Using English Grammar - Sentence ion 1

8/8/2019 Using English Grammar - Sentence ion 1

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A!I) UEMSNV HIIM NOIIIOE

ruJoJ pue Suruearu:reruuerD qsIIEuf, Sursn



a:odeBurg od.4o1 d.aup,,{g oluolol uoPuo-l )iro1 .llaN

IIPH a)rluard

Surqrea; aBen8uel qsrlSuE

liyrctaatup n$nuajuo7arnp7 aBan?ual 4sq7u7 nl a1n14su1 at11

poaTrIN '{ a1ortN

pue

llstaaruyl ta$aJua-I

uo4a)npj a?an?ual 1sq?u3 rcl a7n14su1 a41

i: ';t'q-l:!{^..; spooM 'D pre^/wpH-'r

AiI) UITMSNV HIIM NOIIICIE

ruroJ pue tulueatu:r€r,uruErD tISHtufl Sulsn



Il^

L'L6tl9rrzll60190r

z0r00I96

z6

88

98

z8

08

8t9L

EL

OL

99

€9

19

6S

t9vt

09

9VL'0,t€€€

0€

LZ

EZ

lz8IIL

r.uroJ :I leuorlrpuo] 'ge'z

slsPl Marâr :01 sqra^ IPPohl 't€'z

sruolpl Iepou :6 sqra^ IPpohtr '€€'z

slsanbar :g sqra^ lPPohtr 'z€'z

PInoM 'IIIM:l sqra^ IPpol,{ 'Ig'zol ll{3no 'plnor{s :9 sqra^ Iepohtr '0€'z

lq8rw'.,{etu :g sqra^ Ieporu '62'Z

ol aneq /paau /]snru :t sqra^ Iepohtr '82'z

o1 alqe aq'plnol'uel :€ sqra^ IepotUlz'zSuruearu :Z sqra^ lepo1N 'gZ'Z

ruroJ :I sqra^ IPPoIAI '92'z

asn :z a ISsed 'tz'zLuroJ :I a^rssed '€z'z

ol pasn aq'ot pasn 'zz'z

snonurluo] ]raJrad arnlnl'tJaJrad arnlnc'Iz'zsnonurluoJ lJaJrad lsed '02'z

lra]rad lsPd .6I.2

snonurluo] lJaJrad luasard 8I'zlJaJrad luasard .lI.z

lsed aq] ur arnln1 aql :g aJnlnC 9I Z

aÎllultur + o] aq :l arnlnc 9I za^rlrurjul + ol ]noqP aq :9 arnlnc iI Z

uuoJ snonurluoJ luasard :g atnlnc '€I.z

uuoJ aloruls luasard :t arnlnc zl'za^rllulJul snonurluoJ + aq + IPt{s/lll./!1 :€ crnlnc 'II'z

alrlrur1ul + ol Suro8 aq :Z arnlnC'0I'Z

a^rlrulJur + Ileqs/llrM :I arnlnc 6'zt1sr13uq ur arnlnC aql SurssardxE 8'Z

snonurluoJ lsecl 'l'z7 a1du15 $ed g'Z

1 aldurg lsEd E.Z

z snonurluo] luasard 't'z

I snonurluoJ luasard '€'z

aldrurg luasard .Z.Z

a.r,r1e3or.ra1ur'aatle8au'a,trltsod :surrot qra6'I'Zsqra^ :z uollJes

aJualuas aql ur uorlrsod :.,{ruanbar; Jo sqla^pv '9'I

a)ualuas aql ur uolllsod :saserqdlerqra^pP /sqra^pv '''IsalctrJruect :sruJo, qra^ '€'I

sarr€rlrxne lepour lsqran d-rer,urrd pue IeJIxal :sassel) qran 'Z'I

alrsua+ur'alrlrsueJlur'alrlrsuell :sarro8alel qra1'I'IuoqesruB8ro aJualues :I uoqJaS

uorlf,nporlul

&TYL

IILt

z

IIX

aEad

slualuo)



L:r:t{ Lrl:lr)t'. t,

C.r ll.i : : I ,r i'..1.

(-..:-.tl::..:r:.

I r:-.lt::.'i'.,1.

,-.,:t::::..:l:.

t,' i :"-: :l -: ,: l .i,- -. -i -,.i

,- -,-...- I -,. l

li..:r::rng 1

n ,--,.--^- -L\-- -..-r : -

.l ll'L lll al f

l: '...rssible

.: inrf.ossible

J: unless

:: rr'i,ching

rniinitive phrases 1

lntlnitive phrases 2

'riinitirre nhraces ?'' r"_.."-".-St.ltementS

qr.lestlons, requests

P'lgc

1,25

128

732

135

139

742

147

150

153

757

15E

159

162

165

170173't77

160

182

184

186

191

't9?

