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Euod`d ly1

Pscog h Vthodhrds*lhs`d Hpprbhfm tb Cjprbv` Hff`sstb Xuhkcty Yrcjhry M`hktm Fhr` co W`st`ro Gmhoh (Fmhot`kk` Hkk`o(83 Jhy <986 (

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Yr`s`othtcbo Bv`rvc`w

§  Gmhoh (§  VTH\ FMYV Yrba`ft (§  Vthodhrds*lhs`dJhohg`j`ot hod

\`fbgoctcbo -VLJ\# (§  Hppkcfhtcbo be VLJ\(§  \`sukts hod K`ssbos

K`hro`d (

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Gmhoh

§  Kbw`r*jcddk` cofbj` fbuotry (§  <4. jckkcbo pbpukhtcbo(§  Ohtcbohk M`hktm Cosurhof` (§  Ebfus bo Yrcjhry M`hktm Fhr` (§  M`hktm codcfhtbrs1 (

§  Jht`rohk jbrthkcty 609 " 899+999 (§  Pod`r*0 jbrthkcty 74 " 8+999 (§  Coehot jbrthkcty 40 " 8+999 (§  O`bohthk jbrthkcty <= " 8+999 (§  Jbd`ro Fbotrhf`ptcv` 

pr`vhk`of` rht` <6% (

\`e`r`of`s1+ D`jbgrhpmcf Mbus`mbkd Vurv`y <99=+ WMB<989+ Juktcpk` Codcfhtbr Fkust`r 

Vurv`y <98< 

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Vuppbrtcv` T`fmocfhk Hsscsthof` tb \`vcthkcz` Fbjjuocty*lhs`dM`hktm Ykhoocog hod V`rvcf`s -VTH\ FMYV# Yrba`ft

§  Cofr`hs`d hff`ss tb quhkcty lhscfprcjhry m`hktm fhr`(

§  Vbfchk cov`stj`ot prba`ft+

Aulck`` Yhrto`rs (§  58 Fbjjuocty*lhs`d M`hktm

Ykhoocog hod V`rvcf`s -FMYVQbo`s# (

§  5 Fbhsthk Dcstrcfts+ W`st`ro\`gcbo (

§  <988 ‖ <985(

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Cjprbv`d

quhkcty bes`rvcf`d`kcv`ry ht 58FMYV zbo`s (

Fbjjuocty`oghg`j`otco m`hktm(

Cofr`hs`d hff`ss tbquhkcty lhscf prcjhrym`hktm fhr` co 5 fbsthkdcstrcfts co tm` W`st`ro\`gcbo (

Gr`ht`r Hff`ss tb Xuhkcty YrcjhryM`hktm Fhr`

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\`gcbohk M`hktmDcr`ftbr " Dcr`ftbrht`1jhohg`j`ot+ pbkcfy

gucdhof`

Jhohg`j`ot 

FMYV Qbo`1G`bgrhpmcf hr`h -& be fbjjuoctc`s# tb r`f`cv`

s`rvcf`s

FMYV fbjpbuod1Ymyscfhk sphf` tmhtfbjjuocty m`hktm ours`

bp`rht`s erbj

Vphf` " Ykhf`

Fbjjuocty M`hktm Ours` "Beecf`r1 fkcocfhk s`rvcf`s+jhohg`j`ot+ r`pbrtcog+ mbj`

vcscts+ fbjjuocty butr`hfm+

trhco vbkuot``rs

Fbjjuocty M`hktmFbjjctt``1 suppbrt tm`fbjjuocty m`hktm ours`+

jhohg` fbjjuoctycov`stj`ot jhohg` vbkuot``rs

Fbjjuocty M`hktmUbkuot``rs1 mbj` vcscts+suppbrt butr`hfm+ r`e`rrhk+

mbj` lhs`d fhr` be jhkhrch

FMYV T`hj J`jl`rs

FMYV1 Yrbvcdcog hff`ss tb Yrcjhry M`hktm Fhr` ebr mbus`mbkdshod fbjjuoctc`s (

Dcstrcft M`hktm Jhohg`j`ot T`hj1Jhohg`j`ot+ sup`rvcscbo+ kbgcstcfs+M\+ fbjjbdctc`s+ trhcocog

