USES OF SOLAR ENERGY

Dimitar DimitrovAssociate Professor

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies

ORIGIN OF RENEWABLES

HOW MUCH SOLAR ENERGY DO WE HAVE

SOLAR RADIATION IN EUROPE

USING THE SOLAR ENERGY• Solar thermal systems • Solar electric systems

EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

PASSIVE SYSTEM FOR WATER HEATING

• Systems with thermosyphon

WATER HEATING SYSTEM WITH PUMPING

SYSTEM FOR SPACE HEATING

INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF SOLAR COLLECTORS

INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF COLLECTORS (per capita)

DISTRIBUTION BY APPLICATION

SOLAR COLLECTOR'S MARKET GROWTH

PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMSPV systems directly convert the solar energy into electricity

ADVANTAGES:– can operate in almost any location– don't pollute– don't make noise– highly reliable– modular concept etc.

ADVANTAGES:– Expensive cost of electricity– Output variability (day – night, seasonally..)– houligasm (steal, broke)...

Types of PV cells• monocrystalline• polycrystalline• amorphous• thin films etc.

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLThe „hearth“ of PV generators is a PV cell

PV cellPV panel

PV generatorPV module

ELEMENTS OF A PV GENERATOR

STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEMS

~G

DC

~–

AC

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OD STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEMS

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50

Daily load consumption (kWh/day)

1 km

2

4

6

8 10 12 14 16 18

20

Ele

ctri

city

net

cos

t (€/

kWh)

GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS DC

~–

AC

kWh

Governments offer incentives in order to encourage the PV industry to achieve the economies of scale.

Incentives involve: tax decreasing, soft credits, grants,feed-in tariffs etc.

Such policies are implemented to: promote national or territorial energy independence, high tech job creation, reduction of carbon dioxide emissions,obtain political benefits etc.

Feed-in tariffs for PV systems in RM are:for PV systems ≤ 50 kW, 0,16 €/kWh,for PV systems > 50 kW, 0,12 €/kWh.

PV INCENTIVES

GRID-CONNECTED VS. OFF-GRID (STAND-ALONE)

DISTRIBUTION OF PV INSTALLATIONS

EVOLUTION OF PV MODULE PRICES [per/Wp]

PV INDUSTRY GROWTH: corrected forecast

CELL EFFICIENCES

CELL TECHNOLOGY SHARES

OPERATIONAL PRINCIPES OF PV CELLS

CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS

CATALOGUE DATA OF A PV MODULE

I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF A PV MODULE

I-V CHARACTERISTIC MEARUREMENTS

R1 R2 R3

DATA LOGGER

Tа G EMS32 SA-200

"1" "2" "3" + –

+ –

+

– "0"

+ –

+ –

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

2

4

6

8

10

12

Напон на ФВ генератор [V]

мерени податоци модел теоретски

Gh = 770 W/m2

Ta = 29 °C

Tc = 49,5 °C

Стр

уја

од Ф

В г

енер

атор

[A

] модел реален

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PV GENERATOR IN REAL CONDITIONS

PV

gen

erat

or c

urre

nt [

A]

PV generator voltage [V]

measured data

model theoreticalmodel real

0 10 20 30 400

5

10

Gh = 875 W/m2, Ta = 29,5 °C, Tc = 52,5 °C

Gh = 493 W/m2, Ta = 20 °C

Tc = 32,7 °C

Напон на ФВ генератор [V]

Gh = 145 W/m2, Ta = 21,2 °C

Tc = 24,9 °C

Gh = 767 W/m2, Ta = 28,2 °C

Tc = 48,1 °C

Стр

уја

од Ф

В г

енер

атор

[A]

MEASURED DATA AND THE MODEL

PV generator voltage [V]

PV

gen

erat

or c

urre

nt [

A]

SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE PV CELLS

BALANCE OF SYSTEM (BOS) COMPONENTS

TRACKING PANELS

STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEM

GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

+

–

N PV,s

N PV,p

– ~

Инвертор 400 V 10 kV

10 kV мрежа

ФВ модули ФВ генератор

CAD LAYOUT OF A PV GENETRATOR

TRANSPOSITION FACTOR

TRANSPOSITION WITH TRACKING

SOLAR "MOVEMENT" AND SHADING

BASIC PERFORMACES OF A PV GENERATOR

MONTHH0

[kWh/m²]Ta,sr [°C] Hβ [kWh/m²] Еout [kWh] ηtot [%]

jan 56 0,0 96 70782 10,9

feb 72 2,1 107 79086 10,9

mar 113 6,1 134 96132 10,6

apr 147 10,4 158 115643 10,8

may 188 15,5 191 135900 10,5

jun 200 19,4 198 138090 10,3

jul 210 21,8 209 143927 10,1

aug 189 21,6 199 136422 10,1

sep 142 17,2 160 113087 10,5

oct 106 11,8 151 106004 10,4

nov 66 5,9 111 79715 10,6

dec 47 1,8 92 65542 10,5

TOTAL/ AVERAGE

1535 11,1 1803 1280330 10,5

AREA SIZE OF A PV GENERATOR

HYBRID PV SYSTEM

–~

~GS

DUMP LOAD

LOADS220 V50 Hz

PV GENERATOR

MPPT

BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLER

BATTERY

INVERTER

BATTERY CHARGER

DIESEL GENSET

WHY TO USE A HYBRID PV SYSTEM?

• PV generatorAdvantages Disadvantages

• Eco acceptable • Reliable energy source• Minimal o&m

• High investment• Daily and seasonal variations• Dependent on meteo conditions

• Diesel genset Advantages Disadvantages

• Low investment cost• Controlled operation (on&off)

• High o&m costs• Need of transport and stocking of fuel• Exhaustion gases and noise

What is achieved by the „hybridization“?

• Lower investment cost (from a PV system)• Lower o&m costs (from a genset only system)• Minimal pollution• Increased reliability• Decreased sensitivity on daily and seasonal

meteorological variations

but it is required...• Proper sizing and designing• Energy dispatching

220 V50 Hz

–~

~GS

DUMPLOAD

MODE 1234

OPERATIONAL MODES OF HPV SYSTEMS

5

Project and documentation

3.1%

Insurance2.2%

o&m12.9%

Batteries13.7%

GS (with overhaus)5.1%

PV modules15.0%

Genset3.7%

Batteries4.7%

Inverter1.1%

Controller1.4%

Supporting structure4.5%

Other components0.5%

Diesel fuel with transportation

32.0%

Initial costs 30%

TOTAL COSTS

LOAD15 kWh/day

10 20 30 40 500.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2 Цена на ел. енергија [€/kWh]

Потрош. на ел. енергија [kWh/ден]

ELECTRICITY PRICES AND COMPONENT CAPACITIES

0

10

20

30

40

10 20 30 40 500

5

10

15Капацитет [kWh]Моќност [kW, kVA]

Потрош. на ел. енергија [kWh/ден]

ФВ генератор Дизелагрегат Инвертор Батерија

Daily load [kWh/day]

Daily load [kWh/day]

Electricity price [€/kWh] Power [kW, kVA] Capacity [kWh]

PV generatorDiesel gensetInverterBattery

GALLERY

GALLERY

VISIONS

Thank You!!!