195

200

203

207

27011 I! t+

276

221

225

228ialLJI

235

236

211

244

248

252

255

258

result, purPose 262

266

5echon 3: f)eterminers..I DiiPrDrrnerEaroups

Cen::ai cieterminers 1: the use oi articles

Cc'.:r-.1. eleterminers 2: a and an

Ceitral tleterminers 3: the

Ce n:raL cleternriners 4: this, these, that, thoseLr :'::.1i rletermttrers 5: possessives

C c':.tr.rl cleterminers 6: quanti fiers

Cr'ntral determt ners 7: wh-detenninersf.e,lprprminers. mrrltioliers: all, both, half; once, twice

Pcstcleterminers 1: cardinal and ordinal numbers, general ordinals

I'ostcleterminers ? : quantifiers

Secfion 4r \lodificationI I .\.1:ectives 1: position

-J - .\-i vtttr es 2: comparisonI i \l e.rrves 3: comparison-1.-1. -\.1tr'ctives,l: -ing, -ed endings

l.r. --\tiverbs-1 r Prepositional phrases: place, time, manner

4 . Intensiiiers; \'ery, too, enough

-l > Rt'lative Clauses 1: form; defining, non-defining

J ' Rel.rtive Clauses 2: ob ject of clause

-1.1-r Rel;rtrve Clause-s 3: preposition + relative; whose

l. i 1 I(elative Clauses,l: adverbs as relative pronouns; special use of that

I ll Reiative Clauses 5: reduced relative with -ing/-ed

Secbion 3: Discourse

i.l . Plr.nouns

I l. IT .rs introduction word

5.-1. Sc.. neither nor

l.i. Cc-. -trrciin.rting conjunctions

r.5. Connectg;5 l; 6ontrast, result, difference

I o. Connecters l: order, summary, claritv, extra information

5 L SL:L.trrciin.ite cr)njunctions 1:place, time, manner

5.S. Sut orcltnatL..Lrnjunctions 2: Concession, contrast, cause and effect,

J.9. Topic..rlisation

J



XI

IT!'xapul

982 ,(a4 ransuy

€82 suorlrsodard.{q parurolloy saarltalpe :g xrpuaddy6lZ sqraa;eln8arrr:TxrpuaddyLLZ sqra^ prom-rllnu :€ xrpuaddytlz sase.rqd unou lern1d qllM El{I :7 xrpuaddyjLZ alf,rue oraz aql :I xlpuaddv

692 sarrpuaddvaEud

slualuoJ



'aJualuas e ur sqra^pP JoJ alqrssoo suorllsoo snorJe^ ar{l

: a)ualuasaLIl ul sproM raqlo Jo rapro aql slJaJJe addl qrea .^ôr{ pue 'sqra^ Jo sad.,{1 luara;;rp aql

:Eur.\ olloJ aql le )iool a,4^ I uorlJas uI

'Jlqpaôu a;e 'saserqd lprqra^pp ro slprqra^pp se Ll)ns 'aruos lnq lsuorlrsod paxq

aêr{ sluauraia asaql;o ,{ue61 'qra^ srrl} Punore paurro] arp aJua}uas aqt ul sluauala laqlo aql

'(Surueau sr{arruor lpql qral e 'a'r) lerrxal pue ('r1a raqrunu 'asua1 Surrvroqs turoJ IIn, e

seq ler{l qro^ e 'a'r) alrurJ r{loq sr leql qJaA e ur€}uoJ lsnru a)ualuas V 'qran aql sr uorlesrue8ro

slql ot lprlua3 'aJualuas E ur rapro lq8rr aql ur sprom aL{l Surllnd suearu slq+ 'iaâl

Iprurot d-rarr e 1y 'dpadord sa8essaru ,{a.luol o1 Surdlaq uI lueuodur st reruruer8 Jo asn }JaJJoJ

uorlEsruutro aJualuas :I NoII)gs



UNIT 1.1.VERB CATEGORIES:transi tiv e, intransitive,

intensive The agent collected the rent.The older people left.Thatcher became Prime Minister in 1979.

VerL.s can

Lt,f.,;::j:

L.e fransitive, intransitive or intensive

:L,'.ftl/llplCS:

Trans ibive

The .reent collected the rent.f her ve ,.rr en the kevs to the ownerThe olc.ler people left the street.

james went to Rome.He cried bitterly.The older people left

In the left-hand column of the chart above, the verbs are being used transitively. This meansthat thev arr' all followed by a direct object, which answers the questron WHO? or WHAT?after the 1's1b; in these cases, the rent, the keys and the street.