Yrba`ft Vuppbrt Fbjjctt``1 hdvcf`+k`v`rhg` r`sburf`s+ hdvbfhfy

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Xuhkcty be M`hktm Fhr`+ h kbfhk prcbrcty

Cjprbvcog tm` quhkcty be m`hktm fhr` wckk shv` kcv`sscof` p`bpk` wckk l` m`hktmc`r/ Tmcs wbukd hksb

r`duf` tm` pr`ssur` bo bur m`hktm ehfckctc`s hod tm`Gbv`roj`ot tbb fho shv` h kbt be jbo`y/

 ‖  Fmhrkbtt` Dhoquhm+ Dcstrcft Dcr`ftbr be M`hktm V`rvcf`s+

Abjbrb Dcstrcft 

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Vthodhrds Lhs`d Jhohg`j`ot hod \`fbgoctcbo-VLJ\#

§  Yrhftcfhk jhohg`j`ot hpprbhfm(§  Bp`rhtcbohk p`rebrjhof`

sthodhrds (§  Ebfus bo j`hsur`j`ot hod

e``dlhfn(§  mttp1""pde/ushcd/gbv"pdeRdbfs" 

YOHDE846/pde(

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Tm` jcsscog puzzk` pc`f`s> `xp`fthtcbos hodp`rebrjhof`

Y`rebrjhof` ‖ j`hsur` wmht cs

dbo`(

@xp`fthtcbos  ‖ d`o` wmht cs

`xp`ft`d(

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Y`rebrjhof` hod Xuhkcty

‛J`hsur`j`ot cs tm` rst st`p tmht k`hds tb fbotrbkhod `v`otuhkky tb cjprbv`j`ot/ Ce ybu fho–t

j`hsur` sbj`tmcog+ ybu fho–t uod`rsthod ct/ Ce ybufho–t uod`rsthod ct+ ybu fho–t fbotrbk ct/ Ce ybu fho–t

fbotrbk ct+ ybu fho–t cjprbv` ct/‚ ‖  M/ Ahj`s Mhrrcogtbo (

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N``pcog ct scjpk`1 Fkhrcey `xp`fthtcbos+ Yrbvcd` Vuppbrt+J`hsur` p`rebrjhof`+ F`k`lrht` suff`ss

8/ D`o`(

</Vuppbrt(6/

J`hsur`(

4/F`k`lrht` (

Fk`hrky d`eco` `xp`fthtcbos-sthodhrds# hod furr`ot

p`rebrjhof` hod prhftcf`

-lhs`kco`#

D`v`kbp hftcbo pkho tbhddr`ss ghps co `xp`ft`d

p`rebrjhof` hod prbvcd`

suppbrt tb hfmc`v` tm``xp`ft`d sthodhrds

J`hsur` prbgr`ss be hfmc`vcog sthodhrds

-fbjphr` tb lhs`kco`#

\`fbgocz` hod f`k`lrht`prbgr`ss -lhs`d bo

r`sukts#

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Vt`p 81 D`o` Vthodhrds hod Y`rebrjhof`

Ohtcbohk @YC sfm`duk` be Cjjuoczhtcbos hod n`y hftcvctc`s

r`qucr`d

\`fbrds tb l` n`pt htFMYV k`v`k

FMB trhcocog bo @YC trhcocog+nobwk`dg` hod snckks

Abl d`sfrcptcbo be FMB cofkud`s @YChftcbos

Bp`rhtcbohk pbkcfy ebr FMYVcofkud`s @YC hs h ebfus hr`h

\bk`s+ r`spbosclckctc`s hods`rvcf`s tb l` prbvcd`d ly

Fbjjuocty M`hktm Ours`s ht

FMYV

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Lhs`kco` Hss`ssj`ot1 Y`rebrjhof` be 8= FMYV co Cjjuoczhtcbo+D`f`jl`r <988

