Use of Water and Land for Irrigation Food Security and ... · Datuk Ir. Hj. Keizrul bin Abdullah President International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage ICID 15 September 2005

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ByDatuk Ir. Hj. Keizrul bin Abdullah

PresidentInternational Commission on Irrigation and Drainage

ICID 15 September 2005

Use of Water and Land for Food Security and

Environmental Sustainability

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IrrigationIrrigationW

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Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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Ancient Irrigation Systems

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Sept 2005 Water Wheel

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Women Power

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Manual irrigation

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Water hose

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54.72183.51Asia

3.8811.72Africa

2.172.66Oceania

46.0623.46Europe

64.5640.75Americas

171.39262.10Total -101 countries

Drained AreaMha

Irrigated AreaMha

Continent

Ref: ICID 2004

Irrigated and Drained Areas

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Agriculture Domestic Industry

70 %

20 %

10 %

Water Withdrawal

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Ref: World Bank

Water Withdrawals

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• Irrigation water use efficiency generally low : 20 % (paddy) to 90 % drip

• Average for developing countries ~43 %

• Irrigated Agriculture guzzler of water

• Calls from NGOs for improvement in water productivity water efficiency & higher crop yields

WaterWater

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Over-irrigation resulting in …….

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….. water-logged agricultural areas

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… leading to poor yields, salinization …..

…. and Desertification

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Fertilizer residue in return flow

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Similarly drainage projects has many impacts

Flood ControlWastewater disposal

Infrastructure and settlements

Environment

Groundwater -drinking

Fishing - Health

+ve, -ve / direct-indirect /On-site, Off-site/

Ref: Safwat Abdel-Dayem, WB

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Acid Sulphate Soils

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Peat Subsidence in Johor Barat,

Malaysia

1975

19871989

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Peat

Peat Fires

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Farm Road

Effect of Peat Fires

Paya IndahPeat Swamp, Malaysia

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM DRAINED PEAT

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• Irrigation and drainage seen as polluters and cause of environmental degradation

• Led to decline in irrigation and drainage investments

• World Bank funding : US$ 700 - 800 m US$ 200 - 300 m

• Number of projects 20-25 5-6

• New projects Rehabilitation

InvestmentInvestment

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Ref: Salah Darghouth, WB

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2025

% increase

Irrigation ExpansionIrrigation Expansion

2.3 %2.3 %

1.3 %1.3 %

0.6 %0.6 %1.0 %1.0 %

Ref: Hopper

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0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Are

a (M

Ha)

Rate of Increase of Irrigated Area

World

Developing Countries

Developed CountriesChina

India

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1. Rising capital cost1. Rising capital cost

2. Low return on capital2. Low return on capital

3. Problem of operation 3. Problem of operation and maintenanceand maintenance

4. Low efficiency of 4. Low efficiency of water use.water use.

55. Low level of water . Low level of water charges and revenuescharges and revenues

6. Environmental impacts 6. Environmental impacts of projects (dams)of projects (dams)

7. Degradation of natural 7. Degradation of natural resourcesresources

Poor Prospects fornew Irrigation & Drainage Projects

Poor Prospects fornew Irrigation & Drainage Projects

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Irrigated Agriculture

Wither Wither goestgoest irrigation ??irrigation ??

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Dec 26, 2004

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FAO : 850 million chronically hungry

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Disaster Starvation

Extreme events : famines, wars

850 million

8%

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850 million

8%

92%

Chronic malnutrition

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THE THE CHRONICALLY CHRONICALLY

HUNGRYHUNGRY

Smallholder farms: Smallholder farms: 50%50% The rural landless: The rural landless: 22%22%

The urban poor: The urban poor: 20%20%

Forests Forests dwellers,dwellers,

pastoralists, pastoralists, fishermen: fishermen: 8%8%

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• FAO 850 million people undernourished

• 815 million in developing countries and 27 million in countries in transition

• 5 million children die annually from hunger

• In economic terms, developing countries lose $ billions in lost productivity and earnings

Food ShortageFood Shortage

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FOOD SECURITYFOOD SECURITY

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• FAO definition physical, social and economic access for all people to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for an active and healthy life

• At global level, ability to produce food > ability to get the food to those in need

• At regional/national level, there are discrepancies

Food SecurityFood Security

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Net World Cereal Export Surplus in Million ton (T), or in % of Own Production (OP)

Source : Schultz et al. (2003)