In the right-h.rnd column of the chart, the verbs have no obiect. There is nothing which.rns\\'ers \\'l-JO? or WHAT? after the verbs as in the left-hand column. If anything followsthese verbs. it is an adverbial phrase which answers the questions WHERE? or HOW? and in

other cases \\'HEN? These verbs are being used intransitively.

Some verl.s.rre alrvays used transitively. You cannot sav, for erample:'Tr:a ,i i', rtt collected.-I';,.;; la (n'en.

These sentences are incomplete. Verbs such as collect and give alwavs need an obiect.

Some lerbs are always used intransitively, for example:

Jamesn'ent...The book iell . . .

Vt'rL-s sucjr es go and fall are never followed by an otrject.

Some leri.,c can L.e used either transitively or intransitively, for example:The rrldtr ;reopie left. (lntransitiae)

The trl.ler people left the street. (Trausitiae)

Ther-e i: .r qrouFr of verbs which are knolvt't as intensive or linking'erbs

(see Unit 1.2). They.rre not tollo\\'ed bv a direct object, but by a complement. The complement tells you moreabout the sublect and rs sometimes a description of the subject.

l-oLri: rit l;1r'-ir' r'.1,ti1i11/c-sl

Th.rtcher L.r'came Prime N{irrister in 1979.

Rcntv i. l tt.rcher.

Some intensrve vcrbs are. appear, be, become, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste,

Learner dictrcnaries indrcate whether verbs can be used transitively, intransitively orintensrveil'.)

Intransitive



'a>lrp lsoruralno aqt 3uo1e (aa4tsua4ut) (>1) sn 1o uazop aaj-.

puplloH lo JIeq (aa4tsuatq) (t) aruo t€ql aprs.,{_rlunor 1o p

e (aatl$ubtt) ' ' (q) ll Jlas]l uorleN aLIl se q)lnq se {le.M e sr slr{t pup ipuplloH ur alp

'eas quoN ar{l ssorle IIe^{ ol lnoq€ arp aM qlparq umo rno (aa4tsuutl) . . . . . (3) ueJ a^r '. -pr* (aatsuayul) " (l) pulrur aqJ raqlpa.lr aql roJ alenbapeur (aarsualur). . . . (a) srr{f .){r:.1

-,,{ep pue lapef-urer'raleams'sprL{s's{)os'slaurerl dol-q8rq (aa4tsuatT). . .. .. (p) sn Jo q:-.

'u€a)o aqt 1o a8pa aqt Suolp (aa4tsua4ur) ' '' (r) aM 'eas qlroN aqi JJo pur^l p'aql urorJ :1'urd(aarsualu!) "" '(q) s8al a1rqr14 (aalllsuatyur)...'..(e) sn;o auofualg.u.\.,:_

stua a:

'sr'paralo)'Surra,rrqs sr'seslalerJ,3u111e.u are,Surdurerl arp,aas,Surlea.u sr,pauln; a.reu

'sl)I)atq ut paJDls itoSatu, .

sqtt 4cu.1m mopq sqraa at11

loauo Swltaps rtq spnm Sutsstw ary ul

ltlJpua

lxalEumogoj atl]

l1t:o1vll ISPI

pe;o

P"^t'laArsualul a^rlrsuequl aAursuPJI

eulqf ol leoq Mols e se1e1 lpauua; lpuy'sl€oqasnoq o,u1-.{1uam; uMo sraqlorq xrs aqf

'1ood aql ur paleu ruems uarplrq) aqI'slsrrnol aql roJ IIPM sleurrxrrJ Jo spur) IIV

'sued pue siod eql uealJ uaruo,M aql 'ranrr aq] Jo slueq aql uO'puauJ asoll € se,!r ueuaaH Ieurpre]'proJXO

ol lsrue aql palrûr .{rry,q'{eprloq rraqt roJ sa^l }S ol luam puarr1 raq pue er)rrled',,i.auotu no.4. sales Jueualor lo paap V

'sJaploq .{rr1od uor; sarJanb snoraurnu alreJar aM

'(eruezuel rrtou) elrdue8uel ur parp pue panrl auols8ur^r'l prÊC

: J ILlut L) \ ..

'noli toi uaJiltm uaaq sn4 aldruaxa uV alqol SutotolloJ a4J Lu uwt1l.aqaudotdda a4l ut q)ao a4i Suqum rtq qtaa io Ato?alat at11 Ai7uay puu sa)uajuas SLuotollot a41 pl1,1

.

auo {sEf

l\

( '.1

{.'

L:

(:

(f{--(.{r

sxsvl - serroSaler qra^ I.T llun



UNIT 1..2VERB CLASSES: lexical andprimarl'verbs; modal

auxiliaries

Nurse Lane continued with her knitting.Romy and Alan became neighbours.I don't do that any more.

|ohnhas sent the application off.

He was arrested last night.Payment must be received on or before19 April1988.

\\'hat eir, ', erl-s DO? Some verbs tell us n'hat is happening or thev describe something; othervt-rbs .ril ..ii supportels to main verbs ancl help to show the tense or n'hether the form is a

qLresi:(.rr,: '.r'rrjle trthers qualify what the n'rain t'erb does.

1. Verbs and meaning

-.-.-,.,::':,'.t i,rntttp/es:

r, She applied for the senior post.r.' \r-rrse Lane continued rvith her knitting.c, Rom)' and Alan became neighbours.,lr Churchill was Prime Minister in 1953.

Tire',rtrrtls in bold type are verbs. In exampies (a) and (b), thev are telling us what thesui:,ject did. In (c) and (d), they form a link between the subject and information.rL.r.r.rt ihc subject. The words that follow the verbs are descriptions of the subject.\eighbours .rncl Prime Minister here are not the object of the verb, br.rt the complement.T:rtv tltrn't tell us rvhat the subject is doing as in (a) anct (b). They tell us more about the

su bj ect.

l.'....,;: lltt.t exnntples:

She .rpplied for the senior post.

In this example, applied for the senior post answers the question, WI{AT did she do?

\-erbs like this are extensive. They go out from the subject.

SHE -- applied for the job.

\rr. lr.,k Ltt tltis exnmple:

Churchill r,vas Prime Minister in 1953.

In this er.rmple, was Prime Minister in 1953 answers the questiorr IVHAT happened to

Chulchill? or WHO was Chr-rrcl.rill? Verbs like this are intensive. Thev so back to the

sr:L.ic'ct.

vtClrurci.rill _--> was Prime Minister in 1953.

Botir rri these tvpes of verb (extensive and intensive) are called lexical verbs (see also Unit1.1). Ther carrv the meaning of the action or description.

There nrust be a lexical verb in every sentence.



'srelP] ur uaas uaaq seq aqs

'qo[ raltaq P ualrg Suraq sr aqg:qran freurrrd e se slred o,ta'l ser{ aq ol qra^ aq} saurrlauos

'qsrueos sElll osseJrd'uarplltl) aa.rql seq rhe7,q

.dn-8urqse.u ar{} op ILI:sa^lasuraql sqla^ Ielrxal s€ uorlJunJ osl€ -

aq ol pup a^Bq ol 'op ol - sqra,r.,{reunrd aql 'sqran Ief,rxal raq}o Suruoddns se 11a.u sy

XOS DNINUVM

.1OI €

'qru fua,r'srear{ :o; .,{ldua

'uorlua]+€ ol

lsoJaq

ueaq

pools

aAeq

sPr{

lsnru

IIIl\^

rPr ]eqJruoJ

asnoq aqJrarplos aqf

IErIxe'I {reunr4 IEPOl\tr

',llolaq alqel aql uI u^roqs se 'lpJrxel 'rfterurrd 'r(.reryrxne Ipporu :rapro

3ur.no11o1 aql ur uaql lnd no{ uaqJ sqra^ Jo sassel) aaJql IIe lrrel sarualuas sarullauJos

-ftt'Z-SZ'Z slrug aas) sarrerllxnp leporu se unoul are,{aq1 'sqral IPJrxaI aql

d;r1enb pue ' Jla ',{+lllqe 'uorle8rlqo 1o saar8ap .uoqs dnor8 srql ul adfi ploq ur sqra^ aqI'Suruana srql ralel ure; lradxa ueJ lsea-quou ar{I

'886I grdv 6l aroJaq ro uo palla)ar aq lsnru ]uaLuAed:saldwaxa asa4l la 4oo-l

srarJrlEnb sE sqra^ 't'arrrssed aql Sursn are a.ry\ uaq./\^

llnoqp 3ur11e1 arp arvr arull Jo lradse leqrvrla,lrle8au

aql ur SulqlatuosSurdes

ro uotlsanbe 3ur1se arp a.l,l taqlaqm

:3ur.v.o11o1 aql^

or{s o1 sn dlaq sqral drewlrd aql

G7Z'tZ'Z slrufl aas) aarssed aql urrol o1 (q)

(na'tZ'fr'Z'€'Z slrun aas) sluroJ snonurtuo) aql roJ (p) pasn sl aq'(Zt'Z llun aas) sruroJ 1ra;rad aql roJ pasn sr aAPq