49%(<9%(

=9%(899%(

59%(=9%(

<9%(9%( 9%( 9%(

899%(

<9%(

59%( 59%(

<9%(

59%( 59%( 59%(

9%(<9%(49%(59%(=9%(

899%(

   %   b

   e   V   t  h  o   d  h  r   d  s   H  f   m   c  `  v  `   d

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Vt`p <1 Vuppbrt Y`rebrjhof`+ d`v`kbp abcotprcbrctc`s

Ghp " Fhus` ( Cot`rv`otcbo " Hftcbo ( \`spbosclk` ( Vuppbrt ( D`hdkco` (

Ybbrcjjuoczhtcbo

prhftcf`s cofkudcogpbbr stbrhg`

-r`ercg`rhtbr obt

wbrncog#+ pbbrhdjcocstrhtcbo hod

ob us` hoddcspkhy be @YC

dhth (

8# Trhcocog ebrsthee bo @YC hod

Dhth Jhohg`j`othod Ps`(<# \`phcr

r`ercg`rhtbr (

Vthee tb suljctr`qucsctcbo ebr

r`ercg`rhtbr r`phcr ((Dcstrcft M`hktm

Jhohg`j`otT`hj tb

fbbrdcoht` @YCtrhcocog hod tb

r`phcr r`ercg`rhtbr(

VTH\ FMYVYrba`ft wckk

suppbrt trhcocog beFbjjuocty M`hktm

Ours`s (

\`qucsctcbo ebrr`phcr ly (<9 D`f`jl`r<988((@YC trhcocog ly (80 Jhrfm <98< (

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Vuppbrtcog Y`rebrjhof`

§  Trhcocog hod fhphfcty luckdcog (§  Jboctbrcog hod Vuppbrtcv`

Vup`rvcscbo(

§  Fmhjpcbos " p``r suppbrt (§  Jhohg`j`ot phrtcfcphtcbo co

hss`ssj`ots hod hftcbo pkhoocog (§  Yr`s`othtcbo hod dcsfusscbo be

r`sukts wctm jhohg`j`ot (

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Vt`p 61 J`hsur` Yrbgr`ss

§  Abcot hss`ssj`ot `x`rfcs` (§  Dcr`ft hss`ssj`ot be s`rvcf`s (§  Fhs` studc`s hod d`jbostrhtcbos (§  Hss`ssj`ot fm`fnkcsts (§  Cjj`dcht` e``dlhfn tb s`rvcf`

prbvcd`rs (§  Hoouhk hss`ssj`ot fyfk` (

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03%(09%( 40%( 0=%( 5<%(

<4%( <4%(

=7%( =0%( =<%( =6%( =<%(70%( 77%(

9%(<9%(49%(59%(=9%(

899%(

Fmckd M`hktm( \`prbduftcv`M`hktm( Ckko`ss`s

`j`rg`ofc`s( Fbjjuoctykconhg`s

butr`hfm(Jhohg`j`ot+

s`rvcf`s+

hftcvctc`s

kbgcstcfs (

FbjjuoctyM`hktm

Ubkuot``rs(Fbjjuocty

M`hktm

Fbjjctt``(

Lhs`kco`+ D`f`jl`r <98<(

Vujjhry be 8= FMYV Y`rebrjhof` ly Tm`jhtcf Hr`h+ Lhs`kco`Hss`ssj`ot D`f`jl`r <988 hod Ebkkbw up Hss`ssj`ot D`f`jl`r

<98<

   %    V

   t  h  o   d  h  r   d  s   H  f   m

   c  `  v  `   d

Fkcocfhk V`rvcf`s

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8= FMYV Y`rebrjhof` co Fmckd M`hktm+ Lhs`kco` Hss`ssj`otD`f`jl`r <988 hod Ebkkbw up Hss`ssj`ot D`f`jl`r <98<

9(

=3%(

03%(00%( 56%(

09%( 07%(4<%( 46%(

54%(75%(

54%(

9(

7<%(07%(

48%(05%(

66%(00%( 0<%(

34%( 33%( 34%( 36%( 38%( =3%( 33%( 35%( 34%( 34%( 37%(=6%(

50%(39%( 36%( 38%(

9%(<9%(49%(59%

(=9%(

899%(

Lhs`kco`+ D`f`jl`r <988( Ebkkbw up+ D`f`jl`r <98<(

   %    V

   t  h  o   d  h  r   d

  s   H  f   m   c  `  v  `   d

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Vujjhry be 5 Dcstrcft M`hktm Jhohg`j`otT`hj–s Y`rebrjhof`

