-b h-f-sc h-en-b

Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-fm-Wv Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬

kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ. C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ Hcp

284 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

]tXyI C-\Øn¬s∏´ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ am-Xw

hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ ]-e hn- m-K-ßƒ A-Y-hm

Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚p-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. D-Zm-l-c-W-

am-bn H-tc kv-t‰m-dn¬ X-s∂ tSm-bv-e-‰v D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ, a-cp-∂p-Iƒ, Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ßƒ, I-fn-

∏m-´-ßƒ, ^¿-Wn-®-dp-Iƒ, ]-e-hy-Rv-P-\-

ßƒ, C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-

b-h-bv-s°-√mw ]-tXy-Iw ]-tXy-Iw Un-∏m¿-

v-sa≥-dp-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. A-Xp-h-gn G-sd

hn-`n-∂-ß-fm-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ e`y-am-°n-

s°m≠v hnhn[ hn`mKw D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS

B-h-iy-ßƒ Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ i-an-°p-∂p.

A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep≈ Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚ v kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ

"kq-Nn ap-X¬ hn-am-\w h-sc', "F-√m tjm∏n-

ßpw H-cp Iq-c-bv-°v Io-gn¬', "sam-´p-kq-Nn

ap-X¬ B-\ h-sc' Xp-S-ßn-b X-e-s°- p-Iƒ

D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-

I-sf kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-\z¿-∞-am-sW-

∂v ]-d-bmw. C-¥y-bn¬ Nn-√-d hym-]m-c ta-J-

e-bn¬ b-Ym¿-∞ cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ Un-∏m¿-´v-

sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ \n-e-

hn¬ h-∂n- n-√ F-∂v ]-d-tb-≠n h-cpw. F-∂n-

cp-∂mepw apw-ss_-bn-se "A-Iv-_-d-en'

sN-ss∂-bn-se "kv-s]≥-tk-gv-kv' Xp-S-ßn-b-h

C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-sW-∂v ]-d-

bmw. Cu A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn an-°-hm-dpw

a-lm\-K-c-ß-fn-epw a-‰v \-K-c-ß-fn-ep-sa-√mw

h≥-In-S am-fp-Iƒ Cu cq-]-Øn¬ Xp-S-ßn

h-cp-∂p-≠v. Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-I-fp-sS

k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

F) B-[p-\n-I Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ

d-kv-t‰m-d≥-dv, bm-Xm hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-

∂ tIµ-ßƒ, sS-e-t^m¨ _q-Øv,

hn-i-a ap-dn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b A-[n-I

ku-I-cy-ßƒ e`y-am°p-∂p-≠v. A-Xp-hgn

km-[-\-ß-fp -sS hn -e-bv -°v h-en -b

]m-[m-\yw \¬-Im-Ø D-b¿-∂ h-cp-am-\-

°m-cm-b D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ]-c-am-h-[n

tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Ø-

cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-\p-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ co-

Xn. At\Iw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf B-I¿-jn-

°p-∂ X-c-Øn¬ \-K-c-ß-fp-sS lr-Z-b- m-

Kßfnem-Wv CØcw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ÿn-

Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv.

_n) h-f-sc h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ am-Xw ]-h¿-

Øn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v km-[m-c-W-bm-bn

sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- U-b-d-Œ¿ t_m¿-Uv

Aw-K-ßƒ \nb-¥n°p-∂ tPm-bn‚ v

kv-t‰m-°v I-º-\n-I-fm-bn-´m-bn-cn-°pw

C-Øcw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-I.

A-Xn-\v Hcp am-t\-Pnw-Kv U-b-d-Œ-dpw

k-lm-bn-°m-\mbn P-\-d¬ am-t\-P¿,

Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚ v am-t\-P¿-am¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-

cpw D-≠m-bn-cn°pw.

kn) Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ Nn-√-d hn¬-

∏-\-bp-sS-bpw kw- -c-W-im-e-bp-sS-bpw [¿-

Ω-ßƒ H-tc k-a-bw \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂p.

A-h¿ D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-∂v t\-cn- v D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-I-bpw kz-¥-am-b kw- -c-

W-im-e-I-fn¬ kq-£n-®v h-bv-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. A-Xp-h-gn D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS-bpw

D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS-bpw C-S-bn-ep-≈ A-\-

`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-b a-[y-h¿-Øn-I-sf H-gn-hm-

°p-∂-Xn-\pw k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

Un) A-h¿-°v tI-µo-Ir-X-am-b hm-ß¬ kw-

hn-[m-\-ßƒ D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ÿm-]-\-Øn-

se F-√m Un-∏m¿-´v -sa≥-dp-Iƒ-°pw

B-h-iy-am-b km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xv

285B`y¥c hym]mcw

A-Xn-\v th-≠n am-Xw cq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´

]¿-t®-kv Un-∏m¿-´v-sa≥-dm-Wv. F-∂m¬

hy-Xy-kv-X Un-∏m¿-´v-sa≥-dp-I-fn-eq-sS

hn-tI-µo-Ir-X-am-bn- m-bn-cn-°pw hn¬-∏-\

\-S-Øp-∂-Xv.

ta-∑-Iƒ [Advantages]

Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-I-fn¬ Iq-Sn-bp-≈

Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ t\-´-ßƒ

Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p:

(i) [mcmfw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf B-I¿-jn-

°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p (Attract large number of

customers) : km-[m-c-W-bm-bn C-Ø-cw ÿm]-

\-ßƒ \-K-c tI-µ-ß-fn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-

Xp-sIm-≠v Zn-h-k-Øn-s‚ an-°-hm-dpw k-a-b-

ß-fn-epw A-t\-Iw D-]-t`m-‡-m°-sf B-I¿-

jn-°m≥ C-h¿-°v I-gn-bp-∂p.

(ii) hm-ß¬ ku-I-cy - ] -Zam°p∂p

(Convenience in buying): H-tc Iq-c-bv-°v

Io-gn¬ X-s∂ ssh-hn-[y-am¿-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v

A-h¿-°v B-h-iy-ap-≈ G-√m km-[-\-ß-fpw

H-tc ÿ-e-Øp-\n-∂v X-s∂ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈

ku-I-cyw Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ

e-`y-am-°p-∂p. X-∑q-ew D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v

H-cp ÿ-e-Øp-\n-∂v a-s‰m-cp ÿ-e-tØ-bv°v

IqSp-X¬ bmX sNtø≠ B-h-iyw D-≠m-

Ip-∂n-√.

(iii) B-I¿-j-I -am -b tk-h -\ -ßƒ

(Attractive services):: Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-

dp-Iƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ]-c-am-h-[n tk-h-

\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p. kuP-\y-ambn km-[-\-

ßƒ ho-Sp-I-fn¬ F-Øn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-I, sS-

en-t^m¨ h-gn B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ

F-Øn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-I, hm-bv-]m ku-I-cy-ßƒ

e-`y-am-°p-I, hn-i-a-ap-dn-Iƒ, sS-en-t^m¨

_q-Øp-Iƒ, d-kv-t‰m-d≥-dv Xp-S-ßn-b tk-h-

\ß-sf-√mw C-h¿ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p.

(iv) h≥-In-S ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS t\- -ßƒ

(Economy of large scale operations): C-Ø-cw

kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ h-en-b-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hym-]m-c

]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v

A-Xnt‚-Xm-b Kp-Ww D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v e`y-

am-Ip-∂p.

(v) hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

(Promotion of sales): Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-

dp-Iƒ-°v ]-c-ky-Øn-\pw a-‰v hn¬-∏-\ h¿

-≤-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°p-sa-√mw h-en-b-tXm-

Xn¬ ]-Ww sN-e-h-gn-°m-\p-≈ km-º-Øn-I-

ti-jn D≠v. A-sX-√mw A-h-cp-sS hn¬-∏-\

h¿-≤n-∏n-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ (Limitations)

C-ßs\-sbm-s° B-sW-¶n-epw C-Ø-cw

Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-Øn-\pw Nn-e ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v.

A-h Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) hy-‡n-K-X i-≤-bp-sS A-`m-hw (Lack

of personal attention): C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ

h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-

fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Hm-tcm D-]-t`m-

‡m-°ƒ-°pw th-≠-X hy-‡n-K-X ]-cn-K-

W\ \¬-Ip-I _p-≤n-ap- m-bn-cn-°pw.

(ii) D-b¿-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-h v (High

operating cost): Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ

A[nI kuIcy-ßƒ-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ ]m-[m-\yw

\¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v kzm- m-hn-I-am-bpw A-h-

286 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

cp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hpw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw.

X≥-aq-ew D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-e-bpw Iq-Sp-X-

em-bn-cn-°pw. A-Xp-sIm-≠v Xm-gv∂ h-cp-am-\-

°m-cmb B-fp-Iƒ-°v C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ

A-X BI¿-j-Wo-b-a-√.

(iii) D-b¿-∂ \-„km-[y-X (High possibility

of loss): h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpwD-b¿-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hp-I-fpw Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ-°v D-b¿-∂ \-„-km-[yXkr-„n-°p-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS Xm¬-∏-cy-Øn-tem ^m-j-\n-tem am-‰w

h-cp-∂-Xn-eq-sS \n-e-hn-ep-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒsI- n-°n-S-°p-∂-Xv H-gn-hm-°m≥ th-≠n A-hhenb hn-e-°p-d-hn-eq-sS hn-‰-gn-t°-≠-Xm-bnh-cpw.

(iv) ku-I-cy - ] -Z -a -√m -Ø ÿm-\w

(Inconvenient location): km-[m-c-W-bm-bn

tI-µo-Ir-X ÿm-\-Øv ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ Np-cp-ßnb k-a-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ B-h-iyw h-cp-∂km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√.

C-Ø-cw ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D-s≠-¶n-epw Nn-e

]-tXy-I hn-`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´ D-]t`m‡m-°ƒ°v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠v ]m-›mXy cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Un-∏m¿-´v-sa≥-dv kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.

2. irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ A-√-¶n¬ aƒ-ń-

∏nƒ tjm∏p-Iƒ [Chain Stores or Multiple

Shops]: D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS-tbm C-S-\n-e-°m-cp-sS-tbm D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ A-h¿ t\-cn- v \-S-Øp-∂Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-fp-sS irw-J-e-bmWvirw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ A-Yhm aƒ-ń-∏nƒtjm-∏p-Iƒ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ H-tc X-c-Øn-epw cq-]-Øn-ep-ap-≈

A-\-h-[n ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cm-Py-Øns‚

hn-hn-[ ÿ-e-ß-fn-em-bn ÿm-]n-°p-∂p.C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bnIq-Sp-X¬ hn-‰p-h-c-hp-≈ _m≥-Uv sN-ø-s∏- -

Xpw \n-e-hm-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-am-b D¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-Wv hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv. C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-

\-ß-sf-√mw H-tc D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈-Xpw H-tc

Xcw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬°p-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. Ch-

cpsS hn¬-∏-\ X-¥-ß-fpw D¬-∏-∂-ß-ƒ Iao-

I-cn°p∂Xpw H-tc t]m-se B-bn-cn-°pw.

CØ-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS Nn-e ]-[m-\-s∏-

k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

a) Xmc-X-tay\ P\-hm-k-ap-≈Xpw th≠X

D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xp-amb

]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ

ÿm-]n-°p-I. D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf ÿm-]-

\-Øn-te-°v B-I¿-jn-°p-I F-∂-Xn-ep-]-

cn D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v A-h-cp-sS hm-k-

ÿ-e-Øn-\-Sp-Øv D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ e-`y-am-

°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-

∂-Xv.

b) F-√m ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw B-h-iy-am-b

D¬-]-∂-ßƒ tI-µ Im-cym-e-bw, tI-µo-

Ir-X-am-bn D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-tbm hm-ßp-

I-tbm sN-bv-Xv B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww

Hm-tcm ÿm-]-\-Øn-\pw hn-X-c-Ww

sN-øp∂p. Cu co-Xn C-Ø-cw kv-t‰m-dp-I-

fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°p-∂

-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

c) Hm-tcm im-J-bpw A-h-bp-sS ssZ-\w Zn-\

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b

Hcp am-t\-Pcp-sS t\-cn-´p-≈ ta¬-t\m-´-

Øn -em -bn -c n -°pw. Cu am -t\ -P¿

]-kv-Xp-X im-J-bn-se hn¬-∏-\, _m-¶n¬

\n-t£-]n-® ]-Ww, km-[-\-ß-fp-sS

B-h-iy-I-X Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb kw-_-‘n®

287B`y¥c hym]mcw

\n-tXy-\-bp-≈ hn-h-c-Ww tI-µ Im-cym-

e-b-Øn-te-°v A-b-®p- sIm-Sp-°p∂p.

d) F-√m im-J-I-sf-bpw \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xpw

A-h-sb kw-_-‘n-® \-b-ßƒ Xo-cp-am-

\n-°p-∂-Xpw A-Xv \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xpw

tI-µ Im-cym-e-b-am-Wv-.

e) Cu ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v

F-√m-bn-S-Øpw H-tc hn-e-bm-bn-cn-°pw.

am-X-a-√ F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw scm-°w hn¬-∏-

\ am-X-ta D-≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q. \n-tXy-\

hn-‰p-In- p-∂ ]-Ww A-Xm-Xp Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬

tI-µ Imcym-e-bØns‚ t]-cn¬ _m-

¶n¬ \n-t£-]n-°p-I-bpw A-Xns‚ dn-

t∏m¿- v tI-µ Imcym-e-bØn-te-°v A-b-


f) ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \¬-Ip-∂ D-]-t`m-‡r-

tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw, tI-µ

Imcym-ebw \n-›-bn-°p-∂ \-b-ßƒ

A-\p-h¿-Øn-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b Im-cy-ßƒ

D-d-∏v h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn kv-t‰m-dp-I-fn¬

\n-co-£-I-sc \n-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.

D-b¿-∂ tXm-Xn¬ hn¬-∏-\-bp-≈-Xpw h¿-jw

ap-gp-h≥ B-h-iy-I-X-bp-≈-Xp-am-b D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v G-‰-hpw

Im-cy-£-a-am-b kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv irw-J-em

kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ. m-c-X-Øn¬ C-Ø-cw kv-t‰m-dp-

Iƒ-°v G-‰-hpw \-√ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv _m-‰m

jq kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ. a-‰v ]-e D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°pw

C-Ø-cw irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-h-cp-

∂p-≠v. Un.kn.Fw., sd-bv-a-≠v-kv, am-Iv-tUm-

Wmƒ-Uv Xp-S-ßn-bh CØcw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ

°v a‰p-Zm-l-c-Wßfm-Wv.

ta-∑-Iƒ (Advantages)

irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v

\¬-Ip-∂ hn-hn-[ t\-´-ßƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-

°p∂p.

(i) h≥-In-S ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS t\- -ßƒ

(Economies of scale): tI-µo-Ir-X-am-bn kw- -c-

Ww \-S-Øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v irw-J-em kv-t‰m-

dp-Iƒ-°v h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-

ßƒ sIm-≠p-≈ km-º-Øn-I t\-´-ßƒ

e- y-am-Ip-∂p.

(ii) C-S-\n-e-°m-sc H-gn-hm-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p

(Elimination of middlemen): D-]-t`m-‡m-

°ƒ°v t\-cn- v hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v

km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hn¬-

∏-\-bn¬ B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø C-S-\n-e-°m-sc

H-gn-hm-°m≥ irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ-°v

km-[n°p-∂p.

(ii) In- m-°-Sw C√ (No bad debts): scm-°w

]W-Øn-\p≈ hn¬-∏-\ am-X-ta-bp-≈q F-∂-

Xp-sIm-≠v In-´m-°-Sw F-∂ \-„w D-≠m-Im-

\p-≈ km-[y-X Xo-sc-bn-√.

(iv) km-[-\-ßfpsS ssIam-d¬ (Transfer

of goods): G-sX-¶n-epw Nn-e ]-tXyI D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ-°v H-cp ÿ-e-Øv B-h-iy-I-X Ip-d-

hm-sW-¶n¬ B D¬-∏-∂-Øn-\v B-h-iy-I-X

Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ a-‰v ÿ-e-tØ-°v am-‰n \¬-Im≥

I-gn-bp-∂p. C-Xv km-[-\-ßƒ sI- n-°n-S-°pI

F-∂ \-„-km-[yX H-gn-hm-°m≥ k-lm-bn-

°p-∂p.

(v) \-„-km-[y -X e-Lq -I-cn -°p -∂p

(Diffusion of risk): G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp kv-t‰m-

dn¬ D-≠m-Im-hp-∂ \-„w a-s‰m-cp kv-t‰m-dn-

se em-`w sIm-≠v \n-I-Ømw F-∂-Xp-sIm-

288 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

≠v ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ B-sI-bp-≈ \-„-km-[y-

X e-Lq-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.

(vi) Ip-d-™ ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hv (Low cost):

tI-µo-Ir-X hm-ß-ep-Iƒ, C-S-\n-e-°m-sc

H-gn-hm-°¬, tI-µo-Ir-X hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤-I

]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hn¬-

∏-\ Xp-S-ßn-b-h irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-I-fp-sS

B-sI ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°m≥ k-lm-

bn-°p-∂p.

(vii) A-b-hv/h-g-°w (Flexibility): Cu

kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp kv-t‰m¿

em- -I-c-a-s√-¶n¬ am-t\-Pv-sa‚n-\v B-h-iy-sa-

¶n¬ -ÿm-]\-Øns‚ B-sI em- -£-a-X-sb

Im-cy-am-bn _m-[n-°m-Ø X-c-Øn¬ B kv-

t‰m-dn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\w A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-tbm

A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b a-s‰m-cp ÿ-e-tØ-bv-°v am-

‰n ÿm-]n-°p-I-tbm sN-ømw.


(i) D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS ssh-hn-[y-an-√m-bv-a

(Limited selection of goods): an-°-hm-dpw

irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-I-sf-√mw Np-cp-ßn-b C-\w

D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn¬ am-Xw i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-

∂-h-bm-Wv. ]-tXy-In-®v D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS D-S-a-

ÿ-X-bn¬ X-s∂-bp-≈ irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-

Iƒ. a-‰v D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-

°m-Ø-Xv sIm-≠v D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v

ssh-hn-[y-am¿-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ e- n-°m-\p-≈

A-h-k-cw C-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.

(ii) ap≥-ssI F-Sp-°m-\p-≈ hn-ap-J-X (Lack

of initiative) : irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-I-fp-sS

am-t\-P¿-am¿-°v tI-µ Imcym-e-bØns‚

\n¿-t±-i-ßƒ A-\p-k-cn®p am-X-ta ]h¿Øn-

°m-\m-Ip-Ibp-≈q. C-Xv A-h-sc F-√m-bv-t∏m-

gpw tI-µ Imcym-e-b-Ønse \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ-

°m-bn Im-Øn-cn-°m≥ io-en-∏n-°p-I-bpw D-]-

t`m-‡m-°-sf Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ i-an-°p-∂

A-h-cp-sS In-bm-fl-I-X-sb \n-cp¬-km-l-s∏-

Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

(iii) hy-‡n_-‘-ß-fp-sS A-`m-hw (Lack of

personal touch): Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS ap≥-ssI

F-Sp-°m-\p-≈ hn-ap-J-X ]-e-t∏m-gpw A-h-cp-

sS-bn-S-bn¬ \n- w-K-X kr-„n-°p-I-bpw A-Xv

hy-‡n-_-‘-ß-fn¬ hn-S-hv kr-„n-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p.

(iv) tNm-Z-\-Øn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈

_p-≤n-ap-´v (Difficult to change demand):

irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂

D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°p-≈ tNm-Z-\w h-f-sc th-Kw

am-dm≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v tI-µ

Un-t∏m-bn¬ hn¬-°m-sX In-S-°p-∂ D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ aq-ew ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v h-en-b \-„w

D-≠m-Im≥ km-[y-X-bp-≠v.

Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-I-fpw irw-J-em

kv-t‰m-dp-I-fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw

(Difference between Departmental Stores and

Multiple Shops)

Cu c-≠v X-cw Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-fpw h≥-

In-S ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-sW-¶n-epw A-h X-Ωn¬

Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ Nn-e hy-Xm-k-ßƒ

Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw.

(i) ÿm-\w (Location): Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬

kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn H-cp-]m-Sv D-]-

t`m-‡m-°-sf B-I¿-jn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂

tI-µo-Ir-X-am-b ]-tZ-i-Øm-Wv B-cw- n-°pI.

F-∂m¬ irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-

°ƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\-Sp-Øm-

289B`y¥c hym]mcw

bm-Wv B-cw-`n-°m-dp-≈-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-

X-s∂ tI-µo-Ir-X ÿm-\w F-∂-Xv irw-Jem

kv -t‰m -dp -I-sf kw-_-‘n-®n -S -tØm-fw

]-k-‡-am-b Im-cy-a-√.

(ii) D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn-se ssh-hn-[yw (Range

of products): Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-IƒD-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS F-√m-Ø-cw B-h-iy-ß-sf-bpw H-tc Iq-c-bv-°v Io-gn¬ X-s∂ Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ i-an-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v hn-hn-[-bn-\w D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-tø-≠nh-cp-∂p. F-∂m¬ irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-IƒA-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn¬ am-Xw i-≤

tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂ \n-›n-X X-cw D-]-t`m-‡m-

°-sf am-Xw e-Iv-jyw h-bv-°p-∂p.

(iii) e- y-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ (Services offered):

Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ A-h-cp-sS D-]-

t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ]-c-am-h-[n tk-h-\w ]-Zm-\w

sN-øm≥ i-an-°p-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn h-kv-

X-ßƒ-°v cq-]-am-‰w h-cp-Øp-I, d-kv-t‰m-d≥-

dp-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h. t\-sc a-dn-®v irw-J-em

kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ hn¬-°p-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ°v

F-s¥-¶n-epw Ip-g-∏-ßƒ D-s≠-¶n¬ tI-Sp-

]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-Øp sIm-Sp-°p-I, Kym-c‚n \¬-

Ip-I Xp-S-ßn Np-cp-ßn-b tk-h-\-ßƒ am-X-

ta \¬-Ip-∂p-≈q.

(iv) hn-e \n-›-bn-°¬ (Pricing): irw-J-

em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ F-√m tjm-∏p-Iƒ-°pw H-tc

hn-e\-bw ]n≥-Xp-S-cp-I-bpw F-√m kv-t‰m-dp-I-

fn-epw \n-›n-X hn-e-bv-°v am-Xw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬

kv-t‰m-dp-I-fn¬ F-√m Un-∏m¿- v-sa≥-dp-Iƒ-°pw

s]m-Xp-hm-b hn-e\-bw D-≠m-Im-dn-√. ]-e-

t∏mgpw sI- n-°n-S-°p-∂ Nn-e D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ°v

am-X-am-bn hn-e-bn¬ In-gn-hv A-\p-h-Zn-°m-dp-

ap-≠v.

(v) D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS hn`mKw (Class of

customers) : Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ

D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-e-tb-°mƒ e- y-am-Ip-∂

tk-h-\-ßƒ-°v ]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip-∂ Xm-c-X-

tay-\ D-b¿-∂ h-cp-am-\-°m-cm-b D-]-t`m-‡m-

°-fp-sS B-h-iy-ßƒ Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂p. t\-sc a-dn-®v

irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ D-b¿-∂ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-

c-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ an-X-am-b hn-e-bv-°v

hm-ßm≥ Xm¬∏-cy-s∏-Sp-∂ Xm-gv-∂ h-cp-am-\-

°m¿ Dƒ-∏-sS ]-e X-ń-ep-≈ D-]-t`m-‡m-

°-sf Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ i-an-°p-∂p.

(vi) hm-bv -]m ku-I-cy -ßƒ (Credit

facilities) : irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ scm-°w

hn¬-∏-\ am-Xw ]n≥-Xp-S-cp-tºmƒ Un-∏m¿- v-

sa≥-dv kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ A-h-cp-sS ]-Xn-hv D-]-t`m-

‡m-°ƒ-°v hm-bv-]m ku-Icyw A-\p-h-Zn-°m-

dp-≠v.

(vii) A-b-hv/h-g-°w (Flexibility):

Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ ssh-hn-[y-am¿-

∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xp-sIm-

≠v hn-]-W-\w sN-øp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn¬ H-cp

]-cn-[n h-sc am-‰w h-cp-Øm≥ km-[y-am-Wv.

F-∂m¬ irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ Np-cp-ßn-b

C-\w D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ am-Xw ssI-Im-cyw

sN-øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øm-

\p-≈ km-[y-X ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv.

sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ[Mail Order Houses]

sa-bn¬ A-Y-hm t]m-Ãv Hm- o-kv ap-tJ-\ D¬-

∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂ Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-

fm-Wv sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ. C-Ø-

cw hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ hn¬-∏-\-°m-cpw hm-ßp-

290 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

∂-h-cpw X-Ωn¬ hy-‡n-]-c-am-bn t\-cn´v

_-‘-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. ]-X-ß-fn-epw am-kn-I-I-fn-

epw \¬-Ip-∂ ]-c-ky-ß-fn¬ Iq-Sn hm-ßm≥

km-[y-X-bp-≈ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf I-s≠-Øp-

I-bpw A-h¿-°v k¿-°p-e-dp-Iƒ, Im-‰tem-Kp-

Iƒ, km-ºn-fp-Iƒ, _n-√p-Iƒ, hn-e hn-h-c-∏-

ń-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. D¬-∏-∂-Øns‚ hn-e, k-hn-ti-j-

X-Iƒ, hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw ]-Ww \¬-

Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b

]-k-‡-am-b F-√m hn-h-c-ß-fpw ]-c-ky-ß-

fn¬ \¬-In-bn- p-≠m-Ipw. Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ e- n®v

I-gn-™m¬ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ B-h-iy-s∏- D¬-

∏-∂-ß-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ k-kq-£v-aw

hn-i-I-e-\w sN-bv-Xv t]m-Ãv Hm- o-kv am¿-§w

Ab-®v sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ]-Ww e-`n-

°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-hn-[ am¿-§-ßƒ A-h-ew-_n-°m-

dp-≠v. H-∂m-a-Xv, D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tfm-Sv ap-gp-h≥

hn-e-bpw ap≥-Iq-dm-bn \¬-Im≥ B-h-iy-s∏-

Sp-∂p. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn, km-[-\w ssI-am-dp-tºmƒ

am-Xw hn-e \¬-Im-sa-∂ \n-_-‘-\-bn¬

Value Payable by Post (VPP) t]m-Ãv -

Hm-ôkv h-gn A-b-®p- sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. Cu kw-

hn-[m-\-Øn¬ km-[-\-ßƒ t]m-Ãv- Hm- o-kv

h-gn D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v A-b-°p-I-bpw ap-gp-

h≥ ]-Ww \¬-In-bm¬ am-Xw t]m-Ãv-am≥

D¬-∏-∂w D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-\v ssI-am-dp-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. aq-∂m-a-sØ co-Xn, D¬-∏-∂w H-cp

_m-¶n-\v A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw A-h-tcm-Sv

D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-\v ssIam-dm≥ \n¿-t±-in-°p-I-

bpw sN-øp-∂p. Cu co-Xn-bn-epw In-´m-°-Sw

F-∂ \-„km-[y-X D-≠m-Ip-∂n-√. Im-c-Ww

D-]-t`m-‡m-hv ap-gp-h≥ ]-W-hpw \¬-In-b-Xn\v

ti-jw am-X-ta D¬-∏-∂w ssI-am-dp-I-bp-≈q.

]-s£ C-hn-sS i-≤n-t°-≠ h-kv-XpX D-]-

t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ A-\p-k-cn-®p-

≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ X-s∂-bm-Wv A-b-®Xv F-

∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

Cu _n-kn-\- v co-Xn F-√m-Ø-cw D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ-°pw A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v,

s]-s´-∂v tI-Sp-hcp-∂-tXm G-sd h-en-∏-ap-

≈tXm B-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ h-gn hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-I A-`n-

e-j-Wo-b-a-√. tK-Uv sN-øm-hp-∂-Xpw \n-e-

hm-c-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-am-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ,

Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hn¬ F-fp-∏-Øn¬ I-S-Øn-

sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-hp-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ, hn-]-Wn-

bn¬ ÿn-cw B-h-iy-I-Xbp-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ,

h¿-jw ap-gp-h≥ h-en-b A-f-hn¬ e-`y-am-Ip-

∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Xo-sc a-’-c-

an-√m-Ø D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, Nn-X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw

a-‰pw hn-h-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-hp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw C-Ø-cw Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\

im-e-Iƒ-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv. sa-bn¬ Hm¿-

U¿ ÿm-]-\-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-® a-s‰m-cp

h-kv-Xp-X, D]-t`m-‡m°ƒ-°v D-b¿-∂ hnZym-

`ym-kw D-s≠-¶n¬ am-X-ta C-h hn-P-b-I-c-

am-hp-I-bp-≈q F-∂-Xm-Wv. Im-c-Ww A-£-c-

⁄m-\-ap-≈ B-fp-I-fn-te-°v am-X-ta ]-c-ky-

ß-fn¬°q-Sn-bpw a-‰p tc-JIfn-eq-sSbpw

B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw km-[y-am-hp-I-bp-≈q.


(i) Np-cp-ßn-b aq-e-[-\ B-h-iy-I-X (Limited

capital requirement) : sI- n-S-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b

A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ß-fn¬ h-en-b ap-X¬

ap-S-°v sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v

291B`y¥c hym]mcw

B-h-iy-an-√. B-b-Xp-sIm-≠v Xm-c-X-tay-\

Ip-d-™ aq-e-[-\w sIm-≠v C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-

\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßphm≥ I-gn-bpw.

(ii) C-S-\n-e-°m-sc H-gn-hm-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p(Elimination of middlemen): D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sfkw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-

]-\-ß-fp-sS G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\ t\- w, hn¬-°p-

∂-h-cp-sS-bpw hm-ßp-∂-h-cp-sS-bpw C-S-bn-ep-≈

C-S-\n-e-°m-sc H-gn-hm-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p F-∂-

Xm-Wv. C-Xv C-cp-Iq- ¿-°pw H-cp-t]mse ]-Ww

em- n-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(iii) In-´m-°-S-Øns‚ A-`m-hw (Absence of

bad debt): D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v- I-S-am-bn

km-[-\-ßƒ hn¬-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v In-´m-

°-Sw F-∂ ]-iv-\w sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-

\-ß-fn¬ D≠mIp∂tX-bn-√.

(iv) hn-im-e-am-b hn-]-Wn (Wide reach):

Cu kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ t]m-Ã¬ tk-h-\-ßƒ

e- y-am-b F-√m ÿ-e-ß-fn-te-°pw D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ A-b-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. C-Xv ÿm-]-\-

ßƒ°v hn-im-e-am-b km-[y-X-Iƒ Xp-d-∂p-

sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. Im-c-Ww t]m-Ã¬ tk-h-\-

ßƒ e- y-am-b cm-Py-sØ F-√m ÿ-e-ß-fn-

ep-ap-≈ B-fp-I-fp-am-bn C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-

Øm≥ C-Xv k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(v) ku-I-cy-]-Zw (Convenience): D¬-∏-

∂-ßƒ ho-´p-]-Sn-°¬ F-Øn-°pw F-∂-Xp-

sIm-≠v D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v G-sd ku-I-cy-

]-Z-am-bn km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-hm≥ sa-bn¬

Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ k-lm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ (Limitations)

(i) hy-‡n_-‘-ß-fp-sS A-`m-hw (Lack of

personal contact): sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ hn¬-∏-\-

bn¬ hm-ßp-∂-h-cpw hn¬-°p-∂-h-cpw t\-cn¬

Im-Wm-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v A-h¿ X-Ωn¬ hy-‡n

_-‘-ßƒ D-≠m-hp-I-bn-√. C-Xv ]-e-t∏m-gpw

sX-‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ-°pw ]-c-kv-]-c hn-izm-k-an-

√m-bv-a-°pw Im-c-W-am-Imw. D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v

hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v ap≥-]m-bn D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ]-cn-

tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m hn¬-°p-∂-h¿-°v hm-ßp-

∂-h-cp -sS C-jm-\n -„-ßƒ a-\- n -em -

°p∂Xnt\m km[y-a-√. ]c-ky-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

Im‰-tem-Kp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡n-KX ]cn-K-W-

\-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw kwib Zqco-I-c-W-

Øn\pw km[yX Ipd-hm-Wv.

(ii) D-b¿-∂ t]m-’m-l-\-s®-e-hv (High

promotion cost): hm-ßm≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈-h-sc

I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw A-h-sc-s°m-≠v D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ hm-ßm≥ t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw sa-bn¬

Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v h-en-b tXm-Xn¬

]-c-ky-ß-sf-bpw a-‰v hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤-I ]-h¿-

Ø-\-ß-sf-bpw B-i-bn-t°-≠n h-cpw.

hn¬∏\ h¿≤I sNe-hp-Iƒ K-Wy-am-bn h¿-

≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\v C-Xv Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

(iii) hn¬-∏-\m-\-¥-c tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS

A-`m-hw (No after sales service): sa-bn¬

Hm¿-U¿ hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ hn¬-°p-∂-h-cpw

hm-ßp-∂-h-cpw H-cp ]-s£ h-f-sc A-I-se-

bm-bn-cn-°m≥ km-[y-X-bp-≠v. C-Xv C-h¿

X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-‡n_-‘w A-km-[y-am-°p∂p.

X¬- -e-am-bn D-]-t`m-‡r-kw-c-£-W-Øn¬

G-sd ] -[m -\ -s∏ -´ hn -e v -] -\m -\ -¥-c

tk-h-\w C-Ø-cw hym-]m-c-Øn¬ A-km-[y-

amWv.

(iv) hm-bv-]m ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS A-`m-hw

(No credit facilities): sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-

]-\-ßƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v hm-bv -]m

ku-I-cyw A-\p-h-Zn-°m-dn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠p

292 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

-X-s∂ Np-cp-ßn-b h-cp-am-\-°m-cm-b B-fp-Iƒ-

°v C-Ø-cw hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ Xm-ev-]-cyw Ip-d-

hm-bn-cn-°pw.

(v) D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-ep-≈

Im-e-Xm-a-kw (Delayed delivery): t]m-Ã¬

h-gn Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒ e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xn-\-

\p-k-cn-®v D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-

Xn-\pw Iq-Sp-X¬ k-a-bw B-h-iy-ap-≠v. C-Xv

Hm¿-U¿ sN-bv-X D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ssI-bn¬

In- p-∂-Xn-\v Im-e-Xm-a-kw D-≠m-°p-∂p.

(vi) h©n-°-s∏-Sm -\p -≈ km-[y -X

(Possibility of abuse) : k-Xy-k-‘-c-√m-Ø

hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf°p-dn-®v sX-‰m-b

A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ D-∂-bn-®pw ]-c-ky-ß-fn-

epw a-‰pw \-S-Øp-∂ hm-Kv-Zm-\-ßƒ ]m-en-°m-

sX-bpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf h-©n-°m-\p-≈

km-[y-X C-Ø-cw hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ Iq-Sp-X-

emWv.

(vii) t]m-Ã¬ tk-h-\-ß-fn-ep-≈ A-an-X

B-i-b-Xzw (High dependence on postal

services) : sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ß

-fp-sS hn-P-bw hym-]m-c ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-≈

Im-cy-£-a-am-b t]m-Ã¬ tk-h-\-ß-sf

B-i-bn-®n-cn-°pw. ]-s£ ]-e-bn-S-ß-fn-epw

t]m-Ã¬ ku-I-cy-ßƒ e-`y-a-√m-Ø C-¥y

t]m-ep-≈ hn-im-e-am-b H-cp cm-Py-Øv C-Øcw

_n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v km-[y-X-Iƒ

]-cn-an-X-am-Wv.

D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ[Consumer Cooperative Stores]

D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS kz-¥w D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬

kz-bw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-I-bpw \n-b-¥n-°p-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂ Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-im-e-I-fm-Wv

D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ. D¬-∏-

∂-ß-fp-sS hn-e h¿-≤-\-hn-\v Im-c-W-°m-cm-

Ip-∂ C-S-\n-e-°m-sc H-gn-hm-°n A-Xns‚

t\- w D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ssI-am-dp-I F-∂-

Xm-Wv C-Ø-cw kw-L-ß-fp-sS e-£yw. D-]-

t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ km-[m-c-W-

bm-bn D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-t∂m sam-Ø hym-]m-

cn-I-fn¬ \n-t∂m t\-cn- v D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-

I-bpw A-h an-X-am-b hn-e-bv-°v D-]-t`m-‡m-

°ƒ-°v hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-S-\n-e-°m-

sc H-gn-hm-°p-I-tbm Ip-d-bv-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-

∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Aw-K-ßƒ-°v Np-cp-ßn-b hn-e-

bv-°v Kp-W-ta-∑-bp-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ e- n-°p-

∂p. D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ

t\-Sp-∂ em- w Aw-K-ßƒ-°v t_m-W-kv \¬-

Ip-∂-Xn-\pw s]m-Xp dn-k¿-∆v -≠v, s]m-Xp

t£-a ^-≠v, Aw-K-ß-fp-sS km-aq-ln-I

hn-Zym-`ym-k t£-a-ßƒ-°v th-≠n-bp-≈

-≠v F∂nh kz-cq-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-w D]-tbm-

Kn-°mw.

H-cp D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-Lw cq-]o-I-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv ]-Øv Aw-K-ß-sf-

¶n-epw kz-ta-[-bm k-∂-≤-cm-bn k-l-I-c-W

kw-Lw N- -ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v d-Pn-Ã¿ sN-tø-≠-

Xp-≠v. Aw-K-ßƒ-°v Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hn-X-c-Ww

sN-øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv kw-L-Øn-\m-h-iy

-am-b aq-e-[-\w kz-cq-]n-°p-∂-Xv. kw-L-Øns‚

-c-W-hpw Im-cy-\n¿-∆-l-W-hpw H-cw-K-Øn-\p

H-cp thm-´v F-∂ X-Xz-Øns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-co-Xn-bn¬ sX-c-s™-Sp-°-

s∏- -c-W k-an-Xn-bm-Wv ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-

∂-Xv. Aw-K-ß-fp-sS _m-[y-X km-[m-c-W-bmbn

A-h¿ \¬-Ip-∂ Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\-Øn-\v

Xp-ey-am-bn ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°pw. i-cn-

293B`y¥c hym]mcw

bmb co-Xn-bn¬ ^-≠p-I-fpw a-‰pw ssI-Im-

cyw sN-øp-∂p F-∂v D-d-∏v h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-

bn kw-L-ß-fp-sS I-W-°p-Iƒ F-√m h¿-j-

hpw k-l-I-c-W kw-Lw c-Pn-kv-Sm¿ A-s√-¶n¬ A-t±-lw Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b a-‰m-sc-¶n-

epw Hm-Un‰v A-Y-hm ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øm-dp-

≠v.

ta-∑-Iƒ (Advantages)

D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fp-sS

]-[m\ ta-∑-Iƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) F-fp-∏-Øn¬ cq-]o-I-cn-°mw (Ease of

formation): D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-

ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv h-f-sc F-fp-∏-am-Wv.

]-tØm AXn-e-[n-Itam hy‡n-Iƒ kz-ta-[-

bm H-cp-an-®v Iq-Sn Xo-cp-am-\n-®v \n-›n-X \-S-]-

Sn-I-a-ßƒ ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®v kw-Lw d-Pn-Ã¿

sNømw.

(ii) ]-cn-an-X-am-b _m-[y-X (Limited liability):

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn k-l-I-c-W kv-t‰m-dn-se Aw-

K-ß-fp-sS ]-c-am-h-[n _m-[y-X A-h¿ \¬-

Inb aq-e-[-\-Øn-\v Xp-ey-am-bn-cn-°pw. kw-L-

Øn-se B-sI _m-[y-X B-sI B-kv-Xn-sb-

°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-sW-¶n-epw \¬-In-b aq-e-[-

\-sØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn H-cp XpI-bpw \¬-

Im≥ Aw-K-ßƒ-°v _m-[y-X-bn-√.

(iii) P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b Im-cy\n¿-∆-l-Ww

(Democratic Management) : k-l-I-c-W

kw-L-ß-fp-sS `-c-Ww \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv

Aw-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn

sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂ -c-Wk-an-Xn-bm-Wv.

F-√m Aw-K-ßƒ-°pw A-h¿-°v F-X Hm-l-

cn-Iƒ ssI-h-iw D-s≠-¶n-epw H-cp thm-´v

am-X-ta D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q.

(iv) Ip-d-™ hn-e-Iƒ (Lower prices):

D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ km-[m-

c-W-bm-bn D¬-∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \n-t∂m, sam-Ø

hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ -\n-t∂m t\-cn- v D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

hm-ßp-I-bpw A-Xv Aw-K-ßƒ-°pw a-‰p-≈-

h¿°pw hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-Ø-c-

Øn¬ C-S-\n-e-°m-sc H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xv aq-ew

Aw-K-ßƒ-°v Ip-d-™ hn-e-bv-°v D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ e- y-am-Ip-∂p.

(v) scm-°w ]W-Øn\v hn¬-∏-\ (Cash

sales): D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn scm-°w ]W-Øn\v am-X-

ta hn¬∏\ \-S-Øp-I-bp-≈q. A-Xv aq-ew,

Ip-d-™ ]-h¿-Ø-\ aqe-[-\w am-X-ta

B-h-iyw h-cn-I-bp-≈q. am-Xa-√ In- m-°-Sw

F-∂ \-„km-[y-X H-gn-hm-Ip-I-bpw sN-øpw.

(vi) ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-b ÿm-\w (Convenient

location) : Aw-K-ßƒ-°v F-fp-∏-Øn¬ F-Øn-

t®-cm-hp-∂-Xpw B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ hm-ßm-hp-∂-Xp-am-b s]m-Xpÿ-e-ß-fn-

em-bn-cn-°pw km-[m-c-W-bm-bn D-]-t`m-‡r k-

l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ ÿm-]n-°p-I.


D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-

an-Xn-Iƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p :

(i) ap≥-ssI F-Sp-°-ens‚ A-`m-hw (Lack

of initiative): D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c -W

kw-L-ßƒ -c-W \n¿-∆-l-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-Xv

k-∂-≤-tk-h-\ co-Xn-bn¬ B-b-Xp-sIm-≠v

am-t\-P¿-am¿-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-am-bn

]-h¿-Øn-°m-\p-≈ ]-tNm-Z-\-tam ap≥-ssI

F-Sp-°m-\p-≈ Xm-ev-]-cy-tam Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw.

294 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

(ii) [-\Øns‚ A-]-cym-]v-X-X (Shortage of

funds) : k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\aq-e-[-\ tkm-X- v Aw-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂vti-J-cn-°p-∂ Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\-am-Wv. Aw-K-ßƒ ]-e-t∏m-gpw Ip-d-hm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v aq-e-[-\-hpw Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw. C-Xv

k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-fp-sS h-f¿-®-bv-°pw

hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw ]-e-t∏m-gpw X-S- w kr-„n-

°p-∂p.

(iii) A-\p-I-º-bp-sS A-`m-hw (Lack of

Patronage) : ]-e-t∏m-gpw Aw-K-ßƒ t]m-epw

k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ß-tfm-Sv h-en-b A-\p-Iº-

Im-Wn-°m-dn-√. X¬- -e-am-bn C-Ø-cw ÿm-

]-\-ßƒ hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn \-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-

Im≥ _p-≤n-ap- p≠m-Im-dp-≠v.

(iv) _n-kn-\- v ]-cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ A- m-hw

(Lack of business Training): k-l-I-c-W kw-

L-ß-fp-sS am-t\-Pv-sa≥-dv ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-

∂ hy-‡n-Iƒ-°v _n-kn-\- v \-S-Øns°m-≠v

t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-≈ k-hn-ti-j ]-cn-io-e-\w

e- y-a-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v h-en-b ssh-Z-Kv-≤y-sam-

∂pw D-≠m-hp-I-bn-√.

kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ [Super Markets]

Ip-d-™ hn-e-bneq-sSbpw ssh-hn-[y-ß-fm-b

D¬-∏-∂-ß-ƒ \¬Inbpw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw

\-S-Øp-∂ h≥-In-S ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv kq-∏¿

am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ. kzbw tkh\w, DXv]-∂-ß-

fpsS h¿§o-I-c-Ww, DXv]-∂-ß-fn-eqsS i≤

]nSn®p ]‰pI F∂nh Ch-cpsS ]tXy-I-X-

bm-Wv. ]-e-hy-Rv-P-\-ßƒ, \n--tXym-]-tbm-K

km-[-\-ßƒ, Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ßƒ, C-e-tŒm-Wn-

Iv D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, ho- p-km-[-\-ßƒ, a-cp-∂p-

Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b _m≥-Uv sN-ø-s∏- -Xpw Xm-c-

X-tay-\ hn-e Ip-d-™ `-£y-h-kv-Xp-°-fpw

H-s° Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ km-[-\-ß-fm-Wv kq-∏¿ am¿-

°-‰p-I-fn¬ hn-]-W\w sN-øp-∂-Xv. ]-[m\

tjm-∏nw-Kv- tI-µ-ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°pw kq-∏¿ am¿-

°-‰p-Iƒ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv. km-[-\-ßƒ

Ir-Xy-am-b hn-h-c-W-tØm-Spw hn-e ]-Z¿-in-

∏n-°p-∂ Sm-Kp-I-tfm-Spw Iq-Sn dm-°p-I-fn¬

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v- \-∂m-bn Im-Wp-∂ hn-[-

Øn¬ ]-Z¿-in-∏n-®n-cn-°pw. D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ

I-S-bn-te-°v sN-√p-I-bpw Bh-iy-amb km-[-

\-ßƒ kz-bw sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-I-bpw A-Xp-

am-bn Iu≠-dn¬ h-∂v _n¬ ]Imcw ]-Ww

\¬-In-b ti-jw sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-I-bpw

sN-øp∂p.

H-tc Iq-c-bv-°v Io-gn¬ \n-∂v hn-hn-[-bn-\w km-

[-\-ßƒ hm-ßm-hp-∂ X-c-Øn¬ Un-∏m¿´v-

sa‚p-I-fm-bm-Wv kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ kwL-

Sn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw Un-∏m¿- v-

sa‚¬ kv-t‰m-dp-I-fp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-

tºmƒ kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

ho-ń¬ F-Øn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-I, hm-bv-]m

ku-I-cy-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI Xp-S-ßn-b

tk-h-\-ß-sfm-∂pw \¬-Ip-∂n-√. am-X-a-√, D¬-

∏-∂-ß-sf°p-dn-®v D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf t_m-[y-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-t\m A-h-cp-sS kw-i-b-ßƒ

Zq-co-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m hn¬-∏-\ k-lm-bn-I-sf-

bpw \n¿-Øm-dn-√. kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-I-fp-sS

Nn-e ]-[m-\-s∏-´ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xm-sg

sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) km-[m-c-W-bm-bn kq-∏¿-am¿-°-‰p-I-fn¬

hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ -£y h-kv-Xp-°ƒ,

295B`y¥c hym]mcw

]-ehy-Rv-P-\-ß-ƒ, a-‰v D]-t`mK hkvXp-

°ƒ F∂nh hn¬-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

(ii) D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v B-h-iy-ap-≈ F-√m

h-kv-Xp-°-fpw B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww H-tc

Iq-c-bv-°v Io-gn¬ \n-∂v hm-ßp-hm≥

C-Ø-cw am¿-°-‰p-I-fn¬ km-[y-am-Ipw.

(iii) kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ kz-bw tk-h-\

am-Xr-I-bn-em-Wv ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

C-Xv ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn-

\v k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(iv) h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ hm-ßp-∂-Xv sIm-≠pw

Ip-d-™ ]-h¿-Ø-\-s®-e-hpw Np-cp-

ßnb em-`-hpw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn¬-

∏\ hn-e Ip-d-bv-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

(v) km-[-\-ßƒ scm-°w ]W-Øn\v

am-Xta hn¬-°p-I-bp-≈q.

(vi) Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-ev-]-\ e-£y-am-°n tI-µo-

Ir-X-am-b ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv kq-∏¿

am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°p-I.


kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-I-fp-sS ta-∑-Iƒ Xm-sg hn-h-

cn-°p-∂p.

