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Using Information Technology
Pertemuan 12Chapter 11
Information Systems
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2Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11.1 Organizations, Managers, & Information
The flow of information within an organization -
Horizontally - reflects functional areas
Vertically - reflects management levels
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Departments
Research and development (R&D)
Production (operations)
Marketing and sales
Accounting and finance
Human resources (personnel)
Information systems (IS)
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Management Levels
Top (or senior) managers - concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions
Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions to implement the strategic goals of the organization
Lower (supervisory) managers - make operational decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures
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Types of Information
Structured information - detailed, current, not subjective, concerned with past events, records a narrow range of facts, and covers an organization’s internal activities
Unstructured information - summarized, less current, highly subjective, concerned with future events, records a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as well as inside an organization
Semi-structured information - some structured information and some unstructured information
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11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems
For lower managers - TPSs
For middle managers - MISs and DSSs
For top managers - ESSs
For all levels, including nonmanagement – OASs, ESs, and Cooperative work systems An organization chart
and management levels and
responsibilities
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Transaction Processing System (TPS)
TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct business
Features include -
For lower managersProduces detail reportsOne TPS for each departmentForms the basis for MIS and DSS
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Management Information System (MIS)
MIS - a computer-based information system that uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output
Features include -
For middle managersDraws from all departmentsProduces several kinds of reports
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Decision Support System (DSS)
DSS - a computer-based information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future
Features include -
For middle managersProduces analytic
models Geographic DSS for earthquake insurance
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Executive Support System (ESS)
ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making
Components of an ESS
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Office Automation System (OAS)
OAS - combine various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office and to increase productivity
Office automation systems
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Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems
ES – is a set of interactive computer programs that help users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert
Cooperative systems – organizations that have networks that use groupware to enable cooperative work by groups of people
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11.3 Systems Development - The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design
System - a collection of related components that interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal
Participants in a project involving a new system or changes to an existing one -
Users Management Technical staff
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The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design
SDLC
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The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary Investigation
Objectives -
1. Conduct the preliminary analysis
2. Propose alternative solutions
3. Describe the cost & benefits
4. Submit a preliminary plan
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The Second Phase - Do an Analysis of the System
Objectives -
1. Gather data2. Analyze the data3. Write a report
Data flow diagram
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The Third Phase - Design the System
Objectives -
1. Do a preliminary design
2. Do a detail design3. Write a report
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The Fourth Phase - Develop the system
Objectives -
1. Develop or acquire the software
2. Acquire hardware3. Test the system
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The Fifth Phase - Implement the System
Objectives -
1. Convert to the new system
2. Train the users
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The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System
Objective -
To adjust and improve the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions
