Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity)Adverse effects of statinsNiacin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam (mechanism, use, toEzetimibeFibrates (gemfibrozil + -fibrates) (mechanism, use, toxicity)Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Class 1A antiarrhythmicsClass 1B antiarrhythmicsClass 1C antiarrhythmicsClass 1 antiarrhythmics (general mechanism and toxicity)Class 2 antiarrhythmicsClass 3 antiarrhythmicsToxicity of amiodaroneClass 4 antiarrhythmicsAdeosine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Magnseium (mechanism, use, toxicity)Treatment for prolactinomaTreatment of secondary hyperaldosteronismTreatment of carcinoid syndromeRapid-acting insulins (3)Short-acting insulin (1)Intermediate-acting insulin (1)Long-acting insulins (2)Metformin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Tolbutamide, chlorpropamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Acarbose, miglitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Pramlintide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Exenatide, liraglutide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin (mechanism, use, toxicityPropylthiouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)Methimazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Oxytocin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Demeclocycline (mechanism, use, toxicity)Glucocorticoids (mechanism, use, toxicity)Cimetidine and ranitidine (mechanism, use, toxicity)-prazoles (mechanism, use, toxicity)Bismuth, sucralfate (mechanism, use, toxicity)Misoprostol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Octreotide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Toxicity of long-term antacid useInfliximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)Sulfasalazine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Ondansetron (mechanism, use, toxicity)Metoclopramide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Can be used to prevent mast cell degranulationTreatment of lead poisoningHeparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Enoxaparin, dalteparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Warfarin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase (mechanism, use, toxicityAspirin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Clopidogrel, ticlodipine, prasugrel, ticagrelor (mechanism, usCilostazol, dipyridamole (mechanism, use, toxicity)Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban (mechanism, use, toxicity)Methotrexate (mechanism, use, toxicity)5-fluorouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)Cytarabine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine (mechanism, Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) (mechanism, use, toxicity)Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin (mechanism, use, toBleomycin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin (mechanism,Busulfan (mechanism, use, toxicity)Vincristine, vinblastine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Paclitaxel (mechanism, use, toxicity)Cisplatin, carboplatin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Etoposide, teniposide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Hydroxyurea (mechanism, use, toxicity)Prednisone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Tamoxifen, raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)Trastuzumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)Imatinib (mechanism, use, toxicity)Rituximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)Vemurafenib (mechanism, use, toxicity)Bevacizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ketorolac, diclofenac (Celecoxib (mechanism, use, toxicity)Acetominophen (mechanism, use, toxicity)Alendronate (mechanism, use, toxicity)Allopurinol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Febuxostat (mechanism, use, toxicity)Probenecid (mechanism, use, toxicity)Colchine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Etanercept (mechanism, use, toxicity)Infliximab, adalimumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)Latanoprost (mechanism, use, toxicity)Morphine, fentanyl, cofeine, heroin, methadone, meperidinButorphanol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Tramadol (mechanism, use, toxicity)First-line therapy for simple partial seizuresFirst-line therapy for complex partial seizures

First-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures (3)First-line therapy for absence seizuresPhenytoin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Carbamazepine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Lamotrigine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Gabapentin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Topiramate (mechanism, use, toxicity)Phenobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity)Valproate (mechanism, use, toxicity)Ethosuximide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Benzodiazepines (mechanism, use, toxicity)Tiagabine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Vigabatrin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Levetriacetam (mechanism, use, toxicity)Phenobarbital, pentobarbial, thiopental, secobarbital (mechTriazolam, oxazepam, midazolam (mechanism, use, toxicityBarbituates vs. benzodiazepines (mechanism)Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Ketamine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Order of sensory loss when using local anestheticsSuccinylcholine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Tubocurarine, -curium drugs (mechanism, use, toxicity)Dantrolene (mechanism, use, toxicity)Levodopa/carbidopa (mechanism, use, toxicity)Selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine (mechanism, use, toxicSumatriptan (mechanism, use, toxicity)Trifluoperzine, fluphenazine, haloperidol (mechanism, use, tChlorpromazine, thioridazine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripripazoleLithium (mechanism, use, toxicity)Buspirone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram (mechanism, uVenlafaxine, duloxetine (mechanism, use, toxicity)-iptyline, -ipramine, doxepin, amoxapine (mechanism, use, tTranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegiline (mecBupropion (mechanism, use, toxicity)Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Maprotiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)Trazodone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Furosemide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Ethacrynic acid (mechanism, use, toxicity)Hydrochlorothiazide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Spironolactone, eplerenone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Triamterene, amiloride (mechanism, use, toxicity)Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Losartan, valsartan (mechanism, use, toxicity)Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Finasteride (mechanism, use, toxicity)Flutamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)Ketoconazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)Clomiphene (mechanism, use, toxicity)Tamoxifen (mechanism, use, toxicity)Raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)Anastrozole, exemestane (mechanism, use, toxicity)Mifepristone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Terbutaline (mechanism, use, toxicity)Tamsulosin (mechanism, use, toxicity)Sildenafil, vardenafil (mechanism, use, toxicity)Danazol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Treat methemoglobinemia withDiphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine (mechaLoratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetrizine (mechanisAlbuterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Salmeterol, formoterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)Theophylline (mechanism, use, toxicity)Ipratropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)Beclomethasone, fluticasone (mechanism, use, toxicity)Montelukast, zafirlukast (mechanism, use, toxicity)Zileuton (mechanism, use, toxicity)Omalizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)Guaifenesin (mechanism, use, toxicity)N-acetylcysteine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Bosentan (mechanism, use, toxicity)Dextromethorphan (mechanism, use, toxicity)Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine (mechanism, use, toxicityDifference in competitive vs noncompetitve inhibitors?What is Km?What is Vmax?What is bioavailability?Time to steady state depends on?What is rate of elimination in zero order kinetics?Give three drugs that are zero order eliminated.What is the rate of elimination for first order kinetics?How does ionization relate to urine pH?How do you treat overdose of weak acid? Give drug examplHow do you treat overdose of weak base? Give drug exampWhat is phase I drug metabolism? What pt. population losesWhat is phase II metaboloism? What population depend on What is efficacy?What is potency?What happends to efficacy when a partial agonist and full What is therapetuic index?What is a therapeutic window?