'(I'Z ttun aas) suorlsanb ro uorle8au ssa.rdxa ol pasn sI op

:sMolloJ se pasn arp pue sqra.r ,{:erurrd are .{ar11 'sqran

IpJrxaI aql lroddns lnq sa^lasuaql Surupaur ,(ue a.teq lou op araq ad.,{1 ploq ul sqra^ ar{I'lq8ru 1se1 palsarre selr aH

';;o uorlelldde aql luas suq uqof

" * *n::

)T:,?,o,1 ;i i',"", ",sralroddns sP sqra^ 'z

sassPlrqra^zIlrun



Unit 1,.2 verb classes - TASKS

Task oneRr,t.i il:. f.r".i.')rJ saril

rllrll, !-irr' r.-'; irrlir'1lli lll

f ,,; "::'.,'In';rr:t Berlin has n'ritten over 800 sor-lgs.

He rvas born rn Russia on 12 Mav 1888. His parents brought him and his six brothers andsi:tt'r s tr' .-\nreric..t in 189-1. 'Ihey lived rvith other immigrants in the Bronx in New York, Whenir.' nas l;fteen he left honre and worked as a waiter and singer. t{e became famous when hervrote'-'\lerander's Rag-Time Band'. Many people know the words of his songs, even whenthev don't know the name of the writer: 'l've never seen the sun looking so bright' and 'Idon't u'ant 1.r get up in the rnorning' trre just two. He has been married trvice. His first wife

died .l'.'r'tir'.rtter thev were married. Although he became very rich, the. father of his second\\ ife rl asn't ha;.p1, that Berlin had grown up in a poor immigrant family with little education.lie said iris clai-rghter mustn't marry Berlin. But the couple ignored him.

Task twoUsi'r,{:...rr?s ironrthefolloiuinglist,conrTrletetheadrertisementltelou,.Eachiuordmaybeusedmoretlrrru.rr;ir'. StLtttt the class of each uerb tts you use it.

should, take, rush, seems, consider, is, have, would, sugfiest, engineered

Nr) Lrne ia) ..., . that buying a Mercedes-Benz (b) ...... a decision you (c) ....... .. . c)r lci) ... lightlv. Far fronr it. It (e) ...... only rvhen you (0 . .... the time toconsrderthe facts thata Mercedes-Benz (g) ...... suchanobviouschoice. (h) .. the300Efor er.rmple.

Likt'all \lercerles-Benz c.rrs it (i) .. .. . . not (k) . .. . . to perform a few sprecifics superbly rvellbut to periorm everv function superblv well. Avoiding extremes in any single area in pursuitof the ven' highest competence overall.

Feiv c.rt s tll the .rbilit)' to strike the same balance between comfort, handlingperfr)rnrance, safet\'. reli.rbiliiy and re-sale value.

ertcts arrd identiiy the clttsses of the t,erbs in bold type br/ placing them in the

tlte table. An exantple hns been utritten ior t1ou.

auxiliary Primary verb Lexical verb



']ualuLuo) ol pasnJar da;yyoaa rrs 'luaruaal8e ue lnoqe palsv'lalreur aql ol juam aqs 'deaqr raqler Surqlauros 3uque14

:5Jld/ur.r,' .1:.1llJ JD )ool

arualuas aql Jo SuruurSaq aql le sasBrqd IudrrrlrPd

'arur1 oql slragar qrrqm qre^ ,{rerurrd aLIl sl ll 'sasel asaql IJE ul

(paJt,t41su4) 'ssarc{ aql palJeltp peq raql+eL{I(pafiarl luasat4) ssard aql pa))pllp seq raq)leqJ

(snonutluo3 7su4) 'luaprsard .lrau e Surlraya aram qJuarl aqJ(snonu4tLoS luasat4)'luaprsard ,rtau e Surllala arp qJuarl aql

:;,tldtuuxa Jsarlt tu 40o-l

'sqJaA

l-rpur:d ;o lroddns aql qll^,\ srxJoJ ur pasn are daql araq,n saJualuas uI srr{l aas ueJ aM'eruq alerrpur lou op .{aq1 'aldrrured lsed ro luasard paller are sruroJ a}IUIJ-uou qSnoqlly

'tr xrpuaddy aas lsrlIInJ

P ro{(1nd) 1n4

(pres) /.eg

(auo8) o3:3urrnro11o; aq1

se q)ns 'sturo; relnSarrr iueu are araq] lng 'urroJ reln8ar aql sl slr11 'pa- + qJaA a].{}