(i) H-cp Iq-c-bv -°v Io-gn¬, Np-cp-ßn-b

sN-e-hn¬ (One roof, low cost): kq-∏¿ am¿-

°-‰p-Iƒ ssh-hn-[y-ß-fm-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Htc

Iq-c-bv-°v Io-gn¬ Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hn¬ e- y-

am-°p-∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ C-Ø-cw hn¬-

∏-\ im-e-Iƒ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v ku-I-cy-

]-Z-am-Wv. am-X-a-√ C-hn-sS \n-∂v D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xv em- -I-cw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

(ii) tI-µo-Ir-X ÿm-\w (Central location):

kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn \-K-c-

ß-fp-sS lr-Z-b m-K-Øm-bn-cn-°pw ÿm-]n-°p-

I. X¬- -e-am-bn Np-‰p-]m-Sp-ap-≈ ]-tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂ h-en-sbm-cp hn- m-Kw P-\-

ßƒ-°v Cu ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ F-fp-∏-Øn¬

F-Øn-t®-cm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.

(iii) hnim-e-amb sXc-s™-Sp-°¬ (Wide

selection): kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ hn-hn-[ \n-d-

ß-fn-epw cq-]-I-ev-]-\-bn-ep-ap-≈ ssh-hn[y-ß-

fm¿-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ e- y-am-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v sa-®-s∏- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-

ep-Iƒ km-[y-am-Ip-∂p.

(iv) In-´m-°-Sw D-≠m-Ip-∂n-√ (No bad debt):

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn scm-°w ]W-Øn-\p≈ hn¬-

∏-\ am-X-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠v kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-

I-fn¬ In- m-°-Sw F-∂ \-„w D-≠m-hp-I-bn√.

(v) h≥ tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS

km-º-Øn-I t\-´w (Benefits of being large

scale): H-cp h≥-In-S Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\ im-e-bm-

b-Xp-sIm-≠v h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hm-ß-ep-I-

fp-sS-bpw hn¬-°-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw F-√m t\-´

-ß-fpw kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ-°v e- y-am-Ipw.


kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-I-fp-sS ]-[m-\ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

(i) hm-bv-]m ku-I-cy-an-√m-bv-a (No credit):

kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-I-fn¬ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn scm-

°w ]W-Øn-\p≈hn¬-∏-\ am-X-ta-bp-≈q.

296 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v I-S-am-bn km-[-\-ßƒ

hn¬-°m-dn-√. C-Xv C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬

\n-∂v km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-]-t`m-

‡m-°-fp-sS Xm-ev-]-cyw Ip-d-bv°p-∂p.

(ii) hy-‡n-K-X i-≤ e-`y-a-√ (No personal

attention): kz-bw tk-h-\w F-∂ X-Xzw A-Sn-

ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-Iƒ

]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v D-]-t`m-‡m-

°ƒ-°v hy-‡n-K-X-am-b i-≤ e- y-am-hp-I-bn-

√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ hn¬-∏-\-°m-cpsS hy-

‡n-K-X i-≤-bpw kw-i-b \n-hm-c-W-hp-sam-

s° B-h-iy-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ kq-∏¿ am¿-

°-‰p-Iƒ-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√.

(iii) km-[-\-ßƒ A-i-≤-am-bn ssI-Im-

cyw sN-øp -I (Mishandling of goods):

Nn-e D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, ]-tXy-In-®v Iq-sS

h-cp-∂ Ip- n-I-fpw a-‰pw, ]-Z¿-in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂

km-[-\-ßƒ A-i-≤-tbm-sS ssI-Im-cyw

sNøp-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn \-„-ßƒ Iq-Sp-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p.

(iv) D-b¿-∂ aoXn -s®-e-hp -Iƒ (High

overhead expenses): kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰p-I-fp-sS

aoXn-s®-e-hp-Iƒ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Iq-Sp-X-em-

bn-cn-°pw. A-Xv aq-ew D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS

C-S-bn¬ hn-e-°p-d-hv F-∂ ]-Xo-Xn kr-„n-

°m≥ Cu ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v I-gn-bm-dn-√.

(v) h-en-b aq-e-[-\ B-h-iy-I-X (Huge

capital requirement): H-cp kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰v ÿm-

]n-®v \-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v h-f-sc

h-en-b ap-X¬ap-S-°v B-h-iy-am-bn h-cpw.

h-f-sc D-b¿-∂ tXm-Xn-ep-≈ hn¬-∏-\-bp-s≠-

¶n¬ am-X-ta aoXn-s®-e-hp-Iƒ km-am-\y

\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ ]n-Sn-®v \n¿-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-I-

bp-≈q. C-Xv km-[m-c-W-bm-bn h-en-b \-K-c-

ß-fn¬ am-X-ta km-[y-am-hp-I-bp-≈q. sN-dn-

b ]- -W-ß-fn¬ C-Xv A-]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-Wv.

sh≥-Unw-Kv sa-jn-\p-Iƒ A-Y-hm kz-bw

hn¬-∏-\ b-¥-ßƒ (Vending Machines)

hn-]-W-\ co-Xn-I-fn-se Xm-c-X-tay-\ ]p-Xn-b

kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv sh≥-Unw-Kv sa-jn-\p-Iƒ. \m-

W-b-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v ]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂

sh≥-Unw-Kv sa-jn-\p-Iƒ Nm-b, Im-∏n t]m-

ep-≈ Nq-Sv e-Lp ]m-\o-b-ßƒ, sd-bn¬-th

πm-‰v-t^mw Sn-°-‰v, ]m¬, tNm-°-te-‰v, ]-X-

ßƒ, Xp-S-ßn-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-

\v h-f-sc ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-Wv. _m¶nwKv F∂

Bibw Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn® F.Sn.Fw CØcw

sh‚nwKv sajo-\p-I-fpsS as‰mcp ]Xn-∏m-Wv.

\m-sa-√m-h-cpw _m-¶v A-°u-≠n-se ]-Ww

]n≥-h-en-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ F.Sn.Fw.

A-Y-hm Hm-t´m-ta-‰-Uv sS-√¿ sa-jn-\p-IfneqsS

GXv ka-bØpw _m¶n¬ t]mImsX ]Ww

]n≥h-en-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

H-tc h-en-∏-Øn-epw A-f-hn-epw D-≈-Xpw ap≥-

Iq-ń ]m-bv-°v sN-bv-X-Xpw, _m≥-Uv sN-ø-

s∏-´-Xpw Ip-d-™ hn-e-bp-≈-Xpw D-b¿-∂

hn¬-∏-\-bp-≈-Xp-am-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-

∂-Xn-\v sh≥-Unw-Kv sa-jn-\p-Iƒ h-f-sc ku-

I-cy-]-Z-am-Wv. ]-s£ sh≥-Unw-Kv sa-jn-\p-

Iƒ ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]m-cw- -s®-e-hpw

\n-tXy-\-bp-≈ ]-cn-]m-e-\-s®-e-hpw Xm-c-X-tay-

\ Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. H-∏w D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v D¬-

∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v ap≥-]v A-Xv Im-Wp-

∂-Xn-t\m A-\p-`-hn-®v t\m-°p-∂-Xn-t\m

B-h-iy-an-s√-¶n¬ km-[-\w Xn-cn-®v \¬-Ip-

297B`y¥c hym]mcw

∂-Xn-t\m km-[y-a-√. AXp-t]mse X-s∂,

b-¥-ßƒ-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ D¬-

∏-∂-ßƒ k-hn-ti-j-am-bn ]m-bv-°v sN-tø-≠-

Xm-bpw h-cp-∂p. b-¥-ß-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-

fn¬ hn-izm-ky-X D-≠m-hp-I-bpw th-Ww.

C-Ø-cw ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ-°p-≈n-epw km-º-Øn-I

ta-J-e h-f-sc th-Kw hn-I-kn-®p -sIm-≠n-cn-

°p-∂ C-°m-e-Øv sN-dn-b aq-ey-ap-≈-Xpw

D-b¿-∂ hn¬-∏-\-bp-≈-Xp-am-b D-]-t`m-‡r D¬-

∏-∂-ß-fp-sS Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\ cw-K-Øv sh≥-

UnwKv sa-jn-\p-Iƒ-°v tim-`-\-am-b m-hn-bp-

≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

10.6 B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-c-Øns‚ h-f¿-®-bn¬ hm-Wn-P y hy-h-km-b kw-L-S-\I-fp-sS ]-¶v. [Role of Commerce

and Industry Associations in

Promotion of Internal Trade]

s]m-Xp e-Iv-jyw t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw s]m-Xp

Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn

_n-kn-\- v- hym-h-km-bn-I ta-J-e-I-fn¬

hn-hn-[ kw-L-S-\-Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v. C-¥y-

bn-epw A-t m-kn-tb-‰-Uv tNw-_¿ Hm- v tIm-

ta-gv-kv B≥-Uv- C≥-U-kv-Sn (ASSOCHAM),

tIm¨-s^-U-td-j≥ Hm-^v C-¥y≥ C≥-U-

kv-Sn (CII), s^-U-td-j≥ Hm-^v C-¥y≥

tNw-_¿ Hm-^v tIm-ta-gv-kv B≥-Uv- C≥-U-

kv-Sn (FICCI) Xp-S-ßn-b kw-L-S-\-Iƒ ]-h¿-

Øn-®v h-cp-∂p-≠v. C-Ø-cw kw-L-S-\-Iƒ

hym-]m-c hm-Wn-Py hy-h-km-b ta-J-e-I-fp-sS

kw-c-£-I-cm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.

C-Ø-cw A-tkm- n-tb-j-\p-Iƒ cm-Py-Øns‚

sam-Øw km-º-Øn-I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬

B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-c-Øns‚ ]-k-‡n i-‡n-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kp][m\-amb ]-¶v h-ln-

°p-∂p. hm-Wn-Py hy-h-km-b tNw-_-dp-Iƒ

hn-hn-[ X-e-ß-fn-ep-≈ k¿-°m-cp-I-fp-am-bn

kw-h-Zn-°p-I-bpw B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-c-Øn-\v

_p-≤n-ap- p-≠m-°p-∂ \-b-ß-fpw \-S-]-Sn-I-a-

ß-fpw Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-¥¿ kw-ÿm\

N-c-°v \o-°w h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw ]-e

X- n-ep-≈ ]-cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw

D-Z-tym-K-ÿ-X-e X-S- -ßƒ \o-°p-∂-Xn-\p-sam-

s°-bp-≈ C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-

øp-∂p. A-Xv Iq-Sm-sX tNw-_-dp-Iƒ kp-i-‡-

am-b A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ßƒ H-cp-°p-∂-Xn-

\pw hn-hn-[ X-e-ß-fn-ep-≈ \n-Ip-Xn L-S-\-

Iƒ e-fn-X-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Xm-Zm-flyw

kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw \n-c-¥-cw i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-∂p. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ ta-Je-

I-fn-se-√mw C-h¿ C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \-S-Øm-

dp≠v.

(i) A-¥¿ kw-ÿm-\ N-c-°v \o-°w (Inter

state movements of goods): A-¥¿ kw-ÿm-\

N-c-°v \o-°-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hm-l-\-ß-

fp-sS cPn-kv-tS-j≥, D-]-cn-X-e K-Xm-K-X \-b-

ßƒ, tdm-Up-I-fp-sS-bpw ssl-th-I-fp-sS-bpw

\n¿-Ωm-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ hy-

h-km-b hm-Wn-Py tNw-_-dp-Iƒ C-S-s]-S-ep-

Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn B-`y-¥-c

N-c-°v \o-°-Øn-\v I-cp-tØ-Im≥ D-X-Ip-∂

`m-c-X-Øn-se _r-l-Øm-b tZ-io-b]m-Xm

]-≤-Xn-bm-b kp-h¿-Æ N-Xp-jv-tIm-W C-S-\m-

gn A-∂-sØ ]-[m-\-a-¥n ]-Jym-]n-®-Xv

s^-U-td-j≥ Hm-^v C-¥y≥ tNw-_¿ Hm-^v

tIm-ta-gv-kv B≥-Uv- C≥-U-kv-Sn (FICCI)

bp-sS hm¿-jn-I s]m-Xp-tbm-K-Øn-em-Wv.

(ii) ]th-i\ Np¶hpw ]m-tZ-in-I \n-Ip-

Xn-I-fpw (Otcroi and other local levies): ]m-tZ-

298 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

in-I k¿-°m-cp-I-fp-sS ]-[m-\ h-cp-am-\ tkm-

X- m-Wv H-tŒm-bn-bpw ]m-tZ-in-I \n-Ip-Xn-

I-fpw. kw-ÿm-\-Øv hn¬-°p-∂ N-c-°p-I-fn¬

\n-∂pw kw-ÿm-\-tØ-°v ]-th-in-°p-∂

hy‡nI-fn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv C-h ]n-cn-s®-Sp-°p-

∂-Xv. B- y-¥-c hym-]m-c-Øns‚-tbm kp-K-a-

am-b bm-Xm ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS-tbm sN-e-hn-

e-√ C-h Cu-Sm-°p-∂-Xv F-∂v tNw-_¿ Hm- v

tIm-ta-gv-kv D-d-∏v h-cp-Øm≥ i-an-°p-∂p.

(iii) hn¬-∏-\ \n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS-bpw km[\

tkh\ \nIp-Xn-bp-sSbpw Xm-Zm-flo-I-c-Ww

(Harmonisation of sales tax structure and GST):

hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se \n-Ip-Xn L-S-\-Iƒ

F-Io-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kp-]-[m-\ ]-¶v h-ln-

°p-I-bpw A-Xn-\m-bn A-X-Xv k¿-°m-cp-I-fp-

am-bn \n-c-¥-cw k-º¿-°w ]p-e¿-Øp-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. kwÿm-\-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\ h-cp-am-

\ tkm-X- m-Wv hn¬-∏-\ \n-Ip-Xn. bp-‡n-

k-l-am-b hn¬-∏-\ \n-Ip-Xn L-S-\-bpw

kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ ap-gp-h-\m-bpw D-≈ F-Io-Ir-

X \n-c-°pw hym-]m-c k-¥p-e-\w \n-e-\n¿-Øp-

∂-Xn-\v A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. k¿-°m-cns‚

]p-Xn-b \-b-a-\p-k-cn-®v hn¬-∏-\ \nIp-Xn-bp-

sS C-c-ń-∏v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-I-c-am-bn

km[\ tkh\ \n-Ip-Xn-bm-Wv Np-a-Øp-∂-Xv.

(iv) Im¿-jn-tIm¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-]-W-\-

hpw A-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-iv-\-ß-fpw

(Marketing of agro products and related issues):

I¿-j-I-cp-sS kw-L-S-\-I-fpw a-‰v s -U-td-j-

\p-I-fpw Im¿-jn-tIm¬-∏-∂-ß-fpsS hn-]-W-

\-Øn¬ kp-][m-\ ]-¶v h-ln-°p-∂p. ]m-tZ-

in-I k-_v-kn-Un-Iƒ e-`y-am-°p-I, Im¿-jn-

tIm¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂ kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS

hn-]-W-\ \-b-ßƒ Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I Xp-S-ßnb

ta-J-e-Ifn¬ tNw-_¿ Hm-^v tIm-ta-gv-kv

B≥Uv- C≥-U-kv-Sn-Iƒ-°v i-‡-am-bn C-S-

s]-Sm-\pw I¿-j-I k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ

t]m-ep-≈ kw-L-S-\-I-fp-am-bn kw-h-Zn-°m-\pw

I-gn-bp-∂hbm-Wv.

(v) A-f-hv Xq-° \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw _m≥-

Up-Iƒ ]-I¿-Ø¬ X-S-b-epw (Weights and

Measures and prevention of duplication brands):

hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS-bpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS-bpw

Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn A-fhv

Xq-° \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw _m≥-Up-Iƒ

]-I¿-Ø-epw kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ß-fpw N- -ß-

fpw B-h-iy-am-Wv. C-h i-‡-am-bn \-S-∏n-em-

°p-I-bpw th-Ww. C-Ø-cw \n-b-a-ß-fpw N-´-

ß-fpw \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xv i-cn-bm-b

co-Xn-bn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-h ew-Ln-

°p-∂-h¿-s°-Xn-sc \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-

\pw tNw-_¿ Hm- v tIm-ta-gv-kv B≥-Uv- C≥-

U-kv-Sn k¿-°m-cp-I-fp-am-bn N¿-®-Iƒ \-S-Øp-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂p-≠v.

(vi) F-Iv-ssk-kv Xo-cp-h (Excise duty):

tI-µ k¿-°m¿ hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬

hn¬-°p-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn¬ Np-a-Øp-∂ F-Iv-

ssk-kv Xo-cp-h-bm-Wv- k¿-°m-cns‚ ]-[m\

h-cp-am-\ tkm-X- v. F-Iv-ssk-kv \-bw D¬-

∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-e \n¿-Æ-b-Øn¬ ]-[m-\ ]¶v

h-ln -°p -∂p -≠v. A-Xp -sIm -≠p -X -s∂

F-Iv-ssk-kv Xo-cp-h-Iƒ I-ao-I-cn-°p-∂-

Xn-\v hym]m-c kw-L-S-\-Iƒ k¿-°m-cp-am-bn

N¿-®-Iƒ \-S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

(vii) i-‡-am-b A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ßƒ

H-cp-°p-I (Promotion of sound infrastructure):

tdm-Uv-, Xp-d-ap-J-ßƒ, ssh-Zyp-Xn, d-bn¬-th,

299B`y¥c hym]mcw

hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b A-Sn-ÿm-\ku-I-cy-ßƒ hym-]m-cw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Xz-c-I-ß-fm-bn h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.tNw-_¿ Hm-^v tIm-ta-gv-kv B≥-Uv- C≥-U-kv-Sn k¿-°m¿ F-P≥-kn-I-fp-am-bn N¿-®\-S-Øn C-Ø-cw ]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n-t£-]w\-S-Øp-∂p.-

(viii) sXm-gn¬ \n-b-a \n¿-Ωm-Ww (Labour

legislation) : hy-h-km-b-ßƒ \-√ co-Xn-bn¬

\-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw D¬-∏m-Z-\w

]-c-am-h-[n h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Iq-Sp-X¬

sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn\pw e-fn-

X-hpw A-b-hp-≈-Xp-am-b sXm-gn¬ \nb-a-ßƒ

B-h-iy-am-Wv. tNw-_¿ Hm-^v tIm-ta-gv-kv

B≥-Uv- C≥-U-kv-Sn-bpw k¿-°m-cp-I-fpw

sXm-gn¬ \n-b-a-ßƒ, sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf Ip-d-

bv-°¬, sXm-gn¬ sN-e-hv Ip-d-bv-°¬ Xp-S-

ßn-b ]-iv-\-ß-fn¬ \n-c-¥-cw C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

\-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw.

][m-\-]-Z-ßƒ][m-\-]-Z-ßƒ][m-\-]-Z-ßƒ][m-\-]-Z-ßƒ][m-\-]-Z-ßƒ

B- y-¥-c hym-]m-cw sam-Ø- hym-]m-cw hn-]-Wn hym-]m-cn-Iƒ

No-]v Pm-Iv-kv Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw samØ hym]m-cn-Iƒ

k-hn-ti-j kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ \-S-∂v hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ B`y-¥c Nn√d hym]m-cn-IƒNn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ

Un-∏m¿- v-sa≥-d¬ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ kzbw hn¬∏\ b¥-ßƒ(sh‚nw-Kv sa-jn-\p-Iƒ)


hym]mcw: em- w k-ºm-Zn-°p-I F-∂ e-£y-tØm-sS km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm hm-ßp-

I-bpw hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv hym-]m-cw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. hm-ßp-∂-h-cp-sS-

bpw hn¬-°p-∂-h-cp-sS-bpw q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b ÿm-\-Øns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hym-]m-c-

sØ B- y-¥-c hym-]m-cw F-∂pw hn-tZ-i hym-]m-cw F-∂pw c-≠m-bn Xn-cn-°mw.

B- y-¥-c hym-]m-cw: H-cp cm-Py-Øns‚ q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b A-Xn¿-Øn-°p-≈n¬ \-S-Øp-

∂ km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hm-ß¬ hn¬-∏-\-I-sf-bm-Wv B- y-¥-c hym-]m-

cw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. B- y-¥-c D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS m-K-am-b-Xn-\m-epw B- y-¥-c D-]-t`m-K-Øn-

\p-≈-Xm-b-Xn-\m-epw C-Ø-cw hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ I-Ãw-kv \n-Ip-Xn-tbm C-d-°p-a-Xn-®p-¶-tam

Np-a-Øm-dn-√. B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-c-sØ sam-Ø hym-]m-cw F-∂pw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw

F-∂pw c-≠v hn-im-e hn- m-K-ß-fm-°n ho-≠pw X-cw Xn-cn-°mw.

300 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

sam-Ø hym-]m-cw: ]p-\¿-hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm h-en-b-

tXm-Xn¬ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv sam-Ø hym-]m-cw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒkm-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hn-X-c-W-Øn¬ \n-c-h-[n [¿-Ω-ßƒ \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. H-∏w X-s∂ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw \n-c-h-[n tk-h-\-ßƒ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p-ap-≠v.

sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ: Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-tf-bpw D¬-∏m-Z-Itc--bpw X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ kp-]-[m-\ I-Æn-bm-Wv sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ. k-a-b-˛ÿ-eD-]-bp-‡-X kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS A-h¿ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS aq-eyw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.

D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ: sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v \¬-Ip-∂tk-h-\-ßƒ C-h-sb-√m-am-Wv. (i) h≥ tXm-Xn-ep-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\w km-[y-am-°p-∂p. (ii) \-„km-[y-X G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p. (iii) km-º-Øn-I k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂p. (iv) hn-Z-Kv-t[m-]-tZ-iwe- y-am-°p-∂p. (v) hn-]-W-\ [¿-Ω-ß-fn¬ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. (vi) Xp-S¿-® D-d-∏v h-cp-Øp-∂p.(vii) kw- -c-W D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p.

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ: sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ C-h-sb-√m-am-Wv. (i) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS e- y-X. (ii) hn-]-W-\k-lm-b-ßƒ. (iii) hm-bv-]m e- y-X (iv) hn-Z-Kv-t≤m-]-tZ-iw e- y-am-°p-∂p. (v) \-„km-[y-X]-¶v h-bv-°p-∂p.

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw: A-¥n-a D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v t\-cn- v km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv Nn-√-d hym-]m-cw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.

Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ: D¬-∏m-Z-I-sc-bpw A-¥n-a D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf-bpw _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ kp-]-[m-\ I-Æn-bm-Wv Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ. A-h¿ km-[-\-ß-fpwtk-h-\-ß-fpw hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°pw sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pwD¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw hn-e-s∏- tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.

sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ: C-h¿-°v Nn-√-dhym-]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ (i) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-X-c-W-Øn¬ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.(ii) hy-‡n-K-X hn-ev-]-\ (iii) h≥-In-S ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v k-lm-b-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw (iv) hn-]-Wn hn-h-c-ßƒ e- y-am-°p-∂p (v) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-f-sS-bpw hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤-\-bv-°v k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°p-≈ tk-h-\-ßƒ: D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂tk-h-\-ß-fn¬ (i) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS Xp-S¿-®-bm-b e- y-X D-d-∏v \¬-Ip-I (ii) ]p-Xn-b D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ e- y-am-°p-I (iii) ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-b hm-ß-ep-Iƒ-°v k-lm-bn-°p-I (iv) hn-]-Wn Xn-c-s™-Sp-°m-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw (v) hn¬-∏-\m-\-¥-c tk-h-\-ßƒ(vi) hm-bv-]m ku-I-cy-ßƒ F-∂n-h Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.

hn-hn-[-X-cw Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ: Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-sf A-h-cp-sS hym-]v-Xn A-s√-¶n¬h-en-∏w, D-S-a-ÿ-Xm co-Xn, ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, ÿn-c-am-b I-®-h-S-ÿ-ewF-∂-Xns‚-sb-√mw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ X-cw Xn-cn-°m-dp-≠v. Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-sf ]m-Y-an-I-am-bn k-©m-c-]-Ir-X-cm-b Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ F-∂pw ÿn-cw ÿm-]-\-ap-≈Nn-√d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ F-∂pw X-cw Xn-cn-°mw.

k-©m-c-]-Ir-X-cm-b Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ: _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°m-bn ÿn-c-ambÿ-e-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv Cu hn-`m-K-Øn-ep-≈-h¿. D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf tX-Sn sX-cp-hp-Iƒ

301B`y¥c hym]mcw

tXm-dp-tam H-cp ÿ-e-Øv \n-∂v a-s‰m-cp ÿ-e-tØ-t°m ÿn-c-am-bn am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂,h-f-sc Ip-d-®v am-Xw hn- -h-ß-fp-am-bn hym-]m-cw \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ Xo-sc sN-dn-bhym-]m-cn-I-fm-Wn-h¿. C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-cn¬ ]-[m-\-s∏- -Xv:

\-S-∂v hn¬-∏-\-°m-¿: ssk-°n-fp-I-fn-tem D-¥p-h-≠n-I-fn-tem X-e-®p-a-Sm-tbm D¬-∏-\-ßƒD-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS ho-Sp-Iƒ-°v ap≥-]n¬ sIm-≠v sN-∂v hn¬-°p-∂ Xo-sc sN-dn-b D¬-∏m-Z-I-tcm sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-cn-I-tfm B-Wn-h¿.

hn-]-Wn hn¬-∏-\-°m¿: B-gv-N-bn-se \n-›n-X Zn-h-k-ß-fn-tem Xob-Xn-I-fn-tem hy-Xy-kv-X ÿ-e-ß-fn-em-bn Xm-gv-∂ h-cp-am-\-°m-sc e-£yw h-®p-sIm-≠v hn-e Ip-d-™ \n-tXym]-Kkm-[-\-ßƒ hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ Xo-sc sN-dp-In-S hym-]m-cn-I-fm-Wn-h¿.

sX-cp-hv I-®-h-S-°m¿: H-cp-]m-Sv P-\-ßƒ h-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ ÿ-e-ß-fn¬, sX-cp-thm-c-ß-fn¬hym-]m-cw \-S-Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv Cu hn- m-K-°m¿.

No-]v Pm-Iv-kv: h-en-b _n-kn-\- v \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-e-ß-fn-epw a-‰pw Xm¬-°m-en-I sj-Up-I-fn¬ Xo-sc sN-dn-b tXm-Xn¬ Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ hym-]m-cn-I-fm-Wn-h¿.

ÿn-cw ÿm-]-\-ap-≈ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ: h-en-∏-Øns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C-Ø-c-°m-scsN-dp-In-S Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ F-∂pw h≥-In-S Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ F-∂pw X-cw Xn-cn-°mw.

s]mXp kv-t‰m¿ : D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS \n-tXy-\-bp-≈ B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\vth-≠ ]-e-hy-Rv-P-\-ßƒ, e-Lp ]m-\o-b-ßƒ, tSm-bv-e-‰v D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, tNm-t¢-‰v t]m-ep-≈ -£y hkvXp°ƒ, kv-t‰-j-\-dn km-[-\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ I-S-I-fm-Wnh. Iq-Sp-X¬ B-fp-Iƒ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-ao-]-Øm-bn-cn-°pw C-Ø-cw I-S-Iƒ D-≠m-hp-I.

k-hn-ti-j tjm-∏p-Iƒ: Ip- n-Iƒ-°p-≈ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, kv-Xo-Iƒ-t°m ]p-cp-j-∑m¿-t°mam-X-am-bp-≈ h-kv-X-ßƒ, ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ, a-cp-∂v, C-e-tŒm-Wn-Iv D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn¬ G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp X-cw ]-tXy-I X-cw D¬-∏-∂-w am-Xw hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂-h-cm-WvC-°q- ¿.

sX-cp-hv Ãm-fp-Iƒ: I-fn-∏m- -ßƒ, kn-K-c-‰v, e-Lp-]m-\o-b-ßƒ, sN-dn-b Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ßƒ,]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b hn-e-Ip-d-™ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn B-fp-Iƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn bm-X sN-øp-∂ sX-cp-thm-c-ß-fn-epw a-‰pw km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-≠p-h-cp-∂ sN-dp-In-Sÿm-]-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂ I-®-h-S-°m-cm-Wv C-°q- ¿.

D-]-tbm-Kn-® km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn¬-∏-\-im-e : H-cn-°¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-® ¿-Wn-®¿, ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ, h-kv-X-ßƒ, a-‰v Kr-tlm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Xp-S-ßn-b-h h-f-sc hn-e Ip-d-®v hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv C-h.

G-I ti-Wo kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ: sd-Un-sa-bvUv h-kv-X-ßƒ, hm-®p-Iƒ, ]m-Z-c-£-Iƒ Xp-S-ßnb H-cp ti-Wn-bn-ep-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ am-Xw hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-fm-Wv C-h.

h≥-In-S ÿn-cw hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ßƒ: hn-hn-[ X-cw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ h-en-b-tXm-Xn¬ hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ ÿn-cw hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv C-h.

Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m¿: ssh-hn-[y-am¿-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ H-cp Iq-c-bv-°v Io-gn¬ \-∂m-bncq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-bv-X hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bn X-cw Xn-cn-®v F-√m-Ø-cw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS-bpwB-h-iy-ßƒ Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ h≥-In-S Nn-√-d-hn¬-∏-\-im-e-bm-Wv Un-∏m¿- v-sa‚¬ kv-t‰m¿.

302 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ta-∑-Iƒ: (a) h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf B-I¿-jn-°p-∂p (b) hm-ß-ep-Iƒ-°vIq-Sp-X¬ ku-I-cy-]-Zw (c) B-I¿-j-I-am-b a-‰v tk-h-\-ßƒ (d) h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\w \¬-Ip-∂ km-º-Øn-I-t\- w (e) ]-c-kv-]-c-ap-≈ hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤-\ k-lm-bw

]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ : (a) hy-‡n-K-X ]-cn-K-W-\-bp-sS A- m-hw (b) D-b¿-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\ sN-e-hv(c) D-b¿-∂ \-„-km-[y-X (d) ku-I-cy-]-Z-a-√m-Ø ÿm-\w.

irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ A-s√-¶n¬ aƒ- n-∏nƒ kv-t‰m-dp-Iƒ : h-f-sc th-Kw hn-‰p-t]m-Ip-∂ \n-e-hm-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xpw _m≥-Uv sN-ø-s∏- -Xp-am-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bnD¬-∏m-Z-I-tcm C-S-\n-e-°m-tcm \-S-Øp-∂ hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-fp-sS irw-J-e-bm-Wv C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.

ta-∑-Iƒ : (a) h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øns‚ Kp-Ww. (b) C-S-\n-e-°m-cp-sS A- m-hw(c) In-´m-°-Sw C-√m-bv-a (d) N-c-°v ssI-am-‰w (e) \-„-km-[y-X-bp-sS e-Lq-I-c-Ww(f) Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hv (g) A-b-hp-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-co-Xn.

]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ : (a) D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn-se ssh-hn-[y-an-√m-bv-a (b) ap≥-ssI-sø-Sp-°m-\p-≈ Xm-ev-]-cy-an-√m-bv-a (c) hy-‡n-_-‘-ß-fp-sS A- m-hw (d) tNm-Z-\-Øn¬ hy-Xn-bm-\-ap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ _p-≤n-ap- v.

Un-∏m¿- v-sa≥-d¬ kv-t‰m-dpw irw-J-em kv-t‰m-dp-I-fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw : (a) ÿm-\w (b) D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn-se ssh-hn-[yw (c) hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ (d) hn-e \n¿-Æ-bn-°¬ (e) D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS \n-e-hm-cw (f) hm-bv-]m ku-I-cy-ßƒ (g) ]-h¿-Ø-\ co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ A-b-hv Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn-se-√mw C-h X-Ωn¬ hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠v.

sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ : D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bn t\-cn- v _-‘-an-√m-sX sa-bn¬A-Y-hm t]m-Ãv- Hm- o-kv ap-tJ-\ D¬-]-∂-ßfpsS hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv C-h.

ta-∑-Iƒ : (a) Np-cp-ßn-b aq-e-[-\ B-h-iy-I-X (b) C-S-\n-e-°m-cp-sS A- m-hw (c) In- m-°-S-Øns‚ A- m-hw (d) hn-im-e-am-b hn-]-Wn (e) Iq-Sp-X¬ ku-I-cy-]-Zw.

]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ : (a) hy-‡n-_-‘-ß-fp-sS A- m-hw (b) D-b¿-∂ ]-c-ky sN-e-hv (c) hn¬-∏-\m-\-¥-c tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS A- m-hw (d) hm-bv-]m e- y-X-bn-√m-bv-a (e) hn-X-c-W-Øn-se Im-e-hn-fw-_w (e) h©n-°-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ km-[y-X (f) t]m-Ã¬ tk-h-\-ß-fn-ep-≈ A-an-X B-i-b-Xzw.

D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ : C-S-\n-e-°m-sc H-gn-hm-°n Aw-K-ßƒ-°v tk-h-\w]-Zm-\w sN-øp-I F-∂ e-£y-tØm-sS D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS X-s∂ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-epw \n-b-¥-W-Øn-epw ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-ÿm-]-\-am-Wv D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ.

ta-∑-Iƒ: (a) F-fp-∏-Øn¬ cq-]o-I-cn-°mw (b) ]-cn-an-X-am-b _m-[y-X (c) P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b -c-Ww (d) Ip-d-™ hn-e (e) scm-°w hn¬-∏-\ (f) ku-I-cy-]-Z-am-b ÿm-\w.

]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ : (a) ap≥-ssI F-Sp-°-ens‚ A- m-hw (b) km-º-Øn-I hn- -h-ß-fp-sS e- y-X-°p-d-hv (c) ]n≥-_-e-Øns‚ A- m-hw (d) _n-kn-\- v ]-cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ A- m-hw.

kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰pIƒ: G-sd ssh-hn-[y-ß-fm-b \n--tXym-]-tbm-K km-[-\-ßƒ Np-cp-ßn-bem- -Øn¬ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS ssh-hn-[y-Øn-\pw B-I¿-j-I-Xz-Øn-\pw Du-∂¬ \¬-In-s°m-≠v hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ h≥-In-S Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-bm-Wv kq-∏¿ am¿-°-‰v.

303B`y¥c hym]mcw

ta-∑-Iƒ : (a) H-cp Iq-c-bv-°v Io-gn¬ Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hn¬ (b) tI-µo-Ir-X ÿm-\w(c) ssh-hn-[y-]q¿-Æw (d) In- m-°-S-an-√m-bv-a (e) h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øns‚km-º-Øn-I t\- w.

]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ : (a) hm-bv-]-bp-sS A- m-hw (b) hy-‡n-K-X i-≤-bp-sS A- m-hw (c) km-[-\-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xn-se A-ew- m-hw (d) D-b¿-∂ ta¬-s®-e-hv (e) h≥ tXm-Xn-ep-≈ aq-e-[-\ B-h-iy-I-X.

sh≥-Unw-Kv sa-jn-\p-Iƒ /kz-bw hn-ev-]-\ b-¥-ßƒ : D-b¿-∂ hn¬-∏-\-bp-≈-Xpw H-tch-en-∏-hpw m-c-hp-ap-≈-Xpw Np-cp-ßn-b hn-e-bp-≈-Xp-am-b _m≥-Uv sN-ø-s∏- -Xpw ap≥-Iq- n]m-bv-°v sN-bv-X-Xp-am-b D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn¬-∏-\-bv-°v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv sh≥-Unw-Kv sa-jn≥ A-Y-hm kz-bw hn-ev-]-\ b-¥-ßƒ.

]-cn-io-e-\ tNm-Zy-ßƒ]-cn-io-e-\ tNm-Zy-ßƒ]-cn-io-e-\ tNm-Zy-ßƒ]-cn-io-e-\ tNm-Zy-ßƒ]-cn-io-e-\ tNm-Zy-ßƒ


1) B- y-¥-c hym-]m-cw F-¥m-sW-∂v F-gp-Xp-I.

2) ÿn-cw ÿm-]-\-ap-≈ Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

3) sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ ]-≠-I-im-em ku-I-cy-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sS F-¥v D-t±-iy-am-Wvk- -eo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?

4) sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ hn-]-Wn hn-h-c-ßƒ D-¬∏m-Z-I¿-°v F-ß-s\-bm-Wvk-lm-b-I-c-am-Ip-∂-Xv?

5) h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS km-º-Øn-I t\-´w F-ß-s\-bm-Wv sam-Øhym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v e- y-am-°p-∂-Xv?

6) k-hn-ti-j tjm-∏p-I-fpw G-I ti-Wo kv-t‰m-dp-I-fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ F-s¥-√mw? \n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ I-s≠-Øm-tam?

7) sX-cp-hv hym-]m-cn-I-sf-bpw sX-cp-hv kv-t‰m-dp-I-sf-bpw F-ß-s\-bm-Wv th¿-Xn-cn-°m≥I-gn-bp-I?

8) sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p-I.

9) Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ sam-Ø hym-]m-cn-Iƒ-°pw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°pw \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p-I.

304 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


1) `m-c-X-Øn-se B- y-¥-c hym-]m-c-Øn-se A-hn- m-Py L-S-I-am-Wv k-©m-c-]-Ir-X-cm-bNn-√-d hym-]m-cn-Iƒ. h≥-In-S Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈ i-‡-am-b a¬-k-c-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-epw C-h¿ \n-e-\n-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Im-c-W-ßƒ hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-I.

2) Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚ v kv-t‰m-dp-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ N¿-® sN-øp-I. A-h irw-J-emkv-t‰m-dp-I-fn¬ \n-∂v F-ßs\ hy-Xym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p?

3) D-]-t`m-‡r k-l-I-c-W kw-L-ßƒ Xm-c-X-tay-\ sN-e-hv Ip-d-™-h-bm-Wv F-∂v]-d-bm≥ Im-c-W-sa-¥v? a-‰v h≥-In-S Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-I-sf A-t]-£n-®v C-h-bv-°p-≈ ta-∑-Iƒ F-s¥-√mw?

4) ]m-tZ-in-I hn-]-Wn C-√m-Ø Po-hn-Xw H-∂m-tem-Nn-®v t\m-°q! Nn-√-d hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sSA-`m-h-Øn¬ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂ ]-bm-k-ßƒ F-s¥-√m-am-bn-cn-°pw F-∂v hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-I.

5) sa-bn¬ Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS D]-tbmKw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn G-Xp-X-cw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-Wv Cu ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xv? hy‡-am-°p-I.

t]m-P-Iv-‰p-Iƒ/ A-ssk≥-sa‚p-Iƒ

1. \n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ hn-hn-[ Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\-im-e-Iƒ I-s≠-Øn A-h-sb \n-ßƒ]Tn-® hn-hn-[ X-cw Nn-√-d hn¬-∏-\ im-e-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ X-cw Xn-cn-°p-I.

2. \n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-Øv H-cn-°¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-® h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-∂ hym-]m-cn-I-sf B-sc-sb-¶n-epw A-dn-bm-tam? G-Xp X-cw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-Wv A-h¿ ssI-Im-cywsN-øp-∂-Xv F-∂v I-s≠-Øp-I. G-sX-√mw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-Wv ]p-\¿ hn¬-∏-\-bv-°v A-\p-tbm-Pyw? \n-ßƒ I-s≠-Øn-b A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ]-ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.A-Xn¬ \n-∂v \n-ßƒ I-s≠-Øp-∂ \n-K-a-\-ßƒ F-s¥-√mw?

3. ]n¬°m-esØ Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-hpw C-\n h-cm≥ t]m-Ip-∂ Im-e-sØ Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-hpw X-Ωn¬ \n-ß-fp-sS \n-co-£-W-Øn¬ F-s¥-¶n-epw hy-Xym-k-ßƒ Im-Wp-∂p-t≠m?H-cp Ip-dn-∏v X-øm-dm-°n A-Xv ¢m- n¬ N¿-® sN-øp-I.

4. \n-ß-fp-sS kz-¥w A-\p- -h-Øn¬ \n-∂v H-tc D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°p-∂ c-≠v Nn-√-d hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-I. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, H-tc D¬-∏-∂w sXm- -Sp-Øp-≈sN-dp-In-S Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-ÿm-]-\-am-b ]-e-hy-Rv-P-\-°-S-bn¬ hn¬-°p-∂-Xpw A-tXD¬-∏-∂w H-cp h≥-In-S Nn-√-d hym-]m-c-ÿm-]-\-am-b Un-∏m¿- v-sa≥-d¬ kv-t‰m-dn¬ hn¬-°p-∂-Xpw Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-I. hn-e, tk-h-\-ßƒ, hn-hn-[ X-c-ßƒ, ku-I-cy-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n-ßƒ Im-Wp-∂ km-ay-ß-fpw hy-Xym-k-ß-fpw F-s¥-√mw F-∂vhn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

A≤ymbw 11

A¥mcm„ _nkn\ v 1[INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - I]

]T\ t\´ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn-®v I-gn-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xmhv :

$ A-¥m-cm-„ _n-kn-\- ns‚ A¿-∞w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ A¥m-cmjvS _nkn-\ v B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-∂v F-ßn-s\ hy-Xym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p F-∂v hni-Zo-I-cn°p-∂p.

$ A¥mcm-jvS- _n-kn-\kv Dcp-Øn-cn-bm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ hniZ-am-°p∂p.

$ A-¥m-cm-„ _n-kn-\- ns‚ hym-]v-Xn- hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

$ A¥m-cm-jvS -_n-kn-\- p-sIm≠v cmPy-Øn\pw ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ t\´-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

$ A-¥m-cm-„ _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ hn-hn-[ am¿-§-ßƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpwhn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

$ A-¥m-cm-„ _n-kn-\- n-¬ `mc-X-Øn-\p≈ ]-¶pw A-Xnse \yq\X ]-h-W-X-I-fpwhni-I-e-\w sN-øp-∂p.

306 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


tem-I-Øm-I-am-\-ap-≈ cm-„-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ hn-hn-[ X-cw km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-epw hn-]-W-\wsN-øp-∂-Xn-epw A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-b am-‰-ßƒh-cp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. C-Xp-h-sc kzm-i-b-Xzw e-£y-am-°n ap-t∂m-´v t]m-bn-cp-∂cm-„-ß-sfm-s°-Ø-s∂ hn-hn-[ X-cw km-[-

\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pwhnX-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw a-‰v cm-„-ß-sfBi-bn-°p-∂ ]-h-W-X Iq-Sn-°q-Sn h-cp-∂p.A-Xn¿-Øn I-S-∂p-≈ hym-]m-c-hpw \n-t£-]-hpw Iq-Sn h-cp-∂-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn cm-„-ßƒ H-‰-s∏- v \n¬-°p-I F-∂ ÿn-Xn-hn-ti-jw XoscC√m-Xm-b-Xmbn ImWmw.

hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS hn-hn-[ `mK-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂ H-cp sN-dp-In-S \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hm-Wv io kp-[o¿am≥-N-µv. Kp¿-Km-hn¬ D-≈ A-t±-l-Øns‚ ^m-Œ-dn-bn¬ G-I-tZ-iw 55 Po-h-\-°m-cpw H-cptIm-Sn-tbm-fw cq-] hn-e-h-cp-∂ b-¥km-a-Kn-I-fpw D-≠v. km-º-Øn-I am-µyw aq-ew hcpwh¿-j-ß-fn¬ hn¬-]-\-bn¬ Ip-d-hp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v A-t±-lw ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂p. Cu km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-bv-°v ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-s\°p-dn-®v A-t±-lw B-tem-Nn-°p-∂p. A-t±-l-Øns‚ Nn-e ]Xn-tbmKn-Iƒ C-t∏mƒ X-s∂ I-b-‰p-a-Xn _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-®n- p-≠v. hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS S-b¿ _n-kn-\- v sN-øp-∂ Xs‚ A-Sp-Ø kp-lr-Øp-am-bp-≈ku-lr-Z kw- m-j-W-Øn¬ \n-∂v sX-°v In-g-°≥ G-jy-bn-epw a-≤y ]q¿-∆ cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-sam-s° hm-l-\ L-S-I-ßƒ-°pw A-\p-_-‘ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°pw K-Wy-am-b hn-]-Wn e- y-am-Wv F-∂v A-t±-l-Øn-\v a-\- n-em-bn. kp-lr-Øv H-∂p-Iq-Sn ]-d-™p, kz-¥w cm-Py-Øv _n-kn-\- vsN-øp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-b-√, A-¥¿-t±-io-b X-e-Øn¬ _n-kn-\- v sN-øp-∂-Xv. kz-¥w cm-Py-Øv_n-kn-\- n¬ A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n- h-cp-∂ km-l-N-cy-a-√, a-dn-®v hn-hn-[ cm-„-ß-fnse hn-]-Wn km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v ]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠n- h-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v G-sd k-¶o¿-Æ-am-WvA-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v. am≥-N-µn-\p-≈ a-s‰m-cp B-i-b-°p-g-∏w F-ßn-s\-bm-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°v ]-th-in-t°-≠-Xv F-∂-Xn-s\ kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv. t\-cn- v hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s\ I-s≠-Øn A-h¿-°v t\-cn- v D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-ø-tWm, A-s√-¶n¬ a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ G-sX-¶n-epw hn-Z-Kv-≤-cm-b I-b-‰p-a-Xnÿm-]-\-ß-sf I-s≠-Øn A-h-cn-eq-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬-°m≥ i-an-°-tWm F-s∂m-s°bp≈B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ßƒ A-t±-l-Øn-\p-≠v.

Cu A-Sp-Ø Im-e-Øv bp.F-kv.F bn¬ \n-∂v Fw._n.F. hnP-bn®v h-∂ am≥-N-µns‚ a-I≥A- n-]m-b-s∏- -Xv, sX-°v In-g-°≥ G-jy-bn-epw a-≤y ]q¿-∆ cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-sam-s° D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn _m-t¶m°n¬ ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw kz-¥w D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ H-cp^m-Œ-dn ÿm-]n-°mw F-∂m-Wv. A-hn-sS H-cp D¬-∏m-Z-\-im-e ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xv C-¥y-bn¬ \n∂p≈I-S-Øp-Iq-en em- n-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°pw F-∂m-Wv A-hs‚ A- n-]m-bw. hn-tZ-i D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-am-bn Iq-Sp-X¬ A-Sp-∏w kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw C-Xv k-lm-bn-°pw. B-sI-∏m-sS F-¥m- sN-tø-≠-Xv F-∂v am≥-N-µn-\v B-i-b-°p-g-∏-am-bn. hn-tZ-i _n-kn-\- n-ep-≈ _p-≤n-ap- p-Iƒ kp-lr-Øv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ, B-tKm-f _n-kn-\- n-te-°v ]-th-in-°-tWm F-∂v t]m-epw am≥-Nµn\vkw-i-b-am-bn. G-Xv co-Xn-bn-em-Wv hn-tZ-i _n-kn-\- n-te-°v ]-th-in-t°-≠-Xv? G-Xv coXnbmWvXs‚ _n-kn-\- n-\v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Pyw? F-s∂-√mw A-t±-lw B-i-¶-s∏´p.

