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Iowa State University
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Effective Date: 4-9-2014 SOP ID Number: 211.02
Approved Date: 4-9-2014
Revised Date: 4-5-2017 SOP Title: Using Analgesics, Anesthetics
and Sedatives Last Reviewed: 4-5-2017
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Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Standard Operating Procedure
USING ANALGESICS, ANESTHETICS, AND SEDATIVES
1. Purpose
This procedure describes the recommended use of analgesics, anesthetics, and sedatives in
animals used for research and teaching on approved Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee (IACUC) protocols. Federal regulations mandate that animals undergoing
potentially painful procedures be given anesthesia and/or analgesia to minimize their pain
and distress. Exceptions to this are only permitted when scientific justification is included in
the IACUC protocol and is approved by the ISU IACUC.
2. Scope
This SOP is applicable to all ISU staff, research investigators, and technicians who provide
care and/or use animals that will receive any analgesics, anesthetics, or sedatives. ISU staff,
research investigators, and technicians are expected to understand the content of SOPs
related to their work responsibilities.
This policy is applicable to individuals from all colleges performing research-related
procedures on animals. Veterinary medical and animal care procedures are outside the scope
of this policy when they are unrelated to the research project and when they are performed
to improve animal health or well-being or to treat an illness or injury under the direction of
the Attending Veterinarian or designee.
3. General Requirements
The Attending Veterinarian (AV) has the authority to ensure the provision of adequate
sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia as mandated by the Animal Welfare Act and related
animal care regulations. The AV or designee should therefore be directly involved in the
selection of appropriate agents during protocol development.
The procedures within this SOP for using analgesics, anesthetics, and sedatives are intended
to assist investigators in their use of animals for research or teaching. Experimental design
or special circumstances may dictate modification of dose levels or agents/methods
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outlined herein. We strongly encourage the use of pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-
operative analgesics in ALL recovery surgical procedures. The ISU Institutional Animal
Care and Use Committee will rely on the procedures outlined in this SOP when reviewing
animal protocols and may request explanations or justifications for substantial deviations.
Intravenous barbiturates (i.e., thiopental, pentobarbital) for use as an anesthetic should be
administered by giving 1/3–1/2 of the total calculated dose as a bolus, followed by titration
of the remaining volume to effect, if needed.
Special considerations apply to late term fetal and neonatal altricial rodents (e.g., rats and
mice between E15 and P7).
Dosage intervals listed on tables are single doses unless otherwise noted. A veterinarian
should be consulted to assist in determining the frequency and amount of drug needed for
repeated dosing.
Investigators who use controlled anesthetic or analgesic agents must comply with the special
storage and record keeping requirements. When issued a controlled substance as defined by
the U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration, the PI responsibilities are
to
• keep the substance in a secure, locked location when not in use;
• record usage of the substance (see Table below);
• maintain the record of usage for 3 years from the date that a substance is completely used
or returned to LAR;
• return outdated substances and Records of Usage to LAR. The ISU IACUC has a
controlled substance record template available.
Environmental Health and Safety is available for consultation about safety of the agent prior
to use. Investigators who use anesthetic gases must follow the IACUC SOP ‘Anesthetic Gas
Usage Safety Precaution’
4. Procedure
A. Follow the analgesia regimens in Appendix 1 for commonly used species at Iowa State
University.
B. For species or agents not listed please contact LAR at [email protected] for a
consultation to identify the appropriate analgesics and anesthetics.
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5. Roles and Responsibilities
ISU Attending Veterinarian or
Designee
Be involved in the selection of appropriate
agents during protocol development.
Investigators If the anesthetic or analgesic used is a
controlled substance, follow the required
special procedures for storage and record
keeping—see the IACUC Controlled Substance
Record Template for details.
Review proper handling procedures with
Environmental Health and Safety prior to the
use of specific agents.
Responsible for following the procedures
described in this guide and the final approved
IACUC protocol.