1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 T OP T OP T OP T OP T OP

Asia -81.9 -8.3 -79.3 -7.8 -81.1 -7.9 -74.1 -7.4 -77.4 -7.8

Africa -33.8 -30.8 -38.8 -33.9 -40.7 -36.5 -43.8 -39 -43.2 -36.7

Americas 83.7 16.1 77.7 14.6 82.4 15.7 82.1 15.4 83.4 16.1

Europe 15.1 3.4 22.8 5.8 18.7 4.9 12.5 3.2 19.2 4.5

Oceania 17.9 56.1 20.9 61.3 20.7 57.7 20.6 58 20.8 54.2

World 1 0 3.3 0.2 0 0 -2.7 -0.1 2.8 0.1

Developed Countries 99.6 11.4 111.8 13.3 117.3 14.3 105.2 12.7 109.2 12.9

Emerging developing countries

-61.5 -5.7 -65.5 -5.9 -74.5 -6.7 -62.5 -5.8 -61.1 -5.6

Least developed Countries

-37.1 -26.6 -43 -29.4 -42.8 -28.9 -45.4 -29.9 -45.3 -28.8

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• In 1996 FAO World Food Summit

• Objective to get global commitment to eliminate hunger and malnutrition, and to achieve sustainable food security for all people

• World Food Summit and MDG goal reduce by 50% by 2015

• Need to reduce by 22 million/yr c.f. current rate only 6 million/yr

Food SecurityFood Security

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CHALLENGES AHEADCHALLENGES AHEAD

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1. Population Growth

Challenges AheadChallenges Ahead

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High variant

Medium variant

Low variant

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

4

6

8

10

12

14

2

GLOBAL POPULATION 1960 - 2050

Bill

ions

Ref: UN

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0

5

10

2000 2025 2050YearYear

Bill

ion

Bill

ion

6.0

6.0 7.

857.

85 8.92

8.92

Ref: UN

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• 50 % increase in population by 2050

PopulationPopulation

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97-99 2015 2030 2050

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

0

2

4

6

8

10

YEAR

Billi

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WORLD DEV.COUNTRIES IND. COUNTRIES TRAN. COUNTRIES

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Sept 2005 ASIA ASIA -- Population Population vsvs Land AreaLand Area

World World -- Land AreaLand Area

World World -- PopulationPopulation

60%60%

40%40%

ASIAASIA

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1990455.2 million tons

2020781.3 million tons

-- Increase of 40%Increase of 40%

-- Require additional 9.8 million ha of landRequire additional 9.8 million ha of land

-- Assuming yields of 3.2 tons of rice per ha.Assuming yields of 3.2 tons of rice per ha.

International Rice Research Institute

Global Rice OutlookGlobal Rice Outlook

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• Rural - urban migration

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POPULATION IN AGRICULTURETotal population and population economically active in agriculture in year 2000

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Total population and population economically active in agriculture in year 2000

POPULATION IN AGRICULTURE

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• Declining role of agriculture (GDP, labour) Wat

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20

30

40

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60

1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000

DECLINING CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE DECLINING CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE -- MALAYSIAMALAYSIA

% % LabourLabour force force / agric sector/ agric sector

% GDP / Agric % GDP / Agric sector sector

% C

ontr

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% C

ontr

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• Declining role of agriculture (GDP, labour)

• Changes in lifestyle

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• More disposal income Change in diet, more consumption of meat

• Developed countries 70-100 kg/p/yr c.f. < 20 kg/p/yr in developing countries

• Developing world catching upChina : 11 kg (1975) 50 kg (2000)

LifestyleLifestyleW

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1 kg beef: 44,000 litres

Water to produce various consumables...

1 doz. eggs: 8,400 litres

1 burger & fries: 7,900 litres

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2kgPalm oil5kgRice2kgPaddy1kgWheat6kgFresh poultry

10kgFresh lamb15kgFresh beef

500headSheep and goats4,000headCattle

Equivalent water, m³

UnitFood Product

Water Requirement EquivalentWater Requirement Equivalent

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• More disposal income Change in diet, more consumption of meat

• Developed countries 70-100 kg/p/yr c.f. < 20 kg/p/yr in developing countries

• Developing world catching up

• Need to increase cereal production 1.84 b tons 2.8 b tons by 2030 [50 % food, 44 % feed]

LifestyleLifestyle

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1. Population Growth2. Limited Water Resources


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High variant

Medium variant

Low variant

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

4

6

8

10

12

14

2

GLOBAL POPULATION 1960 - 2050

Bill

ions

Ref: UN

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DOMESTICDOMESTIC

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

NATURENATURE

WATERWATER

Growing Demand for WaterGrowing Demand for Water

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Freshwater availability per capita1950- 2050

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Water Crisis

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• To meet 2025 food production levels need ~ 2,000 cubic km of additional irrigation water (24× annual flow of Nile River)