What are the two types of Nicotonic receptors? What kindAlpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein class, major functAlpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major functiBeta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major functioBeta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major functioM-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class, major function)M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major function)M-3 parasymp(G-protein class, major function)What receptor is responsible for miosis and accomadation?What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis?Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)Which receptors work via Gq -> Phospholipase C ->Pip2->DDAG causes activation of what?IP3 causes increase in what?Which receptors work via Gi->Adenyly cyclase ->cAMP ->PrWhich receptors work via Gs->adenylyate cyclase ->cAMP->What does protein kinase A do?What are the two classes of cholinomimetics?Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity)Carbachol(mechanism,use,toxicity)Pilocarpine(mechanism,use,toxicity)methacholine(mechanism,use,toxicity)Neostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)pyridostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)edrophonium(mechanism,use,toxicity)Physostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)Donepezil(mechanism,use,toxicity)signs of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. treatment.Parathion(mechanism, treatment)Atropine, homatropine, tropicamide (mechanism, use, toxiciBenztropine(mechanism,use,toxicity)Scopolamine(mechanism,use,toxicity)Ipratropium,tiotropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)Oxybutynin(mechanism,use,toxicity)Glycopyrrolate(mechanism,use,toxicity)Jimson Weed(mechanism, toxicity)Epinephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)Norepinephine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)Isoproterenol(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)dopamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)dobutamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)Phenylephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)Albuterol, salmetrol, terbutaline (Mechanism, receptors bou

Ritodrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)Amphetamine (mechanism, use)Epinephrine(Mechanism, use, toxicity)Cocaine (mechanims, use).Why must B-Blockers be avoided in suspected cocaine intoxHow does norepinephrine cause reflex bradycardia?How does isoproterenol cause reflex tachycardia?Clonidine, alpha-methyldopa(Mechanism, receptors bound,Phenoxybenzamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicphentolamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin,Tamsulosin(Mechanism, recepMirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)Describe what occurs when you alpha-blockade epi vs. pheGive 6 applications of Beta-blockers in general.give general toxicites of b-blockersWhat are the B1 selective b-blockers? When are they usefuWhat are the nonselective ( b1 = b2) b-blockers?what are the nonselective a and b-antagonists?What are the partial B-agonists?Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose.Give treatment for salicylates overdose.give treatment for amphetamines overdoseGive treatment for antimuscarinic and anticholinergic overGive treatment for b-blocker overdoseGive treatment for digitalis overdosegive treatment for iron overdose.give treatment for lead overdosegive treatment for mercury, arsenix, gold overdosegive treatment for copper, arsenic, gold overdosegive treatment for cyanidegive methemoglobin treatmentGive Carbon monocide treatmentgive treatment for methanol, ethylene glycol overdosegive treatment for opiods overdosegive treatment for benzodiazepine overdosegive treatment for TCA overdosegive treatment for heparin overdosegive treatment for warfarin overdosegive treatment for tPA, Streptokinase, urokinase overdosegive treatment for theophylline overdosegive treatment for acetylcholinesterase inhibitorscauses coronary vasospamcauses cutaneous flushingcauses dilated cardiomyopathycauses torsades de pointescauses agranulocytoisiscauses aplastic anemiacauses direct coombs positive hemolytic anemia

causes gray baby syndomrcauses hemolysis in G6PD-defiect patientscauses megaloblastic anemiaCauses thrombotic complicationsCauses coughcauses pulmonary fibrosiscauses acute cholestatic hepatits, jaundicecauses focal to massice hepatic necrosiscauses hepatitscan lead to pseudomembranous colitiscan lead to adrenocortical insufficiencycan causes gynecomastiacauses hot flashescauses hypergylcemiacauses hypothyroidismcauses fat redistributioncauses gingival hyperplasiacauses goutcauses myopathiescauses osteoporosiscauses photosensitivtycauses rash/SJScause drug induced lupuscauses teeth problemscauses tendonitis, tendon rupture, tooth damagecauses diabetes insipiduscauses fanconi's syndomecauses hemorrhagic cystitscauses interstital nephritiscauses SIADHcauses cinchonismcauses parkinson-like syndomecauses seizurescauses tardive dyskinesiaacts like an anti-muscariniccan cause a disulfiram like reactioncan cause nephro/ototoxicitylist p450 inducerslist p450 inhibitorslists the sulfa drugsDifference between peniciliin G and V.Penicillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)Oxacillin,Naficillin,Dicloxacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)Ampicillin, amoxicillin(mecanism,use,toxicity)Which has better bioavailibility; amoxicllin or ampicillin?What does clavulanic acid do?Ticarcillin,piperacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)List the B-lactamse inhibitors

Cephalosporin(mechanism,use,toxiciity)give use of cefazolin, cephalexin.give use of cefoxitin, cefaclor,cefuroxime`give use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime,ceftazidimegive use of cefepime.Aztreonam(mechanism,use,toxicty)what transpeptidase inhibitor can be used in penicillin allerimipenem/cilastatin,meropenem,etrapenem,doripenem(mecVancomycin(mechanism,use,toxicty)How is redman syndrome prevented in vancomycin use?How does vancomycin resistant occur?List antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitorsGentamicin, neomycin, amikacin,tobramycin,streptomycin(how does resistenace to aminoglycosides occur?tetracycline, doxycycline, demecycline,minocycline(mechanihow does resistance to tetracyclines occur?Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin(mechanism,use,how does resitance to macrolides occur?Chloramphenicol(mechanism,use,toxicity)what causes grey baby syndrome?How does resistance to chloramphenicol occur?clindamycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)Sulfamethoxazole(SMX), sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine(mechanishow does resistance to sulfonamides occur?Trimethoprim(mechanism,use,toxicity)ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, etc...(mechanism, ushow does resistance to fluroquinolones occur?What groups are susceptible to fluorquinolone tendon ruptMetronidazole(mechanism, use, toxicity)Isoniazid(mechanism,use,toxicity)Rifampin(mechanism,use,toxicity)Pyrazinamide(mechanism, use, toxicity)Ethambutol(mechanism,use,toxicity)Amphotericin B(mechanism, use, toxicity)nystatin(mechanism,use,toxicty)Fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, voriFlucytosine(mechanism, use, toxicity)Caspofungin, micafungin(mechanism, use, toxicity)terbinafine(mechanism,use,toxicity)Griseofulvin(mechanism,use,toxicity)Pyrimethamine usesuramin and melarsoprol usenifurtimox usesodium stibogluconate useChloroquine(mechanism,use,toxicity)quinidine useartemether/lumifantrine useZanamivir,oseltamivir(mechanism,use)