Jo ruals aql ruorJ pauroJ sr aldlJllrEd lsed aql leql pres aneq a.\,t 's3urql .{1r1dturs o1

XOS 9NINUVM

'pa- +, Ise laldnured lsed)

pa- + qra^ aql Jo urals aql13ur- a 1rre,r.r (aldrorlred luasard)

Bu1- + qra^ ar{} jo ruals aq}

:s,\r.ollot se dn apeu ale PuP seldrrrlred sP uMou>l

.{11eraua8 are asaql 'pa- ro 8ur- ut pua r{)It{M suIIoJ allulJ-uou aAPLI osle sqlal Ie)IxaI IIV

'sr-uroj alrurJ se

uMoul are ,sqta^ l-reutrrd Jo ltoddns aLll tnoqlrM ' pi!\ srlll uI aruq alP)lput t{JttlM sluroC

(lsPd) rrr^pP :o; no.{ ol alorM aM

(1uasartr) alqnlosul sruaas ualqord aq1

:saldwaxa asaLll lD 1001'arurl lsed ro luasard .\ôr{s q)Iq^^ surroj a^Pq sqra^ IP)Ixal IiV

eruq alP)Ipur qJrqM sruroJ qre^ 'I

,z

,{ar;; o a 3 r, r'," "*"i;"":Tfi t?:;:lltJ

'laIrPur aql ol

lua1vr aqs 'deaqr raqlPr SuIqlatuos 3ur1ue1q saldnrlred:shtruo{ gugn

€.I IINN



Unit i.i \-erb forms

The first part of each sentence does not indicate whether we are talking about a present orpast event; it rs in the second part, where there is the finite verb, that we can find thisrnformation.

Lcok iit tltt exatrples in the following chart:

Participle phrase

\\'antrng something rather cheap,

Asked about an agreement,

In both cases we can see that the same participle phrase can appear with finite clausesthat retlect a different time. This will become clearer if we expand the participle phrases.

Lrot irf these examples:

Because she wanted something rather cheap, she went to the market.As he wants something rather cheap, Robert is going to the charity shop.lVhen he was asked about an agreement, Sir Geoffrey refused to comment.If he is asked about an agreement, Sir Geoffrey will refer you to his report.

The expansion of these examples shows the following three things:(a) the time eiement is reflected in the finite verb in the main ciause;(b) the present participle phrase is an abbreviation of an active clause;

(c) the past participle phrase is an abbreviation of a passive clause.

3. Present participle versus infinitive after verbs of senses

After verbs, such as see, watch, hear, notice, feel, etc., we can use either the infinitive orthe nrpsent narficiple.

Look nt these examples:

Frankenstein watched his man-made person coming to life.Frankenstein watched his man-made person come to life.

The difference is the sense of duration of the activity. In the first example, the writer is

focusing on the process itself as the creature became alive. In the second example, thefocus is on the result of the process. (Other uses of the non-finite form are discussed inunit 4.12.)

WARNINC BOX

This use of the participles is formal and usually used only in writing. It is unusual,therefore, for the participle phrase to be used with I or you.

A sentence must contain a finite form. When the form of the lexical verb is non-finite.the primary verb or modal verb is in the finite form:

Dav-Lervis has appeared in many films.This house was built in 1900.

We must receive an answer by Monday.

Finite clause

she went to the marker.Robert is going to the charity shop.

Sir Ceoffrey refused to comment.Sir Geoffrey will refer you to his report



6

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3rq e auoraq plno.tr aqs lq8noql aqs ,ralnpord pooalfllog dol u ,(q uaas spm aqs ai - :- -

'll nq ol palueM lalerpauurr auuy,asnoq aql Alps aqs _:_

'qo[ slq dn a.tr8 ol paprrap r.ulorl€lN,azrrd dol aql papreMe sp,\{ aL{ _:_'lradxa ue au€Jaq lqrrnb aqs,luasard E sE ralndruor e uanr8 sEM aus :;-_

'rll.o)sotrAl o1 padersa aq /lno punoJ spm ,{q1rq4 _.:_ "

'a1drual .,(q1reseql,re.1 aql slrsl^ ualJo aq 'sErpeI I ur salrl up-::'araql puarrJ srq,ol ua]+rrm s€q atl ,aJueJC ur,{eprloq e sluum rpqal\ as_-.:::

'olaq roJ auoqd l,uplnor aqs ,lleJ aql Aq lrnq sPllr eqs as:.:::'asror{ al{l slotluo) aq 'surar eql sploq ,{apo[ aq] a .-

.

