UWB_Lecture01_v2

8/6/2019 UWB_Lecture01_v2

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Ultrawideband systems:

Fundamentals and Standardization

Lecture 1

Min-Kuan Chang

National Chung Hsing University

Outline

Introduction to UWB Technology

History of UWB Technology

Regulation FCC ruling

UWB systems

IEEE 802.15.3a


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Introduction to UWB Technology

Introduction to UWB

UWB radio is the generic term describing radio

systems having very large bandwidths

for example,

One kind of definitions

bandwidth greater than 25% of the center frequency measure at the -

10 dB points

RF bandwidth greater than 1 GHz

Another kind of definitions

The bandwidth of signal is more than 1.5GHz regardless of

fractional bandwidth

Low fractional bandwidth

fractional bandwidth: radio of the BW to the center frequency

Traditional RF principles, antenna, and etc can be adopted

High frequency carrier results in high attenuation of the signal


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Introduction to UWB UWB, short-range radio technology, complements

other longer range radio technologies such as Wi-Fi,

WiMAX, and cellular wide area communications

Suitable for media-rich consumer electronic and home

entertainment systems

To achieve the idea of connectivity for everybody and

everything at any place and any time

Introduction to UWB

Ultra-wideband radio technology: bandwidth comparison of different

types of wireless systems (top); spectrum overlay principle (bottom) [8]


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Introduction to UWB Shannons Channel Capacity Theorem:

SNR)(1log*BC 2 +=

-10 0 10 20 30 400

2

4

6

8

10

12

14x 10

8

SNR (dB)

ChannelC

apacity(Bits/sec)

500 Mbps

UWB

NB

1 MHz10 MHz20 MHz30 MHz40 MHz50 MHz60 MHz70 MHz80 MHz90 MHz100 MHz200 MHz500 MHz

1 GHz

ComputedBandwidths

Introduction to UWB

Advantages:

Low power spectral density A low probability of detection (LPD) signature

A low probability of interception

Suitable for convert military or sensitive usage

Communications Extremely high data rate performance in multi-user

network applications

Relativity immune to multipath cancellation effects asobserved in mobile and in-building environments

Low interference to existing narrowband systems due tolow power spectral density


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Introduction to UWB Advantages:

Optimally sharing the existing radio spectrum resources

No need for allocating new and dedicated radio spectrum

Low Power Consumption

Low cost: nearly "all-digital", with minimal RF electronics

Integrated Services: Communications and Radar

Introduction to UWB

Potential Applications

Wireless Communications Systems Local and Personal Area Networks (LAN/PAN)

Roadside Info-station

Short range radios

Military Communications

Wireless USB

Wireless multimedia-driven home networking

Medical Heart monitoring

EM impulse vs. electrical impulse

Intrusive vs. non-intrusive medical monitoring


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Introduction to UWB Potential Applications

Radar and Sensing Vehicles

vehicle parking, reversing aids, short-range automatic cruise control

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) operating at low frequencies

Low penetration losses

Determine the structural soundness, locate buried or undergroundobjects,,

Imaging systems

Locate an object of interest behind or under another object Locate steel reinforced bar, electrical wiring or hidden pipe in

the wall Locate people hidden behind the wall or trapped under the debris

Through Wall Imaging (Police, Fire, Rescue)

Medical Imaging

Surveillance

Introduction to UWB

Potential Applications

Location Finding

Accuracy could be within a few centimeters

Precision location (inventory, GPS aid)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

To monitor the status and to locate of equipment in an area, like

warehouse or hospital

To monitor the status and to locate of personnel in an area, like

warehouse or hospital


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Introduction to UWB

Introduction to UWB


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History of UWB systems


In 1901, G. Marconi sent the first ever over-the-horizonwireless transmission from the Isle of Wight to Cornwall onthe British mainland

In 1942 - 1945 , several patents were filed on impulse radiosystems

In 1958, Kobzarev et. al. devised the first video pulse radio,which transmits short pulses without carrier

In mid 1960, the solid-state short-pulse generators wereinvented based on the avalanche injection

1965 G. Ross - Sperry Research development of UWBtechnology (1965-1980)

In 1968, Tektronix introduced the first time-domain receiver(sampler)

1972 Robbins fundamental patent on single-pulse, quantumtunneling detector


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History of UWB systems In 1973, Ross fundamental patent on UWB communications

U.S. Patent No. 3,728,632 (April 1973)

In 1973, Morey built the first video impulse groundpenetrating radar (Fundamental patent on UWB GPR U.S.Patent No. 3,806,795 (April 1973))

