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159
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development27-29 January 2011
Utilization of aquatic weeds obtained from Pak Phanang river basin
for producing as composting and planting material
Supaporn Buachum1 Prawit Towatana2 Somsak Boromthanarat3
1,2,3Program of Tropical Agricultural Resource Management, Prince of Songkla University
Khor Hong Sub district, Hat Yai District, Songkhla 90112
Telephone: +66-81541-6828
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Due to growth invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes) and water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea) resulted in both
enormous ecological and economic problems in Pak Phanang
river basin. Planting material and compost are interested choices
to control their growth. Variations of ratio between water hyacinth
(WH) and water mimosa (WM) (0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100%)
was set during digestion. The results revealed that moisture
content significantly decreased as water mimosa content increased
(53.32%, 43.33%, 38.94%, 31.51% and 28.69%, respectively).
The most appropriate ratio obtained at 100% WH for planting
material while in case of fertilizer reached at 70 WH: 30 WM after
60 days composting. In addition, nutrient in form of potassium,
K was also found in all treatments and was not showed in higher
value than standard level (1.0%) except in the treatment of T2
(0.51%). To large-scale utilization of these weeds by producing
planting material and compost could be a beneficial technique
for environmental management.
Keywords: aquatic weed, planting material, compost, water
hyacinth, water mimosa
1. Introduction Pak Phanang river basin is located on the south of
Thailand. It encompasses approximately 3,200 km2 covering
13 districts in 3 provinces of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Patthalung
and Songkhla. Pak Phanang area has been an important
civilian centre for long time because of its productive land, plenty of
water, forest, agriculture, economy and other activities. Recently,
situation was changed. Since, aquatic weed blooming has
become a serious problem covered many parts of the basin. It
has stretched over 158 of water ways with the total quantity of
350,000 tons [1]. Water hyacinth is the main exotic plant species,
which caused the major problems in water bodies. Another weed
of water mimosa, contributing to the issues of water flow, rapidly
grow, forming dense mats of vegetation that can restrict water
flow and impede movement, increase water loss by 3 times of
evapor-transpiration [2]. It also caused series problems to local
society in Pak Phanang. People encounter the problem for their
water transportation. It is well known that physical control is one
of the most traditional methods to control aquatic weed but it‘s too
costly and also requires a large labour force. Besides, there is a
general consensus that physical solution is only short-term control
measures. Appropriate policies and management tools should be
developed and used to ensure sustainable development being
able to utilize the resources for economic development and at
the same time preserving them for future generations. In this
issue, there are several projects about aquatic weed utilization.
Aquatic weed, mainly water hyacinth has been found useful as
a source of animal feed, fertilizers, a source of biomass energy,
handcraft making and paper. In addition, Water mimosa is also
being nutrient source for fertilizer, [3] raw materials for
firewood and fuel. The report indicated that water hyacinth mixed
with earth, cow dung and wood ashes in the Chinese compost
fashion gives compost in about two months. It contains on an
average (dry matter basis): N - 2.05%; P (as P2O
5) - 1.1%;
K (as K2O) - 2.5%; Ca (as CaO) - 3.9%. [4]. They concluded that
composting made from water hyacinths in developing countries
is a feasible method because of its ability to retain most of
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and attain satisfactory
degree of composting within a relatively short period of time.
However, potential uses of water hyacinth and mimosa do not
promote weed utilization to the level that qualifies it as a viable
control option and there is a few study in term of its abilities.
Therefore, it is one of integrated aquatic weed methods that
need careful study call for the proper management of a very
complex situation.
The objective of this study was to investigate potential
of aquatic weeds (water hyacinth and water mimosa) to produce
as composting and planting material.