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IpnV anlq e Sur,rrrp seM aq,ueas

lspl sp.\l :

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o-tr: s :

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ur pelsaralu! ar,nod Jr os suaqJlrl arelduor.uuro) aroru 1o aorrd aql JIeLI lnoq€ lp ;. :,ratJo ol aAer{ az\a leqM 'slEAIJ Ino Jo asor{l ueql ssal JPJ lsoJ suaqJlil Jno 'tuoo.I.4,\ous -'par(eldsrp se 'la1 'lU paJrad E arnsua o] slalrerq lle.l,r pue s3a1 alqelsnfpe a^pq daql s . - ,

rallaq luoq llrnq ale suaqJlr{ rno'sl€nu rno qllm pereduo3'tuaql Suouie lou arE j-

uoslrg le a./v\ lng 'sl€ap ,o suos IIp no^,{ Surra;;o 'arar{l }no saruedruor uar{rlr) Jo lol e r:: . -

rrarto) aqt otut waql Bulltnd tiq adli' proq u! swroJ qtaa a41 /i/11uap1r#"1::,'llilrlrl,tr,"','

auo );:

a sxsvr - sruroJ qra^ €.I llul



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',\lo)sonl ol padeJsa aq 'lno PunoJ sP^/vr Aqlrqd uaqM'a1drua1 ,{ql.reseqpe; aql slrsl^ uago aq 'serpptr l uI sa^ll ue1eg sV

araql puauJ srq o] urlluM spq aq'aJuer{ ur,{eprloq E slupM Ipqehl asne)agdlaq .ro1 auoqd g,uplno) aqs 'llpJ aql {q gnq sE,rr arls esnp)ag

'asror{ ar{l slor}uo) ar{ 'surar aql splorl {apo[ aql al1qM

'001 ,nu 2n,g v Fu1,t1,tpseN"r4 u""s levl vt?4M'001

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o1t4l {sEI

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rallaq uror1 llrnq arE suaqJlrT rno 'slplu rno qli^ pa,redruo3 'uaql Suoure lou arE i)llD TuoslrM le a^{ lng 'sleap to suos Ile nod turra;;o 'arar{l lno sarueduror uaqJlII Jo }ol e arp araql

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a sxsvr - srur0J qra^ €.I +Iun



Unit 1.3 Verb forms - Tasks

Task three

\al Thinkoitentltinrsttouliketodoorutishu:ouldhappentoyou.Expressthemthroughtheuseofotte ttf tht ttott-iinife frtrms. Some examples haae lseen zuritten fot you.

E.trt lr tt 1l-s:

Wa lking throygh Un9 ParR i^ th7 ra!n,

Plaging football wibh his fviends.

Qiven a lot of moêJ.

(b) \..;r'ij;rrrl.rrf sotnctltingsomeltodqelsemiglttdoormighthnz:edone,u,hiledoittgthenboaeoras

.r lisr,lf rrt tr'/trtf hnd haTtpened to tltent. Some etamples hnz'e been it'trtten ior yott.

Fr,irrrrirs:

Walklyg throu.gh Vne711kiy th7 rlin, Xlne s1w a

Playing foobball wibh his fr;ends, ket hurb his knce.

Qiven a lob of rr,ol.eJ, kathl wou)d tnvel uound Ete

worid,-

10



UNIT 1..4ADVERBS, ADVERBIALPHRASES: position in thesentence

The wedding is in MayPut the fish stock and the red chilli in the

liquidizer.He shuggled on bravely.

The doctor sees only private patients onThursday.

The position for adverbs or adverbial phrases is usually at the end of the sentence. You may

:rave been told that r.r'hen there is more than one adverb or adverbial phrase, the correct order,s manner (answering the question HOW?), place (answering the question WHERE?), then

fime (answering the question WHEN?).

For example, we can sav:

He works at home on Thursdays and Fridays.He works hard at home.

He works hard on Thursdays and Fridays.

rut it is unlikely that we would say the following:He works on Thursdaqs and Fridays at home.

He works at home hard.

He works on Thurstlays and Fridavs hard.

:Jowever, there are occasions when we can change the order (see Unit 5.9).

.t is often said that adverbs and adverbial phrases, especially those of time, can be put at the

:.eginning of the sentence. This is true. It is not true, however, that it is not important whether:hey come at the beginning or the end of a sentence because the message will not be the same

see Unit 5.9). Furthermore, it is not alu'ays possible to move the adverbial phrase.

-ook at the examples irt the follozt,inq chart:

Column 1

The wedding is in May.The wedding is in Keswick.

John has behaved badly.Put the fish stock and the red chilli in the

liquidizer.

:r the chart above, rve can mo','e the adverbial phrases in the sentences in column 2, but we

.lnnot move those in column 1. Look nt the sentences in colttmn 7 acain.