In 1975, Tektronix made UWB system commerciallyavailable

In late 1970s, Larry Fullerton demonstrated the practicality ofmodern low power impulse radio techniques

In early 1980, Ross et al. first demonstrated (free space) UWBcommunication system

In 1986, first fielded short pulse UWB Communicationssystem (Ross/Fontana)


In 1989, the name, ultra wideband, was first introduced

In 1989, Time Domain Corporation started to see for regulatory approvalfor intentional UWB emissions

In 2000, the FCC initiated a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on UWB

In 2002, the FCC 02-48 Report and Order officially set up the ruling ofUWB

FCC approved UWB system for the frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz FCC outlined standards for three types of civilian UWB devices,

allowed for commercial uses:

Imaging systems including ground penetrating radars, through-the-wall imaging, medical, and surveillance devices

Vehicular radar systems

Communications and measurement systems


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RegulationFCC ruling


Regulation determines the types of UWB

devices deployed

Consider the following example

PSDdbmw/Hz

range, m

1 10 100 1000

-60

-55

-50

-45

-40

FCC ruling

The predicted relationThe predicted relationbetween transmissionbetween transmission

distance and PSD of UWBdistance and PSD of UWB


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Key events of FCC ruling

In Sept. 1998, the FCC initiated a Notice of

Inquiry (NOI) to investigate the operation of UWB

systems on an unlicensed basis under Part 15 of its

ruling

In May 2000, the FCC published a Notice of

Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) on the revision ofits Part 15 rules to include UWB systems


Fractional bandwidth:

, where is the upper frequency and lower frequency at -

10db emission point A UWB device as any device where the fractional

bandwidth is greater than 0.2 or occupies 0.5 GHz ormore of spectrum

The spectral allocation is from 3.1GHz to 10.7GHz Based on this allocation, UWB is not considered a

technology

UWB becomes available spectrum for unlicensed use

( )

LH

LH

ff

ff

+

2

HfLf


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Frequency Bands

Considerations

Protect from interference the vitally important and

critical safety systems operating in the restricted

frequency bands, including GPS operations.

To cater to different potential applications of UWB

It should establish as few restrictions as possible on

UWB operating frequencies, except as necessary to

protect existing services against interference.


Frequency Bands and EIRP

Ultra-wideband radio technology: bandwidth comparison of different

types of wireless systems (top); spectrum overlay principle (bottom) [8]


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FCC First Report and Order and ETSI draft spectrum mask for

transmissions by UWB communication devices in indoor situations [9]

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is the apparent power transmitted towards the receiver, if it is assumed that the signal is radiatedequally in all directions, such as a spherical wave emanating from a point source; in other words, the arithmetic product of the power supplied toan antenna and its gain.

Frequency Bands and EIRP

Preliminary

Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, scientific research

institutions, commercial mining companies, and construction companies.

0.96 1.61

1.99

3.1 10.6

GPS

Band


Frequency Bands and EIRP UWB Emission Limits for GPRs, Wall Imaging, & Medical Imaging

Systems


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Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations.

Surveillance systems may also be operated by public utilities and industrial entities.

Preliminary

0.96 1.61

1.99 10.6

GPSBand


Frequency Bands and EIRP UWB Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems

Preliminary

0.96 1.61

1.99

3.1 10.6

GPSBand


Frequency band and EIRP UWB Emission Limit for Indoor Systems


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Preliminary

0.96 1.61

1.993.1 10.6

GPS

Band


Frequency band and EIRP UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Hand-held Systems

UWB systems


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UWB systems

UWB systems

Time-modulated (TM) - UWB

ultra-short monocycle wavelets

pulse position modulation

information symbol spans over multiple pulses

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

x 10-8

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Gaussian polycycle without both time-hopping and modulation in time domain

Time (second)

NormalizedAmplitude

0 5 10 15

x 109

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0Gaussian polycycle without both time-hopping and modulation in frequency domain

Frequency (Hz)

NormalizedSpectrum(

dB)

GMTGM

GM: Gaussian

Monocycle

TGM: Train of

Gaussian Monocycle

pulses without

modulation


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UWB systems

Time-modulated (TM) - UWB

Pulse-pulse interval varies in accordance with the

information signal and a channelization code

A channelization code is user-specific

PN sequences can be used as channelization codes

Provide the multiaccess feature

Remove the spikes in the original power spectral density

Randomize the UWB signal to yield a smooth resultant power

spectral density

UWB systems

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

x 10-8

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Gaussian polycycle with time-hopping and without modulation in time domain