2. Materials and Methods Water hyacinth and Water mimosa were collected
from Pak Phanang River, Pak Phanang District, Nakhon
Si-Thammarat. The samples were cut small pieces (5 cm length)
to allow decomposed. To decrease moisture content, the
samples were dried by sun light for 8 hr [4]. The experiment
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The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development27-29 January 2011
was conducted for 5 designed treatments with combination of
WH and WM as follows:
T1: 100% WH,
T2: 70%WH : 30%WM
T3: 50%WH: 50%WM,
T4: 30%WH: 70%WM and
T5: 100%WM
For reproducibility, each treatment was done for four
replications [5]. For each bed (1m w × 1.5m l × 1 m height)
were made by using 200 kg weeds following T1 to T5. Other
compositions of 40 kg cow dung, 0.4 kg urea and 30 g LDD1
activator (named as super LDD1). In each treatment, 70 kg
chopped weeds were piled in the bottom of based layer. Then,
20 kg dry powdered cow dung was put on top, cow dung and
urea nitrogen were also added as nitrogen sources. Hereafter,
10g microbial activators named as LDD1 was sprayed above the
cow dung layer. The materials were again piled layer by layer
in the abovementioned order repeatedly then upper layer was
covered with the chopped weeds. Afterwards, the plastic bags
were used to cover and maintained for anaerobic fermentation
at desired temperature to promote thermophiles activities
[6]. Each bed was arranged under shade following complete block
design. Watering was done in each bed when required to keep
the bed moist and turn over the compost to aerate the compost
bed to limit temperatures to below 65°C [7]. During decompose
process, the samples were taken from homogenized compost
treatments. Sub-sample were taken from 10 different points of
compost bed (bottom, surface, side, and centre) at each stage
of composting raw sludge mixture (0 day, 15, 30, 45 and 60
days of composting), the samples were analyzed properties of
pH, moisture content, organic carbon and organic matter, total
N and C:N ratio. After 60 days of composting, the samples were
then carried to laboratory for physico-chemical analysis (table1).
Cow dung used in the experiment was also examined for basic
physical and chemical properties.
Table1: Physico-chemical analysis method of aquatic weed
composts
T1: 100% WH,
T2: 70%WH : 30%WM
T3: 50%WH: 50%WM,
T4: 30%WH: 70%WM and
T5: 100%WM
For reproducibility, each treatment was done for four replications [5]. For each bed (1m w × 1.5m l × 1 m height) were made by using 200 kg weeds following T1 to T5. Other compositions of 40 kg cow dung, 0.4 kg urea and 30 g LDD1 activator (named as super LDD1). In each treatment, 70 kg chopped weeds were piled in the bottom of based layer. Then, 20 kg dry powdered cow dung was put on top, cow dung and urea nitrogen were also added as nitrogen sources. Hereafter, 10g microbial activators named as LDD1 was sprayed above the cow dung layer. Thematerials were again piled layer by layer in the abovementioned order repeatedly then upper layer was covered with the chopped weeds. Afterwards, the plastic bags were used to cover and maintained for anaerobic fermentation at desired temperature to promote thermophiles activities [6]. Each bed was arranged under shade following complete block design. Watering was done in each bed when required to keep the bed moist and turn over the compost to aerate the compost bed to limit temperatures to below 65°C [7]. During decompose process, the samples were taken from homogenized compost treatments. Sub-sample were taken from 10 different points of compost bed (bottom, surface, side, and centre) at each stage of composting raw sludge mixture (0 day, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of composting), the samples were analyzed properties of pH, moisture content, organic carbon and organic matter, total N and C:N ratio. After 60 days of composting, the samples were then carried to laboratory for physico-chemical analysis (table1). Cow dung used in the experiment was also examined for basic physical and chemical properties.
Table1: Physico-chemical analysis method of aquatic weed composts
Estimation of the amount of water hyacinth and water mimosa from field site was also studied to get a better understanding of water hyacinth and water mimosa productivity within the Basin that is gotten to utilize and to answer the question “how many weed was reduced in the targeted using this utilization method?”. Water hyacinth and water mimosa were collected at the field to estimate their population. A square metre quadrate was randomly thrown on mats of plants, allowed to drain of excess water for five minutes. The number of plants per quadrate was recorded. Following parameters were recorded: fresh weight; number of plant and biomass. A sample of a kilogram plants were weighed, dried at 80°C for 48 hours and reweighed to provide a ratio of dry weight to wet weight.
3. Results and DiscussionsProfile of physical and chemical properties
during composting of aquatic weed was carried out. In Figure 1 after 60 days maturation, the compost turned into black colour and soil-like texture and had no smell for all treatments especially in T1 (100%WH), but in treatments T2-T5 some parts of branch were not decomposed because of their strong.
Figure 1: Different substrates ratios of water hyacinth and water mimosa during composting.
