Upload
others
View
26
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CHINA
IRAN
PAKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
A F G H A N I S T A N
TAJIKISTANUZBEKISTAN
Kabul
Charikar
Baghlan
Jalalabad
Farah
250 mi.
500 km
Harirud
Amu Darya
H I N D U KU S H
Am
u D
arya
Helm
and R
.
Herat
Mazar-i-sharif
Qandahar
Ghazni
Bamiyan
Balkh
REGISTANDESERT
WAKHANCORRIDOR
KHYBER PASS
KOH-I-BABA
SAUDIARABIA
TURKEY
SYRIA
IRAQ IRAN
OMAN
PAKISTAN
INDIA
KAZAKHSTAN
RUSSIA
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
CHINA
Map 1. Afghanistan
people and places 19
mixed populations, and hide the crosscutting patterns of intermarriage, bilingualism, and unity through common geography. People of a shared locality (manteqa) may display more solidarity with their immediate neigh-bors of diff erent ethnicities than they do with coethnics from other parts of the country. Whether large or small, the varied ethnic groups residing in Afghani-stan are all products of history. Since the end of the Bronze Age, if not before, new peoples have arrived (mostly from the north and west), bring-ing with them new languages and cultural practices. Th ese new groups partially displaced, but more often amalgamated with, older populations in the major river valleys and urban centers. At the same time, Afghani-stan’s rugged terrain provided refuge for older groups to maintain their
CHINA
IRAN
PAKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
TAJIKISTANUZBEKISTAN
Kabul
Kunduz
Herat
Qandahar
UNINHABITED
T A I M A N I
F I R O Z K O H I
DU
RR
AN
I
GH
I LZ
AI
UNINHABITED
ArabBaluchChahar Aimaq (Firozkohi, Jamshidi, Taimani, Taimuri)HazaraKirghizPamirisNuristaniPashtunTajikTurkmenUzbek
Map 2. Distribution of ethnic groups
people and places 37
duce crops such as mulberries, stone fruit, and nuts. Livestock, mostly cows and goats, are an important component of the economy, but moun-tain villagers must limit their numbers to those that can be stall fed through the winter. Th e livestock is moved to available pasture in the summer. To facilitate this, people establish special summer villages (ailoq) or, particu-larly in central Afghanistan, make use of portable huts that provide sea-sonal dwellings.
0 5 10 20 4 0 80
Fig. 1. A high- prestige qala, measured in meters. Source: Albert Szabo and Th omas Barfi eld, Afghanistan: An Atlas of Indigenous Domestic Architecture. Austin, 1991: University of Texas Press, p. 188.
38 chapter one
pastoral nomads
Raising livestock is the primary occupation of nomadic pastoralists in Afghanistan, who by some estimates number more than a million people.24 Th ese nomads take advantage of seasonally changing pastures, spending the winter in the lowlands and the summers in the mountains. Th ey raise sheep and use camels to transport their baggage. Th e map of nomadic
0 5 10 20 4 0 80
Fig. 2. A farm village qala, measured in meters. Source: Albert Szabo and Th omas Barfi eld, An Atlas of Indigenous Domestic Architecture. Austin, 1991: University of Texas Press, p. 164.
people and places 39
migrations shows that nomads move toward the highlands of the Hindu Kush in the center of the country or the northeast toward the highland pastures of Badakhshan. Most of the nomads involved in these long- range migrations are Pashtuns, who use black goat- hair tents. Nomads from the Uzbek, Turkmen, or Kirghiz groups normally move their animals only short distances, often moving from winter pastures in the valleys to spring and summer pastures on the steppes and nearby foothills. Th ey live in yurts. A few groups also engage in the caravan trade. All are dependent on the sale of animals, cheese, clarifi ed butter, dried yogurt, wool, or skins to urban markets for cash, with which they then buy wheat. Wheat bread is the main food even of nomads in Afghanistan.
CHINA
IRAN
PAKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
TAJIKISTANUZBEKISTAN
Kabul
Kunduz
Charikar
Herat
Qandahar
UNINHABITED
Approximate limit of winter pasture landDirection of spring migration routesGrazing area of western Pashtuns (mainly Durranis)Grazing area of eastern Pashtuns (mainly Ghilzais)Combined grazing are of western and eastern PashtunsBaluch winter quarters (other Baluch mingled with Pashtuns in the north)
Map 3. Nomadic migration routes
people and places 43
tained Afghanistan’s distinct regions: Herat in the west, Qandahar in the south, Mazar- i- sharif (Balkh) in the north, and the Kabul- Peshawar axis in the east. Th ese regions (and Afghanistan itself ) are part of the larger cultural- historical unit of Turko- Persia that encompasses the entire Iranian plateau.