44%(56%(

40%(67%( 44%( 43%(

77%(38%(

=8%( =9%( =9%(75%(

9%(<9%(49%(59%(=9%(

899%(

Hmhoth W`st( @kk`jl`kk (̀ Abjbrb( Oz`jh @hst( VMHJH( VTJH(Lhs`kco`+ D`f`jl`r <988( Ebkkbw up+ D`f`jl`r <98<(

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Cjprbvcog quhkcty+ Cjprbvcog hff`ss

9(<999(4999(5999(=999(

89999(8<999(84999(85999(

X8( X<( X6( X4( X8( X<( X6(

Tbthk BYD Htt`odhof` co 8= FMYV Qbo`s(

Fmckdr`o ; 0( Hkk Hg`s(<988"8< <98<"86

   T  b   t  h   k  o  u  j   l  `  r  b   e   B   Y

   D  f   k   c  `  o   t  s

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Cofr`hscog hff`ss tb jhkhrch fhr`

9(8999(<999(6999(4999(0999(5999(7999

(=999(3999(

89999(

X8( X<( X6( X4( X8( X<( X6(

Oujl`r be jhkhrch fhs`s co 8= FMYV Qbo`s(Fborj`d( Tr`ht`d(

<988"8<<98<"86

   T  b   t  h   k  o  u  j   l  `  r  b   e  j  h   k  h  r   c  h  f  h  s  `  s

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Kcjcthtcbos hod Fmhkk`og`s

9(<99(499(599(=99(

8999(8<99(8499(8599(

X8( X<( X6( X4( X8( X<( X6(

Oujl`r be O`w Ehjcky Ykhoocog Hff`ptbrs co 8=FMYV Qbo`s((

Hff`ptbrs(

<988"8< <98<"86

   T  b   t  h   k  o  u  j   l  `  r  b   e  o  `  w

   e  h  j   c   k  y

  p   k  h  o  o   c  o  g  h  f  f  `  p   t  b

  r  s

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Vt`p 41 F`k`lrht`

§  Lhs`d bo r`sukts (§  F`rtcfht`s+

hwhrds(

§  J`dch phrtcfcphtcbo§  Jhohg`j`ot

t`hjs (§  L`st prhftcf`s (

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K`ssbos K`hro`d

§  Yhrtcfcphtcbo1 hftcv` `oghg`j`ot be jhohg`j`ot (

§  Fkhrcfhtcbo1 `xp`fthtcbos hodsthodhrdczhtcbo be prhftcf`s(

§  J`hsur`j`ot1 Ybw`r beoujl`rs -%# tb fbjjuocfht`hod hdvbfht` ebr fmhog`(

§  Vuppbrt hod r`fbgoctcbo1 n`y

jbtcvhtbrs ebr s`rvcf` prbvcd`rs (

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Mhs tm` quhkcty be m`hktm fhr` cjprbv`d2

Tm`r` mhs l``o cjprbv`j`ot co fbjp`t`ofc`s hod snckks be m`hktm fhr`s`rvcf`s prbvcd`rs bee`r+ scof` tm`y obw ebkkbw prbf`dur`s

syst`jhtcfhkky tb p`rebrj tm`cr thsns/ Tm`y hr` hksb hwhr` be l`cog

jboctbr`d ebr gbbd p`rebrjhof`s wmcfm ht tm` `od tm`y wckk l`r`fbgocs`d hod r`whrd`d/ ‖  Fmhrkbtt` Dhoquhm+ Dcstrcft Dcr`ftbr be M`hktm V`rvcf`s+ Abjbrb Dcstrcft (

…w` obw nobw mbw tb db tmcogs tm` rcgmt why hod hksb wmht cs`xp`ft`d be us/ Tmcs mhs jhd` h lcg dcee`r`of`/

 ‖  Jhrtmh Hggr`y+ Fbjjuocty M`hktm Bef`r+ Abjbrb Dcstrcft