Figure 2 shows variation of temperature during composting. The initial temperature started from reached 29.50 °C for all treatments. For the first turning, high temperature of 46.17 °C was found at day 10 and reached the highest temperature at 50.10°C in the second turning (day 20). After that, it slowly decreased until at the end of period. Previously, gave an explanation that because of microbial activity involved [8,9].
Parameters Method pH pH meter 1:5 H2OMoisture content (%) AOAC
organic matter (%OM) Walkly and Black method
Carbon C = OM / 2 Total nitrogen (%) Kjeldahl method C/N ratio Calculation Phosphorus as P2O5 (%) AOAC Potassium as K2O (%) AAS Calcium as CaO (%) AAS Magnesium as MgO (%) AAS
T1: 100% WH,
T2: 70%WH : 30%WM
T3: 50%WH: 50%WM,
T4: 30%WH: 70%WM and
T5: 100%WM
For reproducibility, each treatment was done for four replications [5]. For each bed (1m w × 1.5m l × 1 m height) were made by using 200 kg weeds following T1 to T5. Other compositions of 40 kg cow dung, 0.4 kg urea and 30 g LDD1 activator (named as super LDD1). In each treatment, 70 kg chopped weeds were piled in the bottom of based layer. Then, 20 kg dry powdered cow dung was put on top, cow dung and urea nitrogen were also added as nitrogen sources. Hereafter, 10g microbial activators named as LDD1 was sprayed above the cow dung layer. Thematerials were again piled layer by layer in the abovementioned order repeatedly then upper layer was covered with the chopped weeds. Afterwards, the plastic bags were used to cover and maintained for anaerobic fermentation at desired temperature to promote thermophiles activities [6]. Each bed was arranged under shade following complete block design. Watering was done in each bed when required to keep the bed moist and turn over the compost to aerate the compost bed to limit temperatures to below 65°C [7]. During decompose process, the samples were taken from homogenized compost treatments. Sub-sample were taken from 10 different points of compost bed (bottom, surface, side, and centre) at each stage of composting raw sludge mixture (0 day, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of composting), the samples were analyzed properties of pH, moisture content, organic carbon and organic matter, total N and C:N ratio. After 60 days of composting, the samples were then carried to laboratory for physico-chemical analysis (table1). Cow dung used in the experiment was also examined for basic physical and chemical properties.
Table1: Physico-chemical analysis method of aquatic weed composts
Estimation of the amount of water hyacinth and water mimosa from field site was also studied to get a better understanding of water hyacinth and water mimosa productivity within the Basin that is gotten to utilize and to answer the question “how many weed was reduced in the targeted using this utilization method?”. Water hyacinth and water mimosa were collected at the field to estimate their population. A square metre quadrate was randomly thrown on mats of plants, allowed to drain of excess water for five minutes. The number of plants per quadrate was recorded. Following parameters were recorded: fresh weight; number of plant and biomass. A sample of a kilogram plants were weighed, dried at 80°C for 48 hours and reweighed to provide a ratio of dry weight to wet weight.
3. Results and DiscussionsProfile of physical and chemical properties
during composting of aquatic weed was carried out. In Figure 1 after 60 days maturation, the compost turned into black colour and soil-like texture and had no smell for all treatments especially in T1 (100%WH), but in treatments T2-T5 some parts of branch were not decomposed because of their strong.
Figure 1: Different substrates ratios of water hyacinth and water mimosa during composting.
Figure 2 shows variation of temperature during composting. The initial temperature started from reached 29.50 °C for all treatments. For the first turning, high temperature of 46.17 °C was found at day 10 and reached the highest temperature at 50.10°C in the second turning (day 20). After that, it slowly decreased until at the end of period. Previously, gave an explanation that because of microbial activity involved [8,9].