Ribavarin(mechanism,use,toxicity)Acyclovir,valacyclovir(mechanism, use, toxicity)Famciclovir usemechanism for resistance to acyclovirGanciclovir,valgangciclovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)mechanism for resistance to acyclovirFoscarnet(mechanism,use,toxicity)mechanism for resistance to foscarnetcidofovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)HAART consist of what?give mechanism and toxicity of protease inhibitorsRitonavir does what to be a "booster"Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudineNevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine(mechanism,use,toxicity)Raltegravir(mechanism,use,toxicity)Interferons(mechanism,use,toxicity)What antibiotics must be avoided in pregnancy?cause direct toxicity to nervesBy what mechanism does isoniazid cause B6(pyridoxine) losWhat medications can be given before Amphotercin B infusioDoes digoxin cause hyper or hypokalemia? which states increlist signs of ammonia overdosecause restrictive lung diseaseContrast urine Ca with loop diuretics and thiazidesWhat is a sensitive indicator of alcohol abuse?What is the treatment for delirium tremens?Why is the naloxone-buprenorphine combo used for heroinWhat is neuroleptic malignant syndrome? What is the treatWhat is tardive dyskinesa? Is it reversible?What is serotonin syndrome? what is the treatment?What can long term Phenactin use cause?What are the teratogenic effects of ACE inhibitors?What are the teratogenic effects of alkylating agents?What are the teratogenic effects of aminoglycosides?What are the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine?What are the teratogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol?What are the teratogenic effects of folate antagonists?What are the teratogenic effects of lithium?What are the teratogenic effects of phenytoin?What are the teratogenic effects of tetracyclinesWhat are the teratogenic effects of thalidomideWhat are the teratogenic effects of valproate?What are the teratogenic effects of warfarin?At what time period is a fetus most susceptable to teratogeWhat are the teratogenic effects of vitamin a?What are the teratogenic effects of cocaine?What are the teratogenic effects of smoking?What drug is the leading cause of birth defects and mental rWhat are the toxicities of Loop diuretics?

What are the toxicites of HCTZ?By what mechanisms do thiazides and loop diutetics cause mWhat drugs can stimulate prolactin secretion?What is a difference in the mechanism of PTU and methimaCan sulfonylureas be used in type 1 DM?What drugs can be used to treat type 1 AND 2 DM?What drug is used to prevent tumor lysis urate neuropathy?List acute and chronic gout drugs.probenacid(mechanism, use, tox)febuxostat(use, mechanism)Polymixin B(mechanism, use, toxicity)Methylphenidate, destroamphetamine, methamphetamine(mPhytonadione(use)Leucovorin(use,mechanism)Protamine sulfate (use, mechanism)What is tyramine crisis caused by?Why is phenoxybenzamine prefered over phentolamine forWhy is Lactulose fed to people with hepatic encephalopathEculizumab(mechanism, use)Cladribine(mechanism, use)Trans-retinoic acid(use)Is an increase in serum creatinine normal after starting ACE Daptomycin(mechanism, use, toxicity)Ondansetron acts on 5HT3 receptors in what location, in oWhy must mu agonists be avoided in suspected pancreatic orWhat drugs inhibit dihydrofolate reductase?Varenicline(mechanism, use)What class of drug can precipitate mania in those with bipolWhat is the treatment for sleep enuresis?In general, what is the best drug to use for edema of any kiWhich drug used for hyperthyroidism decreases peripheralCan atropine be used to block gastric secretions? why or wFomepizole(mechanism, use)Disulfiram(mechanism, use)What can be given to those suffering from hyperammonia What is first dose effect, typically seen in A1 blockers?Which nitrate can be given PO?Colchine stops what specific cell to decrease gout symptomWhat is the first line drug used to treat hypertension in preWhy is MRSA resistant to Naficillin but normal S. Aureus is Palizumab(mechanism, use)Rhogam(mechanism, use)Entacapone, Tolcapone (mechanism, use, tox)What opioid effect is most resistant to tolerance?Aldesleukin (mechanism, use)Epoetin Alfa(mechanism, use)Filgrastim, Sargramostim (mechanism, use)alpha-inerferon(use)

B-Interferon(use)gamma-interferon(use)Oprelvekin(mechanism, use)thromopoietin(use)Muromonab-CD3 (mechanism, use)Digoxin Immune Fab(mechanism, use)Rasburicase (mechanism, use)denosumab(mechanism, use)What keeps heparin from crossing the placental barrier?cyclosporine(mechanism, use, toxicity)Isotretinoin, tretinoin, Acitretin(mechanism,use,toxicityCalcipotrol(mechanism, use)Orlistat(mechanism, use)giving what drug 30 minutes before Niacin can help reduce Paclitaxil or sirolimus are commonly used in cardiac stents.What is the drug used for Pre-eclampsi and ecplamsia?Bortezomib(mechanism,use, toxicity)What causes nitroprusside toxicity? What is the antidote?Memantine(mechanism, use, toxicity)What vitamin is used in alzheimer's treatment?In gas anesthesias, what is the lipid solubility and the blood Calcitrol, calcipotriene, tacalcitol (mechanism, use)Usetekinumab(mechanism, use)Why is it required to wait 14 days after stoping a MAO-i befLepirudin, Bivalirudin (mechanism, use)Ropinirole, Pramipexole (mechanism, use)what are the uses of amantidine for parkinsons?What compound can cause sickling of sickle cell trait RBC'sHow do atypical antipsychotics avoid causing parkinson's Which anti-inflammatories will not impair platlet aggregatioNatalizumab(mechanism, use, toxicity)What drugs are preferred in medication induced parkinson'What defines induction and potency in gas anesthetics?

Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in angina; fast tolerance, hypotension, flushing, headacheHepatoxicity and muscle breakdownInhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL secretion, lowering LDL and raising HDL; hyperlipidemia; flushing and hyperuricemiaInhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL; unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorptionPrevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDLUpregulates LPL -> lower triglycerides, slightly inc. HDL and slightly dec. LDL; myositis and hepatoxicityInhibits Na/K ATPase -> indirectly inhibits Na/Ca exchanger -> inc. calcium levels -> inc. contractility; stimulates the vagus; causes cholinergic symptomQuinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide; inc. AP duration and QT interval; can cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism (qunidine), procainamide (drugLidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in depolarized/ischemia tissue; best following MIFlecainide, propafenone; no effect on AP, used in ventricular tachycardias; do not use post-MI due to risk for arrhythmiasBlocks Na channels, decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization; toxicity exacerbated by hyperkalemiaBeta-blockers; reduces cAMP, slowing SA and AV node activity, increases PR interval; adverse effects include impotence, asthma exacerbation, sedationAmiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP duration and QT intervalPulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunctionCa channel blockers; verapamil and diltiazem; dec. conduction velocity and inc. PR interval; cause constipation, flushing, and edemaInc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular tachycardias; can cause flushing, hypotension, and chest painUsed in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicityBromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists)Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist)Octreotide (somatostatin analogues)Lispro, aspart, and glulisineRegularNPHGlargine and detemirBiguanide; unknown mechanism; increases insulin sensitivity and glycolysis and decreases gluconeogenesis; can cause lactic acidosis (don't use in renal faFirst-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes disulfuram-like effectsSecond-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes hypoglycemiaThiazolidinediones; activates PPAR-gamma, increasing insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels; causes weight gain, hepatotoxicity, and heart failureAlpha-glucosidase inhibitors; prevent sugar hydrolysis and absorption, reducing blood sugar levelsAmylin analog; reduces glucagon secretion; causes hypoglycemiaGLP-1 analogues; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion; causes pancreatitisDPP-4 inhibitors; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion; causes mild urinary/respiratory infectionsBlocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; used to treat hyperthyroidism; causes agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicityBlocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenicThyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosisUsed to control uterine hemhorrageADH antagonist used to treat SIADH; can cause photosensitivty and bone/teeth abnormalitiesInhibits phospholipase A2 activity and expression of COX-2; used for immune suppression; can cause Cushing's syndrome, adrenal insufficiency (if withdH2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia; cimeditine is a P-450 inhibitor and has antiandrogenic effects, both reduce creatinine secretionIrreversibly inhibit the H/K pump; used to treat hyperchloridia; increased risk of C. difficile infection and hypomagnesemiaCoats ulcer base and protects underlying tissuePGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb production; used to prevent NSAID ulcers; abortifacientSomatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndromeHypokalemiaAnti-TNF; used to treat IBD and RA; can cause activation of latent microbesCombination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory); used to treat IBD; causes oligospermia5-HT3 antagonist; used as an antiemeticD2 antagonist; used to increase gut muscle activity and as an antiemetic; causes parkinson signs

Cromolyn sodiumDimercaprol and EDTA, succimer in kidsActivates antithrombin, which inactivates thrombin and Xa; used for immediate coagulation and in pregnant women; some patients develop antibodies to Same actions as heparin, but has a longer half-life, does not have to be monitored as closely, and has a reduced risk of HITInactivated gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, C, and S; used for long-term and non-immediate anticoagulation; can cause tissue necrosis, teraConverts plasminogen to plasmin; used as a thrombolyticIrreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory; gastric ulcers, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome in childhood viral infectionsIrreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets, preventing degranulation; used for acure coronary syndrome; ticlodipine causes neutropeniaPhosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and decreases ADP, preventing platelet degranulation; nausea, headache, facial flushing, hypotensionGPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, preventing platelet aggregation; bleeding, thrombocytopeniaInhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, macrovesicular fatty change in liverPyrimidine analog that is activated and inhibits thymidylate synthase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, photosensitivityPyrimidine analog that inhibits DNA polymerase; leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemiaPurine analogs that are activated by HGPRT and inhibit purine synthesis; toxicity is increased with allopurinol, causes bone marrow, GI, and liver toxicityDNA intercalator; used for childhood tumors; myelosuppressionGenerates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; dilated cardiomyopathy(Dexrazoxone, an iron chelator, prevents this), myelosuppression, alopeciGenerates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; pulmonary fibrosis with minimal myelosuppressionCrosslinks DNA (must be activated by liver); myelosuppression, hemhorragic cystitis (can be minimized with mesna)Used to treat CNS tumorsAlkylates DNA; pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentationBlock microtubule polymerization; vincristine causes neurotoxicity, vinblastine causes bone marro suppressionBlocks microtubule breakdown; myelosuppressionCrosslinks DNA; nephrotoxicity (minimize with chloride diuresis, amifostine), acoustic n. damageInhibits topoisomerase II; myelosuppression, GI upset, alopeciaInhibits ribonucleotide reductase and increases HbF; used in cancers and HbSS disease; bone marrow suppressionUnknown but may trigger apoptosis in dividing cells; Cushingoid symptomsPrevents estrogen receptor binding; used in breast cancer and prevention of osteoporosis; tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial cancer due to agonAntibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicityAntibody against bcr-abl tyrosine kinaseAntibody against CD20; used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritisB-raf kinase inhibitor (V600 mutation); used in metastatic melanomaAntibody against VEGFReversible COX inhibitor; gastric ulcers, renal ischemia (due to constriction of afferent arteriole)Reversible COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory without damage to gastric mucosa; sulfa allergy, thrombosisCOX inhibitor in the CNS (not anti-inflammatory); causes hepatic necrosisPyrophosphate analog that inhibits osteoclasts; used to treat osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease; corrosive esophagitisXanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of uric acidXanthine oxidase inhibitorInhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCTInhibits microtubule polymerization, preventing neutrophil extravasationTNF-alpha receptor that binds free TNF-alphaAnti-TNF-alpha antibodyPGF2 analog that increases the outflow of aqueous humor; can cause darkening of the irisMu opioid agonists that open K channels and close Ca channels, inhibting synaptic transmission; addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosisMu opioid partial agonist; used to treat severe pain; causes withdrawal if being treated with full agonistWeak opioid agonist that inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake; increases risk for seizuresCarbamazepineCarbamazepine

Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproateEthosuximideIncreases Na channel inactivation and inhibits glutamate release; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and status epilecticus prophylaxis;Increases Na channel inactivation; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia; agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, P450Blocks Na channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures; Steven-Johnson syndromeInhibits Ca channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures, migraine prophylaxis, peripheral neuropathy, bipolar disorder; ataxiaBlocks Na channels and increases GABA secretion; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and migraine prevention; mental dulling, kidney stIncreases GABA channel action; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures in children; P450 inducerIncreases Na channel inactivation and increases GABA levels; first-line for tonic-clonic seizures, used for simplex, complex, tonic-clonic, and myoclonic sBlocks thalamic Ca channels; first-line for absence seizures; GI distress, Steven-Johnson syndromeIncreases frequency of GABA channel opening; first-line for status epilepticus (diazepam, lorazepam), used for eclampsia seizures (diazepam, lorazepam), Inhibits GABA reuptake; used for simple and complex seizuresIrreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing GABA concentration; used for simple and complex seizuresUnknown mechanism; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizuresIncrease duration of GABA channel opening; induction of anesthesia, sedative; CNS depression, P450 inducer, contraindicated in patients with porphyriaShort-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potentialIncrease duration vs. increase frequencyBZ1 subtype GABA channel agonists; used to treat insomniaBlocks NMDA receptor; used as an anesthetic; increases cardiac activity, hallucinations, bad dreamsPain -> temperature -> touch -> pressureACh receptor agonist, produces sustained depolarization and desensitization; used as a paralytic; hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermiaACh antagonists; used as paralyticsInhibits release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum and skeletal muscle; used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic-malignant syndromeConverted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS/inhibits peripheral dopa decarboxylase activity; used to treat parkinson symptoms; can cause aMAO-B (prefers dopamine for breakdown) inhibitor, inhibits dopamine breakdown; used to treat parkinson symptoms; enhances adverse effects of levACh esterase inhibitors; used to treat Alzheimer's disease; cholinergic symptomsAgonist at 1B/1D serotonin receptors; used to treat acute migraines and cluster headaches; coronary vasospasmHigh potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizoprehnia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; hyperprolactinemia, anti-choliLow potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; corneal deposits (chlorpromazine)Atypical antipsychotics with unknown mechnism; used for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD, and others; weight gain (olanzapine, clozapine), agranulocUnknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder and SIADH; tremor, sedation, edema, hypothyroidism, polyuriaAgonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety disorder; no side effects, but takes 1-2 weeks for improvementBlock reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft; depression and others; sexual dysfunction, sertonin syndrome (hyperthermia, myoclonus, flushing, dBlock reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression, diabetic neuropathy (duloxetine); hypertensionTCAs, block reuptake of NE and serotonin; depression, bewetting (imipramine), OCD (clomipramine); convulsions, coma, arrhythmias, sedation, hypotensioInhibit breakdown of NE, serotonin, and dopamine; used for atypical depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis; hypertensive crisis (tyramine in wine/cheIncreases NE and dopamine; used for smoking sensation, depression; seizuresAlpha-2 antagonist, increases NE and serotonin release, and serotonin receptor agonist; used for depression; sedation, increased appetite with weight gaBlocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation, hypotensionInhibits serotonin uptake; used for insomnia; pripismOsmotic diuretic; used to treat drug overdose and increased ICP; pulmonary edema, CHFCarbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma, metabolic alklalosis; hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, ammonia toxicity, sulfa allergyInhibits NKCC channel, preventing urine concentration; used in hypertension, CHF, hypercalcemia; ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, nephritis, goutInhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa) allergy; hyperuricemiaInhibits NaCl reabsorption in DCT and increases Ca reabsorption; hypertension and hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hyperAldosterone receptor antagonists; hyperaldosteronism, CHF, hypokalemia; hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), antiandrogen effects with spironolactoneBlock sodium channels in cortical collecting duct; hyperaldosteronism, CHFACE inhibitor, leads to reduced angiotensin II levels and decreases GFR; prevents heart remodeling, hypertension, CHF; cough, angioedema, transient cr