Mountains and Rivers
When the Indian tectonic plate slammed into Asia millions of years ago, it raised up an arc of mountain ranges that are among the highest in the world. Afghanistan lies within the most eastern sector of this arc. Th e main
CHINA
IRAN PAKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
TAJIKISTANUZBEKISTAN
Kabul
Charikar
Baghlan
Faizabad
KunduzTaloqan
Jalalabad
KhyberPass
BolanPass
Farah
Shindand
Herat
Islam Qala Qala-i-nao
Maimana
Shibarghan Mazar-i-sharif
Aqcha
Dilaram
Zaranj
Lashkar GahGirishk Qandahar
Peshawar
SOUTHAFGHANISTAN
CENTRAL AFGHANISTAN
EASTAFGHANISTAN
NURISTAN
WAKHAN
BA
DA
KH
SHA
N
WESTAFGHANISTAN
NORTHWEST AFGHANISTAN
NORTH AFGHANISTAN
Spin Boldak
Qalat
Ghazni
MaidanPanjab
Bamiyan
Doshi
Pul-i-khumri
Darwaz
Tashkurghan
Gardez
Harirud
Farahrud
Murghab R. Bal
khab
R.
Samangan
Amu Darya
Helman
d
R.
Helmand R.
Argha
nda
Indu
s Riv
er
bR
.
Tarnak R.
Quetta
Map 4. Afghanistan’s regions
conquering and ruling 71
were fortunate. Th ey worked within a political system where the number of contestants for power was limited and they were only rarely challenged by the people they ruled.
Premodern Patterns of Establishing Legitimacy in Central Asia and Beyond
States have historically used wars of conquest as the primary means to incor-porate contested territory into their polities. For premodern states, wars of conquest were largely competitions among rival elites to control a subject population because the state as an institution was viewed as the property
CHINA
IRAN
PAKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
TAJIKISTANUZBEKISTAN
KabulKabulKabulHerat
Qandahar
Irrigated cultivationMixed dry farming and grazingForestSparse vegetation
Baghlan
Kunduz
Jalalabad
Farah
Mazar-i-sharif
Lashkar Gah
Girishk
Doshi
Pul-i-khumri
Khanabad
Map 5. Land use in Afghanistan
156 chapter three
Map 6. Afghan state with modern boundary highlighting Durand line with Pakistan
CHINA
IRAN
PAKISTAN
BaluchistanProvince
Nor th-WestFrontierProvince
INDIA
INDIA
TURKMENISTAN
A F G H A N I S T A N
TAJIKISTANUZBEKISTAN
Kabul
Islamabad
Charikar
Baghlan
Jalalabad
Farah
Herat
Mazar-i-sharif
Qandahar
Ghazni
The Durrand LineFederally AdministeredTribal Areas
Bamiyan
Balkh
Quetta
Peshawar
Kabul R.
Indu
s Rive
r
Indus R.
A r a b i a n S e a
Map 7. Contemporary Afghanistan
CHINA
IRAN
PAKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
TAJIKISTANUZBEKISTAN
Cities and townspopulationMore than 500,000150,000 to 500,000100,000 to 150,00050,000 to 100,000All others
Paved roadsMajor unpaved roadsRivers
KabulCharikar
Baghlan
Faizabad
Kunduz
Taloqan
Jalalabad
Farah
Harirud
Farahrud
Murghab R. Bal
khab
R.
Samangan
Amu Darya
H I N D U KU S H
Am
u D
arya
Helman
d R.
Helmand R.
Argha
ndab R.
Tarnak R.
Shindand
Herat
Islam Qala Qala-i-nao
Maimana
Shibarghan Mazar-i-sharif
Aqcha
Dilaram
Zaranj
Lashkar GahGirishk Qandahar
Spin Boldak
Qalat
S E I S T A N
H A Z A R A J A T
SHIWA
PAMIR
PAK
TYA
Ghazni
MaidanPanjab
Bamiyan
Darwaz
Tashkurghan
Gardez
Kunduz R.
Logar R.Kabul R.
Konar R.
Kokcha R.
NU
RIS
TAN