307A¥mcm„ _nkn\ v 1

C-Ø-cw A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-b am-‰-Øn-\p-≈][m-\ Im-c-Ww, B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-cw-K-Øpwkm-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-epw A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ß-fn-epw D-≠m-b hn-I-mk-w X-s∂-bm-Wv.]pXn-b B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b co-Xn-Ifpw A-Xn-th-K-Øn-ep≈Xpw IqSp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-hp-am-bK-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpw cm-„-ß-sfX-Ωn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ A-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.`q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b A-I¬-® sIm-≠pw kmaq-ln-I km-º-Øn-I hy-Xym-k-ßƒ sIm-≠pwth-dn- v- \n-∂n-cp-∂ cm-„-ßƒ ]-c-kv-]-cw C-S-]-g-Ip-∂-Xv Iq-Sn-Øp-S-ßn-bn- p-≠v. temI hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hnhn[cm-„-ß-fn-se k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ \S-Ønb ]cn-jv-Im-c-ß-fpw, cm-„-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep≈ C-S-s]-S-ep-I-ƒ _n-kn-\- v _-‘-ßƒ F∂nhsa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ K-Wy-amb kw-`m-h-\\¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.\m-an-∂v Po-hn-°p-∂ tem-I-Øv A-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ-°-∏p-d-tØ-°v B-fp-I-fpw km-[-\-ß-fpwk©-cn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ X-S- -ßƒ K-Wy-am-bnIp-d-™n- p-≠v. tZ-io-b k-º-Zv hy-h-ÿ-bpsSA-Xn-cp-Iƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ C√m-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw tem-I k-º-Zv hy-h-ÿ-tbm-Sv Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ C-g-tN¿-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. tem-Iw C-∂v H-cpB-tKm-f Km-a-am-bn am-dn-b-Xn¬ A-¤p-X-sam-∂p-an-√. C-∂-sØ tem-I-Ønse Hcp _n-kn-\- pw H-cp cm-Py-Øns‚ am-Xw A-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬ X-f-®n-S-s∏-Sp-∂-h-b-√. Iq-Sp-X¬IqSp-X¬ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A¥¿-t±-io-b_n-kn\ n-te-bv-°v Np-h-Sp-h-bv-°p-I-bpwA-Xv Ah¿°v h-f¿-®-bv-°pw Db¿-∂ em-`-£-a-X-bv-°p-ap-≈ F-Æ-a-‰ Ah-k-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp∂p.h-f-sc-°m-ew ap≥-]v X-s∂ m-c-Xw a-‰v cm-„-ß-fp-am-bn hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏- p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-s£ Cu A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbntem-I k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bp-am-bn C-gp-In-t®-cp-∂-Xn-\pw hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c-Øn-epw, \n-t£-]-ßfnep-sa-√mw m-c-Xw K-Wy-am-b ]ptcm-KXnssI-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v. [-Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂`m-c-Xw B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-Øns‚ ]m-X-bn-te-°v F∂ A-\p-_-‘w˛F Im-WpI-]

11.1.1. A-¥¿-t± -io -b _n -kn -\ - ns‚

A¿-∞w [Meaning of Inter-national

Business]

H-cp cm-Py-Øns‚ q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b A-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬ \-S-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- v]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- v A-s√-¶n¬ tZ-io-b _n-kn-\- v F-∂v ]-d-bmw.H-cm-fp-sS kz-¥w cm-Py-Øns‚ A-Xn¿-Øn°v]pd-Øv \-S-Øp-∂ hym-]m-c-sØ-tbm D¬-∏m-Z-\-tØ-tbm A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v F∂v]d-bmw. A-Xm-b-Xv cm-Py-Øns‚ AXn¿-Øn°v ]p-d-tØ-°v \-S-Øp-∂ _n-kn-\- v]h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf A-¥¿-t±-io-b A-Y-hmhn-tZ-i _n-kn-\- v F-∂v ]-d-bmw. C-Xn¬A-¥¿-t±-io-b-am-bn km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw \o-°w am-X-a-√, aq-e-[-\w,sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, t]-‰‚ v,tSUv-am¿-°v, tIm-∏n ssd-‰v Xp-S-ßnb _u-≤n-I kz-Øp-°fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.

C-hn-sS H-cp Im-cyw kq-Nn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v,Fs¥-∂m¬ B-tKm-f _n-kn-\- pw B-tKmfhym-]m-c-hpw H-∂m-Wv F-∂v Nn-¥n-°p-∂-h-cmWv an-°-hm-dpw B-fp-Iƒ. N-cn-X-]-c-am-bn-Ø-s∂, b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpwC-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ B-tKm-fhym-]mcw X-s∂-bm-Wv B-tKm-f-_n-kn-\- ns‚ ][m-\ L-S-Iw F-∂v \n- w-i-bw]-d-bmw. ]-s£ ]n¬-°m-e-Øv B-tKm-f_n-kn-\- ns‚ hym]v-Xn h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw hn-I-

308 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

kn-®p F∂-Xm-Wv hm-kv-X-hw. A-¥¿-t±-io-b hn-t\mZ k©mc bm-X-Iƒ, K-Xm-K-Xw,hm¿-Øm hn\n-a-bw, _m-¶nw-Kv, kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ, hnX-c-Ww, ]-c-kyw Xp-S-ßn-b tk-h-\ ta-J-e-I-fn-epw B-tKm-f hym-]m-cw K-Wy-am-b tXm-Xn¬ h¿-≤n-®n- p-≠v. hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-Øns‚-bpw N-c-°p-I-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw cm-Pym-¥-c D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øns‚-bpw hf¿-®-bm-Wv as‰mcp ][m\ Imcyw. hn-tZ-i D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tfm-Sv Iq-Sp-X¬ A-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pwA-h¿-°v Im-cy-£-a-am-b tk-h-\-ßƒ Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hn¬ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw I-º-\n-Iƒhn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn¬ [m-cm-fw \n-t£-]-ßƒ\-S-Øp-I-bpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ N-c-°p-I-fp-pwtk-h-\-ß-fp-w D¬-∏m-Zn∏n°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p-≠v. CØ-cw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ F√mw B-tKmf

_n-kn-\- ns‚ m-K-am-Wv. Np-cp-°n-∏-d-™m¬cm-Pym-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ-°v ]p-d-Øv \-S-°p-∂hym-]m-c-apƒ-s∏-sS, km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpwtk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw D¬-∏m-Z-\-hpw hn-X-c-Whpw F-√mw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ ]-Z-am-WvA¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v.

11.1.2 A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-\p -≈

Im-c-W-ßƒ [Reasons for Inter-

national Business]

A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-\p-≈ A-Sn-ÿm-\Im-c-Ww cm-Py-ßƒ-s°m-∂pw Xs∂ A-h¿-°m-h-iy-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf-√mw \-√ co-Xn-bn-epw Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hn-epw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√ F-∂-XmWv. cm-Py-ß-fnse ]-Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS A-k-¥p-en-X-

A-\p-_-‘w FA-\p-_-‘w FA-\p-_-‘w FA-\p-_-‘w FA-\p-_-‘w F

`m-c-Xw B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-Øns‚ ]m-X-bn-te-bv-°v

A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øns‚ Im-e-L- -Øn-te-°v ]-th-in-®v I-gn-™p. `m-c-X-

Øn-\v am-X-am-bn Cu kw- -h hn-Im-k-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v am-dn \n¬-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√. Kp-cp-X-c-am-b

I-S-s°-Wn-bn¬s∏- `mc-X-Øn\v hn-tZ-i cm-„-ßƒ-°v sIm-Sp-°m-\p-≈ ]-Ww sIm-Sp-°m≥

I-gn-bm-Ø km-l-N-cyw h-sc D-≠m-bn. CXv a-dn-I-S-°m≥ 1991¬ [-\-k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\m-bn

A-¥¿-t±-io-b \m-W-b \n-[n-sb (sF.Fw.-F- v) C-¥y k-ao-]n-®p. ISw Xn-cn-®-S-°p-∂-Xn-\v

Ignbp∂ X-c-Øn¬ km-º-Øn-I \-b-ß-fn¬ `mcXw L-S-\m-]-c-am-b am-‰w h-cp-Ø-Ww F-∂

D-]m-[n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn ]-Ww A-\p-h-Zn-°mw F∂v sF.Fw.-F v k-Ω-Xn®p.

A-∂-sØ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu \n¿-t±-iw Bw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-b-√m-sX `m-c-X-Øn-\v a-‰v am¿-§-

ß-sfm-∂pw C-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A-¥¿-t±-io-b \m-W-b \n-[n ap-t∂m- v h-® \n-_-‘-\-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p

b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ `mc-X-Øns‚ km-º-Øn-I \-b-ß-sf D-Zm-c-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v \n¿-_-‘n-X-

am-°n-b-Xv. A-Xn-\v ti-jw km-am-\yw h-en-b tXm-Xn¬ X-s∂ `m-c-X-Øn¬ km-º-Øn-I D-Zm-c-

h¬-°-c-Ww \-S-∏n-em-°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

]n-∂o-Sv ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS th-K-X A¬-∏w Ip-d-s™-¶n-epw `m-c-Xw B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-

Øns‚-bpw tem-I k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bp-am-bn C-gp-In-t®-cp-∂-Xns‚-bpw ]m-X-bn¬ F-Øn-°-gn™n-

cp-∂p. H-cp h-i-Øv ]-e B-tKm-f I-º-\n-I-fpw (-aƒ- n \m-j-W¬ tIm¿-]-td-j≥)- (Fw.F≥.kn.)

A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw hn-‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn \ΩpsS hn-]-Wn-bn-te-°v h-∂-

t∏mƒ, Chn-SsØ ]-e I-º-\n-I-fpw A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈

D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°v FØn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb DZy-a-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏- p.


am-b hn-X-c-W-hpw D¬-∏m-Z-\-ti-jn-bn-ep-≈hy-Xym-k-hp-am-Wv C-Xn-\v Im-c-Ww. hn-hn[h-kv-Xp-°-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ,aq-e-[-\w, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sSe- y-X hn-hn-[ cm-„-ß-fn¬ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.am-Xhp-a-√, `q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-hpw cm-„o-b,km-º-Øn-I-, km-aq-ln-I Im-c-W-ß-fmepw,D¬-∏m-Z-\ £-a-X-bpw D¬-∏m-Z-\ sN-e-hp-why-Xym-k-s∏- n-cn-°pw.C-Ø-cw Im-c-W-ßƒ sIm-≠p-X-s∂ H-cp]-Xy-I cm-„-Øn-\v D-b¿-∂ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Np-cp-ßn-b sN-e-hn¬ a-‰v]-e cm-„-ß-sf-bpw t]m-se D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥I-gn-bm-Ø-Xn¬ A-km-[m-c-W-Xz-sam-∂p-an-√.a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬, Nn-e cm-„-ßƒ-°v Nn-e sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ D¬-∏-∂-ß-tfm, tk-h-\-ß-tfm -e-]-Z-am-bpw Im-cy-£-a-am-bpw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ a-‰v cm-„-ß-sfA-t]-£n-®v Nn-e ta¬-ss° D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.X¬-^-e-am-bn Cu cm-„-ßƒ, A-h¿-°v

-e-]-Z-am-bpw Imcy-£-a-am-bpw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw kz-bw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw _m-°nB-h-iy-ap-≈-Xv a-‰v cm„-ß-fn¬ \n-∂vA-h¿-°v -e-]-Z-am-bpw Im-cy-£-a-am-bpw D¬-

∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw a-‰pwhym-]m-c-Øn-eq-sS ti-J-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.C-Xm-Wv cm-Py-ßƒ XΩn¬ hym-]m-c-_-‘-Øn-\p-≈ ]-[m-\ Imc-Ww.C-∂v Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-ep-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-[m-\ Im-c-Ww, ap≥-]vkq-Nn-∏n-®-Xv t]m-se H-cp ]-cn-[n h-sc `q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b ssh-hn-≤y-h¬-°-c-WwXs∂-bm-Wv. A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn H-cp cm-Py-Øn-\-I-sØ c-≠v kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ A-s√-¶n¬ ]-tZ-i-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ hym-]m-c-_-‘-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ A-tX Im-c-Ww X-s∂-bm-WvC-hn-sS-bpw ]-k-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. H-cp cm-„-Øn-\-I-sØ an-° kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ A-s√-¶n¬]tZ-i-ßƒ, A-h¿-°v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ am-Xw ssh-Z-Kv-≤yw t\Sm≥F-t∏m-gpw i-an-°pw. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v, `m-c-X-Øn¬, ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ, N-Ww D¬-∏-∂ß-fn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ a-lm-cm-„-bn¬ ]-cp-Øn h-kv-X- \n¿am-WtØm-Sm-Wv]n-bw. ]m-tZ-in-I hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ AtXXXzw X-s∂-bm-Wv B-tKm-f-X-eØnepw]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. sXm-gn-em-fnIƒ G-sd-bp≈ an-° hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ßfpw h-kv-X-ß-fp-sS \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-epw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-epw

cm-„-ß-fp-sS A-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ-°-∏p-d-Øv \-S-°p-∂ hm-Wn-Py ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b_n-kn-\- v. ˛ tdm-P¿ s_-∂-‰v

hy-‡n-I-fp-sS-bpw I-º-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw e-£y-ßƒ km-£m¬-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n cm-Py-ß-fp-sS A-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ-°-∏p-d-Øv \-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fm-Wv A-¥¿-t±-iob _n-kn-\- v. ˛ ssa-°nƒ B¿ kn≥-tIm-´

c-t≠m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam cm-Py-ßƒ C-S-s]-Sp-∂ F-√m-Ø-cw -kz-Im-cy, k¿-°m¿ _n-kn-\- v CS-]m-Sp-I-fpw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v F-∂v ]-d-bmw. kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-Iƒ C-Ø-cw C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ em-`-Øn-\v th-≠n sN-øp-tºmƒ k¿-°m¿ A-ßn-s\-bm-h-Ww F-∂n-√.

˛ tPm¨ Un Um≥-dv¬-kpw eo F-®v dm-Un-s_mbpw

310 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

i≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂p. H-∏w th-≠-X aq-e-[-\-tam km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-tbm C-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v A-h¿-°v th-≠ h-kv-X-\n¿-Ωm-W b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-am-bn D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ hn-I-kn-X cm-„-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw sN-øp∂p.

C-°m-cy-Øn¬ cm-„-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®AtX h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ X-s∂-bm-Wv ÿm-]-\-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®p-ap-≈-Xv. ÿm-]-\-ßƒA-h¿-°v hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v Np-cp-ßn-b hn-e-bv-°v e-`n-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-I-bpw A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°vD-b¿-∂ hn-e In- p-∂ cm-„-ß-fn-te-°v AhI-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. hn-e-bn-ep-≈ t\- -Øn-\p ]p-d-ta A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v cm-Py-ßƒ-°pw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw a-‰-\-h-[n t\-´-ßƒ e-`y-am-°p-∂p-≠v. H-cp X-c-Øn¬ Cu Kp-W-ß-fpw cm-Py-ß-sf-bpw ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-bpw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _nkn-\- ns‚h-‡m-°-fm-°m≥ t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- vaqewcm-„-ßƒ-°pw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw e`y-am-Ip∂ t\- -ßƒ \-ap-°v ]n-∂o-Sv N¿-® sNømw.

11.1.3. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- pw B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- pw H-cp Xm-c-X-ayw[International Business vs. Domestic

Business]

B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßtf-°mƒk-¶o¿-Æ-am-Wv A-¥¿-t±-iob _n-kn-\- v]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ. ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂ cm-„ob, km-aq-ln-I, kmw-kv-Im-cn-I, km-º-ØnI km-l-N-cy-ßƒ F√mw hy-Xy-kvX-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠v B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v B-`y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn-se A-tXX-¥-ßƒ hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn¬ ]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\v I-gn-bm-sX h-cp-∂p. hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-

bn¬ hn-P-bn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ D¬-∏-∂w, hn-e\n-›-bn-°¬, hn¬-∏-\ h¿-≤I ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, hn-X-c-Ww Xp-S-ßn F-√m X-¥-ß-fpwsam-Øw _n-kn-\- v ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw e-Iv-jywh-bv-°p-∂ hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂X-c-Øn¬ B-kq-XWw sN-tø-≠-Xp-≠v.(ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v kml-N-cy-ß-sf∏‰n Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂ A\p-_‘w˛_nImWp-I) A-¥¿-t±-io-b _nkn-\- pw,B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- pw X-Ωn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≈ ]-[m-\ ta-J-e-Iƒ Np-h-sS N¿-®sN-øp∂p.1. C-S-]m-Sp-Im-cp-sS ]ucXzw [Nationaltiy of

buyers and sellers]: A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-se-bpw B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n-se-bpw]-[m-\ ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-sS (hm-ßp-∂-bm-fp-sS-bpw,hn¬-°p-∂-bm-fp-sS-bpw) ]u-c-Xz-w hy-Xy-kv-X-ambn-cn-°pw. B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n¬ hm-ßp-∂-bm-fpw, hn¬-°p-∂-bm-fpw H-tc cm-Py-Øn¬\n-∂p-≈-h¿ X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw. C-Xv c-≠p-t]¿-°pw F-fp-∏-Øn¬ ]-c-kv-]-cw a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw _n-kn-\- v C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, hm-ßp-∂-bm-fpw hn¬-°p-∂-bm-fpw hy-Xy-kvX cm-Py-°m-cmbA-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ÿn-Xn hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv. A-h-cp-sS `mj-, a-t\m- m-h-ßƒ,kmaq-ln-I B-Nm-c-ßƒ, _n-kn-\- v e-£y-ßƒ, io-e-ßƒ, Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v X-Ωn¬ C-S-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw_n-kn-\- v C-S-]m-Sp-Ifn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂-Xn-\pwIq-Sp-X¬ _p-≤n-ap- p-≠v.2. a -‰ v X¬-∏-c -I-£n-I-fp -sS ]ucXzw

[Nationality of other stakeholders]: A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-se-bpw B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n-se-bpw a-‰v X¬-∏-c-I-£n-I-fm-b Po-h-\-°m¿, hn-X-c-W-°m¿, Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ A-s√-¶n¬ ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ, ÿm-]-\-hp-am-bn C-S-s]-


Sp∂ s]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ, XpS-ßn-bh-cp-sS-bpw]u-c-Xzw hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. B- y-¥c_n-kn-\- n¬ C-h-sc-√m-h-cpw H-tc cm-Py-Øp-≈-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v A-h-cp-sS s]-cp-am-‰ coXn-I-fn-epw aq-eyt_m-[-ß-fn-ep-sa-√mw H-cp Bt]-£n-I-am-b ÿn-c-X Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw.A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-e cm-Py-ß-fn-se X¬-]-c-I-£n-I-fp-sS aq-ey-ß-fn-epw]Xo-£-I-fn-ep-sam-s° D-≈ ssh-cp-≤y-ßƒI-W-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-sIm-≠v Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-°pI G-sd k-¶o¿-Æ-am-bn-cn-°pw.3. D¬-∏m-Z-\ L-S-I-ß-fp-sS N-e-\m-fl-I-X

[Mobility of factors of production] : aqe[-\w,sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b L-S-I-ß-fp-sSN-e-\m-fl-I-X A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n-s\ A-t]-£n-®v Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw. cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øv

C-Øcw L-S-I-ßƒ-°v kz-X-¥-am-bn k-©-cn-°m-sa-¶n¬, a-‰v cm-Py-ß-fn-te-bv-°v k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-e-hn-[ \n-b-¥-W-ß-fp-≠v.\n-b-a-]-c-am-b \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ-°v ]p-d-takm-aq-ln-I- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-I-fn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ, q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b kzm-[o-\w, km-º-Øn-I hy-h-ÿn-Xn Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw C-Ø-cw N-e-\-ßƒ-°v XS wkr-„n-°mw. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw C-Xv Iq-Sp-X¬ i-cn-bm-Wv, ]-tXy-In-®v hy-Xy-kv-X Im-em-h-ÿ-bpw km-º-Øn-I-hpw km-aq-ln-I-hpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hp-am-bnth-dn- v- \n¬-°p-∂ cm-Py-ß-fp-am-Ip-tºmƒ.4. hn-hn-[ hn-]-Wn-I-fn-ep-≈ D-]-t`m-‡m-

°-fn-se ssh-cp-≤yw [Customer heterogeneity

across markets]: A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-se D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≈-

A-\p-_-‘w A-\p-_-‘w A-\p-_-‘w A-\p-_-‘w A-\p-_-‘w ˛ ˛ ˛ _n_n_n_n_n

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v km-l-N-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰n A-dn-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww

[Firms need to be Cognisant of Environmental Differences]

A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v \-S-Øp-∂-Xpw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xpw A-X F-fp-∏-ap-≈ Im-cy-a-√F-∂v a-\- n-em-°-Ww. Hm-tcm cm-Py-sØ-bpw hy-Xy-kv-X- cm-„o-b, km-aq-ln-I, kmw-kv-Im-cn-I,km-º-Øn-I ]-cn-X-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ aq-ew A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ssI-Im-cywsN-øp-I G-sd _p-≤n-ap- p-≈ ]-hr-Øn-bm-Wv-.

Cu hy-Xym-k-ßƒ A-dn-™n-cp-∂-Xv sIm-≠v am-Xw Im-cy-sam-∂p-an-√. _n-kn-\- v X-¥-ß-fn-epw hn-]-W-\ ]-≤-Xn-I-fn-epw A-Xn-\-\p-kr-X-am-b kw-th-Z-\-£-a-X-bpw ]-Xn-I-c-W-hpw D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, Ip-d-™ B-tfm-l-cn h-cp-am-\-ap-≈ G-jy≥, B-^n-°≥ cm-„-ß-fn-se D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ hn-e hy-Xn-bm-\-tØm-Sv k-Po-h-am-bn ]-Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW-∂pw A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ hn-e Ip-d-™ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßm≥ Xm¬-]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂pw \-ap-°v F-√m-h¿-°pw A-dn-bm-hp-∂ Im-cy-am-Wv. ]-s£ P-∏m≥, A-ta-cn-°, Im-\-U, ^m≥-kv, P¿-Ω-\n, kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv Xp-S-ßn-b hn-I-kn-X cm-„-ß-fn-se D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-Ww Nn-e-h-gn-°m≥I-gn-hp-≈-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v, IqSn-b hn-e-bm-sW-¶n-epw D-b¿-∂ Kp-W-ta-∑-bp-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒam-X-ta hm-ßp-I-bp-≈p. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ B cm-Py-ß-fn¬ _n-kn-\- v \-S-Øm≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- p-Im¿ C-Ø-cw hy-Xym-k-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- \-√ ap≥-I-cp-X¬ F-Sp-Øn-cn-°-Ww.A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ X-¥-ßƒ sa-\-bp-I-bpw th-Ww. G-jy≥, B-^n-°≥ cm-„-ß-fn-se D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf D-t±-in-®v I-b-‰p-a-Xn B-K-ln-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ hn-e Ip-d-™ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpwP-∏m≥, bq-tdm-]y≥, h-S-t° A-ta-cn-°≥ cm-„-ß-fn-se D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf e-£y-an-Sp-∂-h¿D-b¿-∂ Kp-W-ta-∑-bp-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw Iq-Sp-X¬ \-√-Xv.

heterogeneity

312 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

h-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v A-h-cp-sS km-aq-ln-I -kmw-kv-Im-cn-I ]-›m-Ø-e-hpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. A-h-cp-sS A-`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ, th-j-hn

-[m-\ßƒ, m-j-Iƒ, hn-izm-k-ßƒ, B-Nm-c-ßƒ, a-t\m- m-h-ßƒ, D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn-se ap≥-K-W-\ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn-se ssh-cp-≤y-ßƒhn-hn-[ km-[-\-ßƒ-°pw tk-h-\-ßƒ-°p-ap-≈ B-h-iy-I-X-sb am-X-a-√ A-h-cp-sSB-i-b-hn-\n-a-b co-Xn-I-fn-epw km-[-\-ßƒ hm-

ßp-∂ co-Xn-I-fn-epw F-√mw ssh-cp-≤y-ßƒkr-„n-°p-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, Ir-Xy-am-b km-aq-ln-I kmw-kv-Im-cn-I ssh-cp-≤y-Øns‚^-e-am-bm-Wv ssN-\-°m¿ ssk-°nƒ Xm¬-]-cy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ, P-∏m≥-Im¿ tam-t´m¿ss_-°v B-K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xp-t]m-se

X-s∂-bm-Wv `m-c-Xo-b¿ h-e-Xv h-i-Øp Ãn-b-dnw-Kv D-≈ Im-dp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ,A-ta-cn-°-°m¿ C-S-Xv h-i-Øv Ãn-b-dnw-Kpwt_-°pw D-≈ Im-dp-Iƒ Hm-Sn-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xp-t]m-se A-ta-cn-°-°m¿ A-h-cp-sS sS-en-hn-j≥, ss_-°v Xp-S-ßn-b D-]-t`m-‡r km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßn c-t≠m, aq-t∂m h¿-j-ßƒ-°p-

≈n¬ X-s∂ am-‰n hm-ßp-tºmƒ, C-¥y-°m¿,ssI-h-i-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂w ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw D-]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-Ip-∂Xv h-sc am-‰n hm-ßp-I-bn-√.C-Ø-cw hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ cq-]-I¬-∏-\ sN-øp-∂-Xn-epw D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ-°vA-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ hn-]-W-\ X-¥-ßƒ B-hn-

jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-epw Iq-Sp-X¬ k-¶o¿-Æ-X kr-„n-°p-∂p. H-cp cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øp-≈ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ X-s∂ Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fn-epw ap≥-K-W-\-I-fn-epw H-cp ]-cn-[n h-sc hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-Wv.cm-Pyw ap-gp-h-\p-ap-≈ D-]-t`m-‡m-°-sf Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ \-ap-°n-Xv Iq-Sp-X¬

hy-‡-amIpw.

5. _n-kn-\- v co-Xn-I-fn-epw ssi-en-I-fn-ep-

ap-≈ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ [Differences in business

systems and practices]: B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- ns\ A-t]-£n-®v A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-se co-Xn-I-fn-epw ssi-en-I-fn-epw G-sdhy-Xym-k-ßƒ D-≠v. Hm-tcm cm-„-hpw km-º-Øn-I-km-aq-ln-I hn-I-k-\-Øn-epw km-º-ØnI A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS e-`y-X-bn-epw sN-e-hn-epw Im-cy-£-a-X-bn-epw hn-]-Wn tk-h-\-ß-fn-epw _n-kn-\- v A-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn-epw ssi-en-I-fn-epw H-s° A-h-cp-sSkm-aq-ln-I km-º-Øn-I k-¶o¿-Æ-X-Iƒ sIm-≠pw N-cn-X-]-c-am-b bm-Zr-›n-I-X sIm-≠pwhy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈F-√m ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fpw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°m≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂ H-cpÿm-]-\-Øn-\v A-Xns‚ D¬-∏m-Z-\w, [-\-w,am-\p-jnI hn- -h-ßƒ, hn-]-W-\ ]-≤-Xn-IƒXpS-ßn-bh F-√mw X-s∂ A-¥¿-t±-iobhn-]-Wn-°v A-\p-kr-X-am-bn cq-]-I¬-]-\sN-øm≥ \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-°p-∂p.6. cm-„o-b kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpw \-„-km-[y-

X-I-fpw [Political systems and risks]: H-cpcm-Py-sØ cm-„o-b kn-≤m-¥w, cm-„o-bhy-h-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ, cm-„o-b \-„-km-[y-X,cm-„ob ]m¿ń kw-hn-[m-\w Xp-S-ßn-bcm-„ob L-S-I-ß-sf-√mw A-hn-Sp-sØ _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ A-Xn-i-‡-am-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øp-∂p-≠v. H-cp _n-kn-\- p-Im-c-\v Xs‚ cm-Py-sØ cm-„o-b ]-cn-X-ÿn-Xn-sb Ip-dn-®v ]-cn-N-b-ap-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xv_n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf F-ßn-s\kzm-[o-\n-°pw F-∂v ap≥-Iq-ń A-dn-bm≥I-gn-bpw. F-∂m¬ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ÿn-Xn Aßn-s\-b -√. Hm -tcmcmPysØbpw cm-„ob ]-cn-X-ÿn-Xn hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cu hy-Xy-kv-X cm-„o-b


km-l-N-cy-ß-sf-bpw A-Xv _n-kn-\- n¬sN-ep-Øp-∂ kzm-[o-\-sØ-bpw Ip-dn-®v a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v _n-kn-\- p-Im¿ k-hn-ti-ji-≤ sNep-tØ-≠n h-cpw. am-X-a -√,cm-„ßfnse cmjvSob kml-Ncy-ßƒF-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬Ah Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn \n-co-£n-°p-I-bpw hn-`n-∂-ß-fm-b cm-„o-b \-„-km-[y-X-Iƒ t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ X-¥-ßƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-I-bpwth-Ww.

G-sXm-cp cm-„-Øn-se-bpw cm-„o-b ]-cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn-se ]-[m-\ ]-iv-\w A-X-Xv cm-„-ßƒ hn-tZ-i- D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf A-t]-£n-®vkz-¥w cm-Py-Øv D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf-bpw tk-h-\-ß-sf-bpw A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂pF-∂-Xm-Wv. B- y-¥-c-am-bn am-Xw _n-kn-\ vsN-øm≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂ H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\vC-Xv ]-iv-\-a-s√-¶n-epw B hn-]-Wn-bn-te-°vkm-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm I-b-‰p-a-XnsN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-sØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-s√-¶n¬ hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn¬ D¬-]m-Z-\ bqWn‰v Xp-S-ßm≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-sØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw C-Xv Kp-cp-X-c]-iv-\-ßƒ kr-„n-°pw.

7. _n-kn-\- v \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw \-b-ß-fpw

[Business regulations and policies]: km-aq-lykm-º-Øn-I ]-cn-X-ÿn-Xn-°pw cm-„o-bkn-≤m-¥-ßƒ-°pw H-∏w Hm-tcm cm„-hpwA-h-cp-tS-Xm-b _n-kn-\- v \n-b-a-ß-fpw \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw cq-]o-I-cn-°m-dp-≠v. Cu \n-b-a-ß-fpw \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw km-º-ØnI \b-ß-fp-sa-√mw H-cp cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øv F-√m-bn-S-ØpwG-Xm-≠v H-cp-t]m-se _m-[-I-am-sW-¶n-epwa-‰v cm-„-ß-fn¬ G-sd hn-`n-∂-am-bn-cn-°pw.Xm-cn-^p-I-fpw \n-Ip-Xn \-b-ß-fpw C-d-°p-a-Xn hn-ln-Xw A-Y-hm m-Kw, In-gn-hp-Ifpw a-‰v\n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw F-√mw Hcp cm-Pyw A\p-

h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se BI-W-sa-∂n-√, a-‰vcm-„-ß-fn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xv. am-X-a-√,]-e-t∏m-gpw hn-tZ-i D¬-∏-∂-ß-tfmSpw tk-h-\-ß-tfm-Spw aq-e-[-\-tØm-Spw hnth-N-\-apƒ-∏-sS Im-Wn-°m-dpap-≠v.

8. _n-kn-\- v C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ I-d≥-kn A-Y-hm ]-Ww [Currency

used in business transactions]: A-¥¿-t±-io-b_n-kn-\- pw B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ a-s‰m-cp ]-[m-\ hy-Xym-kw, A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-e-hn-[ I-d≥-kn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv. H-cp cm-Py-sØId≥-kn-bpw a-s‰m-cp cm-Py-sØ I-d≥-kn-bpwX-Ωn-ep-≈ hn-\n-a-b \n-c°v F-t∏m-gpw am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv aq-ew A¥¿-t±-io-b_n-kn-\- n¬ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-e \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-epw hn-tZ-i-\m-W-b hn-\n-a-b \-„km-[y-X-I-fn¬ \n-∂v kw-c-£-Ww D-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\pw _p-≤n-ap- p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p.

11.1.4 A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- ns‚hym]vXn[Scope of International Business]

apºvv kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n-t\-°mƒ G-sd hn-im-e-am-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v. A-Xn¬ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS-bpwtk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw am-Xw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-tZ-i hym-]m-cwam-X-a-√ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn¬\-S-Øp-∂ hnhn[ß-fm-b \nc-h-[n ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Iq-Sn-bp-≠v. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- ns‚ `m-K-am-bn ÿm-]-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂]-[m-\ _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Xmsghn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

1. N-c-°p-I-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-

bpw [Merchandise of exports and imports]:

C-µn-b-tKm-N-c-am-b, A-Xm-b-Xv sXm-Sm-\pwIm-Wm-\pw I-gn-bp-∂ h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bm-Wv

314 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

]-ń-I 11.1 A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- pw B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ ]-[m-\ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ

Xm-c-X-ay-Øns‚A-Sn-ÿm-\w

C-S-]m-Sp-Im-cp-sS ]ucXzw

a-‰v X¬-∏-c-I-£n-I-fp-sS]ucXzw

D¬-∏m-Z-\ L-S-I-ß-fp-sSN-e-\£a-X

hn-hn-[ hn-]-Wn-I-fn-ep-≈D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn-se ssh-cp-≤yw.

_n-kn-\- v co-Xn-I-fn-epwssi-en-I-fn-ep-ap-≈ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ

cm-„o-b kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpw\-„-km-[y-X-I-fpw

_n-kn-\- v \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw \-b-ß-fpw

_n-kn-\- v C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ I-d≥-knA-Y-hm ]-Ww

B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- v

H -cp cm - „ -Øn -\ -I -Øp -≈hy‡nI-tfm ÿm-]-\-ß-tfmam-Xw ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂p.a-‰v X¬-∏-c-I-£n-I-fm-b Po-h-\-°m¿, hn-X-c-W-°m¿, Hm-l-cnD-S-a-Iƒ, ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ, ÿm-]-\-hp-am-bn C-S-s]-Sp-∂ s]m-Xp-P-\-ßƒ F-√m-h-cpw H-tc cm-Py-sØ]u-c-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°pw.

aq-e-[-\w, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b L-S-I-ß-fp-sS N-e-\£a--X cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øv Xm-c-X-tay-\ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw.

B- y-¥-c hn-]-Wn Xm-c-X-tay-\k-am-\ kz-`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.

_n-kn-\- v co-Xn-I-fpw ssi-en-I-fpw Xm-c-X-tay-\ k-am-\ kz-`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw

B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n-\v H-cp cm-Py-sØ am-Xw cm-„ob hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpw \-„-km-[y-X-bpw_m-[-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.

H-cp cm-Py-sØ am-Xw \n-b-a-ß-fpw N-´-ß-fpw \-b-ß-fpw \n-Ip-Xn k-º-Zm-b-ß-fpw a-‰pw _m-[-I-am-Ipw.

kz-¥w cm-Py-sØ I-d≥-knA-Y-hm ]-Ww D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v

hn-hn-[ cm-„-ßfnep≈ hy‡nI-tfmÿm-]-\-ß-tfm ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂p.

a-‰v X¬-∏-c-I-£n-I-fm-b Po-h-\-°m¿,hn-X-c-W-°m¿, Hm-l-cn D-S-a-Iƒ, ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ, ÿm-]-\-hp-am-bn C-S-s]-Sp-∂s]m-Xp -P-\-ßƒ F-√m-h-cp -sS-bpw]u-c-Xzw hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw.

aq-e-[-\w, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-bL-S-I-ß-fp-sS hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ N-e-\£a-X Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw.

`m-j, kw-kv-Im-cw, a-‰v Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒXp-S-ßn-b-h hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b-Xp-sIm-≠vhn-]-Wn-I-fn¬ k-am-\ kz- m-hw Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw._n-kn-\- v co-Xn-I-fpw ssi-en-I-fpw hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ G-sd-°p-sd hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.

A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-\v hn-hn-[ cm-„-ß-fn-se cm-„n-b hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpw \-„-km-[y-X-bpw _m-[-I-am-Ipw.

]-e cm-Py-ß-fn-se \n-b-a-ß-fpw N-´-ß-fpw \-b-ß-fpw \n-Ip-Xn k-º-Zm-b-ß-fpw a-‰pw _m-[-I-am-Ipw

hn-hn-[ cm-„-ß-fn-se I-d≥-kn A-Y-hm ]-Ww D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.


N-c-°p-Iƒ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬ \n-∂v t\m-°n-bm¬ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ a-s‰mcpcm-Py-tØ-°v hn¬-∏-\-bv-°v A-b-°p-∂-Xn-s\N-c-°p-I-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn F-∂v ]-d-bmw.A-Xp-t]m-se D¬∏-∂-ßƒ a-s‰m-cp cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂v kz-¥w cm-Py-tØ-°v sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-XmWv C-d-°p-a-Xn. N-c-°p-I-fp-sS hym-]m-cwF-∂v ]-d-bp-∂ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpwD¬∏-∂-ßƒ am-Xw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv.A-Xn¬ tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS hym-]m-cw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

2. tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-

a-Xn-bpw- [Service exports and imports]:

ImWm\pw sXm´p-t\m-°m\pw Ign-bmØD¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hym-]m-c-am-Wv tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw. tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-b ImWm\pw sXm´p-t\m-°m\pw Ign-bmØ D¬∏-∂-ß-ƒ F-∂L-S-Iw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS hym-]m-c-sØ A-Zr-iy hym-]m-cw F-∂pw]-d-bm-dp-≠v. bm-X-, hn-t\m-Zk-©m-c-w,Xm-ak˛`-£-W ku-I-cyw, hn-t\m-Z-hpwt\-c-tºm-°p-w, K-Xm-K-Xw, hn-Z-Kv-≤ tk-h-\-w[]-cn-io-e-\w, Aw-K-ß-sf tN¿-°¬, K-th-j-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b-h-] B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw [t]m-Ã¬,sS-e-t^m¨, m-Iv-kv, a-‰v Zr-iy im-hy tk-h-\-ßƒ] \n¿-Ωm-Ww, F-©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv, hn-]-W-\w [sam-Ø-°-®h-Sw, Nn-√d-°-®h-Sw,]-c-kyw, hn-]-Wn K-th-j-Ww, kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ] hnZym- ym-k-]-cw, km-º-Øn-I tk-h-\-ßƒ [-_m-¶nw-Kv, C≥-jp-d≥-kv] ap-X-em-bh-f-sc ssh-hn-[y-ß-fm-b tk-h-\-ßƒ A-¥¿-t±-io-b-am-bn hym-]m-cw sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.C-h-bn¬ hn-t\mZk-©m-c-w, K-Xm-K-Xw, _n-kn-\- v tk-h-\-ßƒ F∂n-hbm-Wv B-tKmftk-h-\ hym-]m-c ta-J-e-bn-se ]-[m-\ L-S-I-ßƒ

3. sse-k≥-knw-Kpw ^m-ss©-knw-Kpw

[Licensing and franchising]: hn-tZ-i cm-Py-

Øp≈ H-cp I-£n-sb \-Ωp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I ]-Xn- -e-am-bn hm-ßn \Ωp-

sS hym-]m-c-ap-Z A-Y-hm tS-Uv-am¿-°v, kz-Imcy

A-h-Im-iw A-Y-hm t]-‰≥-dv, ]-I¿-∏-h-Im-iw

A-Y-hm tIm-∏n ssd-‰v Xp-S-ßn-b-h D-]-tbm-

Kn-®v \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\pw

A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xpw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\-

n¬ ]th-in-°m-\p-≈ th-sdm-cp am¿-§-am-Wv.

A-XmXv cm-„-ß-fn-se ]m-tZ-in-I D¬-∏m-Z-I-

cn-eq-sS sse-k≥-knw-Kv ap-tJ-\-bm-Wv s]-]v-kn,

sIm-s°m-tIm-f Xp-S-ßn-b io-X-f ]m-\o-b-ßƒ

tem-I-sa-ºm-Spw hn¬-°p-∂-Xv. sse-k≥-knwKv

t]m-se X-s∂-bm-Wv m-ss©-knw-Kpw. ]-s£

tk-h-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂

]-Z-am-Wv ^m-ss©-knw-Kv. a-Iv-- sUm-Wmƒ-Uvkv

Nn-°nwKv, Xp-S-ßn-b ÿm-]-\-ßƒ tem-I-Øm-

I-am-\w ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv ^m-ss©-kn-I-fn-

eq-sS-bmWv.

4. hn -tZ -i \n -t£-]-ßƒ [Foreign

Investments]: A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v \-S-

Øp-∂-Øn-\p-≈ a-s‰m-cp co-Xn-bm-Wv hn-tZ-i

\n-t£-]w. km-º-Øn-I t\-´-Øn-\m-bn

a-s‰mcp cm-Py-Øv ]-Ww \n-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xn-

s\-bm-Wv hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]w F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-

Xv. hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-ßƒ c-≠v X-c-Øn-ep-≠v;

t\-cn- p-≈ \n-t£-]-hpw t]m¿- v- t^m-fn-tbm

\n-t£-]-ß-fpw.

H-cp I-º-\n hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn¬ km-[-\-

ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-®v hn-]-W-

\w sN-øp-I F-∂ D-t±-iytØm-Sp-Iq-Sn B

cm-Py-Øv b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ t]m-ep-≈ B-kv-

Xn-I-fn¬ kz-¥-am-bn km-º-Øn-I \n-t£-]w

\-S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv t\-cn- p-≈ \n-t£-]w

316 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

F∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. t\-cn-´p-≈ \n-t£-]w

\n-t£-]-I-\v hn-tZ-i I-º-\n-bn¬ \n-b-¥-Wm-[n-Im-cw e-`y-am-°p-∂p. C-Xn-\v ]-d-bp-∂a-s‰m-cp t]-cm-Wv t\-cn-´p-≈ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]w A-Y-hm t^m-dn≥ U-b-d-Œv C≥-sh-Ãv-sa‚ v, AXm-b-Xv F- v.Un.sF. D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-t\m hn]-W-\-Øn-t\m D-≈ \n-t£-]-ßƒH-t∂m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam hn-tZ-i hn]Wn ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-ambn tN¿-∂v \-S-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬A-Xn-s\ Iq-´v kw-cw-`w A-Y-hm tPm-bn‚ vsh-©z¿ F∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. H-cp I-º-\n-°v Xm¬-]-cy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ hn-tZ-i kw-cw-`-Øn¬ ap-gp-h≥ \n-t£-]-hpw \-S-Øn ]q¿-Æ \n-b-¥-W-Øn-epw D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-ap-≈ H-cp ÿm-]\w hn-tZ-i-Øv ÿm-]n-°mw. A-Xp-h-gn ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn-se ]-cn-]q¿-Æ\n-b-¥-Ww ssI-h-iw h-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-ømw.

F-∂m¬, H-cp I-º-\n hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈ a-s‰m-cpI-º-\n-bp-sS Hm-l-cn-Iƒ hn-]-Wn-bn¬ \n-t∂mI-º-\n-bn¬ \n-∂v t\-cn-t´m kz-¥-am-°p-I-tbm, B I-º-\n-°m-h-iy-am-b hm-bv-]-Iƒ\¬-In-tbm km-º-Øn-I \n-t£-]w \SØn-tbm ]-en-itbm em -hn-ln-Xtam k-ºm-Zn-°p-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv t]m¿- v- t^m-fn-tbm \n-t£]w.t\-cn- p-≈ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]w t]m-se t]m¿- v-t^m-fn-tbm \n-t£-]-ß-fn¬ I-º-\n-Iƒt\-cn-´v D¬-∏m-Z-\ hn-]-W-\ ]-In-b-I-fn¬C-S-s]-Sm-dn-√. a-dn-®v I-º-\n-I-fp-sS Hm-l-cn-I-fn-tem t_m-≠p-I-fn-tem _n-√p-I-fn-tem\n-t£-]n-°p-I-bpw A-s√-¶n¬ hn-tZ-i ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v hm-bv-] \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-bvXvh-cp-am-\w k-ºm-Zn-°p-I am-X-am-Wv sN-øp-∂Xv.

A-\p-_-‘w knA-\p-_-‘w knA-\p-_-‘w knA-\p-_-‘w knA-\p-_-‘w knhn-t\m-Z-k-©m-cw, K-Xm-K-Xw, _n-kn-\- v tk-h-\-ßƒ F-∂n-h tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS

A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c-Øn¬ ap-∂n-´v \n¬-°p-∂p

hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c-hpw K-Xm-K-X-hpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c-Øn¬ ap≥-]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬-°p-∂ L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. an-° -thym-a-bm-\ I-º-\n-I-fpw I-∏¬ I-º-\n-I-fpw Sm-h¬G-P≥-kn-I-fpw h≥-In-S tlm- -ep-I-fp-sa-√mw A-h-cp-sS h-cp-am-\-Øns‚ h-en-sbmcp ]-¶vhn-tZi D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv k-ºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ-°pw hn-tZ-i\m-Wyw t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw tk-h-\-ß-sf i-‡-am-bn B-i-bn-°p-∂ \n-c-h-[n cm-Py-ß-fp-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v m-c-Xw t\-Sp-∂ hn-tZ-i \m-Wy-Øn¬ \-s√m-cp ]-¶v K-Xm-K-X hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-cta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n-∂m-Wv._n-kn-\- v tk-h-\-ßƒ: H-cp cm-„w a-s‰m-cp cm-„-Øn-\v tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I-bpw,B ]-In-b-bn¬ hn-tZ-i\m-Wyw t\-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-Xpw A-¥¿-t±-io-b_n-kn-\- m-bn I-W-°m-°mw. hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn¬ \¬-Ip-∂ _m-¶nw-Kv, C≥-jp-d≥-kv,F-©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv, am-t\-Pv-sa≥-dv Xp-S-ßn-b tk-h-\-ßƒ-°v e- n-°p-∂ ô-kv cm-Py-Øns‚hn-tZ-i\m-Wy-Øns‚ m-Kw X-s∂-bm-Wv. hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn-se \n¿-Ωm-W ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒG-s‰-Sp-Øv \-S-Øp-∂-Xpw _n-kn-\- v tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. H-cpcm-Py-sØ I-º-\n a-s‰m-cp cm-Py-sØ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v ]-tXy-I-am-b-tXm, s]m-Xp-hm-b-tXm B-b am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v ]-hr-Øn-Iƒ \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn B-fp-I-sf hn- v \¬-Ip-∂-Xpw C-Ø-cwtk-h-\-ßƒ-°v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.


11.1.5. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- ns‚ t\-´-ßƒ [Benefits of InternationalBusiness]

H-cp-]m-Sv k-¶o¿-Æ-X-I-fpw \-„-km-[y-X-I-fp-sam-s° D-s≠-¶n-epw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v cm-„-ßƒ-°pw I-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw H-cp-t]mse ]-[m-\-s∏- -Xm-Wv. A-Xv A-h¿-°v Hcp-]m-Sv Kp-W-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. Im-e-ß-fm-bp≈ Cu t\- -ßƒ a-\- n-em-°n-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ cm-„-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep≈ hym-]m-c-hpw \n-t£-]-hpw h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-Ww F-∂ ]-Xn- m-k-Øn-te-°v F-Øn-t®-cp-I-bpw sN-bv-X-Xv.A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v aq-ew cm-„-ßƒ-°pw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw D-≠m-Ip-∂ Nn-et\ -ßƒ \-ap-°v N¿-® sN-ømw.cm-„-ßƒ-°p-≈ t\-´-ßƒ [Benefits to

Nations]

1. hn-tZ-i-\m-Wyw t\-Sn-Ø-cp-∂p [Earning

of foreign exchange]: X-t±-io-b-am-bn e-`y-a-√m-Ø aq-e-[-\ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy, s]-tSm-fn-bw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, cm-k-h-f-ßƒ, B-Xp-c-ip-iq-jm D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Xp-S-ßnH -\-h-[n D-]-t`m-‡r D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b hn-tZ-i-\m-Wywt\-Sp-∂-Xn-\v A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- vkm-l-N-cyw H-cp-°p-∂p.2. hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-am-b

hn-\n-tbm-Kw [More efficient use of resources]:

apºv kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se X-ß-fp-sS cm-Py-Øv G-‰-hpw Im-cy-£-a-am-bn D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥I-gn-bp-∂-Xv D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-ßn-s\D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ _m-°n-bm-Ip-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ a-‰v cm-„-ß-ƒ°v hn-]-W\wsN-øp-I-bpw A-h¿-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-am-bn D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ A-hn-sS \n-∂v kw- -cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-

I F-∂ e-fn-X-am-b h-kv-Xp-X-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. cm-„-ßƒ Cu X-Xz-Øns‚A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hym-]m-cw \-S-Øp-tºmƒ,Ah¿-°v th-≠ F-√m D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw kz-bw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ i-an-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ h-f-sc Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥I-gn-bp-∂p. C-ß-s\ D-≠m-Ip-∂ km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw A-[n-I D¬-∏m-Z-\w F-√m cm-„-ß-fpw hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-tºmƒ hym-]m-c-Øn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂ F-√mcm-„-ßƒ-°pw A-Xns‚ t\- -ap-≠m-Ipw.