Parameters Method pH pH meter 1:5 H2OMoisture content (%) AOAC
organic matter (%OM) Walkly and Black method
Carbon C = OM / 2 Total nitrogen (%) Kjeldahl method C/N ratio Calculation Phosphorus as P2O5 (%) AOAC Potassium as K2O (%) AAS Calcium as CaO (%) AAS Magnesium as MgO (%) AAS
Estimation of the amount of water hyacinth and
water mimosa from field site was also studied to get a
better understanding of water hyacinth and water mimosa
productivity within the Basin that is gotten to utilize and to answer
the question “how many weed was reduced in the targeted
using this utilization method?”. Water hyacinth and water
mimosa were collected at the field to estimate their population. A
square metre quadrate was randomly thrown on mats of plants,
allowed to drain of excess water for five minutes. The number of
plants per quadrate was recorded. Following parameters were
recorded: fresh weight; number of plant and biomass. A sample
of a kilogram plants were weighed, dried at 80°C for 48 hours
and reweighed to provide a ratio of dry weight to wet weight.
3. Results and Discussions Profile of physical and chemical properties during
composting of aquatic weed was carried out. In Figure 1 after
60 days maturation, the compost turned into black colour and
soil-like texture and had no smell for all treatments especially in
T1 (100%WH), but in treatments T2-T5 some parts of branch
were not decomposed because of their strong.
Figure 1: Different substrates ratios of water hyacinth and water
mimosa during composting.
161
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development27-29 January 2011
Figure 2 shows variation of temperature during
composting. The initial temperature started from reached 29.50 °C
for all treatments. For the first turning, high temperature of 46.17
°C was found at day 10 and reached the highest temperature
at 50.10°C in the second turning (day 20). After that, it slowly
decreased until at the end of period. Previously, gave an
explanation that because of microbial activity involved [8,9].
Figure 2: Temperature changes during composting as a function of different ratios of WH:WM
Furthermore, it was observed that temperature gradually declined to 33.29 °C after 60 days composting. This is on agreement with Jann et al (2009) [10] suggested that during thermophilic phase, temperature could rise up to 60-70°C, although in this case the highest temperature was found at 53.78°C for treatment of 70% WH: 30% WM and average temperature (50.1°C) was observed. This could be attributed to the differences of material used and climate. However, Kapetanios (1993) also found that water hyacinth can be rapidly decomposed at temperature of 55 °C [11].
Figure 3 (a-b) shows changes of moisture content and pH during decomposition. The average initial pH of 8.46 was found and gradually decreased to 4.94 after 30 day composting. After that, it increased to 7.01 by day 45 and found final pH of the composting at 6.93. This perhaps related to decomposition process accompanied by production of fatty acids [8]. Typically during composting, the pH values are initially low, then it increases at the final stage and then decreasing in pH is expected [12]. Previous study [11] reported that composting made from water hyacinth reached the final pH of 6.8.
Moisture content is one of essential factors affecting on composting rate and maturity of the product. The initial moisture levels of T1 to T5 showed in the same order as 70.32, 70.16, 70.09, 69.96 and 96.44%, respectively and decreased to 59.09, 52.43, 50.37, 47.91 and 43.87%, respectively.
Figure 3: Changes in (a) Moisture content, (b) pH during composting
At 15 days composting, the decrease occurs mostly due to evaporation of water from the substrate at elevated temperatures. Water was added on T3 and T4 to keep the level between 50 and 60% moisture. The highest moisture content rate obtained in T1 for 100%WH treatment and is higher by 53.32, 43.33, 38.94, 31.51 and 28.69% in average final compost compared to the four other from T2-T5, respectively (Figure 3 (a)). There were significantly different in moisture content with respect to the water mimosa ratio in the compost. According to previous study [13] moisture content should remain in the range of 40-60% during composting process and the finalproduct should not higher than 35-45%. Therefore, moisture content in the treatment of T2 and T3 are suitable for composting. To reduce moisture, Kapetanios (1993) suggested that water hyacinths were either air dried in the sun (reduction of about 10% a day) or mixed with dry carbon sources such as newspaper, sawdust or rice husk ash.
Percentages of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen and C/N ratio changes during composting for all treatments are presented in Figure 4. At the first stage (15 days) the organic matter showed in the highest in T2. This may be caused by increase of substrate carbon resulting from CO2 which is accompanied by increase in pH. After that, all treatments gradually reduced as composting time. It can be seen that there was the OM reduction and a corresponding increase in nitrogen resulting in a lower OM to total nitrogen ratio (except for T4). There is an unavoidable loss of nitrogen liberated as ammonia [9]. Moreover, this is caused by decrease of the substrate carbon resulted from CO2 loss, plus the action of the azotobacteria which it can be fixed
(b)
Days of composting
(a)
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t (%
) 1st tu
rnin
g
2nd tu
rnin
g
3rd tu
rnin
g
4th tu
rnin
g
Figure 2: Temperature changes during composting as a function of different ratios of WH:WM
Furthermore, it was observed that temperature gradually declined to 33.29 °C after 60 days composting. This is on agreement with Jann et al (2009) [10] suggested that during thermophilic phase, temperature could rise up to 60-70°C, although in this case the highest temperature was found at 53.78°C for treatment of 70% WH: 30% WM and average temperature (50.1°C) was observed. This could be attributed to the differences of material used and climate. However, Kapetanios (1993) also found that water hyacinth can be rapidly decomposed at temperature of 55 °C [11].
Figure 3 (a-b) shows changes of moisture content and pH during decomposition. The average initial pH of 8.46 was found and gradually decreased to 4.94 after 30 day composting. After that, it increased to 7.01 by day 45 and found final pH of the composting at 6.93. This perhaps related to decomposition process accompanied by production of fatty acids [8]. Typically during composting, the pH values are initially low, then it increases at the final stage and then decreasing in pH is expected [12]. Previous study [11] reported that composting made from water hyacinth reached the final pH of 6.8.
Moisture content is one of essential factors affecting on composting rate and maturity of the product. The initial moisture levels of T1 to T5 showed in the same order as 70.32, 70.16, 70.09, 69.96 and 96.44%, respectively and decreased to 59.09, 52.43, 50.37, 47.91 and 43.87%, respectively.
Figure 3: Changes in (a) Moisture content, (b) pH during composting
At 15 days composting, the decrease occurs mostly due to evaporation of water from the substrate at elevated temperatures. Water was added on T3 and T4 to keep the level between 50 and 60% moisture. The highest moisture content rate obtained in T1 for 100%WH treatment and is higher by 53.32, 43.33, 38.94, 31.51 and 28.69% in average final compost compared to the four other from T2-T5, respectively (Figure 3 (a)). There were significantly different in moisture content with respect to the water mimosa ratio in the compost. According to previous study [13] moisture content should remain in the range of 40-60% during composting process and the finalproduct should not higher than 35-45%. Therefore, moisture content in the treatment of T2 and T3 are suitable for composting. To reduce moisture, Kapetanios (1993) suggested that water hyacinths were either air dried in the sun (reduction of about 10% a day) or mixed with dry carbon sources such as newspaper, sawdust or rice husk ash.
Percentages of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen and C/N ratio changes during composting for all treatments are presented in Figure 4. At the first stage (15 days) the organic matter showed in the highest in T2. This may be caused by increase of substrate carbon resulting from CO2 which is accompanied by increase in pH. After that, all treatments gradually reduced as composting time. It can be seen that there was the OM reduction and a corresponding increase in nitrogen resulting in a lower OM to total nitrogen ratio (except for T4). There is an unavoidable loss of nitrogen liberated as ammonia [9]. Moreover, this is caused by decrease of the substrate carbon resulted from CO2 loss, plus the action of the azotobacteria which it can be fixed
(b)
Days of composting
(a)
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t (%
) 1st tu
rnin
g
2nd tu
rnin
g
3rd tu
rnin
g
4th tu
rnin
g
Figure 2: Temperature changes during composting as a function
of different ratios of WH:WM
Furthermore, it was observed that temperature
gradually declined to 33.29 °C after 60 days composting.
This is on agreement with Jann et al (2009) [10] suggested
that during thermophilic phase, temperature could rise up to
60-70°C, although in this case the highest temperature was found
at 53.78°C for treatment of 70% WH: 30% WM and average
temperature (50.1°C) was observed. This could be attributed
to the differences of material used and climate. However,
Kapetanios (1993) also found that water hyacinth can be rapidly
decomposed at temperature of 55 °C [11].
Figure 3 (a-b) shows changes of moisture content and
pH during decomposition. The average initial pH of 8.46 was
found and gradually decreased to 4.94 after 30 day composting.
After that, it increased to 7.01 by day 45 and found final pH of
the composting at 6.93. This perhaps related to decomposition
process accompanied by production of fatty acids [8].
Typically during composting, the pH values are initially low, then it
increases at the final stage and then decreasing in pH is expected
[12]. Previous study [11] reported that composting made from
water hyacinth reached the final pH of 6.8.