Time (second)

NormalizedAmplitude

2 105 21

0 5 10 15

x 109

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0Gaussian polycycle with time-hopping and without modulation in frequency domain

Frequency (Hz)

NormalizedSpect

rum(

dB)

GMTGM HOP

GM: Gaussian Monocycle

TGM: Train of Gaussian Monocycle pulses without modulation


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UWB systems Direct-sequence (DS) - UWB

Similar to DS-CDMA systems

Wavelet pulse trains are direct-sequence modulated tospread the signal

Frequency-Hopping (FH) UWB similar to FH-SS systems

Multiband UWB OFDM-based system

Available spectrum is sliced into small subband fortransmission

Lower collision probability between neighboringuncoordinated piconet

UWB systems


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UWB systems UWB - OFDM

Using OFDM modulation to simplify channelequalization, capturing channel energy and digitalmodem implementation

Using Pulsed-OFDM instead of normal OFDM toadd the ability of getting the advantages of multi-path diversity and decreasing Complexity

Dividing the whole bandwidth to multiple sub-bands and hopping between these bands in order tofrequency spreading and multi-piconet support

UWB systems

First known laboratory prototype based on multibands (General Atomics, 2001) [11]


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UWB systems

The "Ironsides" wireless development platform with UWB node

cited from Intel report.

UWB systems

Challenges for UWB Pulse shaping

Tradeoff between modulation schemes and pulse repetitionrate

Broadband non-resonant antennas Wide RF bandwidth implementation

Synchronization

In-band interference

Signal processing beyond current DSP(today requires analog processing)

Global standardization


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UWB systems

Single band vs. Multiband

Two single-band and multiband cases supporting 200 Mb/s. Both systems transmit one signal each 5 ns, but the

multiband system cycles the signals through the 15 bands. Both systems have equivalent SNR. [11]

IEEE 802.15


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IEEE 802.15 Four trends that drives the growth of short-range

wireless Increasing demand for wireless data capability

At higher bandwidth

At low power consumption

At low cost

Crowding in radio spectra that regulator authoritiessegment and license in traditional ways

Growth of high speed wired access to the Internet in allareas

Shrinking semiconductor cost and power consumption forsignal processing

IEEE 802.15


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IEEE 802.15 High Rate WPAN:

Short Range (at least 10m, up to 70m possible)

High Data rates (currently up to 55 Mb/s, to be increased by SG3a to100-400 Mb/s)

Dynamic Topology: Mobile devices often join and leave piconet

Short time to connect (


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IEEE 802.15 Secure Network:

PK authentication (ECC mandatory)

Key distribution and management (PK)

Shared Key encryption (AES 128) and integrity (data andcommands, SHA-2)

Ease-of-use: Dynamic coordinator selection and handover

Does not rely on a backbone network Designed for relatively benign multipath environment:

Personal or home space (RMS delay spread


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IEEE 802.15

IEEE 802.15


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IEEE 802.15

10 1001

1

10

100

1000

BluetoothBluetooth

UWBUWB

Quality of ServiceQuality of Service

StreamingStreaming

UWBTablerange

IEEE 802.11 a/IEEE 802.11 a/b/gb/g

Data NetworkingData Networking

Range (m)

IEEE 802.15.3a

From Intel: Ultra-Wideband: A disruptive RF technology?"

Distance


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IEEE 802.15.3a Formed in Nov. 2001 to standardize UWB

systems

A standard for high-bit-rate PAN applications

Ability to support the stringent 110, 200, and 480Mb/s requirements with range less than 10 m

Candidate for wireless IEEE 1394, wireless USB

Multimedia home networking Power consumption is set at 100 to 250mW with

10-5 bit error rate

IEEE 802.15.3a

802.15.3a UWB PHY

MAC

USB Conv.Sub layer

IEEE1394 Conv.Sub layer

UPnP Conv.Sub layer

Other Conv.Sub layers

USB IEEE 1394 UPnP Other


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IEEE 802.15.3a Direct sequence (DS-UWB)

Championed by Motorola/XtremeSpectrum

Classic UWB, simple pulses

Each symbol is a series of wavelet pulses

2 frequency bands:, Lower Band Modes : 3.1-4.85GHz

Higher Band Modes : 6.2-9.7GHz

CDMA has been proposed at the encoding layer

Data rates derived by different length spreading codes: 124 chips/symbol

Spectrum dependent on the shaping filterpossiblediffering devices worldwide

IEEE 802.15.3a

Direct sequence (DS-UWB)