6. Definitions
A. Analgesia: loss of sensitivity to painful stimulation without loss of consciousness.
B. Anesthesia: loss of feeling or sensation, which is often accompanied by loss of
consciousness.
C. Local anesthesia: the loss of sensation to a section of the body.
D. General Anesthesia: unconsciousness with adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation to
allow for surgery.
E. Sedation: a mild degree of central depression in a conscious but calm animal also
referred to as tranquilization.
F. Common Abbreviations
1. IM: intramuscular
2. IP: intraperitoneal
3. IV: intravenous
4. SQ or SC: subcutaneous
5. PO: per os – means to be given by mouth or orally
6. q: every
7. bid: give medication twice a day
8. sid: give medication once a day
9. qxh or qxd: once every x hours or once every x days
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7. Health and Safety Information
Follow SDS sheets for specific drugs for hazard control, PPE, and waste disposal. Include
this information in the usage SOP.
8. Appendices
Appendix 1 – Analgesia Regimens
9. Forms and Templates
N/A
10. References
1. Fish R.E., Brown M.J., Danneman P.J., Karas A.Z., editors. Anesthesia and
Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. 2nd Ed. New York: Academic Press; 2008.
2. Plumb D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook: Pocket Edition. 8th Ed. Ames: Iowa State
Press.; 2014.
3. University of British Columbia IACUC. Local Analgesia/Anesthesia for Rodents:
Lidocaine/Bupivacaine/Ropivacaine. [PDF] Last‐Updated: 2010, Downloaded:
1‐24‐2012.
Available from: http://www.animalcare.ubc.ca/sop/Local_Anesthetic_SOP.pdf
4. Carpenter J.W., editor. Exotic Animal Formulary. 3rd Ed. St. Louis: Elsevier
Saunders; 2013.
5. Boston University IACUC. Anesthesia of the Neonatal Mice and Rats. [Web Page]
LastUpdated: 1‐7‐2012, Downloaded: 1‐11‐2012; Available from:
http://www.bu.edu/orccommittees/iacuc/policies‐and‐guidelines/anesthesia‐of‐theneonatalmice‐and‐rats/
6. Swindle M.M. Swine in the Laboratory. 2nd Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2007.
7. Colditz I., Dart C. The Sheep. ANZCCART Fact Sheet [PDF] Last‐Updated: 2009,
Downloaded: 412‐2012; Available from:
http://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/publications/A9_SheepFactSheet.pdf
8. Flecknell PA. Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia, 3rd Ed. London: Academic Press;
2009.
9. Carbone ET, Lindstrom KE, Diep S, Carbone L. 2012. Duration of action of
sustained-release buprenorphine in 2 strains of mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci
51:815–819.
10. Clark TS, Clark DD, Hoyt RF, 2014. Pharmacokinetic comparison of sustained-
release and standard buprenorphine in mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 53:387-391.
11. Chum HH, Jampachairsri K, McKeon GP, Yeomans DC, Pascharinsak C, Felt SA.
2014 Antinociceptive effects of sustained-release buprenorphine in a model of
incisional pain in rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 53:193-197.
12. Foely OL, Liang H, Crichlow AR. 2011. Evaluation of a sustained-released and
standard buprenorphine for analgesia in rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 50:198-204.
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13. Wren, Geri. January 2008. Options in pain management. Bovine Veterinarian
Downloaded 2-23-17; Available from:
https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/programs/NYSCHAP/docs/BovineVetpain01-08.pdf
14. Danneman, P.J., & Mandrell, T. D. (1997). Evaluation of five agents/methods for
anesthesia of neonatal rats. Lab Anim. Sci. 47(4):286–395.
15. Flecknell, P.A. (2009). Laboratory animal anesthesia, 3rd Edition. Academic Press,
London.