3. h-f¿-®m km-[y-X-I-fpw sXm-gn¬ km-[y-

X-I-fpw h¿-≤n-°p-∂p [Improving growth

prospects and employment potential]:: B- y-¥-c D-]-t`m-K-Øn-\v th-≠n am-Xw D¬-∏m-Z-\w\-S-Øp-∂-Xv cm-Py-Øns‚ h-f¿-®m km-[y-X-sb-bpw sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-sf-bpw K-Wy-am-bnkzm-[o-\n-°pw. \n-c-h-[n cm-„-ßƒ-°v, ]-tXy-In-®v hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ßƒ-°v A-h-cp-sSB-`y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\p-≈ ti-jn C-√m-Ø-Xp-aq-ew h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\w F-∂]-≤-Xn \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bm-sX h-cn-I-bpwA-Xp-h-gn e- y-am-°m-hp-∂ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ\-„-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b,kn-¶-∏q¿, ssN-\ Xp-S-ßn-b cm-„-ßƒ A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw "I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-eq-sS k-º-∂-cm-hp-I' F-∂ X-¥w kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw ssh-Im-sX hym-h-km-bn-I- q-]-S-Øn¬ tem-I-Øn-se X-s∂ an-I-® ]-I-S-\w Im-gv-N-h-bv-°m≥I-gn-bp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. C-Xv A-h-cp-sS h-f¿®mkm-[y-X G-sd h¿-≤n-∏n-®p F-∂v am-X-a-√,B cm-„-ß-fn-se P-\-ßƒ-°v [m-cm-fwsXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

318 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

4. D-∂-X Po-hn-X \n-e-hm-cw [Increased

standard of living]: : km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-cw C-√m-bn-cp-∂p F-¶n¬ B-tKm-f k-aq-l-Øn-\v a-‰vcm-„-ß-fn¬ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw A-hn-Sp-sØ B-fp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xpw A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-c-sØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂-Xpwssh-hn-[y-am¿-∂-Xpw D-∂-X \n-e-hm-c-ap-≈-Xp-am-b km-[-\-ß-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ A-h-k-cw e- n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ t\- -ßƒ[Benefits to Firms]

1. D-b¿-∂ em-`km-[y-X [Prospects for

higher profits]: B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n-s\A-t]-£n-®v Iq-Sp-X¬ em-`-I-c-am-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v. B- y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn¬hn-e Ip-d-bp-tºmƒ hn-e Iq-Sp-X¬ e- n-°p-∂hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn¬ A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒhn-‰v- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ em- w k-ºm-Zn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂p.

2. D-b¿-∂ D¬-∏m-Z-\-ti-jn D-]-tbm-Kn-°¬ [Use of increased productivity]: ]-e ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw A-h-cp-sS B- y-¥-c B-h-iy-sØA-t]-£n-®v D-b¿-∂ D¬-∏m-Z-\ ti-jn-bp-≈kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ H-cp-°m-dp-≠v. hn-tZ-i hn]Wnhn-I-k-\w e-£y-an- p-sIm-≠pw hn-tZ-i D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ \n-∂v hm-ßm-\p-≈ Hm¿-U-dp-Iƒkzo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠pw C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ A-[nID¬-∏m-Z-\ ti-jn D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂pwA-Xp-h-gn ]-h¿-Ø-\ em-`-£-a-X h¿-≤n-∏n°mw F-∂pw A-h¿ I-cp-Xp-∂p. h-en-btXmXn-ep-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\w A-Xnt‚-Xm-b kmº-Øn-I t\- -Øn-\pw A-Xp-h-gn D¬-∏m-Z\ sN-e-hv Ip-d-bp-I-bpw H-cp bq-Wn-‰v D¬-∏-∂-Øn¬\n-∂p-ap-≈ em- w h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

3. h-f¿-®m km-[y-X [Prospects for growth]:B-`y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn-se B-h-iy-I-X ap-c-Sn-°p-tºmƒ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ h-f-sc-b-[n-IwA-kz-ÿ-cm-Im-dp-≠v. A-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°v hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-sb B-i-bn-®p-sIm≠v A-h-cp-sS h-f¿-®m km-[y-X h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw h¿-≤n-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. hn-I-kn-Xcm-„-ß-fn-ep-≈ \n-c-h-[n B-tKm-f I-º-\n-Isf hn-I-kz-c cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°v A-h-cp-sShn]-Wn hym-]n-∏n-°m≥ t]-cn-∏n-® ]-[m-\L-S-Iw C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. B- y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn-se B-h-iy-I-X G-Xm-≠v ÿm-bn-bm-b-t∏mƒ th-K-Øn¬ B-h-iy-I-X h¿-≤n-°p-∂hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ß-fn¬ A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v B-h-iy-I-X D-s≠-∂v A-h¿ a-\- n-em-°n.

4. B-`y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn-se I-Sp-Ø a-’-

c-Øn¬ \n-∂v c-£ t\-Sm-\p-≈ am¿-§w [Way

out to intense competition in domestic market]:B-`y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn-se a-’-cw I-Sp-Ø-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ, A-¥¿-t±-io-b-h¬-°-cWw am-X-am-Wv K-Wy-am-b h-f¿-® t\-Sm-\p≈ G-I am¿-§w. B- y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bn-se I-Sp-Ø a-’-cw]-e I-º-\n-I-sf-bpw A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn tX-Sm≥ t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.B-`y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn¬ I-Sp-Ø a-’-cwt\-cn-Sp-∂ I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂A¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v hf¿-®-bv-°pwhn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-ap-≈ Dƒ-t]-c-I-am-bn h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.

5. sa-®-s∏-´ _n-kn-\- v Im-gv -N-∏m-Sv[Improved business vision]: ]-e I-º-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-se h-f¿®b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ A-h-cp-sS _n-kn-\- v \-b-ß-fp-sS-bpw am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v X-¥-ß-fp-sS-bpw`m-K-am-Wv. A-¥¿-t±-io-b-am-I-Ww F-∂


Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-\p-≈ ]-tNm-Z-\w, h-f¿-®-bv-°p-≈

Xz-c, Iq-Sp-X¬ a-’-c-£-a-X D-≠m-I-Ww

F-∂ B-K-lw, ssh-hn-[y-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\pw

A-¥¿-t±-io-b-h¬-°-c-Ww F-∂ X-¥-]-c-am-

b ta¬-ss° e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D-≈ B-K-lw

Xp-S-ßn-b ]-e Im-c-W-ßƒ sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°pw

C-Ø-cw sa-®-s∏- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-

°v D-≠m-hp-I.

11.2 A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°v-]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ am¿§ßƒ[MODES OF ENTRY INTO

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS]

e-fn-X-am-bn ]-d-™m¬ am¿-§w A-s√-¶n¬

h-gn F-∂m-Wv co-Xn-Iƒ sIm-≠v A¿-∞-am-

°p-∂-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ A-¥¿-t±-

io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°v- ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

≈ co-Xn-Iƒ F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv

H-cp I-º-\n-°v A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-

°v- ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ hn-hn-[ am¿-§-ßƒ

F-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\-

ns‚ A¿-∞-hpw hym-]v-Xn-bpw N¿-® sN-øp-

∂ m-K-Øv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°v-

]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Nn-e am¿-§-ßƒ \mw

]-cn-N-b-s∏- n- p-≠v. Xm-sg h-cp-∂ m-K-Øv A-

¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°v- ]-th-in-°p-∂-

Xn-\p-≈ hn-hn-[ am¿-§-ß-fpw, H-∏w A-h-bpsS

ta-∑-I-fpw ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-sa-√mw \-ap-°v hn-i-Z-

am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw. C-Ø-c-sam-cp N¿-®

\n-ßƒ-°v G-sX-√mw km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬

G-sX-√mw am¿-§-ß-fm-Wv A-\p-tbmPyw

F-∂v a-\- n-em-°p-hm≥ k-lm-bn°pw.

11.2.1 I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw

[Exporting and Importing ]

kz-¥w cm-Py-Øv \n∂v a-s‰m-cp hn-tZ-i cm-Py-

tØ-°v km-[-\-ß-tfm tk-h-\-ß-tfm A-b-

bv-°p-∂-Xm-Wv I-b-‰p-a-Xn. A-Xp t]m-se

X-s∂ hn-tZ-i D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hm-ßn kz-¥w

cm-Py-tØ-°v sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv

C-d-°p-a-Xn F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. H-cp ÿm-]-\-

Øn-\v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-tbm C-d-°p-a-Xn-tbm sNøp-

∂-Xn-\v ]-[m-\-am-bpw c-≠v am¿-§-ß-fp-≠v;

t\-cn- pw A-√m-sX-bpw. t\-cn- p-≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-

bn¬ A-Y-hm C-d-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ ÿm-]-\w

t\-cn- v X-s∂ hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈ hm-ßp-∂-bm-sf-

tbm hn-X-c-W-°m-sc-tbm k-ao-]n-°p-I-bpw

km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw

hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- N-c-°pI-∏-en¬

I-b-‰¬, ]-W-an-S-]m-Sv Dƒ-∏-sS F-√m \-S-]-Sn-

I-a-ß-fpw kzbw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. a-dn-®v, t\-cn- -√m-sX-bp-≈ hym-]m-

c-Øn¬ ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ t\-cn- p-≈ ]-¶v h-f-

sc ]-cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. km-[-\-ß-fp-sS Ib-

‰p-a-Xn A-Y-hm C-d-°p-a-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-

´ an-°-hm-dpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂Xv

cm-Py-sØ F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- v lu-kp-Iƒ A-s√-

¶n¬ kz-¥w cm-Py-Øp-≈ hn-tZ-i D-]-t`m-‡m-

hns‚ hm-ß¬ Hm- o-kp-Iƒ, C-d-°p-a-Xn-sb

kw-_-‘n-®v C-d-°p-a-Xn sam-Ø I-®-h-S-°m¿

Xp-S-ßn-b GsX-¶n-epw C-S-\n-e-°m¿ B-bn-

cn-°pw. Cu ÿm-]-\-ßƒ km[m-c-W-bm-bn

I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈ D]-t`m-‡m-hp-

am-tbm As√-¶n¬ C-d-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ hn-X-c-W-

°m-cp-am-tbm t\-cn- v kw-h-Zn-°m-dn-√.

t\-´-ßƒ [Advantages]

Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv I-b-‰p-a-Xn/C-d-°p-a-

Xn-bp-sS ]-[m-\ Kp-W-ßƒ.

$ A-¥¿-t±-io-b hn-]-Wn-bn-te-°pw _n-kn-

\- n-te-°pw ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v a-‰v am¿-

§-ß-sf A-t]-£n-®v G-sd F-fp-∏-ap-≈

320 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

am¿-§-am-Wv I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw.hn-tZ-i-Øv H-cp kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- -tam ]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\-tam Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-s\ A-t]-£n-®v k-¶o¿-Æ-X Ip-d-™ ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

$ I-b-‰p-a-Xn/C-d-°p-a-Xn _n-kn-\- n¬ ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ C-S-s]-S¬ Ip-d-hm-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, B-Xn-tY-b cm-„-ß-fn¬ H-cpkw-bp-‡ kw-cw- w Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv t]m-se-tbm D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-\p-≈ πm≥-dp-I-fpw a-‰vku-I-cy-ß-fpw H-cp-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-tbmA-X am-Xw ]-W-tam k-a-b-tam I-b-‰p-a-Xn/C-d-°p-a-Xn _n-kn-\- v Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\v Nn-e-h-gn-t°-≠n h-cp-∂n-√.

$ I-b-‰p-a-Xn/C-d-°p-a-Xn _n-kn-\- n-\v hn-tZ-i-Øv Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-t£-]w B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°v ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ a-‰v am¿-§-ß-sf A-t]-£n-®v hn-tZ-i \n-t£-] \-„-km-[y-X Xo-sc Ip-d-hm-Wv A-s√-¶n¬ C-√F-∂v X-s∂ ]dbmw.


A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°v ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ am¿-§-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn,C-d-°p-a-Xn-°p-≈ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Xm-sg ]-d-bp∂p.$ I-b-‰p-a-Xn, C-d-°p-a-Xn F∂nh-I-fn¬

N-c°p-Iƒ H-cp cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂v a-s‰m-cpcm-Py-tØ-bv-°v sIm-≠p-t]m-tI-≠-Xp-sIm-≠v kp-c-£n-X-am-b ]m-bv-°n-ßv, I-S-Øp-Iq-en, C≥-jp-d≥-kv Xp-S-ßn-b A-[n-IsN-e-hp-Iƒ D-≠m-Ipw. ]-tXy-In-®v h-f-sc`m-c-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°-fm-sW-¶n¬ I-S-Øp-Iq-en X-s∂ I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-d-°p-a-Xn-bn¬\n-∂pw ]n≥-Xn-cn-°p-∂ L-S-I-am-Ipw.hn-tZ-i-cm-„-ß-fp-sS Xo-c-Øv N-c-°p-IƒF-Øp-tºmƒ, A-hn-sS I-Ãw-kv \n-Ip-Xn

t]m-ep-≈ ]-e-hn-[ Np-¶-ß-fpw \¬-tI-≠nh-cpw. C-Ø-cw sN-e-hp-I-fpw ]-W-sam-Sp-°-ep-I-fpw I-W-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ D¬-∏-∂-Øns‚ B-sI sN-e-hv K-Wy-am-bnh¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw a-’-c-£-a-X Ip-d-bp-I-bpwsN-øp∂p.

$ hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn¬ C-d-°p-a-Xn \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ D-≈ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ I-b-‰p-a-XnA-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°p-≈ am¿-§-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ ]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-hp-I-bn-√. C-Øcw km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn¬ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n®v hn-]-Wn-bn¬ e-`y-am-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂ sse-k≥-knw-Kv/^m-ss©-knw-Kv A-s√-¶n¬ kw-bp-‡kw-cw- w t]m-ep-≈ am¿-§-ßƒ am-X-am-bn-cn-°pw ]m-tbm-Kn-Iw.

$ I-b-‰p-a-Xn ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn A-h-cp-sS kz-¥w cm-Py-Øv \n-∂m-Wv]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. A-h¿ kz-¥w cm-Py-ØvN-c-°p-Iƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-hhn-tZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°v I-∏¬ am¿-§wA-b-bv-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xnÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn-]-W-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn Xp-S-°-Øn¬ Nn-e k-µ¿-i-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bp-am-bn C-h¿-°vh-en-b _-‘-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-hn-√. C-Xv I-b-‰p-a-Xn ÿm-]-\-ßfpsS ]-cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv.F∂m¬, D-]-t`m-‡m-°-tfm-Sv G-sd A-Sp-Øp-≈ X-t±-iob ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v D]-t`m-‡m-°sf \-∂m-bn a-\- n-em-°m-\pwA-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Im-\pwI-gn-bp-∂p.ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-® ]-cn-an-Xn-I-sfm-s°D-s≠-¶n-epw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°v ]-th-in-°p-∂ Xp-S-°-°m¿ G-‰-hpw


Xm¬-]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv I-b-‰p-a-Xnbpw C-d-°p-a-Xnbpw X-s∂-bmWv. km-[m-c-W-bm-bnÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-h-cp-sS cm-Pym-¥-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xnhgnbpw C-d-°p-a-Xnhgnbpw Xp-S-ßp-I-bpw I-ta-W hn-tZihn-]-Wn-bp-am-bpw ]-h¿-Ø-\ co-Xn-I-fp-am-bpw ]-cn-Nn-X-am-Ip-tºmƒ km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te°v ]-th-in-°p-∂Xn\p≈ a-‰v am¿-§-ß-fn-te-°v am-dp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂p.

11.2.2 I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w [Contract Manufacturing ]

$ H-cp ÿm-]-\w hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn-se H-t∂mA-Xn-e-[n-I-tam X-t±-io-b D¬-∏m-Z-I-cp-am-bn Nn-e km-[-\-ß-tfm A-Xns‚ L-S-I-ß-tfm ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ \n¿-t±-im-\p-k-c-Ww D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ I-cm-dn¬G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b_n-kn-\- n-se I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w F-∂v]-dbp-∂-Xv. ]p-dwI-cm¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w aq-∂v hn-[-Øn¬ \-S-Ømw.

$ hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS Nn-e L-S-I-ßƒ t]m-se-tbm jq-kns‚ ap-Iƒ h-iw t]m-se-tbm,]n-∂oSv A-¥n-a D¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-b hm-l-\-Øn-tem jq-kn-tem D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂X-c-Ønep≈ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°pI.

$ a-‰v ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \n¿-Ωn-® L-S-I-ßƒ Iq-ń-t®¿-Øv, D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn lm¿-Uv Un-kv-Iv, a-Z¿-t_m¿-Uv, kn.Un.ssU-hv, tam-UwNn-∏v Xp-S-ßn-b L-S-I-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®vI-ºyp- ¿ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se A-¥n-aD¬-∏-∂-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-I.

$ Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ßƒ t]m-se D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw \n¿-Ωn-°p-I.

X-t±-io-b D¬-∏m-Z-I¿ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-tbm L-S-I-ßƒ Iq- n-t®¿-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂-Xv hn-tZ-i I-º-\n-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®pw km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy A-\p-k-cn-®pw B-bn-cn-°pw.C-ß-s\ X-t±-io-b D¬-∏m-Z-I¿ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-®-tXm L-S-I-ßƒ Iq- n-t®¿-Øv D-≠m-°n-b-tXm B-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ B-tKm-fÿm-]-\-Øn-te-°v A-h-cp-sS A-¥na D¬-∏-∂-ß-fn¬ Iq- n-t®¿-°m-t\m A-s√-¶n¬D¬-∏m-Z-\w ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b D¬-∏-∂-am-bnA-h-cp-sS _m≥-Uv- t]-cn¬ X-s∂ kz-¥wcm-Py-hpw hn-tZ-i cm-Py-hpw Dƒ-∏-sS hn-hn[cm-Py-ß-fn¬ hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øm-t\m B-bnF-Øn-®v sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. ]-[m-\-s∏-´BtKm-f I-º-\n-I-fm-b ss\-°v, do-s_m-°v, se-ho-kv, dmw-Kv-f¿ Xp-S-ßn-b I-º-\n-Iƒ A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw L-S-I-ß-fp-sa-√mw C-Ø-c-Øn¬ hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ß-fn¬ I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xv.

t\-´-ßƒ [Advantages]

I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w sIm-≠v hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≈ X-t±-io-b D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw B-tKm-fI-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw H-cp-t]m-se t\- -ßƒ D-≠v.

D¬-∏m-Z-\ ku-I-cy-ßƒ H-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\vth-≠ \n-t£-]-ß-sfm-∂pw \-S-Øm-sX X-s∂B-tKm-f ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v h≥-tXm-Xn¬ N-c-°p-Iƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\wk-lm-bn-°p-∂p. Cu ÿm-]-\-ßƒ hn-tZ-icm-„-ß-fn¬ \n-e-hn¬ D-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-\ kuI-cy-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒD¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn¬ \n-t£-]-ß-sfm-∂pwB-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w h-gn-bp-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn-se \n-t£-]\-„-km-[y-X Xo-sc-bn-√ F-∂v ]-d-bmw.

322 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

$ A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-bpw sXm-gn-em-

fn-I-fp-sS-bpw sN-e-hv Ip-d-hp-≈ cm-„-ß-

fn-se D¬-∏m-Z-I-sc-s°m-≠v D¬-∏m-Z-\w

\-S-Øp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w

\-S-Øp-∂ B-tKm-f I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v Np-cp-

ßnb sN-e-hn¬ D¬-∏m-Z-\w \-S-Øm≥

I-gn-bp-∂p.

$ hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn-se X-t±-io-b I-º-\n-

Iƒ-°pw I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w sIm-≠v Iptd

t\-´-ßƒ D-≠v. A-[n-I-ap-≈ A-h-cp-sS

D¬-∏m-Z-\ti-jn I-cm¿ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

e- n-°p-∂ D¬-∏m-Z-\-tPm-en-I-fn-eq-sS D-]-

tbm-Kn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bpw A-ßn-s\ D¬-

∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v D-S≥ hn-]-

Wn e- y-X D-d-∏m-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Cu

co-Xn-bn-em-Wv m-c-X-Øn¬ tKm-Zv-sd-Pv Kq∏v

I-º-\n-Iƒ I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-eq-sS

t\-´-ßƒ D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv-. A-h¿ I-cm¿

A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tdm-°n-‰v B≥-dv tImƒ-

am≥ F-∂ B-tKm-f I-º-\n-°v th-≠n

sU-t‰mƒ tkm-∏v Dƒ-∏-sS \n-c-h-[n D¬∏-

∂-ßƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. C-Xv A-h-cp-sS

A-[n-I-ap-≈ tkm-∏v D¬-∏m-Z-\-ti-jn

-e-]-Z-am-bn hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-

°p-∂p.

$ X-t±-io-b D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v A-¥¿-t±-io-b

_n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°m-\p-≈ A-h-k-

cw IqSn I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-eq-sS e-`n-

°p-∂p. H-∏w X-s∂ I-cm¿ \¬-Ip-∂

B-tKm-f ÿm-]-\w C-ß-s\ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-

°p-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ A-h-cp-sS cm-Py-tØm

a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-tØm \¬-I-

Ww F-∂v B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°v e- n-°p-∂ B-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ

e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-h-k-c-hpw Ch¿-°v

e- n-°p-∂p.

$ hntZi cmPy-ß-fn¬ \nt£-]-ßƒ Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ \nt£] A]-IS km≤y-XIpd-hm-bn-cn°pw.


B-tKm-f I-º-\n-Iƒ-°pw hn-tZ-i cm-Pyß-fn-se X-t±-io-b D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°pw I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w sIm-≠p-≠m-Im-hp-∂ ]-cn-an-Xn-IƒNp-h-sS hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

$ X-t±-io-b D¬-∏m-Z-I¿ ]-e-t∏m-gpw Kp-W-ta-∑-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn-epw cq-]-I¬-]-\-bp-sSImcy-Øn-epw a-‰pw \n-›n-X \n-e-hm-cwIm-Øp-sIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. X-∑q-ew B-tKm-f I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v Kp-cp-X-c-am-b Kp-W-\n-e-hmc ]-iv-\-ßƒ t\-cn-tS-≠n- h-t∂-°mw.

$ hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn-se X-t±-io-b D¬-∏m-Z-I¿°v D¬-∏m-Z-\ ]-In-b-bn-se \n-b-¥-Ww ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw \-„-s∏-Spw. Im-c-Wwkm-[-\-ßƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv I-cm-dn¬]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂ Ir-Xy-am-b \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ-°pw am\-Z-fi-ßƒ-°pw A-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ I-cm¿ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X-t±-io-b ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v I-cm-dn¬ Dƒ-s∏´ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ kz-X-¥-am-bn hn¬-°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-c-an -√. D¬-∏-∂-ßƒB-tKmf I-º-\n-°v ap≥-Iq-ń \n-›-bn-®hn-e-bv-°v X-s∂ hn¬-°p-I-bpw th-Ww.C-Xv A-h-cp-sS em- w Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ipw, ]-tXy-In-®v ]pdw hn-]-Wn-bn¬Cu D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v I-cm-dn¬ k-Ω-Xn-®hn-e-tb-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-e-bp-s≠-¶n¬.

11.2.3 sse-k≥-knw-Kpw ^m-ss©-knw-Kpw[Licensing and Franchising]

H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ t]-‰‚p-Iƒ, hym-]mcc-l-ky-ßƒ, A-s√-¶n¬ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy


Xp-S-ßn-b-h hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈ a-s‰m-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v tdm-b¬-‰n F-∂ t]-cn¬ \n-›n-X okvhm-ßn hym-]m-c B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂, I-cm-dns‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv sse-k≥-knw-Kv.C-ß-s\ A-\p-hm-Zw sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-ß-sf sse-sk≥-k¿ F-∂pw km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw a-‰pw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ A-\p-hm-ZwIn-´p∂ hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-Øn-se ÿm-]-\-sØsse-sk≥-kn F-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p. C-hn-sSkq-Nn-∏n-t°-≠ H-cp ]-[m-\ h-kv-Xp-Xkm-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy am-X-a-√ C-Ø-c-Øn¬ sse-k≥-kv sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F∂-XmWv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn mj≥ hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ H-cp-]m-Svh-kv-Xm-e-¶m-c hnZ-Kv-[¿ A-h-cp-sS t]-cv sse-k≥-kv sN-øm-dp≠v. Nn-e kµ¿`ß-fn¬ c≠vÿm-]-\-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-Iƒ]-c-kv-]-cw ssI-am-dp-∂p. ]-e-t∏m-gpw, C-Ø-c-Øn¬ A-dn-hpw km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw t]‰‚p-I-fpw H-s° ]c-kv-]-cw ssI-am-dm-dp-≠v. CXn-s\ ]m-c-kv-]-cy sse-k≥-knw-Kv A-Y-hmtImkv -sse-k≥-knwKv F-∂v ]-d-bmw.

sse-k≥-knw-Kv t]m-se X-s∂-bp-≈ H-cp ]-Z-am-Wv ^m-ss©-knw-Kv. C-h c-≠pw X-Ωn-ep≈ ]-[m-\ hy-Xym-kw, sse-k≥-knw-Kv Nc-°p-I-fp-sS D¬-∏m-Z-\-hpw hn-]-W-\-hp-am-bn

_‘-s∏-´v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-Z-am-Wv.F-∂m¬ ^m-ss©-knw-Kv tk-h-\-ß-fp-am-bn_-‘-s∏-´m-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. a-s‰m-cphy-Xym-kw sse-k≥-knw-Kn-t\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬I¿-i-\-amWv ^m-ss©-knw-Kv F-∂-Xm-Wv.^m-ss©-knw-Kn¬ ^m-ss©-k¿ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Fßn-s\-bm-Wv _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-tØ-≠-Xv F-∂-Xn-\v I¿-i-\-am-b\n-b-a-ß-fpw \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw ^m-ss©-kn-°p-ta¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. Cu c-≠vhy-Xym-k-ßƒ am-‰n \n¿-Øn-bm¬ sse-k≥-knw-Kpw ^m-ss©-knw-Kpw G-Xm-≠v H-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂v ]-d-bmw. sse-k≥-knw-Kn-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ H-cp I-£n \n-›n-X ô-kvhm-ßn, \n›n-X Im-e-b-f-hn-te-°v A-h-cp-sSkm-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, tS-Uv-am¿-°v, t]-‰≥-dv Xp-S-ßn-b-h D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iwhn-tZ-i-Øp-≈ a-s‰m-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv ^mss©-knw-Kv I-cm-dn-epw kw-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. A-\p-hm-Zw \¬-Ip-∂ am-Xr-I-º-\n-sb ^mss©-k¿ F-∂pw A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Icm-dn-se c-≠m-a-sØ I-º-\n-sb^mss©-kn F-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p. ^m-ss©-k¿ GsX-¶n-epw H-cp tk-h-\ Zm-Xm-hm-bn-cn-°pw. A-Xv kz-¥-am-bn H-cp tS-Uv-am¿-°v AY-hm hym-]m-c-ap-Z-bn¬ tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS D¬-∏m-

^mss©-knwKv F∂Xv ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn ssek≥knw-Kns‚ khn-tij cq]-am-Wv. CXn¬ ^mss©-

k¿ ^mss©-kn°v AZr-iy-amb hkvXp-°ƒ (hym]m-c-ap-Z-t]m-ep-≈) hn¬°p∂p F∂v amX-a√ _nkn-\- n¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ I¿i-\-amb \nb-a-ßƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v ^mss©-knsb \n¿_-‘-ambpwkΩ-Xn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Nmƒkv Uªyq.-F¬.-ln¬

^mss©-knwKv F∂Xv ssek≥knw-Kns‚ Hcp cq]-am-Wv. CXn¬ amXr-I-º\n (^mss©-k¿) as‰mcpkzX¥ hy‡n-Xz-Øn\v (^mss©-kn-°v) \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ _nkn-\ v \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-

Imiw \¬Ip-∂p. Cu Ah-Imi ]Imcw ^mss©-k-dpsS Dev]-∂-ßƒ hn¬°m\pw Ah-cpsS _m‚v\maw "D¬∏m-Z\ hn]-W-\-X-¥-ßƒ', s]mXp-hym-]mc kao-]-\-ßƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

sUmWmƒUv.-U-_yq.-lm-°‰ v

324 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Z-\-Øn-epw hn-]-W-\-Øn-epw A-\p-]-a-am-b Hcpco-Xn A-s√-¶n¬ X-¥w kr-„n-°m≥ I-gn-hp≈ H-cp d-kv-t‰m-d≥-dv, tlm-´¬, Sm-h¬G-P≥-kn, _m¶v, sam-Ø-°-®-h-S-°m¿,A-s√-¶n¬ H-cp Nn-√-d-°-®-h-S-°m-c≥ Xp-S-ßnB-cp-am-Imw. X-¥-ß-fp-sS A-Xp-ey-X-bm-Wv^m-ss©-k¿-°v hn-]-Wn-bn¬ F-Xn-cm-fn-Isf A-t]-£n-®v ap≥-ssI \¬-Ip-∂-Xpwhcm≥ t]m-Ip -∂ tk-h-\-Zm -Xm -°-sf^mss©-knw-Kv kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-te-°v B-I¿-jn-°p-∂-Xpw I-cm-dn-te¿-s∏-Sm≥ t]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw. a-Iv-sUm-Wmƒ-Uv, ]n- m l-´v, hmƒ-am¿- v Xp-S-ßn-b I-º-\n-Iƒ tem-I-sa-ºm-Spw]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ^m-ss©-k¿-am-cm-Wv.ta-∑-Iƒ [Advantages]

kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- -ß-sf-bpw ]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ D-]I-º-\n-I-sf-bpw A-t]-£n-®v,AwKo-Icn-°-s∏- D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-am-tbm kmt¶-XnI hnZyI-fp-am-tbm h≥ \n-t£-]-tam\-„km[y-X-I-tfm C-√m-sX hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn¬ ]th-in-°m-\p-≈ F-fp-∏-am¿-§-am-Wvsse-k≥-knwKpw ^m-ss©-knw-Kpw. k-hn-ti-j-am-b Nn-e t\-´-ßƒ Xm-sg N¿-® sN-øp-∂p.$ sse-k≥-knw-Kv/^m-ss©-knw-Kv co-Xn-I-

fn¬ sse-k≥-kn A-s√-¶n¬ ^m-ss©-kn B-Wv _n-kn-\- v bp-Wn-‰v Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xpw kz-¥-am-bn ap-X¬ ap-S-°p-∂-Xpw.A-Xn-\m¬ sse-k≥-k¿ A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-k¿-°v hn-tZ-i-Øv ]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn]-tXy-In-®v \n-t£-]-ß-sfm-∂pw th-≠nh-cp-∂n-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ B-tKmf_n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°m-\p-≈ G-‰-hpwsN-e-hv Ip-d-™ am¿-§-am-Wv sse-k≥-knw-Kpw ^m-ss©-knwKpw.

$ sse-k≥-k¿ A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-k¿hn-tZ-i-_n-kn-\- n¬ \n-t£-]-ß-sfm-∂pw

\-S-Øm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ _n-kn-\- n-\v F-s¥-¶n-epw \-„w kw-`-hn-®m¬ A-h¿-°vA-Xn¬ ]-¶p-sIm-tf-f-≠n h-cn-√.

$ sse-k≥-k¿ A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-k¿-°vsse-k≥-kn A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-kn ap≥-Iq-ń \n-›-bn-® Xp-I, km-[m-c-W-bm-bnD¬-∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ A-s√-¶n¬ hn¬-∏-\-bp-sS \n-›n-X i-X-am-\w o-km-bn \¬-Ip-∂p. sse-k≥-kn-bp-sS A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-kn-bp-sS _n-kn-\- n¬ D¬-∏m-Z-\w A-s√-¶n¬ hn-]-W-\w \-S-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw sse-k≥-k¿ A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-k¿-°v o-kvh-∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw.

$ hn-tZ-i cm-Py-sØ _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ t\m-°n \-S-Øp-∂ sse-k≥-knA-Y-hm ^m-ss©-kn B cm-Py-sØ]m-tZ-in-I hy-‡n-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v _n-kn-\- v k¿-°m¿ G-s‰-Sp-°m-t\m, k¿-°m-cns‚ A-an-X-am-b C-S-s]-S-en-t\m km-[y-X Ip-d-hm-Wv.

$ sse-k≥-kn A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-kn H-cp]m-tZ-in-I hy-‡n-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v hn-]-Wn-sb-°p-dn-®v \-√ A-dn-hpw \-√ _-‘-ß-fpw D-≠m-hp-I-bpw A-Xv sse-k≥-k¿A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-k¿-°v B cm-Py-sØhn-]-W-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn\-S-Øm≥ k-lm-b-I-c-am-hp-I-bpw sN-øpw.

$ sse-k≥-knw-Kv A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-knw-KvI-cm¿ A-\p-k-cn-®v I-cm-dn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Í-£n-Iƒ-°v am-X-ta hn-tZ-i cm-Py-ß-fn¬\n-b-a-]-c-am-bn sse-k≥-k-dp-sS A-Y-hm^m-ss©-k-dp -sS ]-I¿-∏-h-Im-iw,t]-‰≥dv, _m≥-Uv- t]-cv Xp-S-ßn-b-h D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q. X¬- -e-am-bn hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn¬ a-‰v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-s°m-∂pw Cu hn-]-Wn ap-Z-tbm

t]-‰≥-tdm D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ I-gn-bn-√.



sse-k≥-knw-Kv A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-knw-Kn-\vA-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-\p-≈ am¿-§-sa-∂\n-e-bn¬ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D-≠v.

$ sse-k≥-kn A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-kn, sse-k≥kv A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-kv sN-ø-s∏-´D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-epw hn-]-W-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-epw ssh-Z-Kv-[yw t\-Sn-°-gn-™m¬ A-tX X-c-Øn-ep-≈ D¬-∏-∂w_m≥-Uv- t]cn¬ sN-dn-sbm-cp am-‰-tØmsSD¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m-\pw hn-]-W-\w sN-øm-\pwB-cw-`n-°mw. C-Xv sse-k≥-k¿ A-Y-hm^m-ss©-k¿-°v i-‡-am-b a-’-cw kr-„n-t®-°mw.

$ Ir-Xy-am-bn kq-£n-®n-s√-¶n¬ hym-]m-ccl-ky-ßƒ hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn-se a-‰p-≈-h¿ ssI-h-i-s∏-Sp-Ømw. sse-k≥-knA-Y-hm ^m-ss©-kn-bp-sS m-K-Øv D-≠m-Im-hp-∂ CØ-cw ho-gv-N-Iƒ sse-k≥-k¿A-Y-hm ^m-ss©-k¿-°v K-Wy-am-b \-„wD-≠m-°n-tb°mw.

$ Im-e-I-ta-W sse-k≥-k¿ A-Y-hm^m-ss©-k-dpw sse-k≥-kn A-Y-hm^m-ss©-kn-bpw X-Ωn¬ I-W-°v kq-£n-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-t´m tdm-b¬-‰n \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-t´m D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-tem Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ Im-cy-Øn-temH-s° ]-e-Im-c-W-ß-fm-epw A-`n-]m-bhy-Xym-k-ßƒ D≠m-tb-°mw. Cu A-`n-]mb hy-Xym-k-ßƒ C-cp I-£n-Iƒ-°pw\-„-ap-≠m-°p-∂ \n-b-a \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-°vh-sc Im-c-W-am-Imw.

11.2.4 kw-bp-‡ kw-cw-`-ßƒ [Joint Ventures]

hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn¬ ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v

km[m-c-W-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ X-¥-am-Wvkw-bp-‡ kw-cw- -ßƒ. c-t≠m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam kz-X-¥-am-b ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Iq- m-b D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ H-cp ÿm-]-\w Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- w F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.hn-im-e-am-b A¿-∞-Øn¬ H-cp \n-›n-X Ime-tØ-s°-¶n-epw k-l-I-c-Ww D-d-∏m-°p-∂GsXm-cp Iq- p-sI- n-s\-bpw kw-bp-‡ kwcw-`w F-∂v ]-d-bmw. ]-[m-\-am-bpw aq-∂v coXn-bn¬ kw-bp-‡ D-S-a-ÿ-Xm kw-cw- -ßƒ B-cw- n-°mw.

i. hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-I¿ H-cp X-t±-i Iº-\n-bpsS A-h-Im-iw hn-e sIm-Sp-Øv hmßmw.

ii. H-cp X-t±-i ÿm-]-\w \n-e-hn-ep-≈ H-cphn-tZ-i ÿm-]-\-Øn-se A-h-Im-iw hnesIm-Sp-Øv hm-ßmw

iii. X-t±-i kw-cw- -I-cpw hn-tZ-i kw-cw- -I-cpwIq-Sn ]p-Xn-b H-cp ÿm-]-\w Xp-S-ßmw.

ta-∑-Iƒ - [Advantages]

kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\ ta-∑-IƒC-h-bm-Wv.

$ X-t±-i ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ Iq-Sn C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A-¥¿-t±-io-b ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°vB-tKm-f-X-e-Øn-te-°v hym-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\vh-en-b ap-X¬-ap-S-°v th-≠n-h-cn-√.

$ ò-a-am-b aq-e-[-\ \n-t£-]-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬am\p-jn-I hn- -h-ti-jn-bpw B-h-iy-ap-≈]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ kw-bp-‡kw-cw- -ßƒ G-sd k-lm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

$ a-’-c \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ, kw-kv-Im-cw, m-j,cm„o-b hy-h-ÿn-Xn, _n-kn-\- v hy-h-ÿnXn Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb kw-_-‘n-®v X-t±i]-¶m-fn-Iƒ-°p-≈ A-dn-hpw ]-cn-⁄m-\-hpwhn-tZ-i-_n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v sa-®-ap-≠m-Im≥ D-]-I-cn-°pw.

326 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

$ ]-e km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-epw hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn¬ ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xv G-sd sN-e-hv hcp-∂Xpw \-„-km-[y-X-bp-≈-Xpw B-bn-cn-°pw.kw-bp-‡ kw-cw-`-Øn-se X-t±-i ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-am-bn sNe-hpw \-„-km-[y-X-bpw ]-¶vh-bv-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS C-Xv e-Lq-I-cn-°m≥hn-tZ-i I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v I-gn-bpw.


kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Np-h-sS tN¿°p∂p.$ kw-bp-‡ kw-cw-`-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂

hn-tZi I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v, A-h-cp-sS km-t¶-XnIhn-Zy-bpw hn-]-W-\ c-l-ky-ß-fp-sa-√mw X-t±-i ]-¶m-fn-I-fp-am-bn ]-¶v h-bv-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS A-h a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v e- y-am-ImwF-∂ \-„-km-[y-X F√m-bv-t∏m-gpw A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

C-c- D-S-a-ÿ-X A- n-]m-b hy-Xym-k-ßƒ-°vIm-c-W-am-hp-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv \n-t£-] ÿm-]-\-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ A-[n-Im-c X¿-°-Øn-te-°v\oßpI-bpw sN-ømw.

11.2.5 ]cn-]q¿W DSa-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈BinX ÿm]-\-ßƒ[Wholly Owned Subsidiaries]

hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn-se _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-]q¿-Æ \n-b-¥-Ww B-K-ln-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-\p-h¿-Øn-°p-∂,A¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-te-°p-≈ ]-th-i\ co-Xn-bm-Wv ]-cn-]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ B-in-X ÿm-]-\-ßƒ. hn-tZ-i-I-º-\n-bn-se \q-dv i-X-am-\w Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\ \n-t£-]-hpw kz-¥-am-bn \-S-Øn am-Xr-I-º-\n A-Xns‚]-cn-]q¿-Æ \n-b-¥-Ww kzm-b-Ø-am-°p-∂p.hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn-se ]-cn-]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ B-in-X ÿm-]-\w Xm-sg ]d-bp-∂c-≠n¬ G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp co-Xn-bn¬ ÿm-]n-°mw.

i. ]q¿-Æ-am-bn ]p-Xn-b-Xm-b H-cp ÿm-]-\whn-tZ-i-Øv ÿm-]n-®v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒBcw-`n-°p-I. C-Xn-s\ Ko≥ ô¬-Uvkw-cw`w F-∂pw ]-d-bpw.

ii. hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-Øv \n-e-hn-ep-≈ ÿm-]-\wkz-¥-am-°n B ÿm-]-\-Øn-eq-sS X-ß-fp-sS D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpwhn-]-W-\w \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-I.


hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-Øp-≈ ]-cn-]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ B-in-X ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\ta-∑-Iƒ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.hn-tZ-i cm-Py-Øp-≈ ÿm-]-\-Øns‚-bpw]h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw ]-cn-]q¿-Æ \n-b-¥Ww am-Xr-I-º-\n-°v e- n-°pw.hn-tZ-i cm-Py-sØ B-in-X-I-º-\n-bp-sSap-gp-h≥ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw t\m-°n \-S-Øp-∂-Xv am-Xr-I-º-\n-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v km-t¶-XnIhn-Zy-tbm, hym-]m-c c-l-ky-ß-tfm a-‰m-tcm-Spwsh-fn-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ [Limitations]

hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-Øp-≈ ]-cn-]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ B-in-X ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-[m-\]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.$ am-Xr-I-º-\n-°v hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈ B-in-X

I-º-\n-bn¬ \q-dv i-X-am-\w Hm-l-cn aq-e-[-\ \n-t£-]w \-S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-Øn-\v th-≠-X kmº-Øn-I ti-jn C-√m-Ø sN-dp-In-SC-S-Øcw I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°m-\p-≈ am¿-§w F-∂\n-e-bn¬ Cu co-Xn A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√.

$ B-in-X I-º-\n-bn-se \q-dv i-X-am-\w Hm-lcn aq-e-[-\ \n-t£-]-hpw am-Xr-I-º-\n-bp-tS-Xm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v hn-tZ-i-sØ _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ D-≠m-Im-hp-∂ \-„w ap-gp-h-\pwam-Xr-I-º-\n kz-bw h-ln-t°-≠n-hcpw.

B-tKm-f _n-kn-\-ÊnÂ `m-c-X-¯n³-sd ]-¦v


$ Nn-e cm-„-ßƒ hn-tZ-i I-º-\n-I-sf A-h-cp-sS cm-Py-Øv, C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ \q-dv i-X-am-\w ]q¿-Æ B-in-X I-º-\n-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°m-dn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠vC-Ø-cw A¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v D-b¿-∂ tXm-Xn-ep-≈ cm-„o-b \-„km[y-X-Iƒ A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

11.3. B-tKm-f _n-kn-\- n¬ `m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-¶v [India’s Foreign Trade

in Goods]

`m-c-Xw C-∂v tem-I-sØ ]-Øm-a-sØ h-enbkm-º-Øn-I i-‡n-bpw, ssN-\-bv-°v amXw]n-d-In-em-bn h-f-sc th-Kw h-f¿-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ cm-„-hp-am-Wv. 2000 se tKmƒ-Uv-am≥k-®v dn-t∏m¿- v ]-Im-cw m-c-Xw 2050 ¬ temI-sØ c-≠m-a-sØ km-º-Øn-I i-‡n-bm-bnam-dpw. Cu k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sfm-s° D-s≠-¶nepw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ `m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-¶v A-X B-im-hm-l-a-√. 2003 seB-tKm-f hym-]m-c-Øn-se m-c-X-Øns‚ ]¶vZ-b-\o-b-amw hn-[w Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂p. a-‰v hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ß-fm-b ssN-\ 5.9 i-X-am-\w

tlmt¶mw-Kv 3.0 i-X-am-\w, Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b2.6 i-X-am-\w, a-te-jy 1.3 i-X-am-\w, knw-K-∏q¿ 1.9 i-X-am-\w, Xm-bv-em≥kv 1.1 i-X-am-\wF∂n-h-sb A-t]-£n-®v `m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-¶vshdpw 0.8 i-X-am-\w am-X-am-Wv. hn-tZ-i\n-t£-]-Øns‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ t]m-epw a-‰vcm„-ß-fp-sS ]n-d-In-em-Wv m-c-X-Øns‚ ÿm-\w. `mc-X-Øns‚ hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c-sØ]-‰n-bpw \nt£-]-ß-sf ]-‰n-bpw H-cp hn-l-Kho£Ww Np-h-sS sIm-Sp-Ø `m-K-ß-fn¬hnh-cn-°p-∂p.11.3.1 `m-c-X-Øns‚ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS hn-tZ-i

hym -]mcw -

[India's Foreign Trade in Goods]

B-tKm-f hym-]m-c-Øn¬ m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-¶vh-f-sc Ip-d-hm-Wv. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw B-Wv \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-sØ km-º-Øn-I]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G-dn-b ]-¶pw. hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c-Øn¬ \mw ssI-h-cn-® A-Xn-th-K h-f¿®aq-ew hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c-Øns‚ ]-¶v cmPy-Øns‚ sam-Ø B-`y-¥-c D¬-∏-∂-Øns‚1990˛-91 ¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ 14.6 i-X-am-\-Øn¬\n-∂v 2003-˛04 ¬ 24.1 i-X-am-\w B-bnD-b¿∂p.

tS_nƒ 11.2 2004-05 apX¬ 2011-12 hsc-bp≈ C¥y-bpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xnbpw

Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw

h¿jw Ib-‰p-aXn Cd-°p-aXn hym]m-c-injvSw

2004-05 375340 501065 –1257252005-06 456418 660409 –2039912006-07 571779 840506 –2687272007-08 655864 1012312 –3564482008-09 840755 1374436 –5336812009-10 845534 1363736 –5182022010-11 1142649 1683467 –540818

2011-12(P) 1024707 1651240 –626533

tkmX v : DGCIS,I¬°- , mc-X-k¿°m-cns‚ 2011˛12 kmº-ØnI k¿t∆-bpsS dnt∏m¿ v A\p-k-cn®v

328 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

`m-c-Xw I-gn-™ Ip-td h¿-j-ß-fm-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-epw Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn-epw K-Wy-am-btXm-Xn¬ h-f¿-® ]m-]n-®n- p-≠v. m-c-X-Øns‚1950 -51 h¿-j-Øn-se 606 tIm-Sn cq-]-bm-bn-cp-∂ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn 2003-˛04 ¬2,93,367 tIm-Sn B-bn h-f¿-∂p. I-gn-™A-©v Z-im-–-°m-e-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v G-Xm-≠v 480a-S-tßm-fw h-f¿-® tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn F-∂¿-∞w.

tS_nƒ : 11.3 C¥y-bpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hnlnXwD¬∏∂ßƒ iX-am\ hnlnXw

2009-10 2010-11

Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ßƒ 10.00 9.90

Abncpw [mXp-°fpw 4.9 4.0

Dev]m-Zn-∏n® hkvXp-°ƒ 67.4 68.0

XpWn-Ø-c-ßƒ 8.1 6.7

cXv\-ßfpw B -c-W-ßfpw 16.3 14.7

F©n-\n-b-dnwKv D¬∏-∂-ßƒ 10.9 12.1

cmk-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw A\p-_‘ D¬∏-∂-ßfpw 6.3 5.5

XpI¬ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ 1.2 0.9

s]tSm-fn-bhpw A\p-_‘ D¬∏-∂-ßfpw 16.2 16.8

a‰p-≈h 1.5 1.2

BsI Ib-‰p-aXn 100.0 100.0

tS_nƒ : 11.4 C¥y-bpsS Cd°p-a-Xn-bn¬ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hnlnXwDev]∂ßƒ iX-am\ hnlnXw

2009 - 10 2010 - 11

s]tSmfn-bw, Hmbn¬ apX-em-bh 30.1 28.6

cXv\-ßfpw sshc-°-√p-Ifpw 5.6 9.4

aqe-[\ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ 15.0 13.1

Ce-IvtSm-WnIv D¬∏-∂-ßƒ 7.3 7.2

kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw 10.3 11.5

cmk-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ 5.2 5.2

`£yFÆ-Iƒ 1.9 1.8

I¬°cn 3.1 2.7

Ccpºpw Ãoepw 2.9 2.8

hnZKv[ sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ 1.3 1.1

BsI Cd-°p-aXn 100.0 100.0

tkmX v : DGCIS,I¬°- , mc-X-k¿°m-cns‚ 2011˛12 kmº-ØnI k¿t∆-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v A\p-k-cn®v

cm-Py-Øns‚ C-d-°p-a-Xn-bn-epw C-tX t]m-ep-≈ k-hn-ti-j-am-b h-f¿-® tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. m-c-X-Øns‚ 1950 -51 h¿-j-Øn-se 608tIm-Sn cq-]-bm-bn-cp-∂ B-sI C-d-°p-a-Xn2003˛04 ¬ 3,59,108 tIm-Sn B-bn h-f¿-∂p.A-tX Im-e-b-f-hn¬ 590 C-c- n-bp-sS h-f¿-®.L-S-I-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ßƒ, h-kv-X-ßƒ, ap-Øp-Iƒ, B-`-c-W-

tkmX v : DGCIS,I¬°- , mc-X-k¿°m-cns‚ 2011˛12 kmº-ØnI k¿t∆-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v A\p-k-cn®v


ßƒ, F-©n-\n-b-dnw-Kv D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fpw A-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw, Ir-jn-bpw Im¿-jn-I A-\p-_-‘ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv C-¥y-bp-sS]-[m-\ I-b-‰p-a-Xn h-kv-Xp-°ƒ. B-tKm-f Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ `m-c-X-Øns‚ kw-`m-h-\ shdpw0.8 i-X-am-\w am-X-am-sW-¶n-epw H-‰-s∏- NneC-\-ß-fn¬, A-Xm-b-Xv, Nm-b-s∏m-Sn, ]-hn-g-ßƒ, A-aq-ey-hpw, A¿-≤ A-aq-ey-hp-am-b cXv-\-ßƒ, ssh-Zy-im-kv-X B-ip-]-Xn D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, A-cn, kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\-ßƒ, C-cp-ºvA-bn¿, Xp-I-epw Xp-I¬ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw,XpWn-Ø-c-ß-fpw A-Xn-\p-≈ \q-ep-I-fpw, hkv-X-ßƒ, ]p-I-bn-e Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \-ΩpsS]-¶v 3 ap-X¬ 13 i-X-am-\w h-sc-bp-≠v. am-X-

tS_nƒ :11.5 C¥y-bpsS ]apJ hym]mc ]¶m-fn-IƒcmPyw C¥y-bpsS BsI hym]m-c-Øns‚

iX-am\ hnlnXw(Ib-‰p-a-Xnbpw Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

bp.F.C 9.76 9.29 10.81

ssN\ 8.59 9.09 10.16

Ata-cn° 8.18 7.83 7.35

kuZn Atd_y 5.09 4.49 4.13

kzn‰vk¿em‚ v 2.54 3.26 4.10

tlmt¶mMv 2.71 2.70 3.18

P¿Ω\n 3.80 3.37 3.00

kn¶-∏q¿ 3.26 3.01 2.81

Ct¥m-t\jy 1.91 2.52 2.60

s_¬Pnbw 2.09 2.09 2.40

sImdnb 2.62 2.57 2.35

P∏m≥ 2.24 2.22 2.23

Cdm≥ 3.04 2.87 2.20

ss\Po-cnb 2.12 1.86 2.10

_n´¨ 2.58 2.29 2.02

ap∂n-ep≈ 15 cmPy-ß-fpsS BsI-ØpI 60.54 59.45 61.45

a‰v cmPy-ßƒ 49.46 50.55 48.55

BsI hym]mcw 100.00 100.00 100.00

`mcX k¿°m-cns‚ 2011˛12 se kmº-Øn-Im-h-tem-I\ dnt∏m¿ń¬ \n∂v

a-√ _-kp-a-Xn A-cn, Nm-b-s∏m-Sn, B-bp¿-t∆ZD¬-∏-∂-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b Nn-e sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ mc-X-Øn-\v H-∂mw ÿm-\-hpap-≠v.C-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ ÿn-Xn h-®v C-d-°p-a-Xn-sbkw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw Iq-Uv Hm-bn-epw s]-tSm-fn-bw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒt]m-ep-≈ aq-e-[-\ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, A-aq-ey-hpwA¿-≤ A-aq-ey-hp-am-b c-Xv-\-ßƒ, kz¿Æw,sh-≈n, cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv`m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ C-d-°p-a-Xn hkv-Xp-°ƒ.`m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-Xn-s\m-∂v ]-[m-\ hym-]m-c]-¶m-fn-I-fn¬ bp.F-kv.F., bp.sI., s_¬-Pn-bw, P¿-a-\n, P-∏m≥, kzn-‰v-k¿-em≥-Uv,

330 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2002-03 2004-05

Ib-‰p-aXnhntZibmX 15 36 964 2613 16064 15991 18873

KXm-KXw 45 109 361 1765 9364 12261 14958

C≥jp-d≥kv 8 12 51 199 1234 1783 1927

Cd-°p-aXnhntZibmX 12 18 90 703 12741 16155 16111

KXm-KXw 25 78 355 1961 16172 15826 10703

C≥jp-d≥kv 6 12 34 159 1004 1687 1672

tS_nƒ :11.6 C¥y-bpsS tkh\ hym]mcw

tlmßv-tImw-Kv, bp.F.C., ssN-\, knw-K-∏q¿,a-te-jy F-∂o cm-Py-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw Dƒ-∏-sS B-sIhntZ-i hym-]m-c-Øns‚ 11.6 i-X-am-\w C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂ bp.F-kv.F. B-Wv m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ hym-]m-c ]-¶m-fn. 2003 -04 ¬2.1 i-X-am-\w ap-X¬ 4.4 i-X-am-\w h-sc-bmWva-‰v ]-Øv cm-„-ß-fp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Øw.