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; similar to ACE inhibitors, but do not cause cough due to normal metabolism of bradykininGnRH analog that acts as an agonist in pulsatile doses and an antagonist in continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertility and an antagonist for pro5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldnessTestosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancerInhibits 17,20-desmolase, stopping sex steroid synthesis; used to treat polycystic ovarian syndromePartial estrogen agonist in the hypothalamus, increases release of LH and FSH, stimulating ovulation; used for infertility and PCOSEstrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer; partial agonist at the uterus, can cause endometrial hyperplasiaEstrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosisAromatase inhibitors; used in breast cancerProgesterone receptor antagonist, given with misoprostol for abortion; abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal painBeta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractionsAlpha-1 antagonist; used to treat BPHPhosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, causing inc. cGMP levels and smooth muscle relaxation; used in erectile dysfunction; impaired blue-green vision, contradPartial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and hereditary angioedema; weight gain, acne, hirsutism, low HDL, hepatoxicityMethylene blue(First generation) H1 antagonists; used in allergies, motion sickness, insomnia; sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, and antimuscarinic effects duH1 antagonists, 2nd gen; used in allergies; less fatigue than 1st gen antihistamines due to decreased CNS penetrationShort-acting beta-2 agonist; asthmaLong-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma; tremor, arrhythmiasPhosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and causes bronchodilation; asthma; cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicityMuscarinic antagonist, prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and COPDInhibit cytokine synthesis, reducing inflammation due to asthma; 1st line for chronic asthmaLeukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced asthmaInhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase, inhibiting leukotriene production; reduces inflammationAnti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthmaThins respiratory secretionsLoosens mucus plugs; used in CF patients and as an antidote to acetominaphen posioningAntagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, reducing vascular resistance in the pulmonary vessels; used in pulmonary hypertensionAntagonizes NMDA receptors, inhibiting coughing; produces opioid effects in large doses and carries mild abuse potentialAlpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and nasal congestion; rhinitis; hypertension, quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms despite continued treatmentcompetitive = decrease potency, noncompetitive = decrease efficacy.Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate.Direct proportion to enzyme concentrationFraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged.depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose.constant amount eliminated per time.PEA - phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin.A constant FRACTION is eliminted, variable by concentration!Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be resorbed.Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin.Treat with ammonium chloride. exp: amphetamines.Reduction, Oxidation, hydrolysis with CYP450. Often gives neutral products. Geriatrics lose this phase.Conjugation (Glucuronidation, Acetylation, and Sulfation.) Gives charged products. Geriatrics depend on this, old people have GAS.maximal effect a drug can produce.amount of drug needed for the same effect.DECREASED efficacy. fight for same binding site, full agonist cant exert full effect.LD50/ED50. Median lethal dose divded by median effective dose. Safer drugs have a higher TI.Minimum effective dose to minimum toxic dose. Think of it as range of use.

1. Nicotinic - Ligang gated Na/K channels. Two nicotinic types: Nm(NMJ) and Nn(autonomic ganglia. 2. Muscarinic - G-proteins. 5 types, M1-M5.q, increase: vasc. smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, intestinal and bladder sphincter contaction.i, decrease: sympathetic outflow, insulin release, lipolysis. increase: platlet aggregation.s, increase: heart rate, contractilty, renin release, lipolysiss, vasodilation, brochodilation, increase: heart rate, contractility, lipolysis, insulin release, aqueous humor production. decrease: uterine tone, ciliary muq, CNS, enteric nervouse system.i, decease: heart rate, contractility of atriaincrease: exocrine gland secretion (tears, gastric, etc), gut peristalsis, bladder contraction, bronchoconstriction, pupillary spinchter contraction, cilliary Parasympathetic M-3.Sympathetic Alpha-1.s, relaxes renal vascular smooth musclei, modulates transmitter release especially in brain.q, increase: mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus, pain.a, increase gastric acid secretionq, increase: vascular smooth muscle contractions, increase water permeability and reabsorption in kidneys. (V2 found in 2 kidneys).H1,Alpha1,V1,M1,M3. (remember HAVe 1 M&M)Protein Kinase C.Calcium -> smouth muscle contractionM2, Alpha2, D2. (remember MAD 2's.)Beta1, Beta2, D1, H2,V2.increase calcium release in heart and blocks myosin light chain kinase.1. direct agonsts 2. indirect agonists (anticholinesterases).Direct cholinomimetic. Postop or neurogenic ileus, urinary retention. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical to Ach. Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief of IOP. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.Direct Cholinomimetic. Stimulates tears, salvia, sweat. Open and closed-angle glaucoma.COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.Direct Cholinomimetic. challenge test of asthma diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.Indirect cholinomimetic agonist. NO cns penetration. Postop and neurogenic ileus, myasthenia gravis, reversal of NMJ block. COPD+asthma exacerbation,indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Long acting myasthenia gravis treatment. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Short acting, for myasthenia gravis diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.indirect cholinomimetic agonist. for anti-cholinergic overdose, crosses BBB. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Alzheimers disease. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.DUMBBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, excitation of skeletal muscle +CNS, lacrimation, sweating, salvia.) tx: atropine + prIrreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, ACH overdose. Tx: atropine + pralidoxime.Muscarinic antagonist. produces mydriasis and cycloplegia. (Atropine also used for bradycardia). Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as beet, blind as Muscarinic antagoist. Parkinsons disease (park my benz). Can be used in haloperiodal O.D, whihc causes torticolliosis. Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, rMuscarinic antagonist. Motion sickness. causes hot as a hare, dry as a cone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.Muscarinic antagonist. COPD, Asthma. Causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.Muscarinic anatagonist. reduces urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder spasms. causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, maMuscarinic anatagonist. IP: given in preop to reduce airway secretions. oral:reduce drooling, peptic ulcer. Can cause hot as a hare, dry as a bone red as amuscarinic antagonist, causes gardner's pupil (mydriasis).Direct Sympathomemetic. A1,A2,B1,B2. Anaphylaxis, open angle glaucoma, asthma, hypotension.direct sympathomemetic. A1,A2, some B1. used in hypotension but it decrease renal perfusion.Direct sympathomemetic. B1, B2. Used in Torsade de pointe and bradyarryhmia. Can cause tachycardia and worsen cardiac ischemia.Direct sympathomimetics. Receptors depend on dose. low = D1, med = D1,B2,B1, high = A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used in shock and heart failure (ionotropic andDirect sympathomimetic. Mostly B1, little a1,a2,b2. Used in heart failure and cardiac stresstest (ionotrpic and chronotropic)Direct sympathomimetic. A1, A2. Used in hypotension, to cause mydriasis, and rhinitis (decongestant).Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B2, some b1. Sal = long term ashtma or copd. Albuterol for short term asthma. Terbutaline for to reduce premture uteri