We can say

The iredding is irt lvlnrt .

John htts behozted badlll .

Put the iish stock ilttd tlte

red chillt irt the liqtLidizer.

.\'iry can't rve change the adverb position in these sentences? Look what happens when we::ke arvay the adverb. lVe can't sav the followirrg:

l1

We can't say*ln Mttl the weddirrg is.*Badly

Johtt has behnued.*ln the liquitlizer put the fish

stock and the red cltilli.

Column 2

Lord St John retired from the House ofCommons in 1987.

He struggleci on bravely.The doctor sees onlv private patients on

Thursday.



Unit 1.1 Adverbs, arlverbial phrases

''lhe u,eddirrs is.

I It ll lI ll AS LtL: n AA L' 17.

-Put the fish stock and the red chilli.

None of these sentences is complete. They have no meaning at all. The adverbial phrase is

necessary to make the form of the sentences grammatically acceptable and to give them some

meaning. Thus, it can't be moved from iis position at the end of the sentence because it isessential to the sentence in both form and meaning.

Norr /ook at the sentences in column 2 again.

In these sentences we can put the adverb or adverbial phrase at the beginning of the sentence.

What happens when we take away the adverb or adverbial phrase at the end of the sentence?

Look at these examples:

Lord St fohn retired from the House of Commons.

He struggled on.The doctor sees only private patients.

All these sentences are grammatically acceptable in form and in meaning. The adverbialphrases that have been taken away are not necessary to make the sentences grammatically

complete (but, of course, they do affect the meaning). It is for this reason that in these

sentences we can move the adverbial phrase to the beginning of the sentence, as follows:

In L987 Lord St |ohn retired from the House of Commons.

Bravely he struggled on.

On Thursday the doctor sees only private patients.

12



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aarr.Il {sEI

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UNIT 1.5ADVERBS OFFREQUENCY: position in

the sentence

|ohn has seldom known the misery of

poverty.Has Eddie Eagle ever skied before?

Peter took his driving test three times.

There are two groups of adverbs which answer the question HOW OFTEN?

Look at these examples:

John has seldom known the misery of poverty. (HOW OFTEN? general)

Peter took his driving test three times. (HOW OFTEN? specific)

These adverbs never affect the formal completion of a sentence. They will, of course, affect the

meaning. In the chart below, you can see the position they usually have in a sentence.

When a specific number of occasions is stated, the adverbial phrase goes at the end. In the

case of the more general frequency, the adverbs go immediately before the lexical verb (see

Unit 1.2). When there are primary verbs and modal auxiliaries, then the adverb goes between

them and the lexical verb.

Look at the exanrples in the following chart:

t-i

General Specific

|ohn has often known the misery of

poverty.The dog always woke them up with its

barking.He must never go there again.

Peter took his driving test three times.

Modal Primary Adverb Lexical

The dogIohnHe must

has alwaysoftennever

wokeknown

8o

them up with its barkingthe misery of poverty.there again.

In the question form, when the frequencv is unknown, rve use the word ever.



9r

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' ' ' ,{larer

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"::

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:A1OiA.

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XOS )NINUVAl

'qra.\

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'Iaa,M P aruo saoS aqs 'sa1 iyzarlear{l aql ol o3 raâ aurlned saoq :f

:salatuuxd )sd4l lb \0c-.

{ruanbar; Jo sq.ra^pv g'I llun

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:qra^ ar{l ra1;e sao8 qra^pp druanba.rl

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:Suoraa sr ransue 3ur.,r.ro11o1 aqf 'ramsup arrrlrsod e ur pasn lou sr JaAS



Unit L.5 Adverbs of frequency * TASKS

Task oneRend the follott,ittg sentences and state uhether the aduerbs nre in the right or urong positio

exnmple has been uritten f or you.

Exanrple:

Spencet, woykecl usqally at. nighb. Wrorrg.

-4.,iF)

t1. 1^n

(a) As a child, I went never into the city alone.(b) Wherever he went, she was always by his side.(c) Jonathan has six times run the London Marathon.(d) Four times I have visited Rabat.(e) In Rome, Barry often ate at the'Vincula'.

(0 The newspaper is delivered always late in the holidays.(g) He couldn't get there during the snow always.(h) Joan attempted to swim the Channel four times.(j) Once home, Wordsworth rarely went out in the evenings.(k) Have you been ever to China?

Task twoWork round the circle in the diagram belou, ns ot'ten ns you like and

setttences you can find. You must keep the phrases in the arderanyuthere.

see hotu many correctly f ormed

vou find them. Yott can start

the film'Othello'

Documents

Using English Grammar - Sentence ion 1