11.3.2 tk-h-\-ß-fn-se m-c-X-Øns‚hym-]m-c ]-¶m-fn-Øw[India’s Trade in Services]

tk-h-\ ta-J-e-bn-se m-c-X-Øns‚ hym-]mc]-¶m-fn-Øw I-gn-™ Ip-td h¿-j-ß-fm-bn_lp-hn-[-am-b h-f¿-® t\-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]-ń-I 11.6 ¬ `m-c-X-sØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw N-cn-X-]-c-am-bn-Ø-s∂ ]m-[m-\y-

tS_nƒ 11.7 BsI Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ ][m\ tkh-\-ß-fpsS iX-am\ hnlnXw

h¿jw bmX KXm-KXw ]e-hI tkh-\-ßƒ

1995-96 36.9 27.4 10.2 22.92000-01 21.5 12.6 39.0 21.32001-02 18.3 12.6 44.1 20.32002-03 16.0 12.2 46.2 22.42003-04 16.5 13.1 48.9 18.72010-11 11.5 10.7 41.7 34.2

`mcX k¿°m-cns‚ 2011˛12 kmº-ØnI k¿t∆ dnt∏m¿ńse Um‰-bn¬ \n∂v tImUo-I-cn-®Xv

a¿-ln-°p-∂ aq-∂v tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-tb-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-tb-bpw kw-_-‘n-® hn-h-c-ßƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠v. I-gn-™ \m-evZim-–-ß-fm-bn hn-tZ-i bm-X-Iƒ, K-Xm-K-Xw,C≥-jp-d≥-kv F-∂o ta-J-e-I-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-epw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bn-epwA¤p-Xm-h-l-am-b h-f¿-® t\-Sn-bn- p-≠v F∂v]- n-I-bn¬ \n-∂v a-\- n-em-°mw. Iq-Sp-X¬ i-t≤-b-am-b h-kv-Xp-X, tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS L-S-\-bn-ep-≠m-b am-‰-ß-fm-Wv.tkm- v-‰v-sh-b-dpw a-‰v ]-e-h-I tk-h-\-ß-fpwssh-Z-Kv-[y, km-t¶-Xn-I, _n-kn-\- v tk-h-\-ßƒ Dƒ-∏-sS m-c-X-Øns‚ tk-h-\ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS ]-[m-\ hn- m-K-ß-fm-bn am-dn. bmXmK-Xm-K-X ta-J-e-bn-se I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS ]-¶v1995˛ -96se 27.4 i-X-am-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v


tS_nƒ 11.8 C¥y-bpsS hntZ-i-\n-t£]w hchpw t]m°pw

XpI : (tImSn-I-fn¬)

h¿jw 1990-91 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

hchv 201 80824 73907 67756 151406

t]m°v 19 54080 41987 47658 83616

hyXymkw 182 26744 31920 22098 67592

2003-˛04 ¬ 13.1 i-X-am-\-Øn-te-°v Ip-d-™-t∏mƒ, A-tX Im-e-b-f-hn¬ tkm- v-‰v-sh-b¿I-b-‰p-a-Xn 10.2 i-X-am-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v G-Xm-≠v 48.9 i-X-am-\-am-bn h¿-≤n-®p. [-]-ń-I 11.7Im-Wp-I-]11.3.3 `m-c-X-Øns‚ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-ßƒ

[India's Foreign Investments]

`m-c-X-Øn-s‚ A-I-tØ-°pw ]p-d-tØ-°p-ap-≈ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-ß-fp-sS hn-h-c-ßƒ]-ń-I 11.8¬ \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v. A-Xn¬ \n∂v`m-c-X-Øn-\v A-I-tØ-°pw ]p-d-tØ-°p-ap-≈

hn-tZi \n-t£-]-ß-fp-sS H-gp-°v I-gn-™ Ip-td h¿-j-ß-fm-bn B-›-cy-I-c-am-b co-Xn-bn¬h-f¿-® ssI-h-cn-®n- p-≈-Xm-bn a-\- n-em-°mw.C-tßm-´p-≈ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]w 1990˛-91 se201 tIm-Sn-bn¬ \n-∂v 750 C-c-ń-tbm-fw h-f¿-∂v 2003˛-04 ¬ 1,51,406 tIm-Sn-bm-bpw `m-c-X-Øns‚ a-‰v cm-„-ß-fn-ep-≈ \n-t£-]w C-tXIm-e-b-f-hn¬ sh-dpw 19 tIm-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xvkv-t^m-S-\m-fl-I-am-bn h-f¿-∂v 83,616 tIm-Sn-bm-bn. A-Xm-b-Xv 4400 a-S-ßv h¿-≤-\ D-≠mbnF-∂¿-∞w.

]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒ]-[m-\ ]-Z-ßƒA-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v F-^v.Un.sF. sse-k≥-knw-Kv

A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-cw t]m¿-´v- t^m-fn-tbm \n-t£-]-ßƒ ^m-ss©-knw-Kv

N-c-°p-I-fp-sS hym-]m-cw I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]p-dwI-cm¿

A-Zr-iy hym-]m-cw Iq-´v kw-cw-`w hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]w

I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\w ]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ B-in-X ÿm-]-\w C-d-°p-a-Xn

332 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v : cm-Pym-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ-°v A-∏p-d-tØ-°v \-S-°p-∂ _n-kn-\- v]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v. \n-c-h-[n B-fp-Iƒ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\ v F-∂ ]-Zw A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn ]-c-kv-]-cw am-dn D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c-sØ A-t]-£n-®v h-f-sc hn-im-e-am-b ]-Z-am-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _nkn-\- v.A-Xv km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hym-]m-cw am-X-a-√, hn-tZ-i cm-„-ß-fn-se km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw D¬-∏m-Z-\-hpw hn-]-W-\-hpw t]mep≈ ]-e]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.Im-c-W-ßƒ : H-cp cm-Py-Øn-\pw A-h¿-°v th-≠ F-√m D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw Im-cy-£-a-am-bn D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√ F-∂Xm-Wv A¥¿tZ-iob _nkn-\- n-\p≈ ][m\ Imc-Ww.hn- -h-ß-fp-sS e- y-X-bp-w- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS D¬-∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bn-se hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fpw aq-ewcm-Py-ßƒ-°v sN-e-hv Ip-d-®v D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpwA-[n-I-ap-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ a-‰v cm-„-ßƒ-°v Im-cy-£-a-am-bn D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-am-bn ssI-am-‰w sN-øp-I-bpw F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw Ccp cm-Py-ßƒ-°pw Iq-Sp-X¬Kp-W-I-c-am-hp-I.A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- pw B-`y-¥-c _n-kn-\- pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw : B-`y-¥-c_n-kn-\- n-s\ A-t]-£n-®v G-sd k-¶o¿-Æ-am-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- ns‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw ]-In-b-I-fpw. Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ I-£n-I-fp-sS ]ucXzhpw D¬-∏m-Z-\ L-S-I-ß-fp-sSXm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-™ N-e-\£aX-bpw hn-]-Wn-I-fn-se D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS ssh-hn-[y-ßfpw_n-kn-\- v co-Xn-I-fn-epw cm-jv-So-b ]-cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-fn-epw D-≈ hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fpw hy-Xy-kv-X_n-kn-\- v \n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw \-b-ß-fpw hy-Xy-kv-X I-d≥-kn A-Y-hm ]-W-hpw F-√mwX-s∂ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-s\-bpw B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n-s\-bpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-°p-∂p.C-h-sbm-s°-Ø-s∂ B-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n-s\ Iq-Sp-X¬ k-¶o¿-Æ-hpw _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈-Xp-am-°p-∂-Xv.hym-]v-Xn : h-f-sc hn-im-e-am-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- ns‚ hym-]v-Xn. A-Xn¬ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw am-X-a-√ tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS hym-]m-c-w, sse-k≥-knw-Kv,^m-ss©-knw-Kv, hn-tZ-i-\n-t£-]-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.t\-´-ßƒ : A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- p-sIm-≠v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw cm-Py-ßƒ-°pw Kp-W-ap-≠v. hn-tZ-i-\m-Wyw t\-Sm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p, B- y-¥-c hn- -h-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-am-bn hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p, km-º-Øn-I h-f¿-®-bv-°pw sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒkr-„n-°m-\pw D-]-I-cn-°p-∂p Xp-S-ßn-b t\- -ßƒ cm-Py-Øn-\v e- n-°p-tºmƒ h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ em- w, Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ D¬-]m-Z-\ ti-jn-bp-sS hn-\n-tbm-Kw, B- y-¥-c hn-]-Wn-bn-se I-Sp-Ø a-’-c-Øn¬ \n-∂v c-£ t\-Sm-\p-≈ am¿-§w, D-b¿-∂ _n-kn-\- v Im-gv-N-∏mSv Xp-S-ßn-b--t\ -ßƒ ÿm]-\-Øn\v e`n-°p-∂p.]-th-i-\ am¿-§-ßƒ : A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°m≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v A-\-h-[n am¿-§-ßƒ apºn-ep-≠v. I-b-‰p-a-Xn/C-d-°p-a-Xn, hn-tZ-i-ß-fn-se I-cm¿ D¬-


]m-Z-\w, sse-k≥-knw-Kpw ^m-ss©-knw-Kpw, kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- -ßƒ, ]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ B-in-X ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv Cu am¿-§-ßƒ. C-Ø-cw Hm-tcm ]-th-i-\am¿-§-Øn-\pw A-Xnt‚Xm-b Kp-W-ß-fpw ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fpw D-≠v. G-Xv am¿-§w kzn-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap≥-]v Hm-tcm-∂ns‚-bpw Kp-W-ß-fpw tZm-j-ß-fpw ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ `m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-¶v: N-cn-Xm-Xo-X-Im-ew ap-X¬-°v X-s∂`m-c-Xw a-‰v cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn hym-]m-c-_-‘-Øn¬ G¿-s∏- p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. I-gn-™ Ip-td h¿-j-ß-fm-bn `m-c-X-Øns‚ hn-tZ-i hym-]m-cw A-`q-X-]q¿-h-am-b h-f¿-® ssI-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.C-∂n-t∏mƒ cm-Py-Øns‚ sam-Øw B-`y-¥-c D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ 24 i-X-am-\-hpw h-cp-∂-Xvhn-tZ-i hym-]m-c-Øn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv. Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ß-fpw h-kv-X-ß-fpw ap-Øp-I-fpw B-`-c-W-ß-fpw F-©n-\n-b-dnw-Kv D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw cm-k-]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fpw Im¿-jn-I, -Im¿-jn-I A-\p-_-‘D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw B-Wv `m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ I-b-‰p-a-Xn h-kv-Xp-°ƒ. Iq-Uv Hm-bn¬,s]-tSm-fn-bw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ, b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ t]m-ep-≈ aq-e-[-\ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, C-e-tŒm-WnIv km-[-\-ßƒ, ]-hn-gw, A-aq-ey-hpw A¿-≤ A-aq-ey-hpw B-b c-Xv-\-ßƒ, kz¿-Æw.sh-≈n, cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv ]-[m-\ C-d-°p-a-Xn h-kv-Xp-°ƒ.

bp.F-kv.F., bp.sI., _¬-Pn-bw, P¿-Ω-\n, P-∏m≥, kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv, tlmw-Kv tImw-Kv, bp.F.C.ssN-\, knw-K-∏q¿, a-te-jy Xp-S-ßn-b cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ hym-]m-c ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ. 2003-˛04 h¿-j-sØ `m-c-X-Øns‚ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw Dƒ-∏-sS-bp-≈B-sI hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c-Øns‚ 48 i-X-am-\-hpw Cu ]-Xn-s\m-∂v cm-Py-ßƒ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv kw`m-h-\ sN-øp-∂-Xv.

tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS hym-]m-cw: m-c-X-Øns‚ tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c-Øn-epw L-S-\m-]-c-am-bpw h-en-∏-Øn-epw K-Wy-am-b am-‰-ßƒ kw-`-hn-®p- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. G-‰-hpwi-t≤-b-am-b am-‰w m-c-X-Øns‚ tk-h-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈ B-sI I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS 49i-X-am-\-hpw (2003- 04 ¬) tkm- v-‰v-sh-b¿ ta-J-e-bn¬ \n-∂m-bn am-dn F-∂-Xm-Wv.

A-I-tØ-°pw ]p-d-tØ-°p-ap-≈ m-c-X-Øns‚ B-sI hn-tZ-i-\n-t£-]-Øn-epw K-Wy-am-bh-f¿-® tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. A-I-tØ-°p-≈ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]w 1990 -91 se 201 tIm-Sn-bn¬\n-∂v 750 Hmfw a-S-ßv h-f¿-∂v 2003-˛04 ¬ 1,51,406 tIm-Sn-bm-bn am-dn. m-c-X-Øns‚ ]p-d-tØ-°p-≈ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]w 1990-˛91 se sh-dpw 19 tIm-Sn-bn¬ \n-∂v I-am-Xo-X-am-b tXm-Xn¬4400 aSßv h-f¿-∂v 2003 -04 ¬ 83,616 tIm-Sn-bm-bn am-dn.

C-ßn-s\-sbm-s° B-sW-¶n-epw B-tKm-f \n-e-hm-c-hp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-I-S-\w A-X B-im-h-l-a-√ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv i-cn. B-tKm-f hym-]m-c-Øn-se`m-c-X-Øns‚ B-sI kw-`m-h-\ sh-dpw 0.8 i-X-am-\w am-X-am-Wv. hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-Øn-epw\-Ωp-sS ÿm-\w h-f-sc tam-i-am-Wv. hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-ß-fp-sS e-£y ÿm-\-ß-fm-bn amdn-ba-‰v hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ß-fp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ m-c-X-Øns‚ ÿm-\w hfsc ]n-d-In-em-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv hm-kv-X-hw.

334 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


icn-bp-Øcw sXc-s™-SpØv Fgp-Xp-I1. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ G-Xv ]-th-i-\ co-Xn-bm-Wv \n-›n-X ô-kv hm-ßn

B-`y-¥-c D¬-∏m-Z-I¿ X-ß-fp-sS t]-‰≥-dv, tS-Uv-am¿-°v Xp-S-ßn-b _u-≤n-I kz-Øp-°ƒ hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈ D¬-∏m-Z-I¿-°v D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ A-h-Im-iw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.a. sse-k≥-knw-Kvb. I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\wc. kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- wd. s]mXp kzImcy ]¶m-fnØw

2. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ D¬-∏m-Z-\w mKn-I-amtbm ]q¿-Æ-am-tbm ]p-dwIcm¿ \¬-In hn-]-W-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ am-Xw i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv

a. sse-k≥-knw-Kvb.. ^m-ss©-knw-Kvc. I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\wd. kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- w

3. c-t≠m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v am-Xr ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏pw A-kv-Xn-Xz-hp-ap-≈ ]p-Xn-sbm-cp _n-kn-\- v ÿm-]-\w Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-s\ --- - - - - - - - - - - ˛ F∂p ]-d-bp-∂p.a. I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\wb. ^m-ss©-knw-Kvc. kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- wd. sse-k≥-knw-Kv

4. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ G-Xm-Wv I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS Kp-W-a-√m-Ø-Xv?a. A-¥¿-t±-io-b hn-]-Wn-bn¬ ]-th-in-°m-\p-≈ F-fp-∏ am¿-§wb. Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-™ \-„km-[y-Xc. hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-bn-se ]-cn-an-X-am-b km-∂n-≤ywd. Ip-d-™ \n-t£-] B-h-iy-I-X

5. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ D-b¿-∂ \-„-km-[y-X-bp-≈ ]-th-i-\ co-Xn G-Xv?a. sse-k≥-knw-Kvb. ^mss©-knwKvc. I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\wd. kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- w

6. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ hn-tZ-i _n-kn-\- v ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]-c-am-h-[n \n-b-¥-Ww A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ ]-th-i-\ co-Xn G-Xv?

a. sse-k≥-knw-Kv/^m-ss©-knw-Kvb. ]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ B-in-X ÿm-]-\wc. I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\wd. kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- w


7. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ ÿm-]-\-sØ A-¥¿-t±-io-b hn-]-Wn-tbm-Sv G-‰-hpw ASp-∏n°p∂ ]-th-i-\ co-Xn G-Xv?

a. sse-k≥-knw-Kvb. ^m-ss©-knw-Kvc. I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\wd. kw-bp-‡ kw-cw- w

8. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-\-a-√m-Ø D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ G-Xv?a. Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ß-fpw h-kv-X-ß-fpwb. ap-Øp-I-fpw B- -c-W-ß-fpwc. F-Æ-bpw s]-tSm-fn-bw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpwd. _-kp-a-Xn A-cn

9. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ C-d-°p-a-Xn C-\-a-√m-Ø D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ G-Xv?a. B-bp¿-th-Z a-cp-∂p-Iƒb. F-Æ-bpw s]-tSm-fn-bw D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpwc. ]-hn-g-hpw A-aq-ey c-Xv-\-ß-fpwd. b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ

10. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ hym-]m-c ]-¶m-fn A-√m-Ø cmPywG-Xv?a. bp.F-kv.F.b. bp.sI.c. P¿-Ω-\nd. \yq-kn-em≥-dv

ltkzmØ-c tNm-Zy-ßƒ

1. A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c-hpw A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-k-ßƒF-gp-Xp-I.

2. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- ns‚ G-sX-¶n-epw aq-∂v ta-∑-Iƒ N¿-® sN-øp-I.3. cm-Py-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ hym-]m-c-Øn-\v A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-b ]-[m-\ Im-c-Ww F-¥m-Wv?4. F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv cm-Py-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ hym-]m-c _-‘-Øn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-∂v N¿-®

sN-øp-I.5. I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.6. B-tKm-f X-e-Øn¬ _n-kn-\- v hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v G-‰-hpw F-fp-∏ am¿-§w sse-k≥-

knw-Kv B-sW-∂v ]-d-bm≥ Im-c-W-sa-¥v?7. I-cm¿ D¬-∏m-Z-\-hpw ]q¿-Æ \n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈ B-in-X ÿm-]-\-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈

hy-Xym-k-ßƒ F-gp-Xp-I.

336 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

8. sse-k≥-knw-Kpw ^m-ss©-knw-Kpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ F-s¥-√mw?9. `m-c-X-Øns‚ ]-[m-\ C-d-°p-a-Xn km-[-\-ßƒ ]- n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.10. `m-c-X-Øn¬ \n-∂v I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ ]-[m-\ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ F-s¥-√mw?11. `m-c-X-hp-am-bn hym-]m-c _-‘-Øn¬ G¿-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂ ]-[m-\ cm-„-ßƒ ]- n-I-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I.


1. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v F-∂m-se-¥v? B- y-¥-c _n-kn-\- n¬ \n-∂v A-Xv F-ßn-s\hy-Xym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p?

2. "A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c-sØ-°mƒ apIfn-em-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- v'. Cu A- n-]m-btØmSv ]Xn-I-cn-°pI?

3. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v e-`y-am-Ip-∂t\- -ßƒ F-s¥-√m-am-Wv?

4. hn-tZ-i-Øv H-cp ]q¿-Æ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ B-in-X-ÿm-]-\w ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒA-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°m≥ Iq-Sp-X¬ sa-®-s∏- am¿-§w I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bm-Wv. F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

5. A-¥¿-t±-io-b _n-kn-\- n¬ ]-th-in-°m-\p-≈ am¿-§w sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂ L-S-I-ßƒ G-sX-√mw F-∂v N¿-® sN-øp-I.

6. `m-c-X-Øns‚ hn-tZ-i-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ ]-h-W-X N¿-® sN-øp-I. H-∏w `m-c-Xw hn-tZ-icm-„-ß-fp-am-bn hym-]m-cw \-S-Øp-∂ ]-[m-\ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ G-sX-√mw F-∂v ]- n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

7. A-Zr-iy hym-]m-cw F-∂m-se-¥v? m-c-X-Øns‚ tk-h-\ hym-]m-c-ß-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ N¿-® sN-øp-I.

t]m-P-Iv-‰v/A-ssk-≥s∑‚ v

`m-c-X k¿-°m-cns‚ hn-tZ-i-Im-cy a-¥m-e-b-Øns‚ sh-_v-ssk-‰v k-µ¿-in-®v I-gn-™ aq-∂vh¿-j-sØ ]-[m-\ hn-tZ-i _n-kn-\- v ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-b cm-Py-ßƒ G-sX-√mw F-∂v I-s≠-Øp-I. H-∏w G-sX-√mw C-\-ß-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-em-bn hym-]m-cw sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-∂pw, Hm-tcmcm-Py-Øns‚-bpw hn-hn-[ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-bpw ]-¶pw hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-I.

]T\ t\´ßƒ

Cu A[ymbw ]Tn®p Ign-bp-tºmƒ, ]Tn-Xmhv :

1. Ib‰paXn \S]SnIaßƒ hniZoIcn°p∂p.

2. Cd°paXn \S]SnIaßƒ hniZoIcn°p∂p.

3. A¥¿tZiob hym]mcw t]m’mln∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ hnhn[Xcw B\pIqey-ßfpw]≤XnIfpw (s]mtamjW¬ kvIoapIƒ) hniZo-Icn°p∂p.

4. C¥ybn¬ hntZi hym]mcw t]m’mln∏n°p∂Xn\v Bcw`n® hnhn[-ÿm]\ßƒ ]ńIs∏SpØp∂p.

5. A¥mcm„ hym]mc ÿm]\ßfpsS e£yßfpw ]h¿Ø\ßfpw hniZoIcn-°p∂p.

A≤ymbw 12

A¥mcmjvS _nkn\ v 2[INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - II]

338 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

12.1 BapJw (Introduction )

]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ hn-]-W-\wsN-øp-∂-Xn¬ \n-∂v h-f-sc hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wvhn-tZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°v km-[-\-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv. km-[-\-ßƒ hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≈ hn-X-c-W-°m-cn¬ \n-∂v C-d-°p-a-XnsN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw hn-tZ-i-tØ-°v I-b-‰p-a-Xn

sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw ap≥-]m-bn Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpwA-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ ]men-t°≠-Xp-≠v . I-b-‰p-a-Xn \-S-Øm-\m-bn D-¬-∏m-Z-\w \-S-Øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v ku-I-cy-sam-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw hym-]m-cw A- n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw th-≠n hn-hn-[-X-cw t]m-’m-l-\ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ k¿-°m¿ \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn- p-

kp[o¿Ipam¿ Xs‚ kplrØpambpw aI\pambpw BtemNn®p Ign™t∏mƒ, Xm≥ A¥¿tZiobhn]Wnbnte°v amdm\p≈ G‰hpw \√ AhkcanXmsW∂v t_m[yambn. Xm≥ D¬]mZn∏n°p∂b¥`mKßƒ°v B`y¥c hn]Wnbn¬ Bhiy°m¿ Ipd-™p hcp∂ ]iv\Øn\v ]cnlmcw ImWm≥amXa√, A¥¿tZiob _nkn\ n\v e`n°p∂ hnhn[ B\pIqeyßƒ t\SnsbSp°p∂Xn\pwCXneqsS km[n°psa∂pw At±lØn\v a\ nembn.

\nehn¬ aqe[\Øns‚ Ipdhv D≈Xn\mepw A¥¿tZiob hym]mcØn¬ ap≥]cnNbwC√mØXn\mepw Ib‰paXnbneqsS hntZi hym]mcØnte°v IS°m≥ At±lw Xocpam\n®p.

F∂m¬, Ib‰paXn hym]mcØnte°v Fßs\ IS°mw F∂Xns\°pdn®v \√ Adnhn√mØXmWvAt±lØns‚ ][m\ ]iv\w. Ib‰paXnbpw Cd°paXnbpw B`y¥c I®hSsØt∏mse AXFfp∏ap≈X√ F∂v Sb¿ hym]mcnbmb kplrØpw At±ltØmSv ]d™p.

A¥¿tZiob hn]Wnbnte°v Nc°pIƒ Ib‰nbbv°p∂Xn\v apºmbn \nch[n \S]SnIaßƒ]men°pIbpw ]amWßƒ Xømdm°pIbpw sNtø≠Xp≠v. Ib‰paXn sNøm\p≈ km[\ßƒD¬]mZn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb AkwkvIrXhkvXp°fpw b¥kmaKnIfpw hntZiØp \n∂vCd°paXn sNøp∂Xv AXnt\°mƒ hnjaw ]nSn® ]InbbmsW∂pw Abmƒ a\ nem°n. CtXmsS,Ib‰paXnbpsSbpw Cd°paXnbpsSbpw \S]SnIaßsf°pdn®v X\n°v H∂padnbns√∂pw kp[o¿Ipam¿a\- n-em-°n.

km[\ßƒ Ib‰paXn sNøptºmƒ \„km[yXbn¬ \n∂v kwc£Ww e`n°p∂Xv Fßs\-bmsW∂pw km[\ßƒ Ib‰paXnbv°v A\ptbmPyamb coXnbn¬ KpWta∑tbmsS D¬]mZn∏n°ptºmƒD¬]mZ\s®ehv IqSpIbnt√sb∂pw kp[o¿Ipam¿ B›cys∏´p. Cd°paXn sNbvX AkwkvIrXhkvXp°fpw b¥kmaKnIfpw D]tbmKn°p∂Xns\°pdn®v At±lw Zo¿Lt\cw Nn¥n®p. F∂m¬,AØcw km[\ßƒ Cd°paXn sNøptºmƒ Cd°paXnØocph sImSpt°≠n hcp∂Xn\m¬km[\ßfpsS D¬∏mZ\s®ehv h¿≤n°nt√ F∂pw At±lw kwibn®p. CXn\v ]pdta, Ib‰paXnsNøp∂Xn\mhiyamb KXmKXw, ]mt°PnwKv, C≥jpd≥kv XpSßnb A[nIs®ehpIƒ hlnt°≠nhcpsa∂pw At±lØn\v a\ nembn.

F∂m¬, CØcw ]iv\ßsf°pdn®v hfscb[nIw hymIpes∏tS≠Xns√∂v Sb¿ _nkn\ pImc\mbkplrØv At±lsØ ]d™p a\ nem°n. F√m‰n\pap]cn, \nch[n C¥y≥ Iº\nIƒ Ib‰paXnhym]mcØn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂ps≠∂pw Ib‰paXnbn¬ IpXn®pIb‰w \SØpIbmsW∂pw At±lsØt_m[ys∏SpØn. hym]mc hnZKv≤cn¬ \n∂v D]tZißƒ tXSpIbpw \nehnep≈ hmWnPy ÿm]-\ßfn¬ \n∂v Ib‰paXnbpsSbpw Cd°paXnbpsSbpw \S]SnIaßsfbpw A\p-_‘ ]amWßsfbpwIpdn®v a\ nem°pIbpw sNømw. Xs‚ ssIbn¬ ]tXyI hniZmwißƒ H∂pw Cs√¶nepw CXpambn_‘s∏´ klmbßƒ \¬Ip∂ \nch[n hntZi hym]mc t]m’ml\ ÿm]\ßfpw kwLS\Ifpw\nehnep≠∂pw Ahbpambn _‘s∏´m¬ Bhiyamb klmbw e`n°psa∂pw BtKmf Itºmf-Øn¬ D¬∏∂ßƒ hn‰gn°m\pw a’cn°m\pw ]m]vX\m°psa∂pw kplrØv Iqńt®¿Øp.

339A¥m-cmjvS _nkn-\ v ˛ 2

≠v. I-Ãw-kv Xo-cp-h-bn¬ C-f-h-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-tbm, H-gn-hm-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-I, \n-Ip-Xn-I-fpwa-‰p Np-¶-ß-fpw H-gn-hm-°n-s°m-Sp-°pI, C-d-°p-a-Xn-˛I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS k-¶o¿-ÆX Ip-d-bv-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h A-h-bn¬Nn-e-XmWv.

A-¥mcmjvS hn-]-Wn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-®v hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-I, Nn-e]-tXy-I D-¬]-∂-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I, A¥m-cmjvS hym-]m-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se DtZymK-ÿ¿-°v ]-cn-io-e-\w \¬-Ip-I, I-b-‰p-a-Xn h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°v D-Nn-X-am-bKp-W-\n-e-hm-c-hpw ]m-°n-ßpw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I F-∂o Im-cy-ßƒ-°m-bn k¿-°m¿ a-‰v \n-c-h-[n ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn®n´p-≠v. hn-hn-[cm-Py-ß-fn-se hn-I-k-\-hpw hym-]m-c-hpwth-K-Øn-em-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn A-¥m-cm-„XeØn¬, tem-I-_m-¶v (World Bank), A-¥m-cm-„ \m-W-b \n-[n (International Monetary

Fund (IMF)), tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ (World

Trade Organisation [WTO]) Xp-S-ßn-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw \n-e-hn-ep-≠v.

hn-tZ-i-hym-]m-c-Øn-se ]-[m-\ \-S-]-Sn-Iaßfpw A\p-_‘ ]-am-W-ß-fpw kw-_-‘n-® N¿-®-bv-°m-bm-Wv Cu A-[ym-bw am-‰nsh-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A¥m-cmjvS _n-kn-\- vt]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ hn-hn-[ hym-]mct]m-’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®v a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw A-Xn-\m-bn cq-]o-I-cn-®n- p-≈ kw-L-S-\-Iƒ h-ln-°p-∂ ]-¶v I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I-bm-Wv CuA-[ym-b-Øn-¬. B-tKm-f hn-I-k-\-hpwhym-]m-c-hpw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ]-[m-\ A¥m-cmjvS ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS hn-i-I-e-\-am-Wv A-[ym-b-Øn-s‚A-h-km-\ m-K-Øv Dƒ-s∏-SpØn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

12.2 Ib‰paXn˛Cd°paXn \S]SnIa--ßfpw tcJIfpw(Export- Import Procedures AndDocumentation)

B-`y-¥-c hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°mƒk-¶o¿-Æ-am-Wv A¥m-cmjvS hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ. B-`y-¥-c-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-I-bpw hn¬-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-s‚ A-X-bpw F-fp-∏-a-√ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpwC-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw. hn-tZ-i-hym-]m-c-Øn¬ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ cm-Pym-Xn¿-Øn I-S-∂p t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-epw hn-tZ-i hn-\n-a-b C-S-]m-Sv D-≈-Xn-\m-epw, H-cp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ A-Xn¿-Øn I-S-∂va-s‰m-cp cm-Py-Øv F-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºm-bn\n-c-h-[n \S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ ]m-en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.I-b-‰p-a-Xn, C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒN¿® sN-øp-I-bm-Wv Xp-S¿-∂v h-cp-∂ m-K-ß-fn¬.12.2.1 Ib‰paXn \S]SnIaßƒ

(Export Procedures)

H-tcm I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sn-s‚-bpw L- -ß-fpw\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv. H-cpkm-[m-c-W I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p.I) At\zjWßƒ kzoIcn°pIbpw sIm-t´j\pIƒ Ab°pIbpw sNø¬ (Receipt

of enquiry and sending quotations): D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øm-\p-≈-h¿, I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-tcm-Sv I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-e, Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw, I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ, hy-h-ÿ-IƒF-∂n-h-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- hn-h-c-ßƒ A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\m-bn A-t\z-j-Ww \-S-Øp-∂p. CuB-h-iy-Øn-\p-th-≠n C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m¿ sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ]-c-ky-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v C-°m-cyw A-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bpw. CuA-t\z-j-W-Øn-\v a-dp-]-Sn-bm-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-

340 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

c≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v hn-e-\n-c-°v (quotations)

A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. Cu ]am-WsØ s]m-t^m¿-a C≥-thm-bn-kv (Proforma invoice) F∂vhn-fn-°p-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ hn¬-°p-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-e-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ°v]p-d-sa km-[-\-ß-fp-sS Kp-W-ta-∑, \n-e-hm-cw,h-en-∏w, Xq-°w, N-c-°p-Iƒ F-Øn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂ co-Xn, ]m°nwKv co-Xn, ]-W-an-S-]m-Sv coXnXp-S-ßn-b hn-h-c-ß-fpw s]m-t^m¿a C≥-thm-bn-kn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

II) Hm¿U¿ As√¶n¬ C≥U‚ v kzoIcn-°¬ (Receipt of order or indent) : I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ \n¿-t±-i-ß-fpw hy-h-ÿ-I-fpwhn-e-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v kzo-Im-cy-am-bm¬A-bmƒ km-[-\-ßƒ A-b-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Hm¿-U¿ sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. Cu Hm¿-U-dn-s\ "C≥-sU‚ v' F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂p. C-Xn¬ Hm¿-U¿sN-øp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-W-ßƒ, hn-e-hn-h-cw, N-c-°p-Iƒ F-Øn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂ co-Xn, ]m°nwKv co-Xn Xp-S-ßn-bhn-h-c-ßƒ Im-Wn-°p-∂p.

III) Cd°paXn°mcs‚ Xncn-®-Shp tijn]cntim-[n°pIbpw ]Ww e`n-°p-sa∂vDd∏phcpØpI-bpw sNøpI (Assessing

importers credit worthiness and securing a

guarantee for payment): C≥-sU‚ v In- n-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-cs‚ Xn-cn-®-S-hp-ti-jn ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.D¬∏∂w C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ I-øn¬ F-Øn-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw ]-Ww X-cm-Xn-cp-∂m-ep-≈\-„-km-[y-X I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bm-WvC-Ø-cw A-t\z-j-W-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv. C-Ø-cw \-„-km-[y-X e-Lq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v F-√mI-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-cn¬ \n-∂vH-cp se-‰¿ Hm-^v sI-Un-‰v (Letter of Credit)

hm-ßp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn _n-√n-se \n-›n-XXp-I I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ _m-¶n-\v \¬-Im-sa-∂v ]-d-™p sIm-≠v C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚

_m-¶v sIm-Sp-°p-∂ D-d-∏m-Wv se-‰¿ Hm-^vsI-Un-‰v. A-¥m-cm-„ ]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-hpwkp-c-£n-X-hp-am-b co-Xn-bm-Wv se-‰¿ Hm-^vsI-Un-‰v.

IV) Ib‰paXn ssek≥kv Icÿam°pI(Obtaining export licence): ]-Ww In-´p-sa-∂vD-d-∏m-°n-b-Xn-\p ti-jw I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ÿm-]-\w I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´\n-b-a-]-c-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ B-cw- n-°p-∂p.C-¥y-bn¬ \n-∂p-≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-¥y≥I-Ãw-kv \n-b-a ]-Im-c-am-Wv \-S-°p-∂-Xv.C-Xn≥-]-Im-cw, I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\w \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kvF-Sp-Øn-cn-°-Ww. I-b-‰p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kve- n-°p-∂-Xn-\v Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ ap≥-Iq¿ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ B-h-iy-am-Wv.

1. dn-k¿-∆v _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y Aw-Ko-I-cn-®G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp _m-¶n¬ A-°u-≠vXp-S-ßn A-°u-≠v \-º¿ t\-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

2. U-b-d-Œ¿ P-\-d¬ Hm-^v t^m-dn≥ sS-bn-Un¬ \n-t∂m I-b-‰p-a-Xn-˛C-d-°p-a-Xndo-Pn-b-W¬ sse-k≥-kv A-tXm-dn-‰n-bn¬\n-t∂m H-cp C-d-°p-a-Xn˛-I-b-‰p-a-XntIm-Uv \-º¿ (IEC Number) e`n-°-Ww.

3. A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m¬-km-l\ k-an-Xn-bn¬ c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xn-cn-°-Ww.

4. ]-W-an-S-]m-Sv \-S-°m-Ø-Xp-aq-ew D-≠m-hm≥km-[y-X-bp-≈ \-„-Øn¬ \n-∂v kw-c-£-Ww In-´p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´vsI-Un-‰v Kym-c-≠n tIm¿-∏-td-j-\n¬c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv.

I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´]-am-W-ß-fn¬ IEC \-º¿ (Import Export Code

Number) Im-Wn-t°-≠-Xn-\m¬ I-b-‰p-a-XnsN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw Cu\-º¿ I-c-ÿ-am-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s\-tbm I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cs\-tbm kw_-


‘n® sN-dp-hn-h-c-Ww (s]m-ss^¬), B-h-iy-am-b ô-kv A-S-®-Xn-s‚ _m-¶v c-ko-Xv,_m-¶n¬ \n -∂v \n¿ -±n -„ ^m-d -Øn¬hm-ßn-b km-£y-]-Xw, _m-¶¿ km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-b c-≠v t^m-t´m, I-cn-º- n-I-bn¬-s∏-Sp-Øn-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-an-√ F-∂vIm-Wn-°p-∂ k-Xy-hm-Mv-aq-ew F-∂n-h-bpƒ-s∏-sS U-b-d-Œ¿ P-\-d¬ t^m¿ t^m-dn≥ tS-Un-\v (Director General for Foreign Trade -(DGFT))

A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-®m¬ sF.C.kn \-º¿t\-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

F-√m I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cpw A-h¿-°-\p-tbm-Py-am-b I-b-‰p-a-Xn hn-I-k-\ k-an-Xn-bn¬c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-ø-W-sa-∂v \n¿-_-‘-am-Wv. ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bpw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n, F-©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-v ]-tam-j≥ Iu -kn¬ (Engineering Export

Promotion Council (EEPC)), A-∏m-c¬ F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´v ]-tam-j≥ Iu¨-kn¬ (Apparel

Export Promotion Council (AEPC)) F-∂n-ß-s\]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn hn-I-k-\ k-an-Xn-Iƒ `m-c-X k¿-°m¿ cq-]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.I-b-‰p-a-Xn hn-I-k-\ k-an-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v CuA-[ym-b-Øn-se a-s‰m-cp `m-K-Øv N¿-®sN-øp-∂p-≠v. F-∂m¬, C-°m-cyw C-hn-sSkqNn-∏n-°m≥ Im-c-Ww, I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b H-cp I-b-‰p-aXnhn-I-k-\ k-an-Xn-bn¬ c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-Xv c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ Iw sa-º¿-jn-∏v k¿- n- n-°-‰v (Reg-

istration cum Membership Certificate (RCMC))

I-c-ÿ-am-°n-bm¬ am-X-ta A-h¿-°v k¿-°m-cn¬ \n-∂v B-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e- n-°p-I-bp-≈q.A-¥¿-tZ-io-b ]-W-an-S-]m-Sn-ep-≈ cm-„o-b-hpwhm-Wn-Py-]-c-hp-am-b \-„-km-[y-X-bn¬ \n-∂vkw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´vsI-Un-‰v Kym-c‚n I-Ωo-j-\n¬ (Export Credit

Guarantee Commission (ECGC)) c-Pn-Ã¿

sN-tø-≠-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. I-b-‰p-a-Xnÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v hm-Wn-Py _m-¶n¬ \n-∂pwa-‰v km-º-Øn-I ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw km-º-Øn-I k-lm-bw e- y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\v Cu Aw-K-Xzw k-lm-bn-°pw.V) Ib‰paXn°mh-iy-amb [\-k-am-l-cWw (Obtaining pre-shipment finance):

Hm¿-U¿ D-d-∏n-°p-I-bpw se-‰¿ Hm- v sI-Un‰vIn-´p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp-I-gn-™m¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°p≈ D¬]-∂-ßƒ D-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b ]-Ww kz-cq-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ _m-¶n-s\ kao-]n-°p-∂p. B-h-iy-am-b A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fpw a-‰v L-S-I-ß-fpw ti-J-cn-°p-I, km-[-\-ßƒ D-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I, ]mt°-PnwKv \-S-ØpI, D¬-∏-∂w Xp-d-ap-J-Øv F-Øn-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ sN-e-hp-Iƒ h-ln-°p-I Xp-S-ßnb B-h-iy-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n-bm-Wv [-\-k-am-l-c-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-Xv.

VI) km[\ßfpsS D¬∏mZ\hpw tiJc-Whpw (Production or procurement of goods):

D-¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b ]-Ww kz-cq-]n-®-Xn\v ti-jw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ B-h-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ D-¬∏-∂-ßƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. A-bmƒ-°v km-[-\-ßƒ kz-¥-am-bn D-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-tbm hn-]-Wn-bn¬ \n-∂v hm-ßn-°p-I-tbm sN-ømw.

VII) Ib‰paXn°v ap≥]p≈ ]cntim[\(Pre-shipment inspection): \-√ Kp-W-ta-∑-bp≈ D-¬-∏∂-ßƒ am-Xw I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n mcX k¿°m¿ ]-e \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw ssI-s°m-≠n-´p-≠v. A-Xn¬ G-‰-hpw]-[m-\-s∏-´ \-S-]-Sn-bm-Wv k¿-°m¿ \n¿-t±-in-®n-´p-≈ G-P≥-kn-sb-s°m-≠v Ib-‰p-aXnhkvXp-°ƒ \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw ]-cn-tim-[n-∏n°p-I F-∂-Xv. C-Xn-\m-bn F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´v Izm-fn-‰n I -tSmƒ B‚ v C≥-kv-s]-£≥ \n-b-aw-1963 (Export Qualtiy Cotnrol and Inspection

342 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Act,1963) ]m-km-°p-I-bpw Nn-e G-P≥-kn-Isf]-cn-tim-[-\m G-P≥-kn-I-fm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿ A-Ø-cw Aw-Ko-Im-c-ap-≈ F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- v C≥-kv-s]-£≥ G-P≥-kn-sb (Export Inspection Agency

– (EIA)) k-ao-]n-®v ]-cn-tim-[-\m ]-am-Wwt\-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. I-b-‰p -a -Xn k-a-b-Øva-‰v ]-am-W-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°v apºp--≈ ]-cn-tim-[\m ]-am-W-hpw k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F-∂m¬ Ãm¿ tS-Un-Mv lu-kp-Iƒ,tS-Un-Mv lu-kp-Iƒ, F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- v lu-kp-Iƒ, F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- v t]m-k-knw-Kv tkm¨ /kv-s]-jy¬ F-°-tWm-an-Iv tkm¨ (Export

Processing Zones/Special Economic Zones –

(EPZs/SEZs)) F-∂n-h-bn-se hy-h-km-b bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ, \q-dp-i-X-am-\w I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°v th-≠ncq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ (100% Export

Oriented Units – (EoUs)) F-∂n-h D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v Cu ]-cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ B-h-iy-an-√. C-Ø-cw I-b-‰p-a-Xn ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v as‰m-cn-SØv ]n-∂o-Sv N¿-®sN-øp-∂p-≠v .

VIII) FIvsskkv ¢nbd≥kv (Excise clear-

ance): tI-µ F-Iv-ssk-kv Xm-cn-^v B-Œv]-Im-cw D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-® A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°v ta¬ F-Iv-ssk-kvXo-cp-h sIm-Sp-°-Ww. A-Xp-sIm-≠v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ta-J-e-bn-seF-Iv-ssk-kv I-Ωo-j-W¿-°v C≥-thm-bn-kvDƒ-s∏-sS A-t]-£ \¬-I-Ww. A-t±-lw kw-Xr-]v-X-\m-sW-¶n¬ F-Iv-ssk-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kv\¬-Ip-∂p. km-[-\-ßƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-XvI-b-‰p-a-Xn-bv-°p th-≠n-bm-sW-¶n¬ an-°k-a-b-ß-fn-epw k¿-°m¿ F-Iv-ssk-kv Xo-cphH-gn -hm-°p-I-tbm A-S-® F-Iv -ssk-kvXo-cp-h Xn-cn-®p \¬-Ip-I-tbm sN-øp-∂p. I-b-

‰p-a-Xn-°m¿ Iq-Sp-X¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°p-≈ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS Kp-W-ta-∑ D-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\pw th-≠n-bm-Wvk¿-°m¿ F-Iv-ssk-kv Xo-cp-h H-gn-hm-°p-I-tbm Xn-cn®p sIm-Sp-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂-Xv. C-ß-s\ F-Iv-ssk-kv Xo-cp-h Xn-cn-®p sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\ "Np-¶w Xn-cn-®p-\¬-I¬' (dtuy

drawback) F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. C-Ø-cw 'Np-¶wXn-cn-®p-\¬-I¬' C-t∏mƒ \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv[-\-a-¥m-e-b-Øn-\v Io-gn-se' Np-¶w Xn-cn-®p-\¬Ip-∂-Xn\p-≈ Im-cy-me-bw' (Directorate of

duty drawback) B-Wv. hy-Xy-kv-X km-[-\-ß-fp-sS 'Np-¶w Xn-cn-®p-\¬-I¬' \n-c-°v Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hpw C-h¿-°m-Wv.F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw Np-¶w Xn-cn-®p \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw ]-Ww Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-epwt\m-°n-\-S-Øp-∂-Xv km-[m-c-W I-b-‰p-a-XnsN-øm≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂ A-Xm-Xv Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s‚/hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-Øn-s‚ /ÿ-e-Øn-s‚Np-a-X-e-bp-≈ I-Ãw-kv A-s√-¶n¬ tI-µF-Iv-ssk-kv I-Ωo-j-W¿ (Commissioner of

Customs or Central Excise) B-Wv .