Moisture content is one of essential factors affecting on
composting rate and maturity of the product. The initial moisture
levels of T1 to T5 showed in the same order as 70.32, 70.16,
70.09, 69.96 and 96.44%, respectively and decreased to 59.09,
52.43, 50.37, 47.91 and 43.87%, respectively.
Figure 3: Changes in (a) Moisture content, (b) pH during
composting
At 15 days composting, the decrease occurs mostly
due to evaporation of water from the substrate at elevated
temperatures. Water was added on T3 and T4 to keep the level
between 50 and 60% moisture. The highest moisture content
rate obtained in T1 for 100%WH treatment and is higher by
53.32, 43.33, 38.94, 31.51 and 28.69% in average final compost
compared to the four other from T2-T5, respectively (Figure 3
(a)). There were significantly different in moisture content with
respect to the water mimosa ratio in the compost. According to
previous study [13] moisture content should remain in the range
of 40-60% during composting process and the final product should
not higher than 35-45%. Therefore, moisture content in the
treatment of T2 and T3 are suitable for composting. To reduce
moisture, Kapetanios (1993) suggested that water hyacinths
were either air dried in the sun (reduction of about 10% a day)
or mixed with dry carbon sources such as newspaper, sawdust
or rice husk ash.
Percentages of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen
and C/N ratio changes during composting for all treatments are
presented in Figure 4. At the first stage (15 days) the organic
matter showed in the highest in T2. This may be caused by
increase of substrate carbon resulting from CO2 which is
accompanied by increase in pH. After that, all treatments
gradually reduced as composting time. It can be seen that there
was the OM reduction and a corresponding increase in nitrogen
resulting in a lower OM to total nitrogen ratio (except for T4).
162
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development27-29 January 2011
There is an unavoidable loss of nitrogen liberated as ammonia
[9]. Moreover, this is caused by decrease of the substrate car-
bon resulted from CO2 loss, plus the action of the azotobacteria
which it can be fixed nitrogen from the atmosphere [9]. At the
final stage, when the compost was matured, total nitrogen were
1.4, 1.56, 1.35, 1.38 and 0.94% for T 1-5, respectively.
Figure 4: Changes in (a) Organic matter (%OM), (b) total nitrogen
(%) and (c) C/N ratio during composting
The C/N ratio is an important parameter to indicate
for a successful composting. The optimum ratio is considered
to between 25 and 35 [7]. However, in this study, initial C/N
ratio was found at range 19-24 in each treatment. An increasing
was found at the first stage. It is resulted in N losses (Figure 4).
Decreasing in C was detected at 28.27%. The least C/N ratio
at 16.43 for T1 (100%WH) on the other hand the highest was
found in T5 (100% WM; 20.1). It depends on raw material used
and also its C/N ratio. This in agreed with previous study [7] who
that found C/N ratio (about 16) for water hyacinth compost.
Nutrient contents (% DM) were determined after 60
days composting (see Table 2). Major nutrient contents of N-P-K
(1.0-0.5-0.5) in compost fertilizer recommended by Ministry of
Agriculture and Cooperative, Thailand. [14].
nitrogen from the atmosphere [9]. At the final stage, when the compost was matured, total nitrogen were 1.4, 1.56, 1.35, 1.38 and 0.94% for T 1-5, respectively.
Figure 4: Changes in (a) Organic matter (%OM), (b) total nitrogen (%) and (c) C/N ratio during composting
The C/N ratio is an important parameter to indicate for a successful composting. The optimum ratio is considered to between 25 and 35 [7]. However, in this study, initial C/N ratio was found at range 19-24 in each treatment. An increasing was found at the first stage. It is resulted in N losses (Figure 4). Decreasing in C was detected at 28.27%. The least C/N ratio at 16.43 for T1 (100%WH) on the other hand the highest was found in T5 (100% WM; 20.1). It depends on raw material used and also its C/N ratio. This in agreed with previous study [7] who that found C/N ratio (about 16) for water hyacinth compost.
Nutrient contents (% DM) were determined after 60 days composting (see Table 2). Major nutrient contents of N-P-K (1.0-0.5-0.5) in compost fertilizer recommended by Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Thailand. [14].