11. Contact Information
Direct questions about this document to: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee,
Iowa State University, 515-294-1516, [email protected]
Direct questions to the Attending Veterinarian, Dr. Mary Sauer, VMD, 515-294-0266.
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Appendix 1 – Analgesia Regimens
Amphibians
Amphibians - Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
MS-222 (Tricaine
Methanesulfonate)
Immersion in MS-
222 at .1–.5% Induction
5 min. Recovery 15–30
min.
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Cattle
Cattle - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose (mg/kg) Comments/Reference(s)
Xylazine 0.1-0.3 mg/kg IM
0.05-0.15mg/kg IV
Unpredictable in cattle, may
have short duration of
analgesia (30 minutes) (2)
Ketamine
Butorphanol
Xylazine
0.3-0.5 IV or 0.1 IM or SQ
0.05-0.1 IV or 0.025 IM or
SQ
0.025-0.05 IV or 0.05 IM or
SQ
For recumbent procedures;
IM dosages will give longer,
less intense sedation (2)
Ketamine
Butorphanol
Xylazine
0.05-0.1 IV or 0.04 IM or SQ
0.02-0.05 IV or 0.01 IM or
SQ
0.02-0.0275 IV or 0.02 IM or
SQ
For standing procedures
Give Xylazine first to sedate
(2)
Cattle - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Acetylsalicylic Acid 100mg/kg PO q12hr (aspirin)
Flunixin 1.1-2.2mg/kg IV q24hr Slow (2)
Phenylbutazone 5mg/kg PO q24-48hr (2)
Lidocaine 1-5 ml as caudal epidural Dose based on size
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Dog
Dog - Pre-Medications
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Atropine 0.02-0.04mg/kg IM,SC,IV Reduces bradycardia and
hypersalivation (2)
Glycopyrrolate 0.01-0.02mg/kg SC,IM Reduces bradycardia and
hypersalivation (2)
Acepromazine 0.01-0.2mg/kg IM,SC,IV Use lowest dose possible (2)
Dog - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 1-3% maintenance Administer with a precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen
Dog - Injectable Sedatives and Anesthetics
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Acempromazine 0.01-0.2mg/kg IM,SC,IV Use lowest dose possible (2)
Midazolam 0.1-0.3mg/kg SC,IM,IV Combine with other premeds
(2)
Diazepam 0.5-1mg/kg IV bolus (2)
Dexmedetomidine 375mcg/m2 body surface area
IV or 500mcg/m2 IM
See dosing table in drug
package. Mcg/kg decreases as
BW increases (2)
Xylazine 1.1-2.2mg/kg IM,IV (2)
Propofol 5-6mg/kg IV induction Give to effect, slowly (2)
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0.1mg/kg/min maintenance of
sedation
Tiletamine/zolazepam 6.6-9.9mg/kg IM
(diagnostics)
9.9-13.2mg/kg IM (minor
procedures)
Similar to ketamine/valium
Use with atropine 0.04mg/kg
to control hypersalivation.(2)
Acepromazine
Butorphanol
0.02-0.05mg/kg IM
0.2mg/kg IM
(1)
Butorphanol
Dexmedetomidine
0.2mg/kg IM
5-7.5ug/kg IM
(1)
Pentobarbitol 1-3mg/kg/hr IV slowly Chemical restraint,
mechanical ventilation
advised (2)
Dog - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
OPIOID
Buprenorphine 0.005-0.03mg/kg IM,IV,SC q
6-12 hr
(2)
