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Using Information Technology
Chapter 11Information Systems
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Information SystemsInformation Management & Systems Development
11.1Organizations, Managers, & Information
11.2Computer-Based Information Systems
11.3Systems Development - The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design
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11.1 Organizations, Managers, & Information
The flow of information within an organization -
Horizontally - reflects functional areas
Vertically - reflects management levels
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Departments
Research and development (R&D)
Production (operations)
Marketing and sales
Accounting and finance
Human resources (personnel)
Information systems (IS)
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Management Levels
Top (or senior) managers - concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions
Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions to implement the strategic goals of the organization
Lower (supervisory) managers - make operational decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures
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Types of Information
Structured information - detailed, current, not subjective, concerned with past events, records a narrow range of facts, and covers an organization’s internal activities
Unstructured information - summarized, less current, highly subjective, concerned with future events, records a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as well as inside an organization
Semi-structured information - some structured information and some unstructured information
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11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems
For lower managers - TPSs
For middle managers - MISs and DSSs
For top managers - ESSs
For all levels, including nonmanagement – OASs, ESs, and Cooperative work systems An organization chart
and management levels and
responsibilities
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Transaction Processing System (TPS)
TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct business
Features include -
For lower managersProduces detail reportsOne TPS for each departmentForms the basis for MIS and DSS
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Management Information System (MIS)
MIS - a computer-based information system that uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output
Features include -
For middle managersDraws from all departmentsProduces several kinds of reports
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Decision Support System (DSS)
DSS - a computer-based information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future
Features include -
For middle managersProduces analytic
models Geographic DSS for earthquake insurance
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Executive Support System (ESS)
ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making
Components of an ESS
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Office Automation System (OAS)
OAS - combine various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office and to increase productivity
Office automation systems
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Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems
ES – is a set of interactive computer programs that help users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert
Cooperative systems – organizations that have networks that use groupware to enable cooperative work by groups of people
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11.3 Systems Development - The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design
System - a collection of related components that interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal
Participants in a project involving a new system or changes to an existing one -
Users Management Technical staff
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The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design
SDLC
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The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary Investigation
Objectives -
1. Conduct the preliminary analysis
2. Propose alternative solutions
3. Describe the cost & benefits
4. Submit a preliminary plan
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The Second Phase - Do an Analysis of the System
Objectives -
1. Gather data2. Analyze the data3. Write a report
Data flow diagram
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The Third Phase - Design the System
Objectives -
1. Do a preliminary design
2. Do a detail design3. Write a report
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The Fourth Phase - Develop the system
Objectives -
1. Develop or acquire the software
2. Acquire hardware3. Test the system
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The Fifth Phase - Implement the System
Objectives -
1. Convert to the new system
2. Train the users
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The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System
Objective -
To adjust and improve the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions
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Concept Check
What type of manager makes operational decisions--predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures?
Supervisory manager
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Concept Check
What is the term for a recorded event having to do with routine business activities?
Transaction
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Concept Check
What is a mathematical representation of a real system called?
Model
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Concept Check
What level of management is an ESS made especially for?
Top or executive managers
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Concept Check
What is the term for the combination of various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office environment?
OAS (Office Automation Systems)
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Concept Check
What does SDLC stand for?
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Concept Check
What are the six phases of the SDLC in order?
Preliminary investigation1. Systems analysis2. Systems design3. Systems development4. Systems implementation5. Systems maintenance
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Concept Check
Which phase of the SDLC includes testing the system?
The fourth phase - Develop the system
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Concept Check
What is the term for the process of using workstations, CASE tools, and other software applications to build working models of system components, so that they can be quickly tested and evaluated?
Prototyping
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Concept Check
What is a schematic drawing showing the hierarchy of formal relationships among an organization’s employees?
Organization chart
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Concept Check
Which phase of the SDLC involves converting to the new system?
The fifth phase - Implement the system
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Concept Check
Which method of conversion involves keeping the old and new systems operating side by side until the new system has shown it is reliable?
Parallel implementation
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Concept Check
What is the term for the decision whether you have to create a program--have it custom-written--or buy it, meaning simply purchase an existing software package?
Make-or-buy decision
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Concept Check
Which type of testing looks at the performance of individual parts, using test data?
Unit testing
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Concept Check
Which phase of the SDLC includes user training?
The fifth phase - Implement the system
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Concept Check
Which method of conversion has the users simply stop using the old system and start using the new one?
Direct implementation
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Concept Check
Which type of manager is concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions?
Top managers
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Concept Check
What type of information includes some structured information and some unstructured information?
Semi-structured information
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Concept Check
Which type of computer-based information system is intended primarily for lower managers?
TPS (Transaction processing system)
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Concept Check
Which type of computer-based information system uses models?
DSS (Decision support system)