Table2: Nutrient contents (mean values) found in different treatments at 60 days composting
Treatments Nutrient content (%DM)
Total N P2O5 K2O CaO MgO
T1 1.40a 0.83a 0.44a 1.86a 0.27a T2 1.55b 0.75b 0.51b 1.80a 0.27a T3 1.35a 0.62c 0.45a 1.61b 0.27a T4 1.38a 0.59c 0.45a 1.41c 0.26ab T5 0.94c 0.48d 0.39a 1.37c 0.21b
Values within columns with the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05) by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.
Likewise nutrients of N, P, K found in ranges of 0.5-1.0, 0.5 and 0.5-1.0 % respectively, in case of water hyacinth or weed compost [13]. After 60 days composting, the average major nutrients found in the treatment of 70% WH : 30%WM that was higher than other treatments. This occurs can be considered in the continued decomposition of organic matter during composting (see Figure 4). Organic matters decreased as of nutrients increases, although the nutrients did not change in 100%WM (Table2). Treatments 1-4 found N and P higher than standard level (1.0 and 0.5%). However, K nutrient in all treatments found in under standard level (0.5%) except only T2 (0.51%). To increase K content, the compost should be mixed with K source such as rice husk ash or molasses. In addition, Ca and Mg found in treatment 1 and 2 were higher than T3-5, this may be caused by completely decomposting.
Analysis of variance results (ANOVA) for the composting indicated that nutrients of Ca, N, P and K status were significantly different by treatments except only Mg showed that was not significant. This observation indicated that potentials of 2 aquatic weeds in optimal ratio for producing as composting.
The average wet weight of hyacinths and water mimosa was found at 14.62, 3.50 kg/m2 while maximum value reached at 19.22, 4.14 kg/m2. The average density was obtained 32.42, 12.31 with maximum values of 39.45 and 14.32 plants/m2 were found in cases of hyacinths and water mimosa. In addition, average biomass average was obtained at 3.78, 2.05 kg dry wt/m2 in cases of water hyacinth and water mimosa. According to get rid a ton of these from water surface. The water surface area has a great available to around 70 and 285 m2 for water hyacinth and water mimosa.
Org
anic
mat
ter (
%)
Tota
l N (%
) C
/N ra
tio
(b)
(c)
(a)
nitrogen from the atmosphere [9]. At the final stage, when the compost was matured, total nitrogen were 1.4, 1.56, 1.35, 1.38 and 0.94% for T 1-5, respectively.
Figure 4: Changes in (a) Organic matter (%OM), (b) total nitrogen (%) and (c) C/N ratio during composting
The C/N ratio is an important parameter to indicate for a successful composting. The optimum ratio is considered to between 25 and 35 [7]. However, in this study, initial C/N ratio was found at range 19-24 in each treatment. An increasing was found at the first stage. It is resulted in N losses (Figure 4). Decreasing in C was detected at 28.27%. The least C/N ratio at 16.43 for T1 (100%WH) on the other hand the highest was found in T5 (100% WM; 20.1). It depends on raw material used and also its C/N ratio. This in agreed with previous study [7] who that found C/N ratio (about 16) for water hyacinth compost.
Nutrient contents (% DM) were determined after 60 days composting (see Table 2). Major nutrient contents of N-P-K (1.0-0.5-0.5) in compost fertilizer recommended by Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Thailand. [14].
Table2: Nutrient contents (mean values) found in different treatments at 60 days composting
Treatments Nutrient content (%DM)
Total N P2O5 K2O CaO MgO
T1 1.40a 0.83a 0.44a 1.86a 0.27a T2 1.55b 0.75b 0.51b 1.80a 0.27a T3 1.35a 0.62c 0.45a 1.61b 0.27a T4 1.38a 0.59c 0.45a 1.41c 0.26ab T5 0.94c 0.48d 0.39a 1.37c 0.21b
Values within columns with the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05) by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.