IX) D-¤-h km-£y-]-Xw t\-Sp-I (Obtaining

Certificate of Origin): Nn-e ]-tXy-I cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v h-cp-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ-°v Nn-eC-d-°p-a-Xn cm-Py-ßƒ Xm-cn-^v C-f-hp-ItfmA-s√-¶n¬ a-‰p X-c-Øn-ep-≈ H-gn-hm-°-ep-Itfm \¬-Ip-∂p. C-Ø-cw ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒt\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-t\m-Sv H-cp "D-¤-h km-£y-]-Xw'(Certificate of Origin) A-b-°m≥ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. km-[-\-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-bv-X cm-Py-ß-fn¬ X-s∂-bm-Wv A-h D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-®-XvF∂v sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂]-am-W-am-Wv' D-¤-h km-£y-]-Xw'. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ cm-Py-Øv ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂hym-]m-c B-ÿm-\-Øv (trade consulate)

\n-∂m-Wv Cu km-£y-]-Xw In- p-∂-Xv.


X). I-∏-en¬ N-c-°v I-b‰n Ab-bv°m-\p≈ÿew Dd-∏m-°¬ (Reservation of shipping

space) : I-∏-en¬ N-c-°v I-b-‰m-\p-≈ ÿ-e-Øn-\p-th-≠n I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ I-º-\njn-∏nw-Kv I-º-\n-°v A-t]-£ \¬-Ip-∂p.G-Xp X-c-Øn-ep-≈ D¬∏∂ß-fm-Wv I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv, I-∏-en¬ I-b-‰m≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈ Xo-b-Xn, G-Xv Xp-d-ap-J-Øm-Wv C-d-t°-≠-Xv F-∂o Im-cy-ßƒ Cu A-t]-£-bn¬Im-Wn-®n-cn-°-Ww. A-t]-£ In- n-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw jn-∏nw-Kv I-º-\n "I-∏-en¬ N-c-°p-I-b-‰p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-\p-a-Xn ]-Xw' (shipping order)

]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p. \n¿-±n-„ Xp-d-ap-J-Øv \n-∂v \n-›n-X D¬-∏-∂w I-Ãw-kv X-S- -ßƒ\o-°n-b-Xn-\v (customs clearance) ti-jwI-∏-en¬ I-b-‰p-∂-Xn-\v I-∏-en-s‚ Iym-]v-‰-\v\¬-Ip-∂ \n¿-t±-i-am-Wv "I-∏-en¬ N-c-°p-I-b-‰p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-\p-a-Xn ]-Xw' A-Y-hm"jnw-∏nw-Kv Hm¿-U¿'.

XI) km-[-\-ß-fp-sS s]m-Xn-b-epw A-b-bv-°-epw (Packaging and forwarding): A-b-t°-≠km-[-\-ßƒ h-f-sc Ir-Xy-am-bn s]m-Xn-™v-A-Xn-\p-]p-d-Øv C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ t]-cpwta¬-hn-em-k-hpw sam-Ø Xq-°-hpw A-‰-Xq-°-hpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ Xp-d-ap-Jw, C-d-°p-aXn sN-tø-≠ Xp-d-ap-Jw, G-Xv cm-Py-Øv\n∂m-Wv A-b-bv-°p-∂-Xv ap-X-em-b Im-cy-ßƒF-gp-tX-≠-Xm-Wv. Xp-S¿-∂v km-[-\-ßƒ Xp-d-ap-J-Øv F-Øn-°m≥ B-h-iy-am-b K-Xm-K-X-ku-I-cyw H-cp-°p-∂p. C-Xn-\m-bn km-[-\-ßƒsd-bn¬-th hm-K-Wn¬ I-b-‰p-tºmƒ sd-bn¬-th A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ H-cp sd-bn¬-th c-ko-XvX-cp-∂p. C-Xv km-[-\-Øn-\v ta-ep-≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ Cu sd-bn¬-th c-ko-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ G-P‚n-s‚ t]-cn¬ F≥-tUm-gv-kv sN-øp-I-bpw G-P‚ v km-[-\wXp-d-ap-J-Øv F-Øn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

XII) Ib‰n Ab-bv°p∂ D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sSC≥-jp-d≥-kv (Insurance of goods): D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ I-S¬-am¿-§w sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒD-≠m-Im≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈ \-„-ß-fn¬ \n-∂vkw-c-£-Ww In- p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ km-[-\-ßƒ H-cp C≥-jpd≥-kv I-º-\n-bn¬ C≥-jp¿ sN-øp-∂p.

XIII) I-Ãw-kv \S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ ]men°¬v(Customs clearance): km-[-\-ßƒ I-∏-en-te-°v I-b-‰p-∂-Xn-\p ap-ºm-bn I-Ãw-kv X-S- -ßƒ \o-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. C-Xn-\m-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ H-cp "jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬' X-øm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. I-Ãw-kv Im-cym-e-b-Øn¬ \n-∂v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°p-≈ k-Ω-Xw e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠ G-‰-hpw ]-[m-\-s∏- ]-am-W-am-Wv"jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬' (Shipping Bill). I-b-‰n A-b-bv-°p-∂ km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-h-c-ßƒ, I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv, F-Xv Xp-d-ap-J-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv I-b-‰n A-b-bv-°p-∂-Xv,F-Øn-t°-≠ cm-Pyw, I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚t]-cpw ta¬-hn-em-k-hpw F-∂o hn-h-c-ßƒjn-∏nw-Kv _n-√n¬ Im-Wn-°p-∂p. jn-∏nw-Kv_n-√n-s‚ A-©v tIm-∏n-bpw Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂]-am-W-ß-fpw Dƒ-s∏-sS I-Ãw-kv lu-kn¬D-≈ Ass]-k¿°v (aqeyw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂Bƒ) ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

• I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°-cm¿ A-s√-¶n¬ I-b-‰p-a-XnHm¿-U¿

• se-‰¿ Hm- v sI-Un-‰v• sIm-ta-gv-ky¬ C≥-thm-bn-kv• D-¤-h km-£y-]-Xw• ]-cn-tim-[-\m km-£y-]-Xw (B-h-iy-am-

sW-¶n¬)• a-ssd≥ C≥-jpd≥-kv t]m-fn-kn

Cu ]-am-W-ßƒ ap-gp-h≥ \n¿-±n-„ Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-se kq-]-≠n-\v k-a¿-∏n-°p-tºmƒ,A-hn-sS \n∂v "h-≠n ]-th-i-\-]-Xw' A-YhmIm¿ńwKv Hm¿-U¿ (Cart ticket/carting order)

344 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

e`n-°p-∂p. Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s‚ tK-‰n-ep-≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-\v I-∏¬-®-c-°p-Iƒ tUm-°n-te-°vI-b-‰m≥ A-\p-hm-Zw \¬-In-s°m-≠p-≈B-⁄-bm-Wv "Im¿- nw-Kv Hm¿-U¿'. C-Xv In- n-b-Xn-\p ti-jw I-∏¬-N-c-°v Xp-d-ap-J-sØA-\p-tbm-Py-am-b sj-Õn-te-°v am-‰p∂p.I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿-°v C-°m-cy-ß-sfm-s° sN-øm-\p-≈ k-a-b-°p-d-hp-aq-ew Np-a-X-e H-cp G-P‚n-s\ G¬-∏n-°p-∂p. C-Ø-cw G-P‚p-am-sc"¢n-b-dnw-Kv B‚ v t^m¿-th¿-UnwKv G-P‚ v'(Clearing and forwarding agent) F-∂v hn-fn-°p∂p.

XIV) ta‰ns‚ ckoXv e`n-°¬ (Obtaining

mates receipt) : km-[-\-ßƒ I-∏-en¬ I-b-‰n-b-Xn-\v ti-jw B I-∏-en-se ta-‰v A-Y-hmIym-]v-‰≥ I-∏-en¬ I-b-‰n-b km-[-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c--ßƒ A-S-ßn-b H-cp c-ko-XvX-cp-∂p. C-Xn-s\ ta-‰v-kv c-ko-Xv (mates receipt)

F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p. I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv, s_¿-Øv,I-∏-en¬ I-b-‰n-b Xo-b-Xn, ]m-t°-Pp-I-fp-sSA-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, ]mt°-Pp-I-fpsS F-Æw,I-∏-en¬ km[-\-ßƒ I-b-‰p-∂ k-a-b-ØvIm¿-tKm-bp-sS Ahÿ F-∂n-h Cu ]-am-W-Øn¬ Dƒ-s°m-≈n-°p-∂p. Cu c-ko-XvIn- n-b D-S≥ t]m¿- v kp-]-≠v C-Xv ¢n-b-dnw-KvB‚ v t^m¿-th¿-Unw-Kv G-P‚n-\v ssI-am-dp∂p.

XV) I-S-Øp-Iq-en sIm-Sp-°-epw _n¬ Hm-^vte-Unw-Kv t\-S-epw (Payment of freight and

obtaining of bill of lading): ¢n-b-dnw-Kv B‚ vt^m¿-th¿-Unw-Kv G-P‚ v I-S-Øp-Iq-en Xn-´-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n "ta-‰v-kv c-ko-Xv'I-∏¬ I-º-\n-sb G¬-∏n-°p-∂p. I-S-Øp-IqenIn-ń-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw I-∏¬-I-º-\n H-cp _n¬Hm- v te-Unw-Kv X-cp-∂p. I-∏¬I-º-\n km-[-\-ßƒ, \n-›-bn-® Xp-d-ap-J-Øv F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n kzo-I-cn-®p F-∂v sX-fn-bn-°p∂tc-J-bm-Wv _n¬ Hm- v te-Unw-Kv. km-[-\-ßƒ

I-∏-en-\p ]-I-cw hn-am-\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv I-b-‰n-b-bv-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ In-´p-∂ ]-am-W-am-WvFb¿-th _n¬ (Airway Bill).

XVI). C≥-thm -b v -k v X -øm -dm -°¬(Preparation of invoice): km-[-\-ßƒ A-b-®-Xn-\p ti-jw A-h-bp-sS C≥-thm-bn-kv X-øm-dm-°p-∂p. A-b-® km-[-\-Øn-s‚ Xq-°-hpwC-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ sIm-Sp-t°-≠ ]-W-hpwC≥-thm-bn-kn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°pw.¢n-b-dnw-Kv B‚ v t^m¿-th¿-Unw-Kv G-P‚ vC-Xv I-Ãw-kn-s\-s°m-≠v km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-°p-∂p.

XVII) ]-Ww A-S-bv-°¬ D-d-∏p-h-cp-Ø¬(Securing payment): km-[-\-ßƒ A-b-®pI-gn-™m¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ B hn-h-cwC-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s\ A-dn-bn-°p-∂p. km-[-\-ßƒ kz-¥w cm-Py-Øv F-Øn-t®¿-∂m¬A-Xn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\pwI-Ãwkv ¢n-b-d≥-kv e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ tc-J-Iƒ B-h-iy-am-Wv. C≥-thm-bn-kn-s‚ km-£y-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]-I¿-∏p-Iƒ, _n¬ Hm-^v te-Unw-Kv,]m-°nw-Kv enÃv, C≥-jpd≥-kv t]m-fn-kn,k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v Hm-^v H-dn-Pn≥, se-‰¿ Hm-^vsI-Un-‰v ap-X-em-b-h-bm-Wv A-h. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-¿ Cu tc-J-Iƒ A-h-cpsS _m-¶¿ ap-tJ-\-bm-Wv A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. C-Xn-t\m-sSm-∏w A-b-bv-°p-∂ hn-\n-a-b-_n-√v kzo-I-cn-®v Aw-Ko-I-cn-®m¬ am-X-ta Cu ]-am-W-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]m-Sp-≈q F-∂\n-_-‘-\-bpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

C-ß-s\ B-h-iy-ap-≈ tc-J-Iƒ _m-¶n¬sIm-Sp-Øv ]-Ww In- p-∂-Xv D-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-s\"]-am-W-ß-fp-sS D-S-º-Sn' (Negotiation of the

documents) F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂p.H-cp \n-›n-X hy-‡n-bv-t°m _n-√n-s‚ ssI-h-i-°m-c-t\m H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I \¬-Im≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-t\m-Sv B-⁄m-]n-°p-∂ tc-J-bm-


Wv hn-\n-a-b _n-√v. C-Xv c-≠v X-c-Øn-ep-≠v.ssk-‰v Um-^v-‰v (sight draft /document against

sight) bq-k≥-kv Um-^v-‰v (usance draft /docu-

ment against acceptance). ssk‰v Um^v‰p-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Cd-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ ]Ww\¬Ip-tºm-gmWv ]am-W-ßƒ ssIam-dp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬ bq-k≥-kv Um-^v-‰n-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ ]-Ww sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv hn-\n-a-b-_n-√n-s‚ Im-em-h-[n (D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn 3 am-k-Øn-\v ti-jw) Xo-b-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn°pw. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ _m-¶v C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚_m-¶n¬ \n-∂v ]-Ww k-am-l-cn-®v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ A-°u-≠n¬ A-S-bv°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ ]-Ww sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ ]-W-Øn-\m-bnIm-Øn-cn-t°-≠-Xn-√. H-cp Pm-ay-°-Øv (letter

of indemnity) H-∏n-´p \-ev-In A-t∏mƒ-X-s∂I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ _m-¶n¬\n-∂v ]-Ww ssI-∏-‰m≥ I-gn-bpw. C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ ]-Ww \¬-Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ D-≠m-Im≥km-[y-X-bp-≈ \-„w, ]-en-i k-ln-Xw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ _m-¶n-\v sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≈m-sa-∂v D-d-∏p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ]-am-W-am-Wv "Pm-ay-°-Øv' A-Y-hm se-‰¿ Hm- v C≥sU-av-\n-‰n.I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS ]-Ww In- n-b ti-jw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ _m-¶n¬ \n-∂v km-£y-]-Xwhm-ßp-∂p. \n-›n-X I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS hn-\n-a-b-_n¬ A-S-°-ap-≈ F-√m tc-J-I-fpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v \-ev-In-b ti-jw hn-\n-a-b \n-b-¥W \n-b-a-]-Im-cw ]-Ww kzo-I-cn-®p-sh∂pw km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ tc-J-bm-Wv_m-¶v k¿- n- n-°-‰v.

12.2.1 C-d-°p-a-Xn \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ

(Import Procedures)

H-cp hn-tZ-i cm-Py-Øp \n-∂v D-¬∏∂-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv C-d-°p-a-Xn. A-Xm-Xv cm-Py-Øv

\n-e-hn-ep-≈ C-d-°p-a-Xn \-b-ßƒ, I-Ãw-kv\-b-ßƒ a-‰v \n-b-a-]-c-am-b B-h-iy-I-X-Iƒap-X-em-b-hsb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n Hm-tcmcm-Py-sØ-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fn¬hy-Xym-k-ap-≠v. m-c-X-Øn-te-°v km-[-\-ßƒsIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp am-Xr-I C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-hn-[ \-S-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv Np-h-sS sIm-Sp-Øn- p-≈-Xv.(i) I®hS At\zjWw (Trade enquiry)

C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\w B-Zy-am-bnsN-tø-≠-Xv C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-tø-≠p-∂ D-¬]-∂-ßƒ I-b-‰n-b-b-bv-°p-∂ cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpwÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°-em-Wv.C-d-°p-a-Xn°m-c-\v C-Ø-cw hn-h-c-ßƒhym-]m-c U-b-d-Œ-dn, hym-]m-c A-t m-kn-tb-j-\p-Iƒ, hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-Iƒ F-∂n-h-bn¬ \n-∂v ti-J-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. cm-Py-ß-sf-bpw ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-bpw Xn-cn-®-dn-™pI-gn-™m¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn \n-_-‘-\-I-sf-bpwhn-e-sb-bpw Ip-dn-®p-≈ A-t\z-j-W-hp-am-bnC-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ I-b-‰p-a-Xn ÿm-]-\-sØk-ao-]n-°p-∂p. H-cp C-d-°p-a-Xn ÿm-]-\wI-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v km-[-\-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n-_-‘-\-I-tf-bpw hn-e-tb-bpwkw-_-‘n-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-\m-bn F-gp-Xn X-øm-dm-°p-∂ A-t]-£-bm-Wvhym-]mc A-t\z-j-Ww.hym-]m-c A-t\z-j-Ww In- n-°-gn-™m¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ Iz-t´-j≥ X-øm-dm-°p-I-bpwA-Xv C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Cu Iz-t -j-s\ s]m-t^m¿-aC≥-thm-bv-kv F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-XnsN-øp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-ta-∑, tK-Uv,cq-]-I-ev-]-\, h-en-∏w, m-cw, hn-e F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-fpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-ambn_-‘-s∏-´ \n-_-‘-\-I-fpw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂]-am-W-am-Wv s]m-t^m¿-a C≥-thm-bv-kv.(ii) C-d-°p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kv I-c-ÿ-am-°¬

[Procurement of import licence]: Nn-e D-¬∏∂-

346 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-[m-\ tc-J-Iƒ[Major Documents required in Connection with Export Transactions]

A. D-¬∏-∂-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-am-W-ßƒ [Documents related to goods]

$ I-b-‰p-a-Xn N-c-°-b-bv-°¬ I-W-°v [Export invoice] : hym-]m-cn-Iƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp∂ -km-[-\-ß-fp-sS A-f-hv, sam-Øw aq-eyw, ]m-t°-Pp-I-fp-sS F-Æ-w, ]m-°nw-Kn-se am¿-°p-Iƒ, e-£y-ÿm-\-sØ t]m¿-´v, I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv, _n¬ Hm-^v emUnwKv \-º¿, ]W-a-S-bv°¬ ap-X-em-b hn-h-c-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn \¬-Ip-∂ tcJ-bm-Wn-Xv.$ ]m-°nw-Kv en-Ãv [Packing list]:]m-t°-Pp-I-fn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS-bpw]m-bv-°-‰pI-fp-sS F-Æ-Øn-s‚-bpw hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-f-S-ßn-b ]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-Wv ]m-°nw-Kven-Ãv. I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ km-[-\-ß-sf-bpw A-h-bp-sS kz- m-h-sØ-bpw Ip-dn-®p-≈ hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-fpw ]m-°nw-Kv en-Ãn¬ D≠m-Ipw.$ D-¤-h km-£y-]-Xw [Certificate of origin]: D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn® cm-Pyw G-Xm-sW-∂vhy-‡-am-°p-∂ H-cp k¿- n- n-°-‰v B-Wv D-¤-h km-£y-]-Xw. C-d-°p-a-Xn-Øo-cp-h-bn¬(Xm-cn- v) C-f-hv In- p-∂-Xn-\pw Nn-e \n¿-±n-„ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ D-¬∏∂-ßƒ-°p-≈Izm- \n-b-¥-Ww H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xv t]m-ep-≈ a-‰v C-f-hp-Iƒ A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\pw C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v Cu k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. sXc-s™-Sp-Ø cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈Nn-e N-c-°p-I-fp-sS C-d-°p-a-Xn \n-tcm-[n-°p-tºmƒ Cu k¿- n- n-°-‰v Iq-Sn B-h-iy-ap-≠v.\n-tcm-[n-°-s∏- cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-hb-s√-¶n¬ D-¬∏-∂-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Py-tØbv-°v sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ km-[n-°pw.$ ]-cn-tim-[-\m km-£y-]-Xw [Certificate of inspection]: Kp-W-ta-∑ D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\vNn-e D-¬∏-∂-ßƒ-°v Aw-Ko-Ir-X G-P≥-kn-I-fp-sS ]-cn-tim-[-\ k¿-°m¿ \n¿-_-‘-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. I-b-‰p-a-Xn (Kp-W-ta-∑ \n-b-¥n-°-epw ]-cn-tim-[-\-bpw) \nb-aw, 1963 \vIo-gn-ep-≈ F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´v C≥-kv-s]-£≥ Iu¨-kn¬ Hm-^v C-¥y-bm-Wv A-Ø-cwKp-W-ta-∑m \n-b-¥-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-Xpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°v tbm-Ky-am-tWm F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-®vk¿-ń-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ \¬-Ip∂Xpw. Nn-e cm-Py-ßƒ A-h-cp-sS cm-Py-tØbv-°v C-d-°p-a-XnsN-øp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°v Cu k¿- n- n-°-‰v \n¿-_-‘-am-°n-bn- p-≠v.

B. I-∏-en¬ Ib‰n A-b-bv-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- ]-am-W-ßƒ[Documents related to shipment]

$ ta-‰vkv c-ko-Xv [Mate’s receipt]: N-c-°p-Iƒ I-∏-en¬ I-b-‰n-b ti-jw I-∏-en-s‚ I-am≥-UnwKv Hm- o-k¿ \¬-Ip-∂ c-ko-Xm-Wn-Xv. I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv, s_¿-Øv, I-b-‰n A-b-® Xo-b-Xn, ]m-t°-Pp-I-fp-sS hn-h-c-Ww, A-S-bm-f-ßƒ, \-º-cp-Iƒ, I-∏-en-se Im¿-tKm-bp-sS A-h-ÿ F-∂n-h C-Xn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p. ta-‰vkv c-ko-Xv e-`n-°m-sX jn-∏n-wKv I-º-\n _n¬Hm- v te-Unw-Kv \¬-Im-dn-√.$ jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬ [Shipping Bill]: I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-bn I-Ãw-kv Hm- o-kv A-\p-a-Xn \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ tc-J-bm-Wv jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬. I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS hn-i-Zmw-i-ßƒ, I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv, N-c-°v ssI-am-‰w sN-øm-\p-≈ Xp-d-ap-Jw, Nc°v FtØ≠ÿew, I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cp-sS t]-cv, hn-em-kw Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-Xn¬ Im-Wn-°p-∂p.


$ _n¬ Hm-^v te-Unw-Kv [Bill of lading] : H-cp I-∏¬ I-º-\n, Ah-cpsS I-∏-en¬I-b-‰n-bn- p-≈ N-c-°p-I-sf-°pdn-®v \¬-Ip-∂ HutZym-Kn-I c-ko-Xm-Wv "N-c-°p-I-b-‰¬ _n¬'A-Y-hm _n¬ Hm- v te-Unw-Kv. \n¿-±n-„ Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fn-te-°v N-c-°p-Iƒ sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n-_-‘-\-I-fpw hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-Xp N-c-°p-I-fp-sS A-h-Im-iw Im-Wn-°p-∂ H-cp tc-J-bpw Iq-Sm-sX F≥-tUm-gv-kv-sa‚ v sU-en-h-dn ap-Jm-¥ncwkz-X-¥-am-bn ssI-am-‰w sN-øm-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.-$ thym-a-bm-\ _n¬ [Airway Bill] : _n¬ Hm-^v te-Unw-Kv t]m-se X-s∂, km-[-\-ßƒhn-am-\-Øn¬ kzo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v H-cp hn-am-\-°-º-\n \¬-Ip-∂ Hu-tZym-Kn-I tc-J-bm-WvF-b¿-th _n¬. A-tXm-sSm-∏w X-s∂ km-[-\-ßƒ e-£y-ÿm-\-tØ-°v sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\p-≈ Np-a-X-e-bpw Cu tc-J \¬-Ip-∂p. C-Xv km-[-\-ßƒ-°p-ta-ep-≈ D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-itc-J-bp-am-Wv. Iq-Sm-sX, F≥-tUm-gv-kv-sa‚ v sU-en-h-dn ap-Jm-¥n-cw kz-X-¥-am-bn ssI-am‰w sN-øm-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.$ k-ap-Z \-t„m-Ø-c-hmZnØz ]-Xn-I [Marine insurance policy] : C≥-jp-d≥-kvI-º-\n-bn-te-°v A-S-bv-°p-∂ ]o-an-b-Øn-\v ]-Xn- -e-am-bn I-S-en-se A-]-I-S-ßƒ aq-ewN-c-°p-Iƒ-°p-≠m-b \-„-Øn-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw G-s‰-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠v \-„-]-cn-lm-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v C≥-jp-d≥-kv I-º-\n-bpw (Insurer) t]m-fn-kn F-Sp-°p-∂ B-fpw(Insured) XΩn¬ D-≠m-°p-∂ D-S-º-Sn-bp-sS km-£y-]-X-am-Wv k-ap-Z \-t„m-Ø-c-hm-ZnØz]-Xn-I.$ h-≠n ]-th-i-\-]-Xw [Cart ticket] : h-≠n Sn-°-‰v, h-≠n Nn-‰v, hm-l-\ ]m- v, tK-‰v ]m- vF-∂o t]-cp-I-fn-epw C-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\m-Wv C-Xv X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xv.Im¿-tKm-bp-sS hn-i-Zm-w-i-ß-fm-b I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv, ]m-t°-Pp-I-fp-sS F-Æw, jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬\-º¿, e-£y-ÿm-\ Xp-d-ap-Jw, Im¿-tKm sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂ hm-l-\-Øn-s‚ hnh-c-ßƒF-∂nh C-Xn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.C. -]-W-a-S-bv-°-ep-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-am-W-ßƒ [Documents related to payment]

$ se-‰¿ Hm-^v sI-Un-‰v [Letter of credit]: H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I- h-sc-bp-≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn_n-√p-Iƒ sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≈m-sa-∂v C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ _m-¶v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ _m-¶n-\v \¬-Ip-∂ D-d-∏m-Wv se-‰¿ Hm- v sI-Un-‰v. A-¥m-cm-„ C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-hpw kp-c-£n-X-hp-am-b co-Xn-bm-Wv se-‰¿ Hm- v sI-Un-‰v.$ hn-\n-a-b _n-√p-Iƒ [Bill of exchange]: H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I H-cp \n-›n-X hy-‡n-t°m,A-bmƒ \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂ a-s‰m-cmƒ-t°m, ssI-h-i-°m-c-t\m \¬-Im-sa-∂v k-Ω-Xn-®v F-gp-Xn X-øm-dm-°n-b ]-am-W-am-Wv hn-\n-a-b-_n-√v. H-cp I-b-‰p-a-Xn-˛C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sn-s‚]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I H-cp \n-›n-X hy-‡n-°v A-S-bv-°m≥ B-h-iy-s∏-´vI-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ t]-cn¬ CXv X-øm-dm-°p-∂p. hn-\n-a-b _n-√n¬ D-≈ Im-cy-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®m¬ am-X-ta I-b-‰p-a-Xn km-[-\-ß-fp-sSD-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i -tc-J-Iƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v ssI-am-dp-I-bp-≈q._m-¶v \¬-Ip-∂ ]-W-a-S-hv km-£y-]-Xw [Bank certificate of payment]:H-cp \n-›n-XI-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS, hn-\n-a-b _n-√p-Iƒ Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ ]-am-W-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v]-W-a-S-bv°m-\m-bn \¬-In-sb-∂pw hn-\n-a-b \n-b-¥-W N- -ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v ]-Ww In- n-sb-∂pw Im-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v _m-¶v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v \¬-Ip-∂ km-£y-]-X-am-Wv _m-¶v]W-a-Shv km-£y-]-Xw.

348 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

ßƒ sse-k≥-kn-√m-sX C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øm-sa -¶n -epw a -‰p -Nn -e D¬∏∂-ß-fp -sSC-d-°p-a-Xn-°v sse-k≥-kv B-h-iy-am-Wv.C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ-°v C-d-°p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kv _m-[-I-am-tWm F-∂-dn-bm≥C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v \n-e-hn-ep-≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn -C-d-°p-a-Xn \-b-sØ B-i-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.C-d-°p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kv D-s≠-¶n¬ am-X-taC-d-°p-a-Xn km-[y-am-IpI-bp-≈q-sh-¶n¬ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kv t\-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. C-¥y-bn¬ Hm-tcm C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\pw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\pw \n¿-_-‘-am-bpwU-b-d-Œ-td‰v Hm-^v t^m-dn≥ tS-Un-tem(Directorate of Foreign Trade (DGFT)) do-Pn-b-W¬ Cw-t]m¿-´v F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´v sse-k≥-knwKv A-tXm-dn-‰n-bn-tem (Regional Import

Export Licensing Authority) c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-XvC-d-°p-a-Xn-˛I-b-‰p-a-Xn tIm-Uv (IEC) \-º¿I-c-ÿ-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu \-º¿ F-√mC-d-°p-a-Xn ]-am-W-ß-fn-epw kq-Nn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

(iii) hn-tZ-i-\m-Wyw t\-S¬(Obtaining foreign exchange)

C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sn¬ hn-X-c-W-°m-c≥ hn-tZ-in B-b-Xn-\m¬ ]-Ww hn-tZ-i \m-W-b-Øn¬ASbv°m≥ B-h-iy-s∏-Spw. hn-tZ-i ]-W-an-S-]m-Sn¬ C-¥y≥ \m-W-bw (currency) hn-tZi\m-W-b-Øn-te-°v am-t‰-≠-Xm-Wv. C-¥y-bn¬F-√mw hn-tZ-i-\m-Wy C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpw \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xv m-c-Xo-b dn-k¿-hv _m-¶n-s‚ (Reserve

Bank of India) hn-\n-a-b \n-b-¥-W h-Ip-∏v(Exchange Control Department) B-Wv. \n-e-hn-ep-≈ \n-b-a-ßƒ ]-Im-cw Hm-tcm C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c\pw hn-tZ-i \m-W-b hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\vap≥-Iq¿ A-\p-a-Xn tX-Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww. A-Xn-\m-bn, m-c-Xo-b dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v Aw-Ko-I-cn-® _m-¶nwKv F-Iv-kv-tN-©v I -tSmƒ B-Œv \n¿-t±-i-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v Cd-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-d-°p-a-

Xn A-\p-hm-Z-tØm-sSm-∏w \n-›nX am-Xr-I-bn¬ A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-°Ww. A-t]-£kq-£v-a-]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øn-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw_m¶v C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sn-\m-h-iy-am-b hn-tZ-i-\m-Wy-Øn-\v A-\p-a-Xn sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

(iv) Hm¿U¿ \¬I¬(Placing order or indent)

C-d-°p-a-Xn-bv-°p-≈ A-\p-hm-Zw e-`n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ \n¿-Zn-„ D-¬∏∂-ß-fp-sS hn-X-c-W-Øn-\m-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c\vN-c-°p-Iƒ-°p-≈ Hm¿-U¿ (indent) \¬-Ip-∂p.Hm¿-U¿ \¬-In-b km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-e, A-f-hv, tK-Uv, Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw, ]m-°nw-Kv F∂ohnh-c-ßfpw I-∏-en¬ I-b-‰p-∂ Xp-d-ap-Jw,FØn-°p-∂ Xp-d-ap-Jw, hn-X-c-W k-a-bw,C≥-jpd≥-kv, ]-W-an-S-]m-Sv co-Xn Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ \n¿-t±-i-ßfpw A-S-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv C-d-°p-a-Xn Hm¿-U¿. hy‡-X-bn-√mbvaaqew C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m¿-°pw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿-°p-an-S-bn¬ D≠mIm-hp-∂ X¿-°w H-gn-hm-°phm≥ th-≠n C-d-°p-a-Xn Hm¿-U¿ h-f-sci-≤-tbm-sS X-øm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

(v) se-‰¿ Hm-^v sI-Un-‰v t\-S¬(Obtaining letter of credit)

C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\pw hn-tZ-i hn-X-c-W-°m-c-\pwX-Ωn¬ Xo-cp-am-\n-®n- p-≈ ]-W-an-S-]m-Sv hy-h-ÿ H-cp "hm-bv-] Pm-ay-°-Øv' (Letter of

Credit) B-sW-¶n¬ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-Xv_m-¶n¬ \n-∂v I-c-ÿ-am-°n hn-X-c-W-°m-c-\v A-b-®p sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. t\-c-sØ]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xp-t]m-se, C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚_m-¶v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ _m-¶n-\v I-b-‰p-a-Xn _n-√n-s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n H-cp \n-›n-XXp-I \¬-Im-sa-∂v Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p sIm-≠v \¬-Ip-∂ D-d-∏m-Wv "hm-bv-] Pm-ay-I-Øv' A-Y-hm"se-‰¿ Hm-^v sI-Un-‰v'. A-¥¿-tZ-io-b C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-


Py-hpw kp-c-£n-X-hp-am-b co-Xn-bm-Wv hm-bv-]Pm-ay-°-Øv. ]-W-a-S-bv-°-en¬ ho-gv-N h-cp-Øp-∂-Xp-aq-ew \-„w D-≠m-hn-√ F-∂v D-d-∏m-°p-hm≥ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v C-Xv B-h-iy-am-Wv.

(vi) CS-]m-Sn-\p≈ [\w G¿∏mSm°¬

(Arranging for finance)

Xp-d-ap-J-Øv km-[-\-ßƒ F-Øn-°-gn-™m¬I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cp-sS ]-Ww \¬-Im≥ B-h-iy-am-b X-øm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m¿ ap≥-Iq-dm-bn sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv. ]-W-a-S-hv \-S-°m-Ø-Xp-ap-ew C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-bv-X km-[-\-ßƒXp-d-ap-J-Øv X-s∂ sI-ń-°n-S-°p-∂-Xp-h-gnD-≠m-Ip-∂ h-en-b ]n-g H-gn-hm-°p-hm≥ ]-W-a-S-hv \-S-Øm≥ Ir-Xy-am-b B-kq-X-Ww \S-Ø-Ww.

(vii) I-∏¬-®-c-°v A-dn-bn-∏v In-´p-I (Receipt of shipment advice)

km-[-\-ßƒ I-∏-en¬ I-b-‰n-°-gn-™m¬hn-X-c-W-°m-c≥ I-∏¬-®-c-°v A-dn-bn-∏v(jn-∏v-sa‚ v A-ssU-z-kv) C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\vA-b®p -sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. I-∏-en¬ I-b‰n-bkm-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-h-c-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-WvI-∏¬-®-c-°v A-dn-bn-∏v. C≥-thm-bn-kv \-º¿,_n-√v Hm-^v te-Unw-Kv \-º-dpw Xo-b-Xn-bpw,I∏en-s‚ t]-cv, I-b-‰n A-b-°p-∂ Xp-d-ap-Jw,km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-fpw A-f-hp-I-fpwXp-S-ßn-b hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wv I-∏¬-®-c-°v A-dn-bn-∏n¬ D-≠m-hp-I.(vii) C-d-°p-a-Xn ]-am-W-ß-fp-sS Xo¿∏m-°¬

(Retirement of import documents)

N-c-°v ssI-am-‰w sN-bv-X ti-jw, hn-tZ-ihn-X-c-W-°m-c≥ I-cm-dn-s‚-bpw se-‰¿ Hm-^vsI-Un-‰n-s‚bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B-h-iy-am-b ]-am-W-ßƒ X-øm-dm-°n A-bm-fp-sS_m-¶n-\v ssI-am-dp-I-bpw _m-¶v A-Xv se-‰¿Hm- v sI-Un-‰n¬ ]-Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®vC-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øm\mbnssI-am-dp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Cu ]-am-W-ßƒ

km-[m-c-W-bm-bn hn-\n -a-b _n-√p-Iƒ,hm-WnPy C≥-thm-bv-kv, _n¬ Hm- v te-Unw-Kv/-thym-a-bm-\ _n¬, ]m-°nw-Kv en-Ãv, k¿- n-^n-°-‰v Hm-^v H-dn-Pn≥, a-ssd≥ C≥-jp-d≥-kv t]m-fn-kn ap-X-em-b-h-bm-Wv.ap-I-fn¬ ]-d-™ ]-am-W-ß-tfm-Sv Iq-Sn-bhn-\n-a-b _n-√n-s\ ]-am-W-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bhn-\n-a-b _n-√p-Iƒ (documentary bill of

exchange) F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn \-S-]-Sn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- v ]-am-W-ß-tfm-Sp Iq-Snbhn-\n-a-b _n-√p-Iƒ c-≠p-X-c-Øn-ep-≠v.ssk-‰v Um- v-‰v (sight draft /document against

sight)

bq-k≥-kv Um- v-‰v (usance draft /document

against acceptance)

ssk-‰v Um-^v-‰n-s‚ Im-cy--Øn¬ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ _m-¶n-t\m-Sv _n-√v ]-Im-c-ap-≈]-Ww ssI∏-‰nb ti-jw ]-am-W-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v ssI-am-dm≥ \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂p.F-∂m¬ bq-k≥-kv Um- v-‰n-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ _m-¶n-t\m-Sv Cd-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ hn-\n-a-b _n-√v kzo-I-cn-®v Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xn-\v ti-jw ]-am-W-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\vssI-am-dm≥ \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂p. ]-am-W-ßƒssI-h-iw e`n°m≥ th-≠n hn-\n-a-b _n-√vko-I-cn-®v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\ C-d-°p-a-Xn]-am-W-ß-fp-sS Xo¿∏m°¬ (retirement of

import documents) F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p. Xo¿∏m-°¬ I-gn-™m¬ _m-¶v ]-am-W-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v ssI-am-dp-∂p.(ix) km[\ßƒ FØnt®c¬

(Arrival of goods)

I-cm¿-]-Im-c-ap-≈ km-[-\-ßƒ hn-tZ-i hn-X-c-W-°m-c≥ I-b-‰n A-bbv-°p-∂p. sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂ km-[-\w h-ln-°p-∂ hm-l-\-Øn-s‚(I-∏¬/hn-am-\w) Np-a-X-e-bp-≈ Bƒ km-[-\-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn cm-Py-Øv F-Øn-b hn-h-cw Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s‚/hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-Øn-s‚

350 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

Np-a-X-e-bp-≈ D--tZym-K-ÿ-s\ A-dn-bn-°p-∂p.C-Xn-\m-bn A-t±-lw \¬-Ip-∂ ]-am-W-sØ

s]mXp Cd-°p-aXn hn-h-c-∏-ń-I (Cwt]m¿´v

P\d¬ am\ns^Ãv - import general manifest)

F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p. C-d-°p-a-Xn -sN-bv-X km-[-

\-ß-fp-sS hn-h-c-ßƒ A-S-ßn-b ]-am-W-amWv

Cw-t]m¿- v P-\-d¬ am-\n-s -Ãv. Cu ]-am-W-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv I-∏-en¬/hn-am-

\-Øn¬ \n-∂v N-c-°v C-d-°n-h-bv-°p-∂-Xv.

(x) I-Ãw-kv \S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-

°epw km-[-\-ßƒ hn-´p-\¬-I-epw

(Cus-toms clearance and release of goods)

C-¥y-bn¬ C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ F-√m km-[-\-ß-fpw C-¥y≥ A-Xn¿-Øn I-S-s∂-Øn-bm¬

I-Ãw-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kn-eq-sS I-S-∂p t]m-tI-≠-

XmWv. I-Ãw-kv Iv-fn-b-d≥-kv \n-c-h-[n I-S-º-

Iƒ I-S-t°-≠ H-cp ]-In-b-bm-Wv. A-Xn-\m¬

C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-Xn-\m-bn H-cp ¢n-b-dnw-KvB‚ v t^m¿-th-Unw-Kv G-P‚n-s\ Np-a-X-e-s∏-

Sp-Øp-I-bpw At±lw I-Ãw-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kv

\-S-Øn sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ IÃwkv ¢nb-d≥kns‚

BZy-]-Sn-bmbn Hcp sU-en-h-dn Hm¿-U¿

(delivery order) t\-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. km-[-\whn- p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp ]-Xn-I-bm-Wv.

sUen-hdn Hm¿U¿ km-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬

I-∏¬ Xp-d-ap-J-Øv F-Øn-t®¿-∂m¬ C-d-°p-

a-Xn-°m-c≥ _n¬ Hm-^v em-UnwKn-s‚ ]p-d-

Øv F≥-tUmgv-kv sN-bv-Xp hm-ßp-∂p. C-Øcw

F≥-tUm-kv-sa‚ v \-S-Øp-∂-Xv jn-∏nw-Kv I-º-\n-bm-Wv. Nn-e- k-a-b-ß-fn¬ _n-√v F≥-tUm-

kv sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v ]-I-cw I-º-\n H-cp sU-en-

h-dn Hm¿-U¿ C-d-°p-∂p. Cu sU-en-h-dn Hm¿-

U¿ km-[-\w kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v C-d-°p-a-Xn-

°m-c-\v A-h-Im-iw \¬-Ip-∂p. km-[-\-ßƒ

ssI-h-iw In- p-∂-Xn-\v apºvv C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-

c≥ A-Xn-s‚ I-∏¬ I-S-Øp-Iq-en (I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ t\-c-tØ \¬-In-bn-s√-¶n¬) A-S-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.Iq-Sm-sX C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ Xp-d-ap-J-Øv \¬-tI-≠ ]-Ww \¬-Ip-I-bpw "t]m¿-´v S-ÃvUyq-kv c-ko-Xv' t\-Sp-I-bpw th-Ww. C-Xn-\p-th-≠n C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°p-≈A-t]-£-bp-sS c-≠v ]I¿∏v ]q-cn-∏n-®v em≥-Un-Mv B‚ v jn-∏nw-Kv Uyq-kv Hm- o-kn¬ \¬-I-Ww. Xp-d-ap-J A-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS tk-h-\-Øn-\p-≈ H-cp \n-›n-X o-kv em≥-Un-Mv B‚ vjn-∏nw-Kv Uyq-kv Hm-ô-kv C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c\n¬ \n-∂v Cu-Sm-°p--∂p. ]-Ww A-S-®-Xn-\vti-jw- sIm-Sp-Ø A-t]-£-bp-sS H-cp ]I¿∏vC-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c\v Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. C-Xn-s\ t]m¿-´v S-Ãv Uyq-kv c-ko-Xv F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p. Xp-S¿-∂v, I-Ãw-kv C-d-°p-a-Xn-Øo-cph\n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥_n¬ Hm- v F≥-Sn F-∂ t^m-dw ]q-cn-∏n-®p\-ev-Ip-∂p. H-cp Ass]-k¿ ]-am-W-ßƒh-f-sc i-≤-tbm-sS ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bpw ]-cn-tim-[-\m dn-t∏m¿- v (examination order) \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Abmƒ X-øm-dm-°n-b]-am-W-ßƒ Xo-cp-h A-S-®v C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v ssI-h-i-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.C-d-°p-a-XnØo-cp-h A-S-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw _n¬-Hm-^v F≥-Sn Xp-d-ap-J kq-]-≠n-\v k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p. C-Xv kq-]-≠v A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn- sN-bv-X km-[-\-ßƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ H-cp ]-cn-tim-[-I-s\ Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. ]-cn-tim-[-\-I≥ ]-cn-tim-[-\m- -ew _n¬ Hm- v F≥-Sn-bn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-t\m A-s√-¶n¬A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ G-P-t‚m C-Xv Xp-d-ap-JA-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p. B-h-iy-ambF-√m ]-W-hpw A-S-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw Xp-d-apJA-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ km-[-\w hn- p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ B-⁄ \¬-Ip-∂p.


C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-[m-\ ]-am-W-ßƒ[Major Documents used in Import Transactions]

hym-]m-c A-t\z-j-Ww [Trade enquiry]: hn-e-bpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn h-kv-Xp-°-sf kw-_-‘n-® hnebpw a‰v

hn-h-c-ßfpw At\z-jn®psIm≠v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\m-b H-cp \n¿Ωm-W I-º-\n-°v F-gp-Xn \¬Ip∂

H-cp A- y¿-∞-\-bm-Wv hym]mc At\z-j-Ww.

s]m-t^m¿-a C≥-thm-bv-kv [Proforma invoice]: I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ D¬-∏-∂-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw,

tK-Uv, Un-ssk≥, h-en-∏w, `m-cw, hn-e F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-i-Zmw-i-ßƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂

tc-J-bm-Wv s]m-t^m¿-a C≥-thm-bv-kv. Iq-Sm-sX I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øm-\p-≈ \n-_-‘-\-I-fpw hy-h-ÿ-I-

fpw C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.

C-d-°p-a-Xn Hm¿-U¿ A-s√-¶n¬ C≥-sU‚v [Import order or indent]: C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v B-h-iy-ap-≈

km-[-\-ßƒ F-s¥-√m-am-sW-∂v Im-Wn-®v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v \¬-Ip-∂ ]-am-W-am-Wv C-d-°p-aXn

Hm¿-U¿ A-Y-hm C≥-sU‚ v. C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp∂ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw, Cu-Sm-t°-≠ hne,

ssI-am-dp-∂ co-Xn, ]m-t°-Pn-s‚ kz-`m-hw, ]-W-a-S-hv coXn Xp-S-ßn-b hn-h-c-ßƒ C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂p.

se-‰¿ Hm- v sI-Un-‰v [Letter of credit]: I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v \¬-In-b km-[-\-ß-fp-sS

`m-K-am-bn k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂ ]-am-W-ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I \¬-Im-sa-∂v C-d-°p-aXn-

°m-c-s‚ _m-¶v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ _m-¶n-\v \¬-Ip-∂ D-d-∏m-Wv se-‰¿ Hm- v sI-Un-‰v.

I-∏¬-®-c-°v A-dn-bn-∏v [Shipment advice]: km-[-\-ßƒ I-∏-en¬ I-b-‰n-°-gn-™ Im-cyw C-d-°p-a-Xn-

°m-c-s\ A-dn-bn-°m-\m-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ]-am-W-am-Wv I-∏¬-®-c-°v A-dn-bn-

∏v (jn-∏v-sa‚ v A-ssUz-kv). I-∏-en¬ I-b‰n-b km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-h-c-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv I-∏¬-®-

c-°v A-dn-bn-∏v. C≥-thm-bn-kv \-º¿, _n-√v Hm-^v te-Unw-Kv \-º-dpw Xo-b-Xn-bpw, I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv,

I-b‰n A-b-°p-∂ Xp-d-ap-Jw, km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-fpw A-f-hp-I-fpw Xp-S-ßn-b hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wv

I-∏¬-®-c-°v A-dn-bn-∏n¬ D-≠m-hp-I.

_n¬ Hm-^v te-Unw-Kv [Bill of lading]: km-[-\-ßƒ \n-›-bn-® Xp-d-ap-J-Øv F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p

th-≠n \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-®p F-∂v sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn I-∏¬ I-º-\n \¬-Ip-∂ tc-J-bm-Wv

_n¬ Hm-^v te-UnwKv. \n¿-±n-„ Xp-d-ap-J-tØ-°v N-c-°p-Iƒ sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n-_-‘-\-I-

fpw hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw C-Xn¬ A-S-ßp-∂p.

F-b¿-th _n¬ [Airway Bill]: H-cp _n¬ Hm- v teUnwKv t]m-se, H-cp F-b¿-th _n¬ F-∂-Xv Fb¿-

sse≥ I-º-\n hn-am-\-Øn¬ km-[-\-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v X-øm-dm-°n-b HutZymKn-I ckoXv BWnXv.

Iq-Sm-sX km-[-\-ßƒ e-£y-ÿm-\-sØ hnam-\-Øm-h-fØn-te°v sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Np-a-X-

e-bpw CXp-hgn \¬-Ip-∂p. C-Xv km-[-\-ßƒ-°p-ta-ep-≈ D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i tc-J-bp-am-W.v Iq-Sm-sX,

F≥-tUm-gv-kv-sa‚ v sU-en-h-dn ap-Jm-¥n-c-hpw kz-X-¥-ambpw ssI-am-‰w sN-ø-m-\pw km-[n-°p-∂p.

352 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

12.3 hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c t]m’m-l\w :]tNm-Z-\hpw ÿm\-]-c-amb ]n¥p-Wbpw [Foreign Trade Promotion: Incentives and OrganisationalSupport]

_n-kn-\-kv kw-cw-`-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn a-’-c-£-a-X sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-∂ hn-hn-[ t]m-’m-l-\-ß-fpw kv-Io-ap-I-fpwcm-Py-Øv \S-∏n-em-°n-bn´p-≠v. Im-em-Im-e-ß-fm-bn A-¥¿-tZ-io-b _n-kn-\-kn¬ G¿-s∏- n-

cn -°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v A-Sn -ÿm-\ku-I-cy-ß-fpw ]n-¥p-W-bpw \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn k¿-°m¿ \n-c-h-[n ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v. ]-[m-\ hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c t]m-’m-l\ ]-≤-Xn-I-sf-bpw kw-L-S-\-I-sf-bpwIp-dn-®v Xmsg N¿-® sN-øp-∂p.

12.3.1 hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c t]m-’m-l-\\-S]-Sn-I-fpw ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw [Foreign Trade

Promotion Measures and Schemes]

_n-kn-\-kv ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v I-b-‰p-a-Xn, C-d-

_n¬ Hm-^v F≥-Sn [Bill of entry]: _n¬ Hm-^v F≥-Sn F-∂-Xv C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v I-Ãw-kv Hmôkv

hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂ H-cp t^mw B-Wv. km[-\-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ k-a-b-Øv C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-Xv

]q-cn-∏n-®p- \¬-I-Ww. C-Xns‚ aq-∂p- ]I¿∏v X-øm-dm-°n I-Ãw-kv Hm- o-kn¬ k-a¿-∏n-°Ww. C-d-°p-

a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ t]-cpw hn-em-k-hpw, I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv, ]m-t°-Pp-I-fp-sS F-Æw, ]m-t°-Pp-I-fp-sS AS-bm-

f-ßƒ, km-[-\-ß-fp-sS hn-h-c-Ww, h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS hym-]v-Xn, hn-e, I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-cp-sS t]-cpw hn-em-

khpw, e-£y-ÿm-\-sØ t]m¿-´v, I-Ãw-kv Uyq-ń ap-X-em-b- hnh-c-ßƒ C-Xn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

cn°pw.

hn-\n-a-b _n-√v [Bill of exchange] : H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I H-cp \n-›n-X hy-‡n-t°m, A-bmƒ \n¿-t±-in-

°p-∂ a-s‰m-cmƒ-t°m, ssI-h-i-°m-c-t\m \¬-Im-sa-∂v k-Ω-Xn-®v F-gp-Xn X-øm-dm-°n-b ]-am-W-amWnXv.

H-cp I-b-‰p-a-Xn˛C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, H-cp \n-›n-X Xp-I H-cp \n-›n-X hy-‡n-°v

A-S-bv -°m≥ B-h-iy-s∏-´v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-s‚ t]-cn¬ hn\n-a-b-_n√v

X-øm-dm-°p-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn km-[-\-ß-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw \¬-Ip-∂ tc-J-Iƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥

_n√v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ am-X-ta C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v ssI-am-dp-I-bp-≈q.

ssk-‰v Um-^v-‰v [Sight draft] : C-sXm-cp hn-\n-a-b _n-√v B-Wv. C-hn-sS _n-√v X-øm-dm-°n-b Bƒ

C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ ]-W-a-S-hv \S-Øp-tºmƒ _-‘-s∏-´ tc-J-Iƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v ssI-am-‰w

sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v _m-¶n-\v \n¿-t±-iw \¬-Ip-∂p.

bq-k≥-kv Um- v-‰v [Usance draft] : C-sXm-cp hn-\n-a-b _n-√v B-Wv. C-hn-sS _n-√v X-øm-dm-°n-b Bƒ,

C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ hn-\n-a-b _n-√v kzo-I-cn-®v a-S-°n \¬-In-bm¬ am-Xw, _-‘-s∏-´ tc-J-Iƒ

C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v ssI-am-‰w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v _m-¶n-\v \n¿-t±-iw \¬-Ip∂p.

Cwt]m¿- v P-\-d¬ am-\n-s -kv-‰v [Import general manifest] : Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX km[-\-ß-fpsS hni-

Zmw-i-ßƒ AS-ßp∂ Hcp tcJ-bmWv Cwt]m¿ v P\-d¬ am\n-s^Ãv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv

Nc°v Cd-°¬ \S-]Sn \S-Øp-∂-Xv.

tUm-°v sN-em≥ [Dock challan]: I-Ãw-kn-s‚ F-√m \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fpw ]q¿-Øn-bm-bm¬ tUm-°v Nm¿-

Pp-Iƒ \¬-I-Ww. I-∏¬ Ip-Sn-»n-I A-S-®m¬, C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ A-s√-¶n¬ ¢n-b-dn-ßv G-P‚ v

tUm-°v Ip-Sn-»n-I Xp-I tUm-°v sNem≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t^m-an¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.


°p-a-Xn ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ kp-K-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-\vth-≠n e-`y-am-bn-´p-≈ hn-hn-[ hym-]m-ct]m-’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw ]-≤-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw k¿-°m-cn-s‚ I-b-‰p-a-Xn- C-d-°p-a-Xn \-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p≠v. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- ]-[m-\ hym-]m-c t]m-’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

(i) Np-¶w Xn-cn-®p-\¬-I¬ ]-≤-Xn [Duty

drawback scheme]: I-b-‰p-a-Xn e-£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn D-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ D-¬]-∂-ßƒ B- y-¥-c-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn-\m¬,Chbp-sS ta¬ hn-hn-[ F-Iv-ssk-kv, I-ÃwkvUyq-ń-Iƒ Np-a-tØ-≠-Xn-√. I-b-‰p-a-XnsN-øp-∂ km[-\ßƒ-°v A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈\n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ A-S-®n- p-s≠-¶n¬, A-h I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ sX-fn-hv _-‘-s∏-Á-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v \¬-In-bm¬, A-S-® \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ D¬]m-Z-I¿-°v a-S-°n- \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.C-Ø-c-Øn¬ \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ a-S-°n-s°m-Sp-°p∂]≤-Xn-bm-Wv "Np -¶w Xn -cn -®p -\¬-I¬]-≤-Xn'. Ib-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ km-[-\-ß-fp-sS FIv-ssk-kv Xo-cp-h Xn-cn-®p-\¬-I¬, I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-¬]-∂-ßƒ D-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-bv-X A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-bpwa-‰v b-¥-km-a-Kn-I-fp-sS-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-Øo-cp-h Xn-cn-®p-\¬-I¬ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv C-h-bn¬]-[m-\w. c-≠m-a-tØ-Xn-s\ I-Ãw-kv Xo-cp-hXn-cn-®p-\¬-I¬ F∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p.

(ii) I-cm¿-]-Xw ]-≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®v I-b-‰p-a-Xn D¬-∏m-Z-\w [Export manufacturing

under bond scheme]: F-Iv-ssk-kv \n-Ip-Xn-bpwa-‰v \n-Ip-Xn-I-fpw \¬-Im-sX D-¬]m-Z-\w \-S-Øm≥ Cu ]-≤-Xn I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v ku-I-cyw\¬-Ip -∂p. A-Ø-cw ku-I -cy -ßƒt\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒI-b-‰p-a-Xnbv°pth-≠nbm-Wv D-¬]-∂-ßƒ

D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂pw A-Ø-cw D-¬]-∂-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-sa-∂pw D-d-∏v \¬-In-s°m-≠v H-cp I-cm¿-]-Xw (t_m-≠v) \¬-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

(iii) hn¬-∏-\ \n-Ip-Xn A-S-bv-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v H-gn-hm-°¬ [Exemption from payment

of sales tax]: I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bv-°mbn \o-°n-h-® D-¬-]-∂-ßƒ-°v hn¬-∏-\-\n-Ip-Xn A-S-bv-t°-≠-Xn-√. A-Xp-t]m-se, I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v e- n-°p-∂ h-cp-am-\w Zo¿-L-Im-ewB-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂v H-gn-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.F-∂m¬, C-t∏mƒ B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn H-gn-hm-°¬ B-\p-Iq-eyw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ h¿-j-ß-fn-te-bv-°v am-X-am-bn, I-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-°-c-W ta-J-e-I-fn-epw (Export Processing

Zones – EPZs), ]-tXy-I km-º-Øn-I ta-J-e-I-fn-epw (SEZs) ÿm-]n-®n- p-≈ 100 i-X-am-\wI-b-‰p-a-Xn tI-µo-Ir-X bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ-°v (100

percent Export Oriented Units – EOUs) am-X-am-Wv e- n-°p-∂-Xv. I-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-I-c-W ta-J-e-I-fn-epw ]-tXy-I km-º-ØnI ta-J-e-I-fn-epw ÿm-]n-®n- p-≈ 100% I-b-‰p-a-Xn tI-µo-Ir-X bq-Wn-‰p-I-sf-°p-dn-®v \-ap-°v ]n-∂o-Sv N¿-® sN-ømw.

(iv) ap≥-Iq¿ sse-k≥-kv ]-≤-Xn [Advance

licence scheme]: I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bv-°p-≈ D-¬]-∂-ßƒ D-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b,B-`y-¥-c-am-bn \n¿-Ωn-®-tXm C-d-°p-a-XnsN-bv-X-tXm B-b h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, I-b-‰p-aXn-°m¿°v \n-Ip-Xn c-ln-X-am-bn hn-X-c-WwsN-øp-∂ H-cp ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. A-Xn-\m¬ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bv-°p-≈ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ-°v I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ I-Ãw-kv \n-Ip-Xn A-S-t°-≠-Xn-√. ]-Xn-hm-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-h-cpw C-S-bv-°n-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-h-cpwF-∂n-ß-s\ c-≠v X-cw ap≥-Iq¿ sse-k≥-kve-`y-am-Wv. ÿn-cw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿-°v A-h-

354 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

cpsS D¬-∏m-Z-\ ]-≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®v sse-k≥kvt\-Smw. F-∂m¬ C-S-bv-°n-sS am-Xw I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-h¿-°v ]-tXy-I I-b-‰p-a-Xn Hm¿-U¿ \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ Cu sse-k≥-kv e-`y-amIpw.

(v) aq-e-[-\ D-¬]-∂-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn h¿-≤n-∏n-°¬ ]-≤-Xn [Export Promotion Capital

Goods Scheme (EPCG)]: I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bv-°p-≈D¬]-∂-ßƒ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b aq-e-[-\-km-a-Kn-I-fp-sS (capital goods)

C-d-°p-a-Xn t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv Cu]-≤-Xn-bp-sS ]-[m-\ e-£yw. hy-h-ÿ-bv-°vhn-t[-b-am-bn, \n¿-±n-„ I-b-‰p-a-Xn _m-[y-X-Iƒ ]m-en-°p-∂ I-b-‰p-a-Xn I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v \n- m-c-am-b-tXm Ip-d-™-tXm B-b I-Ãw-kvXo-cp-h-bn¬ aq-e-[-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ C-d-°p-a-XnsN-øm≥ Cu ]-≤-Xn A-\p-hm-Zw \¬-Ip-∂p.\n¿-Zn-„ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®p -I-gn-™m¬ D¬∏m-Z-I¿-°v, C-d-°p-a-Xn-Øo-cp-hC-√m-sX-tbm Ip-d-™ \n-c-°v \¬-In-tbmaq-e-[-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-ømw.\n-e-hn-ep-f-f b-¥-km-a-Kn-Iƒ \-ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≈ hy-h-km-b bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ-°v Cu ]-≤-Xn hfsc ]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. C-t∏mƒ tk-h-\w I-b-‰p-a-Xn sNøpIF∂ e£y-tØmsS tkm-^v-‰vshb-dp-Iƒhn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂ I-º-\n-Iƒ B-h-iy-am-b I-ºyq- ¿ tkm- v-‰vshb-dp-Iƒ t]m-ep≈ C-\-ßƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v Cu tk-h-\w]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.

(vi) I-b-‰p-a-Xn I-º-\n-I-sf F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- vlu-kv, tS-Un-ßv lu-kv, kq-∏¿-Ãm¿tS-Unw-Kv lu-kv F-∂n-h-bm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-≤-Xn [Scheme of recognising export

firms as export house, trading house and

superstar trading house]: \ne-hn-ep≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-sc t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-¥¿-tZ-io-b hn-]-Wn-I-fn¬ A-h-cp-sS D¬-∏-∂-

ßƒ hn-]-W-\w sN-øm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn sX-c-s™-Sp-Ø I-b-‰p-a-Xn ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´v lu-kv, tS-Uvlu-kv, Ãm¿ tSUnwKv lu-kv F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ ]-Z-hn k¿-°m¿ \¬-Ip-∂p. ap≥-h¿-j-ß-fn¬ \n¿-Zn-„ I-b-‰p-a-Xn e£yw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-Ø ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°m-Wv Cu ]-Z-hn \¬-Ip-∂-Xv. I-gn-™ Im-e-sØ I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-I-S-\-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ t\- w ssI-h-cn-®-Xn-\v ]p-d-sa, I-b-‰p-a-Xn I-º-\n-Iƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn˛-C-d-°p-a-Xn \-b-Øn-se (EXIM policy)

a-‰p hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw ]m-en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\-Øn-\pw hn-]-Wn-bp-sSA-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ßƒ-°pw ssh-Z-Kv-[ywe- y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈F-Iv-kv-t]m¿ v lu-kp-Iƒ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n- p-≠v.Cu lu-kp-Iƒ-°v I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\-Øn-\p-≈ tZio-b Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-In-bn- p≠v.A-h¿ h-f-sc s]m-^-j-W¬- Bb N-e-\m-fl-I ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-t°≠-Xp≠v. Iq-Sm-sX I-b-‰p-a-Xn h-f¿-®-bp-sS]-[m-\ Nm-e-Ii-‡n-bm-bpw ]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

(vii) tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn [Export of

Services]: tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn ]-eX-cw I-b-‰p-a-Xnlu-kp-Iƒ-°v Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v.A-h¿ \¬-Ip-∂ tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv Cu Aw-Ko-Im-cw e`n°p-∂-Xv.I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-sS ]-I-S-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A-h-sb k¿-ho-kv F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´vlu-kv, A-¥m-cm-„ k¿-ho-kv F-Iv-kv-t]m¿ vlu-kv, A-¥m-cm-„ Ãm¿ k¿-ho-kv F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- v lu-kv F-∂n-ß-s\ X-cw Xn-cn-®n- p≠v.

(viii) I-b-‰p-a-Xn [-\-k-lm-bw [Export

finance]: I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿-°v -Nc-°p-I-fpsSD¬]m-Z\Øn\v [-\-k-lm-bw B-h-iy-am-Wv.C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-cn¬ \n-∂v ]-Ww e- n-°p-∂-Xn\v


k-a-b-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°v ti-jw ]-Ww B-h-iy-am-bn h-cpw.A-Xn-\m¬ Aw-Ko-Ir-X _m-¶p-Iƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿-°v c-≠v X-c-Øn-ep-≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn [\-k-lm-bw e-`y-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. A-h ap≥-Iq¿jn-∏v-sa‚ v n-\m≥-kv A-s√-¶n¬ ]m-t°-PnwKvsI-Un-‰v, t]m-Ãv-jn-∏nw-Kv n-\m≥-kv F-∂n-h-bm-Wv. ]o-jn-∏n-Mv n-\m≥-kn-\v -Io-gn¬ hm-ß¬, kw-kv-I-c-Ww, I-b-‰p-a-Xn B-h-iy-Øn-\m-bn D-¬]-∂-ß-fp-sS D¬-∏m-Z-\w, ]m-t°-PnwKv F-∂n-h-bv-°m-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v[-\-k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂p. t]m-Ãv-jn-∏v-sa‚ v^n-\m≥-knwKv kv-Io-an-\v Io-gn¬, I-b-‰p-a-Xncm-Py-Øn-\v Nc-°v ssI-am-‰w sN-bv-X ti-jwsI-Un-‰v hn-]p-eo-I-cn-°p-∂ Xo-b-Xn ap-X¬I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c\v [-\-k-lm-bw \¬-Ipw.I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿°v ku-P-\y ]-en-i-\n-c-°n¬hm-bv-] A-\p-h-Zn-°pw.

(ix) I-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-I-c-W ta-J-e-Iƒ[Export Processing Zones (EPZs)]: I-b-‰p-a-Xnkw-kv-I-c-W ta-J-e-Iƒ B- y-¥-c Xm-cn- vtaJeI-fn¬ (Un-Sn-F) \n-∂p-ap-≈ hy-h-kmb F-kv-t‰-‰p-I-fm-Wv. C-h km-[m-c-W-bmbn Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fn-tem hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fntem B-Wv ÿn-Xn -sN-øp-∂-Xv. I-b-‰p-a-XnD¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-\m-bn Ipd™ sNe-hn¬A-¥m-cm-„-X-e-Øn¬ a-’-cm-[n-jvTn-X-am-b\n-Ip-Xn CXc A-¥-co-£w \¬-IpI-bmWvCh-bpsS Dt±-iyw. A¥¿tZ-iob hn]-Wn-bn¬ Ipd™ hne-bnepw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥]m]vX-am-°p∂-hbmWv Ib-‰p-aXn kwkvI-cW taJ-e-Iƒ. C¥y-bn¬ I-≠v-e (Kp-P-dm-Øv), km-¥m-Iqkv (apw-ss_), m¬-‰ (]-Sn-™m-d≥ _w-Kmƒ), t\m-bv-U (DØ¿]-tZiv),sIm-®n (tI-c-fw), sN-ss∂ (X-an-gv-\m-Sv),hn-im-J-]- -Ww (B-‘m-]-tZ-iv) F-∂n-hnS-ß-fn¬ Ch ÿm]n-®n- p≠v.

km-¥m-Iq-kv ]-tXy-I-am-bpw C-e-tŒm-Wn-IvD-¬]-∂-ßƒ, c-Xv-\-ßƒ, B-`-c-W-ßƒF-∂n-h-bv-°m-bn D-t±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. a-‰vI-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-I-c-W ta-J-e-Iƒ _-lp-hn[ C-\-ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂p. k-ao-]-Im-e-Øv I-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-I-c-W ta-J-e-I-sf ]-tXy-I km-º-Øn-I ta-J-e-I-fm-bn(SEZs) ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-bv-Xp. C-h Iq-Sp-X¬hn-]p-e-am-b I-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-°-c-W ta-J-e-I-fm-Wv. sXm-gn-em-fn, _m-¶nwKv ta-J-e-IƒH-gn-sI I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw \n-b-¥n-°p-∂ F-√m \n-b-a-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw]-tXyI km-º-Øn-I ta-J-e-I-sf H-gn-hm-°n-bn- p-≠v.

kz-Im-cy, s]mXp, kw-bp-‡ ta-J-e-I-fn-eqsSI-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-I-c-W ta-J-e-I-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn-\v k¿-°m¿ A-\p-hm-Zw \¬-In-bn-´p≠v. kz-Im-cy I-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-I-c-Wta-J-e-Iƒ-°p-≈ A-¥¿-a-¥m-e-b k-an-XnC-Xn-\-Iw X-s∂ apw-ss_, kq-d-Øv, Im-©o-]p-cw F-∂o ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn kw-kv-I-c-W ta-J-e-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°m≥ \n¿-t±-iw\¬-In-bn- p-≠v.

(x) 100 i-X-am-\w I-b-‰p-a-Xn tI-µo-Ir-X bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ (100 i-X-am-\w EOUs) [100 per cent

Export Oriented Units (100 per cent EOUs)]:

100 i-X-am-\w I-b-‰p-a-Xn tI-µo-Ir-X bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ 1981 em-Wv Bcw-`n®Xv. C-Xv EPZ

kv-Io-an-\v kam\-am-Wv. A-Xv H-tc D¬-]m-Z-\-coXn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂p. F-∂m¬ Chbv°vA-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS D-d-hn-Sw, Xp-d-ap-J-ßƒ, km-t¶-Xn-I ssh-Z-Kv-≤yw, apX-em-bh sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kzmX-¥yw,\¬-Ip-∂p. D-Nn -X-am-b \-b N-´-°q-Sv,]h¿Ø\ kzm-X¥yw, ]-tNm-Z-\w F-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°v th≠n Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]m-Z-\w \S-Øm≥ hn-im-e-am-b km-[y-X-IƒCh hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p.

356 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

12.3.2 kw-L-S-\m ]n-¥p-W[Organisational Support]

\-Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øv hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ kp-K-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kw-L-S-\m]n-¥p-W \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn k¿-°m¿, Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hn-hn-[ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. ]-[m-\-s∏-´ Nn-e ÿm-]-\-ßƒXm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

hm-Wn-Py h-Ip-∏v[Department of Commerce]

tI-µ-`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-se hm-Wn-Py a-¥m-e-b-Øn-\m-Wv _m-ly hym-]m-c-Øn-\pw A-Xp-ambn_-‘-s∏- F-√m Im-cy-ßƒ-°p-ap-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw. a-‰v cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ hm-Wn-Py_-‘w, B`y-¥c hym-]m-cw, I-b-‰p-a-Xnt]m-’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-Ifpw hnI-k-\hpw,Nn-e I-b-‰p-a-Xn hy-h-km-b-ßfpsSbpw D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw \n-b-¥-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b-h-CØcw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬s]-Spw. hm-Wn-Pyh-Ip-∏m-Wv hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c ta-J-e-bn-se\-b-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. cm-Py-Øn-s‚s]m-Xp-hn-ep-≈ C-d-°p-a-Xn I-b-‰p-a-Xn \-bwcq-]-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw hm-Wn-Py h-Ip-∏n-s‚ Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv.

I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m¬-km-l-\ Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ[Export Promotion Councils]

I-º-\n \n-b-a ]-Im-c-tam skm-ssk-‰n c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n-b-a ]-Im-c-tam c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-øp-∂ em-t`-X-c ÿm]-\ß-fm-Wv I-b-‰p-a-Xnt]m-’m-l-\ Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ. I-b-‰p-a-Xnt]m-’m-l-\ Iu -kn-ep-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ e-£yw, A-h-cp-sS ]-cn-[n-bn-ep-≈ ]-tXy-I D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bpw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-IF-∂-Xm-Wv. \n-e-hn¬ hn-hn-[ D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ-°m-bn 21 I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\ Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.

D-ev-]-∂ \n¿-hm-l-I-kw-L-ßƒ(Commodity boards)

]-c-º-cm-K-X N-c-°p-I-fp-sS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn\pwA-h-bp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bv°pambn `m-c-X- k¿-°m¿ ]-tXy-I-am-bn cq-]o-I-cn-® t_m¿-Up-I-fm-Wv D¬∏∂ \n¿hm-lI kwL-ßƒ. I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\ Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ-°v]-I-c-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv Cu D¬-]-∂ \n¿-hm-l-I-kw-L-ßƒ. C-h-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ I-b-‰p-aXn t]m-’m-l-\ Iu¨-kn-ep-I-fp-tS-Xp-t]mse X-s∂-bm-Wv. \n-e-hn¬ C-¥y-bn¬Ggv D-¬]-∂ \n¿-hm-l-I-kw-L-ßƒ D-≠v.A-h tIm- n t_m¿-Uv, d-∫¿ t_m¿-Uv, ]pI-bn-e t_m¿-Uv, kv-ss]-kkv t_m¿-Uv, sk≥-S¬ kn¬-°v t_m¿-Uv, So t_m¿-Uv, I-b¿t_m¿-Uv F-∂n-h-bm-Wv.

I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\m k-an-Xn(Export Inspection Council)

F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- v Izm-fn-‰n I -tSmƒ B‚ v C≥-kv-s]-£≥ B-Œv sk-£≥ 3 ]-Im-cw `m-c-Xo-b I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\m k-an-Xn(Export Inspection Council of India) 1963 ¬cq-]o-I-cn-®p. Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c \n-b-¥-W-hpw]o-jn-∏v-sa‚ v ]-cn-tim-[-\-bpw h-gn I-b-‰p-a-Xn hym-]m-c-Øn-s‚ k-a-K-hn-I-k-\w CXve-£y-an-Sp-∂p. Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c \n-b-¥-Ww,I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS- ]-cn-tim-[\ F-∂n-h-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \n-b-¥n-°p-∂ D-∂-X ÿm-]-\-am-WvI-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\m k-an-Xn. Nn-e Im-cy-ß-sfm-gn-sI I-b-‰p-a-Xn e-£y-am-°n-bp-≈F-√m Im-cy-ß-fpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\mk-an-Xn-bm-Wv kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

C-¥y≥ hym-]m-c hn-I-k-\ kw-L-S-\(Indian Trade Promotion Organisation)

C-¥y≥ hm-Wn-Py a-¥m-e-b-Øn-s‚ Io-gn¬1992 P-\p-h-cn 1 \v C-¥y≥ hym-]m-c hn-I-k-\


kw-L-S-\ 1956 se I-º-\n \n-b-a ]-Im-cw-\n-e-hn¬ h-∂p. A-Xn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w \yq-U¬-ln-bm-Wv. c-≠v G-P≥-kn-I-fm-b tS-Uv U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v A-tXm-dn-‰n-bpw tS-Uv s^-b¿A-tXm-dn-‰n Hm-^v C-¥y-bpw e-bn-∏n-®m-WvC-¥y≥ hym-]m-c hn-I-k-\ kw-L-S-\ cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xv. C-Xv H-cp tk-h-\ kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv.Iq-Sm-sX hym-]m-cw, hy-h-km-bw, k¿-°m¿F-∂n-h-bp-am-bn \n-c-¥-cw _-‘w ]p-e¿-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. hym-]m-c-ta-f-I-fpw ]-Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw kw-L-Sn-∏n-®v hy-h-km-b-sØ ]-cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m≥ C-Xv k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øpw ]p-d-Øpw A-¥m-cm-„ hym-]m-cta-f-I-fn-epw ]-Z¿-i-\-ß-fn-epw I-b-‰p-a-Xnÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw ]p-Xn-b C-\-ßƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw B-h-iy-am-b ]n-¥p-W-bpw _n-kn-\-kv hn-h-c-hpwkw-L-S-\ e-`y-am-°p-∂p. sF.Sn.]n.H bv-°vapw-ss_, _mw-•q¿, sIm¬-°-Ø, Im -]q¿,sN-ss∂ F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-em-bn A-©v ta-J-emHm- o-kp-Iƒ D-≠v.

P¿-a-\n, P-∏m≥, bp-.F.-C, bp.-F-k.v-F F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \m-ev A-¥m-cm-„ Hm- o-kp-I-fpw]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.

C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãyq- v Hm- v t^m-dn≥ sS-bn-Uv(Indian Institute of Foreign Trade(IIFT))

C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v t^m-dn≥ tS-UvF-∂-Xv 1963- ¬ skm-ssk-‰o-kv c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥B-Œv ]-Im-cw c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-bv-X H-cp kz-bw- -c-W ÿm-]-\-am-Wv. cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c am-t\-Pv-sa‚n-s\ s]m-^-j-W-sse-kvsN-øp-I-bm-Wv ]-[m-\-e-£yw. Cu-bn-sS Iev-]n-X k¿-∆-I-em-im-e-bm-bn (deemed university)

Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏- p. A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-io-e-\w \¬-Ip-I, A-¥m-cm-„X-e-ß-fn¬ K-th-j-Ww \-S-Øp-I, hy-h-km-bw, A-¥m-cm-„ hym-]m-cw, \n-t£-]-ßƒ

F∂n-h kw-_-‘n-® Um-‰ hn-i-I-e-\wsN-øpI F-∂n-h-bm-Wv ]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ.

C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãyq-´v Hm-^v-†]m-t°-Pnw-Kv(Indian Institute of Packaging (11P))

C≥-Uy≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v ]m-t°-Pnw-KvH-cp tZ-io-b ÿm-]-\w F-∂ \n-e-bn-em-Wvcq-]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. hm-Wn-Py a-¥m-e-bw,`m-c-X-k¿-°m¿, C-¥y≥ ]m-t°-Pnw-Kv hy-h-km-b-w F∂nh kw-bp-‡-am-bm-Wv 1966 ¬Cu ÿm-]-\w cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xv. apw-ss_B-ÿm-\ambn ]n≥-kn-∏¬ e-t_m-d- -dn-bpwsIm¬-°-Ø, U¬-ln, sN-ss∂ F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-em-bn aq-∂v taJem et_m-d-´-dn-IfpwÿnXn sNøp-∂p. ]m-t°-Pnw-Kn-\pw sS-Ãnw-Kn-\pap≈ ]-cn-io-e-\- K-th-j-W ÿm-]-\-am-WvCXv. ]m-t°-Pv D¬]m-Z-\-Øn\pw ]mt°Pv D]-t`m‡r hyh-km-b-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ e`y-am-°p-I-bmWv Ch-bpsS a‰p ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. B-`y-¥-c, I-b-‰p-a-Xn hn-]-Wn-I-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]m-t°-Pnw-Kv B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂p. ]-cn-io-e-\-hn-Zym-`ym-k ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, s]m-tam-j-W¬A-hm¿-Uv a-’-c-ßƒ, hn-h-c tk-h-\-ßƒF∂n-hbpw a-‰v A-\p-_-‘ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpwkm-t¶-Xn-I D]-tZiw \¬I¬ sS-Ãnw-Kvtk-h-\-ß-fpw \¬-Ip-∂p.

kw-ÿm-\ hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ [State Trading

Organisations]: `m-c-X-Øn-se A-t\-IwB- y-¥-c hym-]m-c ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v B-tKmfhn-]-Wn-bn¬ a-’-c-£-a-X C-√m-Ø km-l-N-cyw \n -e -hn -ep -≠m-bn -cp -∂p. A-tXk-a-bw \n-e-hn-ep-≈ hym-]m-c am¿-§-ßƒI-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\-Øn-\v A-\p-Iq-e-hp-a-√. H-∏w bp-tdm-]y≥ cm-„-ßƒ H-gn-sI-bp-≈ cm-„-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ hym-]m-cw ssh-hn-≤y-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-hp-a-√. Cu

358 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

km-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv 1956 ¬ kw-ÿm-\ hym-]mc kw-L-S-\ A-Y-hm kv-t‰-‰v tS-Unw-Kv Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j≥ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kw-ÿm-\hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-[m-\ e-Iv-jyw hym-]m-cw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I, ]-tXy-In-®vhnhn[ hym-]m-c ]-¶m-fn-I-fm-b cm-„-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ I-b-‰p-a-Xn hym-]m-cw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°pI F-∂-Xm-Wv. ]n-∂o-Sv sa-‰¬-kv- B‚ van-\-d¬-kv tS-Unw-Kv tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ (MMTC),ssI-Ø-dn I-c-Iu-i-e I-b-‰p-a-Xn tIm¿-]-td-j≥ (HHEC) Xp-S-ßn-b a-‰v ]-e kw-L-S-\-Iƒ Iq-Sn cq-]o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

12.4 A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-Ifpwhym-]m-c I-cm-dp-I-fpw [International

Trade Institutions and Trade

Agreements]

H-∂mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-hpw (1914 -1919) c-≠mwtem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-hpw (1939- 1945) tem-I-sa-ºm-Spw Po-h-\pw kz-Øn-\pw hym-]-I-am-b \m-i\-„-ßƒ- hcpØn. hn- -h-ß-fp-sS Zu¿-√- ywaq-ew cm-„-ßƒ-°v ]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W, hn-I-k-\]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-Øv \-S-Øm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø km-l-N-cyw D-≠m-hp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.B-tKm-f I-d≥-kn k-º-Zm-b-ßƒ X-S- -s∏-Sp-I-bpw A-Xv cm-„-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-cw t]m-epw X-S- -s∏-Sp-∂ÿnXn- hn-ti-jØnse-Øn-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.

A-Ø-c-sam-cp km-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv\m¬-∏-Øn-\m-ev cm-„-ß-fn-se ]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ]-i-kv-X km-º-Øn-I im-kv-X-⁄-\m-b sP.Fw. sI-bn≥-kns‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \yq lmw-j-b-dn-ep-≈ s_-´≥ hp-Uv F-∂ ÿ-e-Øvtbm-Kw tN¿-∂v tem-I k-am-[m-\w ]p-\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw km-[m-c-W ÿn-Xn hn-ti-jwXn-cn-sI sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ i-a-ßƒB-cw- n-®-Xv.

A-¥¿-t±-io-b \m-W-b \n-[n [In-tern-

ational Monetary Fund], ]p-\-xcp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\pwhn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _m¶v[International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development], A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ [World Trade Organisation] F-∂o aq-∂vA-¥¿-t±-io-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv tbm-Kw A-h-km-\n-®-Xv-.B-tKm-f km-º-Øn-I hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ aq-∂vXq-Wp-I-fm-bm-Wv Cu ÿm-]-\-ß-sf A-h¿I-≠-Xv. bp-≤w ]n-®n-®o-¥n-b B-tKm-f km-º-Øn-I hy-h-ÿ, ]-tXy-In-®v bq-tdm-]y≥k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ ]p-\x-cp-≤-cn-°p-I F-∂ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw tem-I-_m-¶n-s\ Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, B-tKm-f hym-]m-c hym-]-\-Øn-\v D-X-Ip-∂ X-c-Øn¬ hn-\n-a-b \n-c-°p-I-fn¬ ÿn-c-X ssI-h-cp-Øp-I F-∂ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-WvA-¥¿-t±-io-b \m-W-b \n-[n-bv-°v \¬-In-bXv.B Im-e-Øv \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hn-hn-[\n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw hn-th-N-\-ß-fpw X-c-WwsN-bv-Xv Aw-Kcm-„-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ hym-]m-cw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-\v th-≠ku-I-cy-ßƒ H-cp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I F-∂Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-ckw-L-S-\-bp-sS e-£y-am-bn I-≠-Xv.C-h-bn¬ B-Zy-sØ c-≠v ÿm-]-\-ßƒ,A-Xm-b-Xv A-¥¿-t±-io-b \m-W-b \n-[n[International Monetary Fund], ]p-\-xcp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\pw hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _m-¶v [International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development] F-∂o ÿm-]-\-ßƒ D-S≥X-s∂ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-t∏mƒ A-ta-cn-°-bp-sSi-‡-am-b F-Xn¿-∏v Im-c-Ww A-¥¿-t±-io-bhym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ (W.T.O) bm-Ym¿∞y-am-bn-√. C-Ø-c-sam-cp kw-L-S-\-bv-°v ]-I-c-am-bnbm-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ ]n-∂o-Sv cq-]-s∏-´v h-∂-XvA-¥¿-t±-io-b hym-]m-c-sØ D-b¿-∂ I-Ãw-kv Xo-cp-h-I-fn¬ \n-∂pw a-‰v ]-e \n-b-¥-W-


ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw kz-X-¥-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂ H-cpkw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv. Cu kw-hn-[m-\w ]n-∂o-Svhym-]m-c-Øn-\pw Xm-cn- p-Iƒ-°p-ap-≈ s]m-XpIcm¿ [General Agreement on Trade and Tariff

[GATT] F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏- p. Cu aq-∂vA-¥¿-t±-io-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw ]-[m-\e-£y-ß-fpw [¿-Ω-ß-fpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-i-Z-am-bn Xp-S¿-∂v h-cp-∂ `m-K-ß-fn¬ N¿-®sN-øp∂p.

12.4.1 tem-I_m-¶v [World Bank]

s_-´≥ hp-Uv k-tΩ-f-\-Øns‚ ^-e-am-bnD-≠m-b-Xm-Wv tem-I_m-¶v F-∂v s]m-Xp-shA-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]p-\x-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\pw hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _m-¶v[International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development]. bp-≤-s°-Sp-Xn-Iƒ aq-ew _p-≤n-ap- p-∂ bq-tdm-]y≥ k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]p-\x-cp-≤-cn-°p-I-bpw tem-I-Øn-se hn-I-kz-c cm„-ß-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-I F-∂-Xp-am-Wv- C-Ø-c-sam-cp A-¥¿-t±-iob ÿm-]-\w cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xns‚ ]n-∂n-se ]-[m-\ e-Iv-jyw. B-Zy Nn-e h¿-j-ß-fn¬ tem-I-_m-¶vbp-≤-s°-Sp-Xn-Iƒ A-e-t¶m-e-am-°n-b bq-tdm-]y≥ k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bp-sS ]p-\xcp-≤m-c-W-Øn¬ ap-gp-In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1950 Ifp-sS A-h-km-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn Cu e-Iv-jyw ssI-h-cn-® tem-I_m-¶v ]n-∂o-Sv hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ß-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. Cu cm-Py-ß-fn-se, ]-tXy-In®v B-tcm-Kyw, hn-Zym- ym-kw Xp-S-ßn-b km-aq-ln-I ta-J-e-I-fn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-t£-]w \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ß-fn-se km-aq-ln-I km-º-Øn-I ta-J-e-I-fn¬k-aq-e-am-b am-‰w ssI-h-cn-°mw F-∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn¬ tem-I _m-¶v F-Øn-t®¿-∂p. hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ß-fn-se C-Ø-cw \n-t£-] ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v cq-]w \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn 1960 ¬ A-¥¿-t±-io-b hn-I-k-\ kw-L-S-\ [International

Development Association – IDA] cq-]o-I-cn-®p. Cukw-L-S-\, (sF.Un.F.) cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xns‚]-[m-\ e-Iv-jyw B-tfm-l-cn h-cp-am-\w Xo-sc Ip-d-™ cm-Py-ßƒ-°v ku-P-\y \n-c-°n¬e-fn-X-am-b \n-_-‘-\-I-fn¬ hm-bv-]-Iƒ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I F-∂-XmWv. efnX \n-_-‘-\-IƒF-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv, (i) Xn-cn-®-S-hvIm-em-h-[n ]p-\x-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\pw hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _m-¶v,(sF _n B¿ Un) A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ Xn-cn-®-S-hv Im-em-h-[n-tb-°mƒ G-sd Iq-Sp-X¬\¬IpI. (ii) hm-bv-] F-Sp-°p-∂ cm-„-ßƒhm-bv-]m XpIbv°v bm-sXm-cp ]-en-i-bpw \¬-tI-≠-Xn-√, A-Xm-b-Xv A-¥¿-t±-io-b hn-I-k-\ kw-L-S-\ [International Development As-

sociation – IDA] km-º-Øn-I-am-bn ]n-t∂m-°w\n¬-°p-∂ cm-„-ßƒ-°v ]-en-i c-ln-Xhm-bv-] \¬-Ip-∂p F-∂¿-∞w. ]p-\-xcp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\pw hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _m-¶pw (sF._n. B¿.Un) hm-bv-]-Iƒ\¬-Ip-∂p≠v F-¶nepw A-Xn-\v hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]-en-i Cu-Sm-°p-∂p-≠v.

Im-e-I-ta-W tem-I_m-¶ns‚ Ip-S-°o-gn¬a-‰v Nn-e kw-L-S-\-Iƒ Iq-Sn cq-]o-I-cn-®p.C-∂-sØ ÿn-Xn-bn¬ hy-Xy-kv-X cm-„-ßƒ-°v [-\-k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v D-Ø-c-hm-Z-s∏-´ A-©v A-¥m-cm-jv-S kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sSH-cp Kq-∏m-Wv tem-I-_m-¶v. hn-hn-[-ß-fm-bkm-º-Øn-I B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂,A-ta-cn-°-bn-se hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ Un.kn B-ÿm-\-am-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ Cu Kq-∏pw A-Xns‚A-\p-_-‘ ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw. Xm-sg tImfwF bn¬ tem-I_m-¶ns‚ A-\p-_-‘ ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS t]cp-≠v.

tem-I_m-¶ns‚ [¿-Ω-ßƒ[Functions of the World Bank]

ap-ºv kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se A-¥¿-t±-io-b

360 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

hym-]m-c-Øns‚ hym-]v-Xn hn-I-kn-∏n-°-epwkm-º-Øn-I h-f¿-®-bp-am-Wv tem-I-_m-¶n-s\Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]-[m-\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ. A-Xns‚ B-cw-`-Im-e-Øv Iq-Sp-X¬]m-[m-\yw \¬-In-b-Xv Du¿-÷w, K-Xm-K-XwXp-S-ßn-b ta-J-e-I-fn-se A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-Icyhn-I-k-\-Øn-\m-bn -cp -∂p. C-h-sb-√mwhn-I-kz-c cm-„-ßƒ-°v G-sd Kp-Ww sN-bv-Xp F-∂v \n- w-i-bw ]-d-bmw. ]-s£ Cucm-„-ß-fn-se tam-iw -c-W kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒsIm-≠pw ÿm-]-\-]-c-am-b N-´-°q-Sns‚A- m-hw aq-e-hpw hn-Z-Kv-[cm-b sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS A- m-hw aq-e-hpw e- y-am-b -ew Xo-scXr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. am-X-a-√, hn-I-kz-c

c-Ww, sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv-s°-√mw tem-I_m-¶v [-\-k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.C-∂v tem-I_m-¶v ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ tk-h-\-ßƒ ]-Xn-∑-S-ßv h¿-≤n-®n- p-≠v. tem-I_m-¶vF-∂-Xv hn-Zym- ym-kw, B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]m-e\w,]-cn-k-c ip-No-I-c-Ww, sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ßƒXp-S-ßn-b-h-bv-s°-√mw [-\ k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂ ÿm-]-\w F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ \n-∂v am-dnD¬-∏m-Z-\£-a-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I, Km-a-ß-fn-se]m-h-s∏-´-h-cp-sS h-cp-am-\w h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I,km-t¶-Xn-I k-lm-b-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I, K-th-j-W-ßƒ-°pw k-l-I-c-W kw-cw-`-ßƒ-°pwap≥-ssI F-Sp-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-

tIm-fw Ftem-I_m-¶pw A-Xn-s‚ A-\p-_-‘ ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw

ÿm-]-\w]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\pw hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈ A-¥¿-t±-io-b _m¶v (IBRD) 1945

A-¥¿-t±-io-b [-\-Im-cy tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ (IFC) 1956

A-¥¿-t±-io-b hn-I-k-\ kw-L-S-\ (IDA) 1960

_lp-apJ \n-t£-] Km-c‚n G-P≥-kn (MIGA) 1988

A-¥¿-t±-io-b \n-t£-] X¿-° ]-cn-lm-c tI-µw (ICSID) 1966

cm-„-ßƒ K-Wy-am-b tXm-Xn¬ Im¿-jn-IsN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b ta-J-e-I-sf B-i-bn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy hn-I-k-\-Øn-\v Cu c-≠v ta-Je-I-fn-epw Im-cy-am-bkzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øm≥ I-gn-™Xp-an-√.C-Ø-cw km-l-N-cy-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°n-s°m-≠vtem-I_m-¶v ]n-∂o-Sv A-h-cp-sS hn- -h-ßƒ Cucm-„-ß-fn-se hym-h-km-bn-I Im¿-jn-I ta-J-e-I-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn-\m-bn h-gn Xn-cn-®p-hn-´p. hn-hn-[ cm-„-ßƒ-°v \m-Wy hn-f-I-fp-sS D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-\v k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-I-bpwA-Xv h-gn A-h-cp-sS h-cp-am-\w h¿-≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-h-bp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-eq-sS hn-tZ-i\m-Wyw t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw I-gn-bp-∂p. hn-Zym- ym-kw, B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]m-e-\w, ]-cn-k-c ip-No-I-

fn¬ Iq-Sn Km-ao-W ta-J-e-bn-se Zm-cn-Zy \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\-hpw e-£y-an-Sp-∂ ÿm-]-\-am-bnamdn.

12.4.2 A-¥¿-tZ-io-b hn-I-k-\ kw-L-S-\[International Development Association]

tem-I _m-¶ns‚ H-cp A-\p-_-‘ kw-L-S-\F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ 1960 em-Wv A-¥¿-t±-io-bhn-I-k-\ kw-L-S-\ [International Development

Association (IDA)] cq-]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Np-cp-ßn-b tXm-Xn¬ am-Xw hn-I-kn-®n- p-≈ Aw-Kcm-„-ßƒ-°v ar-Zp hm-bv-]-Iƒ e-`y-am-°p-IF-∂-Xm-Wv sF.Un.F. cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xns‚]-[m-\ e-£yw. Cu ar-Zp hm-bv-]-Iƒ \¬-Ip-I F-∂ e-Iv-jyw ap≥-\n¿-Øn cq-]o-I-cn-®-


Xm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v Cu ÿm-]-\-Øn-s\ ]p-\x-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\pw hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈A-¥¿-tZ-io-b _m-¶ns‚ [IBRD] ar-Zphm-bv-]m Pm-e-Iw F-∂pw ]-d-bm-dp-≠v-.

A-¥¿-tZio-b hn-I-k-\ kw-L-S-\ [IDA] bp-sS ]-[m-\ e-£y-ßƒ [Major objectives of

IDA include]

$ km-º-Øn-I-am-bn G-‰-hpw ]n-t∂m-°w\n¬-°p-∂ cm-„-ßƒ-°v Zm-cn-Zy \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\-Øn-\m-h-ir-am-b [-\-k-lm-bw\¬-Ip-I.

$ hn-I-k-\w Ip-d-hm-b cm-„-ßƒ-°v km-º-Øn-I hn-I-k-\w t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D¬-∏m-Z-\£-a-X-bpw Po-hn-X \ne-hm-c-hpw D-b¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw B-h-iy-am-b[-\k-lm-bw ku-P-\y \n-c-°n¬ e-`y-am-°p-I,

$ B-tcm-Kyw, hn-Zym- ym-kw, t]m-j-Im-lm-cw, am-\p-jn-I ti-jn hn-I-k-\w, P-\-kw-Jym \n-b-¥-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b hn-im-ekm-º-Øn-I am-t\-Pv-sa≥-dv tk-h-\-ßƒ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-I.

12.4.3A-¥¿-tZio-b [-\-Im-cy tIm¿-]-td -j≥ [International Finance

Corpor-ation (IFC)]

hn-I-kz-c cm-„-ß-fn-se kz-Im-cy ta-J-e-bv-

°v [-\k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-I F-∂ e-£y-tØm-

sS-bm-Wv 1956 ¬ A-¥¿-t±-io-b [-\-Im-cy

tIm¿-]-td-j≥ [International Finance Corpora-

tion - (IFC)] cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xv. C-Xpw tem-I

_m-¶ns‚ H-cp A-\p-_-‘ kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv.F-¶n-epw A-Xn-\v A-Xnt‚-Xm-b \n-b-a-]-c-am-

b A-ÿn-Xz-hpw [-\-k-º-Øpw [¿-Ω-ß-fpw

D-≠v. tem-I _m-¶n-se F-√m Aw-K-cm-„-ßƒ-

°pw sF.F- v.kn. bn-epw Aw-K-am-Im-\p-≈

A¿-l-X-bp-≠v.

12.4.4 _lp-cmjvS \n-t£-] Km-c‚nG-P≥-kn [The Multinational

Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)]

tem-I_m-¶ns‚-bpw sF.F- v.kn.bp-sS-bpw[¿-Ω-ß-sf ]n¥p-W-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n-bm-Wv 1988 G-]n¬ am-k-Øn¬ _lp-cmjvS-\n-t£-] Km-c‚n G-P≥-kn (an-K) [MIGA]

cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xv.

an-Kbp-sS ]-[m-\ e-£y-ßƒ

$ hn-I-k-\w Ip-d-hm-b Aw-K-cm-„-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-Øns‚ H-gp-°vt]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.

$ \n-t£-]-I¿-°v cm-„o-b A-\n-›n-X-Xz-Øn¬ \n-∂v kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ C≥-jp-d≥-kv ]-cn-c-£ \¬-Ip-I,

$ I-d≥-kn ssI-am-‰w, bp-≤-hpw B- y-¥-c]-iv-\-ß-fpw I-cm¿ ew-L-\w Xp-S-ßn-bhm-Wn-Py-]-c-a-√m-Ø \-„km-[y-X-I-fn¬\n-∂v kw-c-£-Ww \¬-Ip-I-bpw Kymc‚n\¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-I.