Butorphanol 0.1-0.5mg/kg IM,IV,SC q 2-4
hr
(2)
Tramadol (synthetic opiate-
like drug)
4-10 mg/kg PO q 8-24 (2)
NSAID
Carprofen 2.2 (q12hr)-4.4 (q24hr)mg/kg
PO
(2)
Meloxicam 0.2mg/kg PO,SC q24hr,
subsequent dosing at
0.1mg/kg PO,SC
(2)
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Ferret
Ferret - Pre Medications
Agents Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Atropine 0.04mg/kg IM (1)
Glycopyrrolate 0.01mg/kg IM (1)
Ferret - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 1-3% maintenance Administer with a precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen
Ferret - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Acepromazine 0.1-0.3mg/kg IM (1)
Xylazine 2mg/kg IM, SC (1)
Ketamine
Xylazine
30mg/kg IM
3mg/kg IM
(1)
Ketamine
Xylazine
Butorphanol
35mg/kg IM
5mg/kg IM
1.0mg/kg IM
(1)
Tiletamine/zolazepam
Xylazine
3mg/kg IM
3mg/kg IM
(1)
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Ferret - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
OPIOID
Buprenorphine 0.1-0.02mg/kg SC, IV, IM
q6-8hr
(1)
NSAID
Carprofen 1 mg/kg SC, PO q24 hr (1,4)
Meloxicam 0.2mg/mg SC,PO,IM q24 hr (1,4)
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Gerbil
Gerbil - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 3-5% induction
1-3% maintenance
Administer via precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen or drop method
Gerbil - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Xylazine 5-10mg/kg SC,IM (4)
Diazepam 3-5mg/kg SC,IM (4)
Midazolam 1-2mg/kg SC,IM (4)
Acepromazine 0.5-1.0mg/kg IM (4)
Ketamine
Xylazine
50-70mg/kg IP
2-3mg/kg IP
(4)
Ketamine
Diazepam
40-150mg/kg IP
3-5mg/kg IP
(4)
Tiletamine/Zolazepam 50-80mg/kg IP (4)
Pentobarbitol 50-90mg/kg IP (4)
Gerbil - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
OPIOID
Buprenorphine 0.1-0.2mg/kg SC q8 hr (4)
NSAID
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Carprofen 5mg/kg SC q24 hr (4)
Meloxicam 0.5/kg SC,PO q24 hr (8)
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Hamster
Hamster - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 3-5% induction
1-3% maintenance
Administer via precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen or drop method
Hamster - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Acepromazine 0.5-1.0mg/kg IM (4)
Ketamine 20-40mg/kg IM
50-100 IP
Light/moderate sedation (4)
Deep sedation (8)
Xylazine 1-5mg/kg IM, IP (8)
Ketamine
Xylazine
60-80mg/kg IM,IP (4)
Titelamine/Zolazepam 50-80mg/kg IP (8)
Hamster - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
OPIOID
Buprenorphine 0.01-0.5mg/kg SC q8-12 hr (4,8)
NSAID
Carprofen 5mg/kg SC (4)
Meloxicam 1-2mg/kg SC,PO q24 hr (8)
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Horse
Horse - Pre-Anesthetic
Agent Dose Comments
Atropine 0.01-0.02mg/kg IV For treatment of
bradyarrhythmias (2)
Horse - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 3-5% Induction
1-3% Maintenance
Administer via precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen.