Likewise nutrients of N, P, K found in ranges of 0.5-1.0, 0.5 and 0.5-1.0 % respectively, in case of water hyacinth or weed compost [13]. After 60 days composting, the average major nutrients found in the treatment of 70% WH : 30%WM that was higher than other treatments. This occurs can be considered in the continued decomposition of organic matter during composting (see Figure 4). Organic matters decreased as of nutrients increases, although the nutrients did not change in 100%WM (Table2). Treatments 1-4 found N and P higher than standard level (1.0 and 0.5%). However, K nutrient in all treatments found in under standard level (0.5%) except only T2 (0.51%). To increase K content, the compost should be mixed with K source such as rice husk ash or molasses. In addition, Ca and Mg found in treatment 1 and 2 were higher than T3-5, this may be caused by completely decomposting.
Analysis of variance results (ANOVA) for the composting indicated that nutrients of Ca, N, P and K status were significantly different by treatments except only Mg showed that was not significant. This observation indicated that potentials of 2 aquatic weeds in optimal ratio for producing as composting.
The average wet weight of hyacinths and water mimosa was found at 14.62, 3.50 kg/m2 while maximum value reached at 19.22, 4.14 kg/m2. The average density was obtained 32.42, 12.31 with maximum values of 39.45 and 14.32 plants/m2 were found in cases of hyacinths and water mimosa. In addition, average biomass average was obtained at 3.78, 2.05 kg dry wt/m2 in cases of water hyacinth and water mimosa. According to get rid a ton of these from water surface. The water surface area has a great available to around 70 and 285 m2 for water hyacinth and water mimosa.
Org
anic
mat
ter (
%)
Tota
l N (%
) C
/N ra
tio
(b)
(c)
(a)
Table2: Nutrient contents (mean values) found in different
treatments at 60 days composting
Values within columns with the same letter are not significantly
different at P < 0.05) by the Least Significant Difference (LSD)
test.
Likewise nutrients of N, P, K found in ranges of 0.5-
1.0, 0.5 and 0.5-1.0 % respectively, in case of water hyacinth
or weed compost [13]. After 60 days composting, the average
major nutrients found in the treatment of 70% WH : 30%WM
that was higher than other treatments. This occurs can be
considered in the continued decomposition of organic matter
during composting (see Figure 4). Organic matters decreased
as of nutrients increases, although the nutrients did not change
in 100%WM (Table2). Treatments 1-4 found N and P higher
than standard level (1.0 and 0.5%). However, K nutrient in all
treatments found in under standard level (0.5%) except only T2
(0.51%). To increase K content, the compost should be mixed
with K source such as rice husk ash or molasses. In addition,
Ca and Mg found in treatment 1 and 2 were higher than T3-5,
this may be caused by completely decomposting.
Analysis of variance results (ANOVA) for the
composting indicated that nutrients of Ca, N, P and K status were
significantly different by treatments except only Mg showed that
was not significant. This observation indicated that potentials of
2 aquatic weeds in optimal ratio for producing as composting.
The average wet weight of hyacinths and water mimosa
was found at 14.62, 3.50 kg/m2 while maximum value reached
at 19.22, 4.14 kg/m2. The average density was obtained 32.42,
12.31 with maximum values of 39.45 and 14.32 plants/m2 were
found in cases of hyacinths and water mimosa. In addition,
average biomass average was obtained at 3.78, 2.05 kg dry
wt/m2 in cases of water hyacinth and water mimosa. According
to get rid a ton of these from water surface. The water surface
area has a great available to around 70 and 285 m2 for water
hyacinth and water mimosa.
163
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development27-29 January 2011
4. Conclusions This finding suggests that water hyacinth and water
mimosa can be used as potential supplementary fertilizer source.
The best ratio of 70:30 (water hyacinth: water mimosa) is obtained
for producing planting material and compost fertilizer. Although
the problem from higher moisture content in case of 100% water
hyacinth was used for compost and also low K content found
for all treatments except in treatment 2 (T2). However, it can be
fixed after drying by sun light (about 10% a day reduction) or
mixed with carbon and potassium sources of sawdust and rice
husk ash. To increase moisture content in pile of water mimosa
at high, nutrient decompose should be increased and also part of
strong branches should be removed, because of difficult decay.
Results obtained in this study can be encouraged for further
research on aquatic weed management, especially for fertilizer
and planting material. Although, it is difficult to remove the weeds
from the natural water basin. However, this method can be used
as a tool for management strategies of aquatic weeds to keep
them at lower infestation levels and maintain water quality.
5. Acknowledgements The research is financial supported by Prince of
Songkla Graduate Studies Grant.
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