$ ]p-Xn-b \n-t£-]-ßƒ-°pw \n-e-hn-se \n-t£-]-ßƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw,kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\pw [-\-Im-cy]p-\x-kw-L-S-\-bv-°pw C≥-jp-d≥-kv ]-cn-c-£ \¬-Ip-I.

$ t]m¬-km-l-\-]-c-hpw D-]-tZ-i-Ihp-am-btk-h-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-I.

$ hn-izm-ky-X kr-„n-°p-I.

12.4.5 A-¥m-cm-„ \m-W-b \n-[n[International Monetary Fund]

tem-I_m-¶n-\v ti-j-ap-≈ c-≠m-a-sØ h-enbA-¥m-cm-„ km-º-Øn-I kw-L-S-\-bm-WvA¥m-cm-jv-S \m-W-b \n-[n. 1945 ¬ \n-e-hn¬h-∂ Cu kw-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w hm-jn-ßv-S¨ Un.kn bm-Wv. 2018 ¬ Cu kw-L-S-\-bv-°v 189 cm-„-ßƒ Aw-K-ß-fm-bp-≠v. H-cp

362 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

I-ao-Ir-X-am-b A-¥m-cm-„ \m-W-b hy-h-ÿn-Xn D-≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv A-¥m-cm-jv-S \m-W-b \n-[n cq-]o-I-cn-®-Xns‚][m\ e£yw. A-Xm-b-Xv, hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ßƒX-Ωn-ep-≈ ]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ-°v- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b X-c-Øn¬ tZ-io-b I-d≥-kn-Iƒ-°v hn\n-a-b \n-c-°v km-[y-am-°p-IsF.Fw.F- n (IMF) s‚ ]-[m-\ e-£y-ßƒ

$ km-º-Øn-I-hpw ]-W-]-c-hp-am-b A-¥m-cm-„ k-l-I-c-Ww t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.

$ A-¥¿-tZio-b hym-]m-c-Øns‚ k-¥p-en-X-am-b h-f¿-®-bn-eq-sS D-b¿-∂ tXm-Xn-ep-≈ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-I-bpwb-Ym¿-∞ h-cp-am-\w h¿-≤n-∏n-°phm-\p-ap≈ ku-I-cy-ßƒ kr-„n-°p-IbpwsNøpI.

$ Aw-K-cm-„-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ I-ao-Ir-X-am-bhn-\n-a-b kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-∂ X-c-Øn¬ hn-\n-a-bÿn-c-X t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.

$ Aw-K-cm-„-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ X¬-k-a-bkm-º-Øn-I C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ I-ao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v D-X-Ip-∂ hn-hn-[ X- n-ep-≈ H-cphy-h-ÿn-Xn cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-I.

sF.Fw.F- n-s‚ [¿-Ω-ßƒ[Functions of IMF]

ap-I-fn¬ ]-d-™ e-£y-ßƒ t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\vth-≠n ]-e-hn-[ [¿-Ω-ßƒ sF.Fw.F- v \n¿-∆-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu [¿-Ω-ß-fn¬ ]-[m-\-s∏´ Nn-e-Xv Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

$ l-kz-Im-e hm-bv-]m ÿm-]-\-am-bn h¿-Øn-°p-I.

$ hn-\n-a-b \n-c-°p-I-fp-sS I-a-am-b\o-°p-t]m-°p-Iƒ-°v th-≠ kw-hn-[m-\wH-cp-°p-I.

$ Aw-Kcm-„-ßƒ-°v a-‰v cm-„-ß-fp-sSI-d≥-kn hm-bv-] F-Sp-°m-hp-∂ X-c-Øn¬

Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS I-d≥-kn-I-fp-sS H-cpkw- -c-W-im-ebmbn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I.

$ Aw-K-cm-„-ß-fn-se hn-\n-a-b \n-c-°p-I-fn¬ I-ao-Ir-X-am-b kw-hn-[m-\w H-cp-°p-∂ X-c-Øn¬ B-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ H-cp cm-„-Øns‚ I-d≥-kn-bp-sS aq-eyw \n-›-bn-°p-I-tbm Xn-cp-Øp-I-tbm sN-øp-I.

$ A-¥m-cm-„ N¿-®-Iƒ-°p-≈ H-cp kw-hn-[m-\w ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-I.

12.4.6 tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bpw Ah-cp -sS ] -[m -\ D -S -º-Sn -I -fpw[World Trade Organisation (WTO) and

Major Agreements]

A-¥m-cm-„ \m-W-b \n-[n-bp-sS-bpw tem-I_m-¶n-s‚-bpw Np-h-Sp ]n-Sn-®p Aw-K-cm-Py-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-ep-≈ hym-]m-c \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ e-Lq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw \n-e-hn-ep-≈ hym-]m-c hn-th-N-\-ßƒ H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw th-≠n 1944 ¬A-ta-cn-°-bn-se s_-´≥ hp-Un¬ \-S-∂ 44cm-Py-ß-fp-sS km-º-Øn-I k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬cq-]o-I-cn-® kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv tem-I hym-]m-ckw-L-S-\. F-∂m¬ A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS I-Sp-ØF-Xn¿-∏n-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v Cu kw-L-S-\-bpwB-i-b-hpw ]-cn-]q¿-Æ-X-bn-se-Øn°m≥ km-[n-®n-√. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬]-s¶-Sp-Ø cm-Py-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ A-¥m-cm-„hym-]m-c-Øn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ A-k-a-Xz-hpw\n-b-¥-W-ß-fpw D-b¿-∂ C-d-°p-a-Xn Np-¶-ß-fpw e-Lq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b H-cpD-S-º-Sn cq-]o-I-cn-°m≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. Cu D-S-º-Sn-sb Km- v (General Agreement for Tariffs and

Trade) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1948 P-\p-h-cn H-∂n-\v \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ Km- v 1994 Un-kw-_¿ h-sc\n-e-\n-∂p. \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ \n-Ip-Xn, \n-Ip-Xn-tb-X-c \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ e-Lq-I-cn-°m≥Km- n-eq-sS \-S-Øn-b N¿-®-Iƒ ]-i-kv-X-am-Wv.C-Xn¬ 1986 ap-X¬ 1994 h-sc \o-≠p-\n-∂ N¿-®-bv-s°m-Sp-hn¬ "Km- v' F-∂ hym-]m-c D-S-º-Sn


\n¿-Ø-em-°m-\pw P-\o-h B-ÿm-\-am-bntem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ 1995 P-\p-h-cnH-∂p ap-X¬ ]-h¿-Ø-\w B-cw-`n-°m-\pwXo-cp-am-\n®p. A-ß-s\ A-©p Z-i-I-ßƒ-°p-ap-ºv cq-]o-I-cn-® A-¥m-cm-„ hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ F-∂ B-i-bw tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ F∂ kw-L-S-\-bn-eq-sS km-£m-Xv-I-cn-®p.

Km- n-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn F-Øn-b-Xm-sW-¶n-epw tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bv-°p Km- n-t\-°mƒ ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. N-c-°p-I-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw _u-≤n-Ikz-Øp-°-fp-sS-bpw A-¥m-cm-„ hym-]m-c-ß-fp-sS \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ A-¥m-cm-„ D-S-º-Sn-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ e-Lq-I-cn-°p-I-bpwhn-hn-[ cm-Py-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ hym-]m-c ]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ a-[y-h¿-Øn-bm-bn tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂p. 2016 Pq-sse-bn¬ tem-I hym-]m-ckw-L-S-\-bn¬ 164 Aw-K-cm-„-ß-fp-≠v. cq-]o-I-c-Ww ap-X¬-°p-≈ H-cp Aw-K cm-„-am-WvC¥y.tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\D-t±-iyw Km-ń-\v k-am-\-am-Wv. P-\-ß-fp-sSPo-hn-X-\n-e-hm-c-hpw h-cp-am-\-hpw D-b¿-Øp-I,tPm-en-km-[y-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I, D¬∏m-Z-\-hpwI-®-h-S-hpw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I, tem-I-Øn-seA-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw Im-cy-£-a-am-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epwKm- pw tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bpw X-Ωn¬e-£y-]-c-am-bn hy-Xy-mks∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. temIhym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS D-t±-iy-e-£yw kv-]-„-am-Wv. A-Xp hym-]m-c-Øn-se tk-h-\-ta-J-e Iq-Sn Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-am-Wv. kp-ÿnchn-I-k-\w F-∂ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-eq-sS tem-I-sØA-kw-kv-Ir-X h-kv-Xp-°ƒ Im-cy-£-a-am-bnD-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-t\m-sSm-∏w ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-sb ]q¿-Æ-am-bn kw-c-£n-°p-sa-∂pwtemI hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂p.

ap-I-fn¬ ]-d-™ hn-h-c-W-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS]-[m-\-s∏-´ D-t±-iy-ß-sf Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂co-Xn-bn¬ hn-h-cn-°mw.$ hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ßƒ Np-a-Øp-∂ Xm-cn-^v

\n-Ip-Xn-I-fpw I-®-h-S X-S- -ß-fpw Ip-dbv-°p-∂-Xv D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.

$ Aw-Kcm-Py-ß-fn-se P-\-ß-fp-sS h-cp-am-\-hpw sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-fpw h¿-[n-∏n-®v Po-hn-X\n-e-hm-cw D-b¿-Øn A-Xn-eq-sS D-¬∏m-Z-\-hpw tNm-Z-\-hpw h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I.

$ tem-I-Øn-se A-kw-kv-Ir-X hn-`-h-ßƒIm-cy-£-a-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®psIm-≠vkp-ÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w km-[y-am-°p-I.

$ kw-tbm-Pn-X-hpw A-b-hp-≈-Xpw im-iz-X-hp-am-b H-cp hym-]m-c k-º-Zm-bw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.

tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS [¿a-ßƒ[Functions of WTO]

tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]-[m-\-s∏- -h Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.$ ]-cm-Xn ]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\v th-≠n U-ªyq

Sn.H sb k-ao-]n-°p-∂ H-cp Aw-Kcm-Py-sØt]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ H-cpkm-l-N-cyw D-≠m-°p-I.

$ A-¥m-cm-„ hym-]m-c-Øn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p∂hym-]m-c X-S-k-ßƒ, \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ, hn-th-N-\-ßƒ F-∂n-h Xp-S-®p-am-‰p-∂-Xn-\vs]mXpk-Ω-X-am-b s]-cp-am-‰N-´w cq-]o-I-cn-°p-I.

$ ]-cm-Xn ]-cn-lm-c ÿm-]-\-am-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I.

$ Aw-K-cm-Py-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ X¿-°-ßƒ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n-bp-≈ \n-b-a-ßƒ ap-gp-h≥ cm-Py-ß-fpw ]m-en-°p-∂p-sh∂v D-d-∏p h-cp-Øp-I.

$ sF.Fw.F- pw. B-bpw sF._n.B¿.Unbp-ambpw Iq-Sn-bm-tem-Nn-®v B-tKm-f km-º-Øn-I \-b-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-I.

364 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

$ km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw_u-≤n-I kz-Øp-°-fp-sS-bpw I-®-h-S-hp-am-bn _-‘-s] v Aw-K-cm-Py-ßƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ \n-b-a-ß-sf hne-bn-cpØp-I.

U-ªyp.-Sn.-H bp-sS Kp-W-ßƒ[Benefits of W.T.O]

1995 ¬ ÿm-]n-°-s∏- -Xv ap-X¬ A-¥m-cm-„hym-]m-c-Øn-s‚ _-lp-ap-J h-f¿-® t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂ \n-b-a-]-c-hpw kw-L-S-\-m]-c-hp-amb F-√m ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw tem-I hym-]mckw-L-S-\ G-s‰-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. hym-]m-cw h-f¿-Øp-I F-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS]-c-kv-]-c k-l-I-c-W-w Dd-∏m-°m\pw P-\-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-cw D-b¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pwtemI hym-]mc kw-L-S-\-°v I-gn-™n- p-≠v.U-ªyp-SnH bp-sS ]-[m-\-s∏- t\- -ßƒ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

$ U-ªyp.-Sn-.H B-tKm-f k-am-[m-\-hpw A-¥m-cm-„ I-®-h-S-hpw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°m≥klm-bn-®p.

$ Aw-K-cm-Py-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ X¿-°-ßƒ]-c-kv-]-c k-lIcW-tØm-sS ]-cn-l-cn-®p.

$ B-tKm-f hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- \n-b-a-ßƒ h-f-sc kp-Xm-cy-hpw ]-h-N-\m-Xo-X-hp-am-°n.

$ kz-X-¥-hym-]m-cw h-gn P-\-ß-fp-sS km-º-ØnI \n-e-bpw Po-hn-X \n-e-hm-c-hpw D-b¿-∂p.

$ kz-X-¥-hym-]m-cw ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ Kp-W-]-c-am-b D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ e`n°p∂-Xn-\p-≈km-[y-X h¿-≤n-∏n-®p.

$ kz-X-¥ hym-]m-c-Øn-eq-sS km-º-Øn-Ih-f¿-® Xz-cn-X-K-Xn-bn-em-bn.

$ Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ P-\m-[n-]-Xy kz-`m-h-ap≈ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-®p.

$ I-®-h-S kw-_-‘-am-b Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ap≥K-W-\m ]-cn-N-c-Ww \¬-In-s°m-≠v hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-ß-fp-sS h-f¿-®-bv-°v U-ªyq.Sn.H. k-lm-bn-®p.

U-ªyp-.Sn-.H [m-c-W-Iƒ[W.T.O Agree-ments]

N-c-°p-I-fp-sS hym-]m-cw am-Xw \n-b-¥n-®n-cp-∂ Km- n¬ \n-∂v hn- n-∂-am-bn tem-I hym-]m-ckw-L-S-\-bp-sS D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS-bpwtk-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw _u-≤n-I kz-Øp-°-fp-sS-bpw hym-]m-c-Øn¬ ]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip-∂p.tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS hym-]m-c D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ Aw-K-cm-Py-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ X¿-°-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-a-ßfpwhn-I-kz-c-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS D-∂-a-\-Øn-\m-bp-≈ ]-tXy-I ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw hn- m-h-\w sN-øp-∂p. tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS D-S-º-Sn ]-Im-cwAw-K-cm-Py-ß-fn-se k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ hym-]m-c\-b-ß-fpw \n-b-a-ß-fpw cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv kp-Xm-cy-hpw tem-I-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ°v A-\p-kr-X-hpam-bn-cn-°-Ww. tem-Ihym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-[m-\-s∏- hym-]m-c D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ Xm-sg hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.

Km- n-s‚ m-K-am-bn cq]o-I-cn® D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ[Agreements Forming Part of GATT]:

Kmń¬ \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂ ]-e [m-c-W-I-fpw D-S-º-Sn-I-fpw 1994 D-dp-tKz k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ h-®vtem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS m-K-am-bn am-dn. hym-]m-c D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-s‚ s]m-Xp-hmb X-Xz-ßƒ-°v ]p-d-ta \n¿-±n„ C-f-hp-IƒX-S-bp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Nn-e ]-tXy-I I-cm-dp-I-fpwXo-cp-h, C-X-c hym-]m-c X-S- -ßƒ H-gn-hm-°m-\p-≈ [m-c-W-I-fpw C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1994¬ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ ]-[m-\ D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ Xm-sg]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂p.

s\-bv-Øv Xp-Wn hy-h-km-b-hpambn _‘-

s∏´ DS-ºSn [Agreement on Textile and

Clothing (ATC)]: hn-I-kz-c cm-Py-ß-fn¬


\n-∂v Xp-Wn-bpw s\-bv-Øv km-[-\-ß-fpw

I-b-‰n A-b-°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-ßƒ

G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ hnlnX (quota) \n-_-

‘-\-Iƒ L-´w-L-´-am-bn H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v

th-≠n sIm-≠p h-∂-Xm-Wv Cu D-S-º-Sn. aƒ-

ń ss -_¿ A-td-©v-sa‚n-s‚ (Fw.F- v.F)

hyhÿ ]-Im-cw hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-ßƒ ]-e-

X-c-Øn-ep-≈ B\p-]m-XnI hnlnX \n-_-‘-

\-Iƒ G¿s∏SpØp-∂-Xv Km- n-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-

\ X-Xz-am-b N-c-°p-I-fp-sS kz-X-¥ hym-]m-

c-Øn-s‚ ew-L-\-am-Wv. 1995 ¬ Xp-Sßn

]-Øv h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ L-´w-L-´-am-bn

C-Øcw Izm-´ \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ H-gn-hm-°m-sa-

∂v F.Sn.kn ]-Im-cw hn-I-kn-X-cm-Py-ßƒ

D-d-∏p-\¬-In. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ F.Sn.kn

F-∂Xv U-ªyp.Sn.H bp-sS t\-´-ß-fp-sS ]-ń-

I-bn-se \m-gn-I-°-√m-bn. F.Sn.kn D-≈-Xv sIm-

≠m-Wv 2005 P-\p-h-cn H-∂p- apX¬ Xp-Wn

s\-bv-Øv hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS hym-]m-c-Øn¬

Izm´m \n-_-‘-\-I-fn-√m-sX kz-X-¥am-bn

am-dn-b-Xv. C-Xv hn-I-kz-c cmPyßfn-se s\-bv-

Xp Xp-Wn hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS h-f¿-®-tb-bpw

I-b-‰p-a-Xn-tbbpw k-lm-bn-®p.

Im¿-jn-I D¬-∏-∂-ß-ƒ kw_-‘n® DS-

ºSn (Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)):

Im¿-jn-I D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS hym-]m-c-Øn¬

kzm-X-¥y-hpw \o-Xn-bpw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ th-

≠n D-≠m-°n-b D-S-º-Sn-bm-Wv CXv. Km- n-s‚

b-Ym¿-Y I-cm-dn¬ Im¿-jn-I hn-]-W-\-hp-am-

bn _-‘-s∏-´ Im-cy-ßƒ D-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-

epw A-Xn¬ Nn-e ]gpXpIƒ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, Aw-Kcm-Py-ßƒ-°v Nn-e

\n-Ip-Xnbn-X-c \n-b-¥-W-ß-fm-b IÃwkv

Xm-cn- p-Iƒ, cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øv I¿-j-I-cp-sS

Xm¬-∏-cyw kw-c-£n-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ C-d-

°p-a-Xn Izm-´-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°p-I, k-lm-b-[-

\w \¬-Ip-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h. hn-I-kn-X-cm-Py-ßƒ

]-e-X-cw k-_v-kn-Un-Iƒ hn-gp-ßp-∂-Xv sIm-≠p-X-s∂ Im¿-jn-I hn-]-W-Øn-\v cq-]-am-‰w

kw- -hn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Im¿-jnI km-[-\-ß-

fp-sS hn-]-W-\-Øn¬ kz-X-¥-hpw \o-Xn-]q¿-

∆-hp-am-b C-S-]m-Sn-\v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-°p-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p F.H.F bpsS e-Iv-jyw. hn-I-kn-X

cm-Py-ßƒ Im¿-jn-I D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS C-d-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ I-Ãw-kv Xo-cp-h Ip-dbv-°m-\pw

I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ k-lm-b-[-\w \¬-Im\pw

Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. Im¿-jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ Db¿∂

B-i-b-Xzw hn-I-kz-c-cm-Py-ßƒ-°v CXpt]m-

ep-≈ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ _p-≤n-ap-

´p≠m-°n.

tk-h-\ hym-]m-c-Øn\p-≈ s]m-Xp- DS-ºSn

[General Agreement on Trade in Services

(GATS)]: A-Zr-iy-am-b-Xpw sXm- -dn-bm≥ I-gn-

bm-Ø-Xp-am-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-tbm ]-I-S-\-

ß-sf-tbm tk-h-\-ßƒ F-∂v A¿-∞-am-°mw.

C-h km-[-\-ß-sf t]m-se Im-Wm-t\m a-W-°m-t\m sXm-´p t\m-°m-t\m Ign-bn-√. D-dp-

tKz k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn® tk-h-\

hym-]m-c-Øn-\p-≈ s]m-Xp DS-ºSn- (Km-Sv-kv)

Km-ń-s‚ \m-gn-I-°-√v F-∂m-Wv hn-ti-jn-∏n-

°s∏Sp-∂-Xv. Im-c-Ww, N-c-°p-I-fp-sS hym-]m-

c-Øn¬ \n-jv-I¿-jn-®n-cp-∂ A-Sn-ÿm-\ \nb-a-ß-fpw [m-c-W-I-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS hn]-W-

\-Øn¬ Iq-Sn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ X-c-Øn-em-bn.

tkh-\-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v

KmSvkv apt∂m v h® aq∂v ][m\ hyh-ÿ-

Iƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

• F-√m Aw-K-ß-fpw tk-h-\ hym-]m-c-Øn¬D-≈ \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ L-´w-L-´-am-bn H-gn-hm-°p-I. F∂m¬ hn-I-kz-c cm-Py-ßƒ-°v

366 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\p k-a-b-]-cn[n Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-\pw G-sXm-s° tk-h-\-am-Wv D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-sX-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-\p-ap≈ ]q¿-Æ kzm-X¥yw \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

• tk-h-\-Øn-s‚ hym-]m-cw \n-b-¥n-°p-∂Xv]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-bp≈ cm-Py-ßƒ(Most Favoured Nations-[MFN]) B-Wv.C-Xn-s‚ \n¿t±i]-Im-cw hn-tZ-i tk-h-\Zm-Xm-°-sf hn-th-N-\-Øn-eq-sS am-‰n \n¿-Øp-∂-Xv \n-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p∂p.

• F-√m Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fpw \n¿-_-‘-am-bpwtk-h-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-k-‡-am-bF-√m \n-b-am-h-en-I-fpw N-´-ß-fpw A-h¿H-∏n-´ F√m A-¥¿-tZ-io-b I-cm-dp-I-fpw]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-Ww.

_u-≤n-I kz-Øm-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚ hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ DS-ºSn (Agreement on

Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual property

Rights [TRIPS])_u-≤n-I kz-Øh-Im-i-Øn-s‚ hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ D-S-º-Sn-I-fpw [m-c-W-I-fpw\n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv 1986-- 94 Im-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv.B-Zy-am-bn C-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- \n-b-a-ßƒsIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv D-dp-tKz du-≠v k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv. hm-Wn-Py aq-ey-ap-≈ B-i-b-ßƒ,I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ, kr-„n-]-c-am-b B-hn-jv-I-c-Ww, In-bm-fl-I-am-b A-h-X-c-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv _u-≤n-I kz-Ø-h-Im-iw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂Xv. Cu DS-º-Sn-b-\p-k-cn®v _-‘-s∏- B-fp-Iƒ-°v Ip-d-™XvXm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ G-gp Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-c-£D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.]-I¿-∏-h-Im-i-hpw A-\p-_‘ A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw, hym-]m-c-ap-Z, q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-am-b kq-N-\, hym-h-km-bn-I cq-]-I-ev-]-\, Ip-Ø-Im-h-Im-iw, C‚-tK-‰-Uv k¿-Iyq´p-Iƒ, sh-fn-s∏-Sp-ØmØ hn-h-c-ßƒ(hym-]m-c c-l-ky-ßƒ) F∂n-h-bmWv Ah.

Km-´v 1994: ]-[m-\ D-S-º-Sn-Iƒ

$ I-Ãw-kv aq-ey-\n¿Æb I-cm¿ A-Xm-b-Xv, 1994 se Km v DS-º-Sn-bnse B¿- n-°nƒ VII

(I-Ãw-kv aq-ey-\n¿Wbw) \-S-∏m-°m-\p-≈ D-S-º-Sn

$ ]o-jn-∏v-sa‚ v C≥-kv-s]-£≥ I-cm¿

$ hym-]m-cw sN-øm-\p-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I XS- ßsf-°p-dn-®p-≈ I-cm¿

$ C-d-°p-a-Xn sse-k≥-knw-Kv \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kw-_-‘n-® I-cm¿

$ B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\pw k-ky kw-c-£-W-Øn-\pw th-≠ ap≥-I-cp-X-en-s‚D-S-ºSn

$ c-£m-hy-h-ÿ D-S-º-Sn

$ k-_v-kn-Un-bpw Xp-ey-am-b ]-cn-c-£-bpw D-d-∏m-°¬ D-S-º-Sn

$ B‚oUw-]nw-Kv Uyq- n-I-fp-sS D-S-º-Sn, A-Xm-b-Xv 1994 se Km- v B¿- n-°nƒ VI ]-ImcwB‚n-Uw-]nw-Kv Uyq- n \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-S-º-Sn

$ D-d-hn-S \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS D-S-º-Sn


][m\ ]Z-ßƒ][m\ ]Z-ßƒ][m\ ]Z-ßƒ][m\ ]Z-ßƒ][m\ ]Z-ßƒ

s]m-t^m¿-a C≥-thm-bn-kvC≥-sU‚vvI-b-‰p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kvsF. C. kn \-º¿c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ Iw sa-º¿-jn-∏v k¿- n- n-°-‰vkm-[-\w I-b-‰n A-b-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ap-º-p-≈km-º-Øn-I- k-lm-bwkm-[-\w I-b-‰n A-b-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºp-≈]-cn-tim-[-\I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\m L-S-IwF-Iv-ssk-kv ¢nbd≥-kvD-d-hn-S km-£y-]-XwI-Ãw-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kvse-‰¿ Hm- v sI-Un-‰vjn-∏nw-Kv _n¬ta-‰vkv cko-Xv_n¬ Hm- v te-Unw-KvF-b¿-th _n¬C≥-thm-bn-kvhn-\n-a-b _n-√vssk-‰v Um- v-‰vbq-km≥-kv Um- v-‰v_n-√ns‚ s\-tKm-tjy-j≥a-ssd≥ C≥-jp-d≥-kv t]m-fn-knIm¿- v Sn-°-‰v

_m-¶n-s‚ ]-W-an-S-]m-Sv cko-Xv]-cn-tim-[-\ k¿- n- n-°-‰vI-®-h-S A-t\z-j-Wwjn-∏v-sa‚v A-ssUzkvC-d-°p-a-Xn-bn-se s]m-Xp-hm-bn- p-≈ \n-b-a-ßƒsU-en-h-dn Hm¿-U¿_n¬ Hm- v F≥Snkn B≥-dv F- v F-P‚vt]m¿- v S-Ãv Uyq-kv c-koXvXo-cp-h Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°¬ ]-≤-Xnt_m-≠v ]-≤-Xn-]-Im-cw I-b-‰p-a-Xn D¬-]m-Z-\wap≥-Iq- n sse-k≥-kv I-c-ÿ-am-°p-∂ ]-≤-XnC.]n.kn.Pn.I-b-‰p-a-Xn km-º-Øn-I-k-lm-bwkm-[-\w A-b-®-Xn-\p ti-j-ap-≈ km-º-Øn-I k-lm-bwIb-‰p-aXn kwkv°-cW taJe100 i-X-am-\w I-b-‰p-a-Xn ÿm-]-\w hm-Wn-Py h-Ip-∏vI-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\ k-an-XnD¬-∏-∂ t_m¿-UvsF.sF.F- v.SnC-¥y≥ ]m-t°-PnwKv ÿm-]-\wsF.Sn.]n.HI-b-‰pa-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\m k-an-Xnkv-t‰-‰v tS-UnwKv Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j≥

368 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv


B- y-¥-c -hn-]-Wn-bn¬ km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xpw hn¬-°p-∂-Xpw t]m-se t\-cn- p-≈ ]-h¿-Ø-\-a-√ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw C-d-°p-a-Xn-bpw. hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c C-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ N-c-°p-I-fp-sS N-e-\-ß-fpw hn-tZ-i hn-\n-a-b-Øn-s‚ D-]-tbm-K-hpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-epw km-[-\-ßƒ H-cp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ A-Xn¿-Øn I-S-∂p t]m-Ip-∂-XpsIm-≠pw hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c-Øn-\v \nch-[n Hu-]-Nm-cnI I-S-º-Iƒ I-S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

I-b-‰p-a-Xn \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ

I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv ]p-dw-tem-I-Øp-≈ D-]-t`m-‡m-hv- km-[-\-ß-sf°p-dn-®v-A-t\z-j-Ww \S-Øp-∂Xv apX-emWv. C-Xn-\p ]-I-c-am-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ t]m-t^m¿-amC≥-thm-bn-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ H-cp I-b-‰p-a-Xn Iz-t -j≥ \¬-Ip-∂p. C-Xn¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ km-[-\-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-® hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-fpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-se hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m-c\v Izt´-j≥ kzo-Im-cy-am-sW-¶n¬ A-t±-lw H-cp Hm¿-U¿A-s√-¶n¬ C≥-sU‚ vv sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw _m-¶n¬ \n-∂v se-‰¿ Hm- v sI-Un-‰v hm-ßp-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p. C-Xn-\p-ti-jw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ t^m-dn≥ tS-Uv U-b-d-Œ¿ P-\-den¬ \n-∂v F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- v sse-k≥-kv t\-Sp-I-bpw A-tX-t]m-se F-Iv-kv-t]m¿- v ]-tam-j≥ Iu -knen¬\n-∂v c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ Iw sa-º¿-jn-∏v k¿- n- n-°-‰v t\-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. km-[-\w I-b-‰n-b-b-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥-]m-bn I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c-\v km-º-Øn-I k-lm-b-w B-h-iy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ A-t±-lw AXv _m-¶n¬ \n-∂v t\-Sp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ ]n-∂o-Sv km-[-\-ßƒ D-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\k-an-Xn-bm-Wv Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xv. C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m¿-°v B-h-iy-am-sW-¶n¬I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿ hn-tZ-i tIm -kp-te-‰n-s\ k-ao-]n-°p-I-bpw D-d-hn-S]-am-Ww I-c-ÿ-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-d-°p-a-Xn-°m¿-°v Izm-´ A-s√-¶n¬ Xm-cn-^v C-f-hn-\v C-Xv k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿ ]n-∂o-Sv I-∏-en¬ km-[-\w I-b-‰n sh-°m-\p-≈ ÿ-ew D-d-∏n-°p-I-bpwkm-[-\w C≥-jp¿ sN-øp-I-bpw sN-øpw. F-Iv-ssk-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kn-\p ti-jw km-[-\-ßƒI-Ãw-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kn-\p th-≠n sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. I-Ãw-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kv hn-ja-ap-≈ tPm-en-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ C-Xv sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n C & F GP‚ns\ F¬-∏n-°p-I-bpw \-S-Øp-I-bpwsNøpw. hn-tZ-i I-®-h-S ]-In-b km-[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn k-a-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ hn-hn-[ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ C-¥ym K-h -sa‚ v ÿm-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-h-bn¬ ]-[m-\-s∏- ÿm-]-\-ßƒNp-h-sS ]-d-bp-∂p.

hm-Wn-Py h-Ip-∏v

cm-Py-sØ hn-tZ-i I-®-h-S-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- F-√mhn-[ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw B-Xy-¥n-I-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw hm-Wn-Py a-¥m-e-b-Øn-\v Io-gn¬ ]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ hm-Wn-Py h-Ip-∏n¬\n-£n-]v-X-am-Wv. a-‰v cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn hm-Wn-Py-_-‘w km-[y-am-°p-I, I-b-‰p-a-Xn h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂ B-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I, I-b-‰p-a-Xn tI-µo-Ir-X hy-h-km-b-ß-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-I, hn-tZ-i I-®-h-S-ßƒ-°v _-‘-s∏- \-b-ßƒ-°v cq-]w \¬-Ip-I, I-b-‰p-a-Xn C-d-°p-a-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ-°v cq-]w \¬-Ip-I F-∂n-h hm-Wn-Py h-Ip-∏n-s‚]-[m-\ I¿-Ø-hy-ß-fn¬ Nn-e-Xm-Wv.


I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m¬-km-l-\ Iu¨knep-Iƒ

I-º-\n \n-b-a-]-Im-c-tam, skm-ssk-‰n c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n-b-a-]-Im-c-tam c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-ø-s∏-em-t`-—-bn-√m-Ø ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\ Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ. X-ß-fp-sSA-[n-Im-c ]-cn-[n-bn¬ h-cp-∂ Nn-e ]-tXy-I D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn h¿-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Ø-cw Iu¨kn-ep-I-fp-sS ]-Y-tam-tZ-iyw. hn-hn-[ D-¬∏∂-ß-fn¬ i-≤ tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂ 21 Iu¨knep-Iƒ C-∂v C-¥y-bn¬]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.

D¬∏∂ t_m¿-Up-Iƒ

]-c-º-cm-K-X D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-]-Wn km-[y-X-bpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bpw e-£yw-sh-®v m-c-X-k¿-°m¿ ]-tXy-I-am-bn ÿm-]n-® ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wv D¬∏-∂ t_m¿-Up-Iƒ. I-b-‰p-a-Xnt]m-’m-l-\ Iu -kn-ep-I-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v H-cp D¬-t]-c-Iw F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ C-h]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p. D-¬∏∂ t_m¿-Up-I-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-sd-°p-sd I-b-‰p-a-Xnt]m-’m-l-\ Iu -kn-epItfm-Sv Xp-ey-am-Wv. \n-e-hn¬ C-¥y-bn¬ 7 D¬-∏-∂ t_m¿-Up-I-fm-Wv D-≈-Xv. Im-∏n- t_m¿-Uv, d-∫¿ t_m¿-Uv, ]p-I-bn-e t_m¿-Uv, kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\t_m¿-Uv, tI-µ ]- p¬∏∂ t_m¿-Uv, tX-bn-e t_m¿-Uv, I-b¿-t_m¿-Uv F-∂n-h-bm-Wnh.

I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\m Iu -kn¬

1963 se I-b-‰p-a-Xn Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c \n-b-¥-W ]-cn-tim-[-\m \n-b-aØnse h-Ip-∏v 3 ]-Im-cw C¥ym K-h- sa‚ v cq-]w \¬-In-b ÿm-]-\-am-Wv I-b-‰p-a-Xn ]-cn-tim-[-\m Iu -kn¬.KpW-\n-e-hm-c \n-b-¥-W-Øn-eq-sS-bpw I-∏en¬ ]-th-in∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ ]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eq-sS-bpw I-b-‰p-a-Xn D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv CuD∂-Xm-[n-Im-c- k-an-Xn-bp-sS ]-Y-a -e-£yw. Np-cp-°w Nn-e D¬∏-∂-ßƒ H-gn-sI F-√m I-b-‰p-aXn D-¬∏∂-ß-fpw Cu Iu -kn-en-s‚ ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

C-¥y≥ I-®-h-S t]m-’m-l-\ kw-L-S-\

C-¥ym- K-h -sa‚n-s‚ hm-Wn-Py-a-¥m-e-bw 1956 se I-º-\n \n-b-a ]-Im-cw 1992 P-\p-h-cn 1\v B-Wv Cu kw-L-S-\-bv-°v cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv. C-Xn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w \yq-U¬-ln B-Wv. I-®-h-S hn-I-k-\ A-tXm-dn-‰n, tS-Uv s -b¿ A-tXm-dn-‰n Hm- v C-¥y F-∂o ÿm-]-\-ßƒ kw-tbm-Pn-®m-Wv ]-kv-Xp-X kw-L-S-\-bv-°v cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv. I-®-h-Sw, hy-h-km-bw, K-h -sa‚ vF-∂n-h-bp-am-bn G-‰-hpw A-Sp∏ap-≈-Xpw \n-c-¥-c-am-bn kw-h-Zn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw_-‘w ]p-e¿-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ H-cp tk-h-\ kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv C-¥y≥ I-®-h-S t]m-’m-l-\ kw-L-S-\. C-¥y-°v A-I-Øpw ]p-d-Øpw hym-]m-c-ta-f-Iƒ, ]-Z¿-i-\-ß-ƒ F∂nh kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw ]-kv-Xp-X ta-J-e-I-fn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°m≥ D-X-Ip-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ ]p-Xn-b D-¬∏-∂-ßƒ cq-]-I¬-∏-\- sN-øp-I F-∂-Xpw C-Xn-s‚ [¿-Ω-am-Wv. kw-L-S-\-bp-sS X-t±-io-b Hm- o-kp-Iƒ, apw-ss_, _w-Kv-fq-cp, sIm¬-°-Ø, Im≥-]q¿, sN-ss∂ F-∂o ÿ-e-ß-fn-epwA-¥¿-tZ-io-b Hm-ô-kp-Iƒ P¿-Ω\n, P-∏m≥, bp.F.C, bp. F-kv.F F-∂o cm-Py-ß-fn-epamWv.

370 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãyq- v Hm- v t^m-dn≥ sS-bn-Uv (IIFT)

skm-ssk-‰o-kv c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ \n-b-a-]-Im-cw C-¥y K-h -sa‚ v 1963˛¬ ÿm-]n-® kz-bw- -c-Wm-h-Im-i ÿm-]-\-am-Wv C-Xv. cm-Py-sØ hn-tZ-i hym-]m-c am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v ta-J-e-bn¬ ssh-Z-Kv-[yh-Xv-I-c-Ww \-S-∏n-em-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-s‚ ]-[m-\ e-£yw. Cu A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-ØvC-Xn-s\ H-cp I-ev-]n-X k¿-h-I-em-im-ebmbn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibp-≠m-bn. A-¥m-cm-„ hym-]m-c-Øn¬ ]-cn-io-e-\w \¬-Ip-I, hnhn[ ta-J-e-bn¬ Kth-jWw \-S-Øp-I F-∂n-h C-Xn-s‚[¿-a-amWv.

C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãyq- v Hm- v ]m-t°-Pnw-Kv (IIP )

C-¥ym-K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ hm-Wn-Py a-¥m-e-b-hpw C-¥y≥ ]m-t°-Pnw-Kv B≥-Uv A-sse-UvC≥-U-kv-So-kv F-∂ ÿm-]-\-hpw kw-bp-‡-am-bn 1966˛¬ cq-]w \¬-In-b ÿm-]-\-am-Wv C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãyq- v Hm- v ]m-t°-PnwKv. C-Xn-s‚ ]-[m-\ em-_-d- -dn-bpw B-ÿm-\-hpw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv. C-Xn-s‚ X-t±-iob em-t_m-d- -dn-Iƒ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv sIm¬-°-Ø, U¬-ln, sN-ss∂ F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fm-Wv. ]m-t°-Pnw-Kv sS-Ãnw-Kv \-S-Øp-∂ H-cp ]-cn-io-e-\ K-th-j-W ÿm-]-\-am-Wn-Xv. ]m-t°-Pn¬ \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°-fp-sS-bpw D-]-t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS-bpwhn-hn-[ B-h-iy-ßƒ km-£m-Xv-I-cn-°p-∂ B-h-iy-am-b co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ßƒ C-hn-sS e- y-am-Wv. B- y-¥-c hn-tZ-i hn-]-Wn-Iƒ-°pX-Ip-∂ cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ hn-hn-[-X-cw ]m-t°-Pnw-Kv B-h-iy-ßƒ C-h¿ km-£m-Xv-I-cn-°p-∂p. ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°vB-h-iy-ap-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I D-]-tZ-i-ßƒ, ]-cn-io-e\ hn-Zym- ym-k ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, hn-h-ckm-t¶-Xn-I tk-h-\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b hn-hn-[ X-cw tk-h-\-ßƒ C-h¿ ]-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂p.


]cnioe\ tNmZy-ßƒ]cnioe\ tNmZy-ßƒ]cnioe\ tNmZy-ßƒ]cnioe\ tNmZy-ßƒ]cnioe\ tNmZy-ßƒ

icn-bpØw Xnc-s™-SpsØgp-Xp-I.

1. Xmsg∏d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kv t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\v B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø tc-J G-XmWv?

i) IEC \-º¿ ii) c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ Iw Aw-K-Xz k¿-ń-^n-°-‰v

iii) sI-Un-‰v se-‰¿ iv) _m-¶v A-°u-≠v \-º¿

2. C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø tc-J G-Xm-Wv?

i) N-c-°p-I-b-‰¬ _n¬ ii) D¤h km£y-]Xw

iii) jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬ iv) I∏¬®-c°v Adn-bn∏v

3. Xm-sg∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ Np-¶w Xn-cn-®p sIm-Sp-°¬ ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS `m-K-a-√m-ØXv G-Xm-Wv?

i) F-Iv-ssk-kv Xo-cp-h-I-fp-sS a-S-°n \¬-I¬

ii) I-b-‰p-a-Xn Xo-cp-h-I-fp-sS a-S-°n \¬-I¬

iii) I-Ãw-kv Xo-cp-h-I-fp-sS a-S-°n \¬-I¬

iv) Xp-d-ap-J-Øp tUm-°v Nn-e-hm-bn A-S-® Xp-I-bp-sS a-S-°n \¬-I¬

4. Xm-sg∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ I-b-‰n-d-°p-a-Xn \-S-]-SnI-a-ßƒ ]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\v B-h-iyan-√m-Ø tc-J-tb-Xv?

i) jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬ ii) F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´v sse-k≥-kv

iii) C≥-jp-d≥-kv I-Øv iv) s]m-t^m¿-a C≥-thm-bv-kv-

5. Xm-sg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ G-Xm-Wv F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´v ]-am-W-ß-fp-sS `m-K-a-√mØ-Xv?

i) sIm-ta¿-jy¬ C≥-thm-bv-kv ii) D-¤-h km-£y]-Xw

iii) ]-th-i-\ tc-J iv) ta-‰v-kv c-ko-Xv

6. N-c-°p-Iƒ I-∏-en¬ Ib-‰n-b-Xn\v ti-jw I-∏n-Øm≥ \¬-Ip-∂ c-ko-Xm-Wv

i) jn-∏nw-Kv c-ko-Xv ii) Im¿-tKm c-ko-Xv

iii) ta-‰v-kv c-ko-Xv iv) Nm¿-´¿ c-ko-Xv

7. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xpw N-c-°p-I-fp-sS hn-h-c-W-hpw N-c-°v h-ln-°p-∂ I-∏-en-s‚-bpw I-∏-ep-S-a-bp-sSbpw t]-cpw F-Øn-t®-tc-≠ ÿ-e-hpw N-c-°p-I-fp-sS FÆ-tØ-bpw Im-Wn-°p-∂ HutZym-Kn-I tc-J-bm-Wv

i) jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬ ii) ]m-t°-Pnw-Kv en-Ãv

iii) ta-‰v-kv c-ko-Xv iv) hn-\n-a-b _n-√v

8 I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-c≥ X-øm-dm-°n-b I-c-Sv _n-√n-s‚ Xp-I \-¬In-s°m-≈m-sa-∂v _m-¶v D-d-∏p\¬-Ip-∂ ]-am-W-am-Wv....................... .

i) ssl-t∏m-Øn-t°-j≥ se-‰¿ i) se-‰¿ -Hm-^v sI-Un-‰v

iii) _n¬ Hm-^v em-Un-wKv iv) hn-\n-a-b _n-√v

372 _nkn-\ v ÃUokv

9. Xm-sg∏-d-bp-∂-hbn¬ tem-I-_m-¶n-s‚ Kq-∏n¬-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xv G-Xv?

i) sF._n.B¿.Un ii) sF.Un.F

iii) Fw.sF.Pn.F iv) sF.Fw.F^v

10) Sn-]vkv (TRIPS) F-∂- U-ªyp.-Sn.-H I-cm-¿ Xmsg∏d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ GXp-am-bmWv _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xv?

i) Im¿-jn-I hym-]m-cw ii) tk-h-\ hym-]m-cw

iii) hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ \n-t£-] \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ

iv) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√

ltkzm-Ø-c- tNmZy-ßƒ

1. I-b-‰p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kv In-´p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n-bp-≈ \S-]-Sn-I-aßƒ F-s¥m-s°-bm-Wv?

2. I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-l-\ k-an-Xn-bn¬ c-Pn-Ã¿ sN-tø-≠ B-h-iy-sa-¥m-Wv?

3. F-¥m-Wv sF C kn \-º¿?

4. I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v ap≥-]p-≈ [-\k-am-l-c-Ww F-∂m¬ F-¥m-Wv?

5. H-cp I-b-‰p-a-Xn ÿm-]-\w km-[-\w I-b-‰n A-b-°p-∂-Xn-\v apºv ]-cn-tim-[-\- \S-Øp-∂-Xns‚ B-h-iy-sa-¥m-Wv ?

6. km-[-\-ß-fp-sS F-Iv-ssk-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kn-\v B-h-iy-am-b L-´-ßƒ F-s¥m-s°-bm-Wv?

7. I-b-‰p-a-Xn h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS I-Ãw-kv ¢n-b-d≥-kv ]-In-b Np-cp-°n hn-h-cn-°p-I.

8. F-¥m-Wv _n-√v Hm^v emUnwKv? F≥-Sn _n-√n¬ \n-∂v CXv hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Ip-∂-XvF-ß-s\-?

9. jn-∏nw-Kv _n¬ F-∂m¬ F-¥m-Wv?

10. ta‰vkv c-ko-Xn-s‚ A¿-∞w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

11. se‰¿ Hm^v sIUn‰v F-¥m-Wv? I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°v Cu ]-am-Ww B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-∂-XvF-¥p-sIm-≠v?

12. I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°p-≈ ]W-a-Shv kp-c-£n-X-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kzoIcn°p-∂ ]-In-b-sb-°p-dn-®vN¿-®- sN-øp-I.

13. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bpsS hyXym-k-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

(i) ssk‰v Um^v‰pw bqk≥kv Um^v‰pw

(ii) _n¬ Hm^v teUnwKpw Fb¿th _n√pw

(iii) ]ojn-∏vsa‚ v ^n\m≥kpw t]mÃv jn∏vsa‚ v ^n\m≥kpw


14. C-d-°p-a-Xn C-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂ tc-J-I-fp-sSA¿-∞w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I

(i) hym-]m-c A-t\z-j-Ww (ii) C-d-°p-a-Xn sse-k≥-kv

(iii) jn∏vsa‚ v AssUzkv (iv) Cwt]m¿´v P\-d¬ am\n-s^Ãv

(v) _n¬ Hm^v F≥Sn

15. tem-I_m-¶n-s‚ ]-[m-\ A-\p-_-‘ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ]-ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

16. Xm-sg∏-d-bp-∂-h-sb°p-dn®v lkz Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ F-gp-Xp-I:

(i) bp.F≥.-kn.-‰n.-F.Un (ii) sF.‰n.-]n.H

(iii) Fw.sF.-Pn.F (iv) sF.Fw.-F^v

(v) tem-I_m-¶v

Zo¿tLm-Øc tNm-Zy-ßƒ

1. Hm-kv-tS-en-b-bn-se kzn-^v-‰v Cw-t]m¿-Sv-kv en-an-‰-Unte°v ]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS 2,000 Su-k-dp-

Iƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øm≥ tc-Jm Km¿-sa‚ vkn\v Hm¿-U¿ e-`n-®p. I-b-‰p-a-Xn Hm¿-U¿ \-S-

∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn tc-Jm Km¿-sa‚ vkv sNt-ø-≠ \-S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ N¿-® sN-øp-I.

2. Im-\-U-bn¬ \n-∂v sS-Iv-kv-ss‰¬ sa-jo-\p-Iƒ C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øm≥ \n-ß-fp-sS I-º-\n

B-tem-Nn-°p-∂p. C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \-S-]-Sn-I-aw hn-h-cn-°p-I.

3. I-b-‰p-a-Xnbpambn _‘-s∏´ ]-[m-\ ]-am-W-ßƒ N¿-® sN-øp-I.

4. cmPysØ I-b-‰p-a-Xn t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn k¿-°m¿ Xe-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[

t]m-’m-l-\-ß-fpw ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw ]-ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I.

5. hn-tZ-i hym-]m-cw t]m¬-km-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v `mc-X-Øn¬ ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≈ hn-hn-[

kw-L-S-\-I-sf Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I.

6. tem-I_m-¶v F-¥m-Wv? A-Xn-s‚ hn-hn-[ e-£y-ß-fpw A-\p-_-‘ G-P≥-kn-I-fp-sS

]-¶pw N¿-®- sN-øp-I.

7. sF-.Fw.-F-^v F-¥m-Wv? A-Xn-s‚ hn-hn-[ e-£y-ß-fpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw N¿-®-

sN-øpI.

8. tem-I-hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, L-S-\, e-£y-ßƒ, ]-h¿-Ø-\w

F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®v hn-i-Z-am-b H-cp tc-J Xøm-dm-°p-I.