Horse - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Acepromazine 0.044-0.088mg/kg IM,IV Relaxation, not full sedation;
caution with use in stallions
(2)
Xylazine 1.1mg/kg IV
2.2mg/kg IM
Standing sedation ~ 30
minutes (2)
Xylazine
Ketamine
1mg/kg IV
2mg/kg IV
30-45 minutes; administer
ketamine after relaxed from
Xylazine; for recumbent
procedures
Guaifenesin (5%)
Ketamine
Xylazine
2ml/kg/hour CRI 1 liter guaifenesin + 1000mg
ketamine + 500mg Xylazine,
maintenance is to effect
Acepromazine 0.044-0.044 mg/kg IV Caution with use of
Acepromazine in stallions
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Romifidine 0.02-0.12 mg/kg IV (slowly) Sedation 45-60 minutes
Detomidine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV or IM Sedation 90-120 minutes
Horse - Analgesics
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Opioid
Butorphanol 0.1mg/kg IV q3-4hrs (2)
NSAIDs
Flunixin 1.1mg/kg IV,IM,PO q24hr
(2)
Phenylbutazone 2.2-4.4mg/kg PO q12hr
2.2-4.4mg/kg IV q12hr
Reduce dose when possible to
lowest effective dose (2)
Firocoxib 0.1 mg/kg PO q24hr (or 57
mg tablet)
0.09 mg/kg IV q24 hr
Label says oral up to 14 days;
IV up to 5 days, followed by
9 days oral (2)
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Mouse
Mouse - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 3-5% induction
1-3% maintenance
Administer via precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen or drop method
Mouse - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Ketamine
Xylazine
100 mg/kg
10 mg/kg
Surgical anesthesia (8)
Ketamine
Acepromazine
100mg/kg IP
5mg/kg IP
Immobilization/anesthesia (8)
Ketamine
Midazolam
100mg/kg IP
5mg/kg IP
Immobilization/anesthesia (8)
Ketamine
Xylazine
Acepromazine
80-100mg/kg IP
10-20mg/kg IP
2-3mg/kg IP
Surgical anesthesia (8)
Pentobarbital 40-60mg/kg IP Considerable dose variation.
Start at low end of dose
range. Note: euthanasia dose
is 90-100mg/kg or greater (8)
Mouse - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
OPIOID
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Buprenorphine 0.05-1.0mg/kg SC,IP q6-12
hr
Preferred analgesic for
rodents (1)
Buprenorphine SR 1.0mg/kg SC q 48 hr Extended release
buprenorphine (9,10)
NSAID
Carprofen 4-5mg/kg SC,IP q24 hr For optimal analgesia, give
NSAID and buprenorphine
Meloxicam 1-5mg/kg SC,PO q24 hr (4)
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Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat (E15-P14)
Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat- Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Buprenorphine 0.05-0.1mg/kg SC (14,15)
Morphine 10mg/kg SC (14,15)
Bupivicaine Local infiltration 14,15
Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat- Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane Inhalant 5% Induction, 0.25–
2.5% maintenance
0.25–2.5% maintenance
Vaporizers should be
calibrated yearly (14,15)
Pentobarbitol 30mg/kg IP Higher doses may result in
significant mortality.
Pentobarbital given to
pregnant dams may
anesthetize the fetuses.
(14,15)
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Rabbit
Rabbit - Pre-Medications
Agent Dose Comments/References
Glycopyrrolate 0.01mg/kg IV
0.1mg/kg SC, IM
Anticholinergic of choice to
use as pre-anesthetic (4,8)
Acepromazine 0.5-1.0mg/kg IM Moderate sedation (1,8)
Diazepam 0.5-2mg/kg IV Light to moderate sedation (8)
Midazolam 0..5-2mg/kg IM, IV Light to moderate sedation (8)
Rabbit - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 1-3% maintenance Administer with a precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen; not recommended for
sole agent of induction due to
potential for breath holding
and distress (1)
Rabbit - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Ketamine
Acepromazine
50mg/kg IM
1mg/kg IM
Surgical Anesthesia (8)
Ketamine
Xylazine
35mg/kg IM
5mg/kg IM
Surgical Anesthesia (8)
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Ketamine
Xylazine
Acepromazine
35mg/kg IM
5mg/kg IM
1.0mg/kg IM
Surgical Anesthesia (8)
Ketamine
Dexmedetomidine
15mg/kg IM
0.12mg/kg IM
Surgical Anesthesia (8)
Pentobarbitol 20-60mg/kg IV (1)
Propofol 10mg/kg IV slowly over 60-
90 seconds.