Direct sympathomimetic. B2 only. Used to reduce premature uterine contractions.indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for narcolepsy, obesity, ADD.indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for nasal decongestion, urinary incontience, hypotension.direct sympathomimetic. Reuptake inhibitor. Causes vasoconstriction and local anesthesia.mixing them can lead to unopposed A1 activation and extreme hypertenion.stimulates A1>B2. Causes increased vasoconstrciton -> increased BP. This causes reflex bradycardia and slowing of HR.Stimulates B2>A1. This cause vasodilation and dropping of BP. B1 is stimulated and causes tachycardia.Centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, this causes LESS peripheral sympathetic release.Used in hypertension, especially renal disease due to no increase in reIRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker. Used in pheochromosytoma BEFORE surgery! toxic: orhtostatic hypotension, reflec tachycardia.REVERSBILE nonselective alpha blocker. give to patients on MAOI who each tyramine contraining foods.Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension, urinary rentention in BPH. tox:orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache.Alpha-2 blocker. Used in depression. tox: sedation, hypercholesterolemia, increased apetite.Before blockade: Both epi and phen RAISES BP. After alpha blockade: only epi raises, no change in phenyl. Why: Epi has B binding, phenyl does NOT.Angina - decreases HR and contractility, decreasing oxygen use. MI - decrease mortality. SVT - decrease AV duction. Hypertension - decrease CO and reimpotence, asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, seizures, sedation, hides hypoglycemia.A BEAM. acebutolol, betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in comorbid pum. disease.Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B = B-blocker.Carvedilol, labetalol.Pindolol, Acebutolol.N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione).NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine)NH4Cl (acidify urine)Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia.Glucagon(KLAM) normalize K, Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2deFEroxamine, deFErasirox.CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamineDimercaprol, succinerpenillaminenitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalaminMethylene blue, vitamin c100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygenFomepizole>Ethanol, dialysisnaloxone/naltrexoneflumazenilNaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma)protamineVitamin K, fresh frozen plasmaaminocaproic acidB-Blockersatropine + pralidoximecocaine, sumatriptan, ergots(VANC) Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blockerdoxorubicin, daunorubicinclass III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine)Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsonechloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazolemethyldopa, penicillin

chloramphenicol(hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid, sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin(females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa drugsOCPs like estrogenACE inhibitorsBleomycin, amiodarone, BusulfanerthryomycinHalothane, Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophenisoniazidclindamycin, ampicillinglucocorticoid withdrawl via HPA suppression`(Some drugs create awkward knockers) spironolactone, digitalis, cimetidine, chronic alcohol use, ketoconazoleestrogen, clomopheneniacin, tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriodslithium, amiodarone, suldonamidesglucocoricoids, protease inhibitorsphenytoin, verpamilfurosemide, thiazides, niacin, cyclosporinefibrates, niacin, colchine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoidscorticosteroids, heparin(SAT for a PHOTO) Sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracyclinepenicillin, ethosuximide, carbamazepine, sulfa drugs, lamotrigine, allopurinol, phenytoin, phenobarbitalHydralazine, isonizid, procainamine, phenytointetracyclinesfluoroquinoloneslithium, demeclocyclineexpired tetracyclineCyclophosamide, ifosfamidemethicllin, NSAID, furosemidecarbamazepine, cyclophosamideQuinidine, qunineantipsychotics, resperine, metoclopramide(with seizures, I BITE My tongue) isoniazid, Buproprion, imipenem, Tramadol, Enflurane, MetoclopramideantipsychoticsAtropine, TCA, H1-blocker, neuolepticsmetronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen sulphonoureasaminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop dieuetics, cisplatin(Momma Barb Steals Phen-phen and Refuses Greasy Carbs Chronically)Modafinil, Barbiturates, St. John wart, phenytoin, rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamaz(MAGIC ROCKS in GQ) Macrolides, amiodarone, grapefruit juice, isoniazid, cimetidine, ritonavir actue alcohol use, ciprofloxacin, ketoconazole, sulfonamid(Popular FACTSSS) probenacid, furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib, thiazide, sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfaasalazine, sulfonylureasG = IV and IM. V = oral.Bind penicillin-binding proteins(transpeptidases), block cross linking of peptidoglycans;most effective on G+, also N. Meningitidis, Treponema;hypersensbind transpeptidases, penicillanse resistant due to bukly r-group blocking B-Lactamse; S. Aureus, except MRSA; hypersensitivity and interstitial nephritis.bind transpeptidases, wide spectrum and more penicillinase sensitive. combo with claculanic acid to protect from B-lactams;kills enterococci(HELPSS)H.iBamOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability.B-lactamse inhibitortranspeptidase inhibitor but extended spectrum;pseduomonas and g- rods, use with claculanic acid due to B-lactamse suspectibilty; hypersensitivity reac(CAST) Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactem.

inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to B-lactamases, are bactericidal;use depends on generation, there are four;hypersensitivty reactions,1st generation cephalosporins. PEcK. Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella. Cefazolin used preop to prevent A.aureus infections.2nd generation cephalosporins. HEN PEcKs. H.ib, Enterbacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella, Serratia.3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious gram - infections. Ceftriaxone = meningitis and gonorrhea. Ceftazidime = pseudomonas.increased activity against pseudomonas and G+ bugs.a monobactem resistant to B-lactamases, prevents binding to PBP3 and is synergistic with aminoglycosides;gram - rods only;very nontoxic, some GI upseaztreonam.broad spectrum, B-lactamase resistent but imipenem needs cilastatin to inhibit renal dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems do not;G+ cocci,G- rods, anerobeinhibits cell wall binding peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala percursors, is bacterialcidal; G+ only, especially for multidrug resistant onces;NOT - slow infusion and rate and antihistamines.amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac.AT 30, CCEL at 50. 30S = Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines. 50S = Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Linezolid.aminoglycosides, bacterialcidal, block translocation but require oxygen for uptake;ineffective in anaerobes,use in gram - rod infections and before boweltransferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation.bacteriostatic, prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binds;Borrela, M. Pneuomo, Rickettsia, Chlamysia; can't take with milk, antacids, iron because ions bind it, GI disdecrease uptake into cells or increased efflux by pumps.bacteriostatic, blocks translocation; atypical pneumonias, chlamydia, gram + cocci; MACRO: increased Motility, arrhythmia, Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, emethylation of 23s rRNA binding site.Bacterialstatic, blocks peptidlytransferase; Meningitis in adults, used in power countries due to being cheap; dose dependent anemia, dose independentuse of chloramphenicol in premature infants, they lack UDO-glucuronyl-transferase.plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase.Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer; anaerobic infections in lung infections and oral anerobes; C. Diff infection, fever, diarrhea.Bacteriostatic, PABA metabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthase; Gram +, G-, Nocardia, Chlamydia, UTI; hypersensitivty, hemolysis in G6PD, nephrotoxialtered bacterial dihydropteroate or increased PABA synthesis.Bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, blocks folate synthesis; used in UTI, PCP (prophylacis and treatment), shigella, salmonella; mebactericidal, inhibits DNA gyrase(topo II and IV);G- rods of urinary and GI tracts, Neisseria, some G+;( lones hurt the bones) tenonitis and tendon rupturmutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps.older than 60 or taking prednisonebacterialcidal, forms free radical toxic metabolites that damge bacterial DNA damage; (GET GAP) Giardia, Entamoeba, trichomonas, Gardnerella, Anaerobes,decrease synthesis of mycolic acids, bacterial catalase peroxidase(KatG) must activate INH; TB drug, only one used as prophylaxis and in latent TB; periphinhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; TB, Leprosy, prophylaxis in meningococcus and Hib type B; hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange body fluids.unknown; TB; hyperuricemia, hepatotoxic.decreased carbohydrate polymerization of TB cell wall, blocks arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic neuropathy(red-green color blindness_binds fungal ergosterol, causes holes in membranes; use in systemtic and CNS mycoses infections; fever/chills, hypotension, arrythmias, nephrotoxic, Ibinds fungal ergosterol;topical only due to high toxicity, used for oral thrush and topical diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis.inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis by binding p450;Fluconazole for suppression of cryptococcus in AIDs patients, itraconazle for blasto, coccio, histo.inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis by conversion to 5FU; used in systemic fungal infections, especially cryptococcus; bone marrow suppression.inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis; invasive aspergillosis, candida; flushing via histamine releae.inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase; treat dermatophytes - toe nail infection especially;abnormal LFT, visual disturbances.interferes with microtubules, stops mitosis in fungi;deposits in keratin so used in superficial infections, stops dermatophytes; teratogenic, carcinogenic,toxoplasmosistrypanosoma bruceitrypanosoma cruzileshmaniasisblocks formation of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia;used on all species but falciparum(too much resitance); retinopatlifethreatening malariap. falciparum killinginihibits influenza neuraminidase, stops progeny release; treamt of influenze a and b

inhibits sythesis of guanine nucleotides by competitvely inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase; RSV, chronic hep C; hemolytic anemia, severe teratogenGuanosine analog, inhibits viral DNA polymerase; monophosphorylated by thymidine kinase in HSV/VZV so active in lesions and encephalitis, good for prused in herpes zoster active infectionsmutated viral thymidine kinaseguanosine analog, 5'-monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase, inhibits viral DNA polymerase;CMV infections;leukopenia,neutopenia,thrombocytopenimutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinaseviral DNA polymerase inhibitor, binds to pyrofosphate binding site, doesn't need viral kinase activation;CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails and acyclovirmutated DNA polymeraseinhibits DNA polymerase, doesn't require activiation by viral kinase; CMV retenitis, acyclovir resistant HSV; nephrotoxic(coadminister with probenacid and [2 NRTI] +[1 NNRTI OR 1 protease inhibitor OR 1 integrase inhibitor]all end in -NAVIR! stops HIV mRNA cleavage into functional parts; hyperglycemia, GI upset, lipodystrophy.inhibits cytochrome p-450, boosting concentration of other drugs.(NRTI)competitively blocks binding of nucleotide to reverse transcriptase, only tenofovir doesn't need to be activated;all NRTIs, zidovidine used in preg(NNRTI) bind at a site different from NRTIs, no don't require activation don't compete with nucleotides; bonow marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathinhibits integrase, which stops HIV integration into host cells;HIV;hypercholesterolemiaglycoproteins synthesized my virus infected cells, block RNA and DNA virus replication; INFa- chronic hep b and c, Kaposi sarcoma, IFN-b -MS, INF-gaSAFe Children Take Really Good Care. sulfonamides(kericterus), aminoglycosides(ototox), fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage), Clarithromycin(embryotoxvincristine and paclitaxilisoniazid structurally similar to B6, which causes renal excretion of B6 and competes for B6 binding sites.antihistamines and antipyretics.digoxin causes hyperkalemia. HOWEVER, a HYPOkalemic state increses patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity.ataxia, slurred speech, somnolence, vomitingbleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone, methotrexateloop diuretics: increased urine Ca via decreased reabsorption. thiazides: decreased urine Ca.Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase.benzodiazepenesThe naloxone is only active if inected, making it hard to abuse the combo.rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability. seen with antipsychotics overdose. treatment: dantrolene and bromocriptine (d2 agonist)sterotypical oral-facial movements, from long term antipsychotic use. often NOT reversible.occurs with any drug that increases serotonin (MAO inhibitor, SNRI, TCA) hyperthermia, confusion, myoclonus, cardio collapse, flushing. tx: cyproheptadinTranslitional cell carcinoma of the bladderrenal damageabsence of digits, toesCV VIII toxicityneural tube defects, craniofacial defectsvaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomaliesneural tube defectsebstein's anomaly -> atrialized right ventriclefetal hydantoin syndrome->microcephaly,dysmorphic facediscolored teethlimb defects like flipper armsinhibitor of maternal folate absorption ->neural tube defectsbone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion3rd -8th week.extremely high risk for spontaneous abortionplacental abruption, developmental abnormalitiespreterm labor, placental problems, ADHDalcohol(OH DANG) Ototox, hypokalemia, dehydration, allergy(sulfa), Nephritis, Gout