Data modulation scheme

BPSK

4-BOK Natural coding

Gray coding

Convolutional code used as FEC

Constraint Length k = 6 with code rate or

Constraint Length k = 4 with code rate or


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IEEE 802.15.3a

Direct sequence (DSDirect sequence (DS--UWB)UWB)

IEEE 802.15.3a

Lower Band ModesLower Band Modes


1/2BPSK/4-BOK1/211320

1/2BPSK/4-BOK1/21000

2/4BPSK/4-BOK2/41660

2/4BPSK/4-BOK2/4500

3/6BPSK/4-BOK3/6220

6/12BPSK/4-BOK6/12110

12BPSK1255

24BPSK2428

Chips/SymbolModulationCode LengthFEC RateData rate

(Mbps)


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IEEE 802.15.3a

Higher Band ModesHigher Band Modes


2/4BPSK/4-BOK2/411320

2/4BPSK/4-BOK2/41000

4/6BPSK/4-BOK4/61 / 660

4BPSK4500

6/12BPSK/4-BOK6/12220

12BPSK12110

24BPSK2455

Chips/SymbolModulationCode LengthFEC RateData rate

(Mbps)

IEEE 802.15.3a

Direct sequence (DS-UWB)

Advantages

Very low interference along ENTIRE spectrum

Avoids potential cross-border interferenceDisadvantages

Higher complexity of device

Higher power use

Higher cost


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IEEE 802.15.3a Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM) Intel/TI/many others

Similar in nature to 802.11a/g

14 528MHz bands (simplest devices need to support 3 lowest bands,3.1GHz4.7 GHz)

128-point IFFT/FFT generates OFDM carriers

constellations limited to QPSK

Data coded across all bands

Data rate (Mbps): 55, 80, 110, 160, 200, 320,and 480 exploit frequency diversity

robust against multi-path and interference

Spectrum shaping flexibility for international use

IEEE 802.15.3a


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Current UWB activities

Multispectral Solutions, Inc. Receives $24.5

Million Production Contract From The U.S.

Navy For UWB Communications Systems

Alereon Demos 480 Mbps UWB

Samsung and Freescale demonstrate Ultra-

Wideband-enabled cell phone

IEEE 802.15.3a

1.4Mbps/m2200uW10m802.15.3

55kbps/m2200mW50m802.11a

5kbps/m250mW100m802.11g

1kbps/m250mW100m802.11b

30kbps/m21mW10m802.15.1a

capacityTX PowerRangeType


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IEEE 802.15.3a

Wireless Personal Area Network

A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is awireless ad hoc data communications system whichallows a number of independent data devices tocommunicate with each other. A WPAN is

distinguished from other types of data networks inthat communications are normally confined to aperson or object that typically covers about 10 metersin all directions and envelops the person or a thingwhether stationary or in motion


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References1. R.A. Scholtz and M.Z. Win, Impulse Radio, Invited Paper, IEEE PIMRC '97,

Helsinki, 1997.

2. T. Mitchell, Broad is the way, IEE Review, pp. 35 39, Jan. 2001.

3. K. Siwiak, Ultra-wide band radio: introducing a new technology, IEEEVTC2001 Spring, pp. 1088 1093, May, 2001.

4. K. Siwiak, P. Withington, and S. Phelan, Ultra-wide band radio: the emergenceof an important new technology, IEEE VTC 2001 Spring, pp. 1169 1172, May2001.

5. FCC, Revision of part 15 of the commissions rules regarding ultra-widebandtransmission systems, First Report and Order, ET Docket 98-153, FCC 02-48,adopted/released Feb. 14/Apr. 22, 2002.

6. K. Siwiak, The potential of ultra wideband communications, IEEE ICAP 2003,pp. 225 228, 2003.

7. M. Nakagawa, H. Zhang, H. Sato, Ubiquitous homelinks based on IEEE 1394and ultra wideband solutions, IEEE Commun. Mag., pp. 74-82, April, 2003.

8. D. G. Leeper, Ultrawideband the next step in short range wireless, IEEERFIC Symposium , pp. 493 496, June, 2003.

9. D. Porchina, and W. Hirt, Ultra-wideband radio technology: potential andchallenges ahead, IEEE Commun. Mag., pp. 66-74, July, 2003.

10. A. Yarovoy, Ultra-wideband systems, IEEE Microwave Conference, pp. 597 600, Oct., 2003.

References11. R. Aiello and G. Rogerson, Ultra-Wideband Wireless Systems, IEEE

Microwave Magazine, pp. 36- 47, June 2003.

Documents

UWB_Lecture01_v2