Induction/light anesthesia
only. Less effective in
rabbits, higher doses (15-
20mg/kg) may result in
respiratory arrest (8)
Rabbit - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
OPIOID
Buprenorphine 0.1-0.05mg/kg SC, IV q8 -12
hr
(1,8)
NSAID
Carprofen 1.5mg/kg PO q24 hr
2-4mg/kg SC q 24 hr
(8)
Meloxicam 0.2-0.3mg/kg SC, PO q24 hr
0.6-1mg/kg SC, PO q24 hr
(4)
(8)
Rabbit - Local Block Analgesics
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Lidocaine (1-2%) 2-4mg/kg SC Onset 5-10 min, duration 0.5-
1 hr (3)
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Bupivicaine (0.5%) 1-2mg/kg SC Onset 15-30 min, duration 4-
8 hr (3)
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Rat
Rat - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 3-5% induction
1-3% maintenance
Administer via precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen or drop method
Rat - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Ketamine
Xylazine
75-100mg/kg IP
5-10mg/kg IP
Provides a good surgical
plane of anesthesia for most
procedures.(5,8)
Ketamine
Acepromazine
75mg/kg IP
1-2.5mg/kg IP
Immobilization/anesthesia (8)
Ketamine
Midazolam
75-100mg/kg IP
4-5mg/kg IP
Immobilization/anesthesia (8)
Ketamine
Xylazine
Acepromazine
40mg/kg IP
5mg/kg IP
1mg/kg IP
Surgical anesthesia (8)
Pentobarbital 40-50mg/kg IP Considerable dose variation
and narrow safety margin.
Start at low end of dose
range.
Rat - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
OPIOID
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Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05mg/kg SC,IP q6-12
hr
Preferred analgesic for
rodents (1,8)
Buprenorphine SR 1.2mg/kg SC q 48 hr Extended release
buprenorphine (11,12)
NSAID
Carprofen 5-10/kg SC,PO q24 hr For optimal analgesia, give
NSAID and buprenorphine
(1,4)
Meloxicam 1-2mg/kg SC,PO q24 hr (4)
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Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat (E15-P14)
Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat- Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Buprenorphine 0.05-0.1mg/kg SC (14,15)
Morphine 10mg/kg SC (14,15)
Bupivicaine Local infiltration 14,15
Fetal and Neonatal Mouse and Rat- Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane Inhalant 5% Induction, 0.25–
2.5% maintenance
0.25–2.5% maintenance
Vaporizers should be
calibrated yearly (14,15)
Pentobarbitol 30mg/kg IP Higher doses may result in
significant mortality.
Pentobarbital given to
pregnant dams may
anesthetize the fetuses.
(14,15)
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Reptile
Reptile - Inhalant Anesthetic
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 4-5% induction
1-3% maintenance
Standard agent for reptiles
but may hold their breath and
resist effects of exposure to
high concentrations of agent.
In anesthetic chamber +/-
intubated after induction.
Recover in room air (not pure
O2) because reptiles are
stimulated to breathe by
decreasing O2 levels, not
increasing CO2 levels
Reptile - Injectable Anesthetic
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Diazepam 0.2-2mg/kg IM,IV Lizards and Snakes
Ketamine 5-20mg/kg IM (lizards)
10-60mg/kg IM (snakes)
Sedation and anesthesia is
species and dose dependent.
May have prolonged
recovery (1-4 days)
Medetomidine 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM(lizard)
0.1-0.15 mg/kg IM,IV
(snake)
Propofol 3-5mg/kg IV Lizards and Snakes
Reptile - Analgesia
Dose Agent Comments/Reference(s)
Buprenorphine 0.02 – 0.2 mg/kg SQ,IM
q12-24hr
Lizards and snakes, for
post-op analgesia
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Carprofen 2-4mg/kg IM,IV,SQ,PO
q24-72hr
Lizards and snakes
Meloxicam 0.1-0.2mg/kg PO q24h Lizards and snakes
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Sheep and Goats
Sheep & Goats - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 3-5% Induction
1-3% Maintenance
Administer via precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen.
Sheep & Goats - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Acepromazine 0.02mg/kg IM Pre-anesthetic/sedative. Long
duration of action. Will
prolong anesthesia recovery.