(hyperGLUC) hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia.1. Volume contraction ->AT II increases ->increased bicarb absorbed in PT. 2. K loss leads to K leaving all cells and thus H entering all cells. 3. in a low OCP and dopemaine antagonists (antipsychotics)PTU disables peroxidase AND 5'-deiodinase. Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase.NO, they require some islet function to release insulin. type 1 - those cells are dead.Insulins, amylin analongs(pramlintide).allopurinol stops urate crystal collection -> no gout.acute: NSAID, indomethicin. Chronic: allopurinol, febuxostat, probenacid, colchicineused in chronic gout; inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the proximal tubule; inhibits secretion of penicillin; do NOT use in renal dysfunction.used in chronic gout, inhibits xanthine oxidase.binds to G- cell membrane phospoholipids, disrupting them; only works in g-; peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, nsytagmus, nephrotoxicity.increase catecholamines at synaptic cleft, especially NE + dopamine; ADHD, nacrolepsy, appetite controlthis is vitamin K, used in warfarin overdosefolinic acid, it is a metabolite of folic acid; given with methotrexate to replish the body's folate stores.antidote to heparin overdose. Protamine is a postive ion that binds to negative heparin, inactivating it.When someone taking MAO inhibitors eats hard cheeses and drinks wine, causing a crisis.it has a MUCH longer half life, plus it is irrversible while phentolamine is reversibleIt is broken down in the gut into an acid. This acid acts as both as osmotic (draws out some ascites) and also it gets rid of excess ammonia, which is cauComplement inhibitor, used in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.adenosine analog, used in treatment of hairy cell leukemiaUsed in treating the M3, promyelocytic subtype of AML.Yes, they lower GFP by stopping efferent arteriole constrinction. Creatinine can increase up to 30% and should peak by 1 weak. This can be BAD in renal acauses depolarization of cellular membrane; used in invasive MRSA; myopathy, raised CPK, inactivated by pulmonary surfactantchemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema), the solitary nucleus, and in the presynpatic vagus nerve.They cause constriction of the spinchter of oddi -> increased billiary pressures -> billiary colic.trimethoprim, methotrexate, pyrimethamine.partial agonist for nicotinic aCh channels in CNS. fights with ciggeratte nicotine for channel. reduces nicotine withdrawl cravings while attenuating the rewaantidepressantsDesmopression (sleep enuresis = bed wetting)furosemide. TAL of Henlee absorbs the most NA here compared to where over diuretics work. will reduce edema quickly.PTU does. Methimazole does NOT.NO. G cells are under vagal influence but they do not use ACh as a neurotransmitter. Instead, they use GRP.Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; used as an antidote to methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning.Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, makes acetaldehyde accumulate leading to hanger; used in alcohol abuse.Benzoate or Phenylbutyrate will bind amino acids and lead to excretion.On first dose, patient gets severe hypotension. Correct this by starting with a small dose.Isosorbide mononitrate can be swallowed. It has an almost 100% biavailability that way. Others cannot due to first pass metabolism.Stops chemotaxis of neutrophilsmethlydopaAll S. Aureus has Beta-lactamases. Naficillin fights this. But MRSA has this AND altered penicillin binding proteins, which prevents Naficillin from workingantibody against F protein, prevents pneumonia from RSV in infantsIgG anti-RH antibodies. given to mom at 28 weeks and also at birth, it sticks to the RH antigens in the MOM's blood, keeping her from developing antibodiCOMT blockers, which increase DOPA levels; Both stop peripheral methylation and only Tolcapone stops central methylation; tolcapone causes hepatotoxConstipationIL 2; used in RCC, metastaic melanomaerythropoietin; anemias, especially in renal failureFil = GC-SF, Sar = GM-CSF; both used in recovery of bone marrow, aplastic anemiahepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, Leukemias, Malignany Melanoma

Multiple sclerosisChronic Granulamatous diseaseIL-11; thrombocytopeniathrombocytopeniaantibody to CD3; used in acute transplant rejectionantibody to digoxin; used as antidote to digoxin intoxicationRecombinat version of Urate oxidase, breaks uric acid down into allantoin; use in tumor lysis syndrome and goutmonoclonal anitbody that binds to RANKL and prevents its interaction with RANK, inhibiting osteoclasts; decreases bone loss in bone metsIt's high water solubility. Things with a high lipid solubility (unconjugated bilirubin) tend to cross the placenta while things with high water solubility(conjugaUsed in transplant anti-rejected, treatment of graft-vs-host disease, and psoriasis; binds calineurin on T cells, stopping IL2 from being expressed, lowera retinoid that has immunomodulatory effects, binds nuclear receptors; psorisias and acne; severe teratogenvitamin D analog; used in topical psoariasis treatmentInhibits intestinal lipase, decreasing fat absorption; used to treat obesityaspirin. Niacin increases prostaglandin D2. release. asprin blocks this release = lower flushingPrevent growth of intima by inhibiting cellular growth = no restenosisIV magnesium sulfate for seizuresProtease inhibitor, proteases are overactive in some cancers and can destroy pro-apototic proteins; used in multiple myeloma; peripheral neuropathyNitroprusside degrades into cyanide. Give thiosulfide to inactivate.blocks NMDA-type glutamate receptors; used in alzheimers; confusionVitamin E (generic name is alpha-tocopherol)Lipid solubility = potency (MAC). Blood solubility = speed of induction.topical vitamin D analogs, activate nuclear receptors that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and enhance keratinocyte differentiation; psoriasismonoclocal antibody that binds IL-12 and IL-12 thus inhibiting activation of Th1 cd4+ t cells; used in psoriasisMAO-inhbitors (phenelzine) inactive the MAO-I enzymes. It takes 2 weeks for them to get re-synthesized. If both SSRI and MAO-I are active at the same from leeches, inhibit thrombin; used as an alternative to heparin in HIT.are D2 agonists that DON'T need to be activated like l-dopa does; used in parkinsons and restless leg syndromeindirect and direct D agonist, also some anticholingergic functions which reduces tremorssodium metabisulite, found as a food additive and sanitizerThey act on D4 instead of D2 receptors -> no risk of tardive dyskinesia or parkinson's like symptomsCelecoxib. It only impairs COX2. COX1 is predominate in platlets.binds alpha-4 integrin, which blocks movement of WBC into orgrans;used in crohns and MS; can cause PML and hepatotoxicity.Anti-muscarinics (Benzotropine). Giving dopamine agonists would exacerbate psychosis.induction = lower solubility in blood, quicker induction. potency = higher with higher lipid solubility =1/MAC.

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