Not an analgesic. (1)
Acepromazine
Buprenorphine
0.05-0.1mg/kg IM
0.005-0.01mg/kg IM
Pre-anesthetic/sedative (1,7)
Xylazine 0.05-0.2mg/kg IV,IM Pre-anesthetic/sedative (1,7)
Ketamine
Diazepam
4-5mg/kg IV
0.4-0.5mg/kg IV
Induction, rapid onset,
duration of effect 15 to 20
minutes allow intubation
minimum regurgitation, little
cardiopulmonary dysfunction
(1,7)
Propofol 3-5mg/kg induction
0.4-0.5mg/kg/min CRI
Supplementation with local
anesthesia or other systemic
analgesic is surgery
performed (1,7,8)
Sheep & Goats - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
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OPIOID
Butorphanol 0.1-0.5mg/kg IM q2-4 hr (1)
Buprenorphine 0.005-0.01mg/kg IV, IM, SC
q4-6 hr
(1)
NSAID
Carprofen 2-4mg/kg SC q24 hr (1,2,7)
Flunixin 1.1-2.2mg/kg IV, IM, q 8-24
hr
(2)
Phenylbutazone 2-6mg/kg IV, PO q 24 hr (2)
Meloxicam 0.05 mg/kg IV q 12 hrs
(sheep) or q 8 hrs (goats); 2
mg/kg PO on day 1, 1 mg/kg
PO on subsequent days
(sheep); 0.5 mg/kg PO q24
hrs (goats)
(2)
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Swine
Swine - Pre Medications
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Atropine 0.02-0.05mg/kg SC,IM,IV Give 10-15 minutes prior to
intubation. Reduces
bradycardia and
hypersalivation (4)
Glycopyrrolate 0.005-0.01mg/kg SC,IM Reduces bradycardia and
hypersalivation (4)
Swine - Inhalant Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Isoflurane 1-3% maintenance Administer with a precision
vaporizer and compressed
oxygen
Swine - Injectable Anesthesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
Acepromazine 0.2-1.1mg/kg IM,IV,SC Sedation only (1) (variable
results)
Ketamine
Xylazine
10-20mg/kg IM,SC,IV
1-2.0mg/kg IM,SC,IV
(1,6)
Ketamine
Acepromazine
33mg/kg IM,SC (1,6)
Ketamine
Dexmedetomidine
10mg/kg IM,SC,IV
0.1mg/kg IM,SC,IV
(1,6)
Tiletamine-Zolazepam 2-8.8mg/kg IM,SC,IV Cardiovascular and
respiratory depressive effects
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last longer than anesthesia
affects following
administration (6)
Tiletamine-Zolazepam
Xylazine
4-6mg/kg IM, SC
2.2mg/kg IM, SC
Cardiovascular and
respiratory depressive effects
last longer than anesthesia
affects following
administration (6)
Tiletamine-Zolazepam
Ketamine
Xylazine
4.4mg/kg IM,SC
2.2mg/kg IM, SC
2.2mg/kg IM,SC
Mixture: 0.02-0.04 ml/kg
Same as above, less volume
to inject, useful in pigs
>50kgs. (6)
Mix by adding 2.5 ml
Ketamine and 2.5 ml 100
mg/ml xylaxine to telazol
powder
Detomidine
Butorphanol
Ketamine
0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM
0.2 mg/kg IM
3-5 mg/kg IM
Give detomidine and
butorphanol; Give Ketamine
5-10 minutes later; may
reverse with 50 mg/kg
atipamizole (6)
Propofol 0.83-1.66mg/kg IV
12-20mg/kg/hr CRI
(6)
Swine - Analgesia
Agent Dose Comments/Reference(s)
OPIOID
Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05mg/kg IM, SC (6,8)
NSAID
Meloxicam 0.1-0.3mg/kg SC, PO q24 hr (6)
Flunixin 2.2 mg/kg IM (2)