• By 2025, ~2.7 billion people (1/3 world population) facing severe water shortage

WaterWater

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Water Scarcity in 2025Water Scarcity in 2025

Source :

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• To meet 2025 food production levels need ~ 2,000 cubic km of additional irrigation water (24× annual flow of Nile River)

• By 2025, ~2.7 billion people (1/3 world population) facing severe water shortage

• Chronic competition for water expected

WaterWater

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DOMESTICDOMESTIC

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

NATURENATURE

WATERWATER

Competition for WaterCompetition for Water

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1. Population Growth

2. Limited Water Resources

3. Limited Land Resources


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• 1.5 billion ha used for crop production

• Crop production areas growing @ 1.3 % per yr vs 2.2 % during past 30 years

• Arable land per capita decreasing from 0.3 ha (1989-91) to 0.2 ha (2000-2002)

Land UtilisationLand UtilisationW

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Arable land (ha/person)

Ref: World Bank

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• Expansion of land base to marginal lands

Land UtilisationLand Utilisation

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Hills cleared for agriculture ……..

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……. and rice cultivation

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Marginal soils utilised for Agriculture

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MARGINAL SOILS AND LOW-LYING AREA

Require Intensive InfrastructureLow Productivity

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• Expansion of land base to marginal lands

• Regional differences

Land UtilisationLand Utilisation

Sources: FAO data and Fischer et al. (2000)

Cropland in use and total suitable land (million ha)

Ref : FAO data and Fischer et al. (2000)

1066 1031

203 228

366

232

220

207

99

86

874

387

497

265

Limited Arable Land and Competition for other Usage

South Asia

East Asia

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FEEDING THE WORLD

FEEDING THE WORLD

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1. Providing Irrigation and Drainage

Feeding The WorldFeeding The World

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Sept 2005 WORLD FOOD PRODUCTIONWORLD FOOD PRODUCTION

World World -- AreaArea

World World -- FoodFood

40%40%

17%17%

IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

NONNON--IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

Ref: Postel

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• Irrigation and drainage infrastructure reduce risk from water-related hazards

InfrastructureInfrastructureW

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Dry Season - Water Scarcity

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Canals supply water

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Wet Season - Water Logging

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• Infrastructure necessary for assured water supply, multiple cropping / yr

InfrastructureInfrastructure

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Multiple cropping = Multiple production

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More intensive cropping density

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• Better water management - improve yields


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PAD

DY

YIEL

DS

ton/

ha

Ext

ensi

ve fa

rmin

g

Inte

nsiv

e fa

rmin

g

Source : Kawasugi

POORLY DRAINED

WELL DRAINED

Padd

y Yi

elds

t/ha

Padd

y Yi

elds

t/ha

00

44

88

1212

19

Effect of Improved Drainage on Yields

U – UNDRAINEDS – SURFACE DRAINAGESS – SUBSUFACE DRAINAGEC - COMBINATION

Source : Agri Drainage Bulletin 871-98

Effect of Drainage Intensity on Yields

Source : Agri Drainage Bulletin 871-98

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Average yield (tons/ha) of rice, wheat, maize, 1960 and 1994

Average Yields

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• Salinization affects 1-1.5 million ha / yr, need for drainage


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17 152623603080332121

7.0 6.74.24.22.41.71.00.9

28.147.7

India ChinaPakistanUSAUzbekistanIranTurkmenistanEgyptSubtotalWorld Estimate

Total irrigated Land Damaged by Salt (percent)

Irrigated Land Damaged by Salt (million Ha)

Country

Salinisation of Soils on Irrigated Lands

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Subsurface Drainage - Tile Drains

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• Salinization affects 1-1.5 million ha / yr, need for drainage

• Gradual shift in thinking

InfrastructureInfrastructureW

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…. need for continued investment in infrastructure ……

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Some Good News !!!!Some Good News !!!!

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1. Providing Irrigation and Drainage2. Improving Water Use Efficiency

Meeting The ChallengesMeeting The Challenges

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More Crop Per Drop

More Crop Less Drop

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More Crop Per Drop

More Crop Less Drop

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Less Drop

Improving Water Efficiency

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WSSD Plan of Action

• “To develop integrated water resource management and water efficiency plans by 2005”

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WSSD Plan of Action

• “To develop integrated water resource management and water efficiency plansby 2005”

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WSSD Plan of Action

• “To develop integrated water resource management and water efficiency plansby 2005”

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SystemsSystems

Improving Water EfficiencyImproving Water Efficiency

REDUCEREDUCEWATER WATER

USEUSE

LESS LESS DROPDROP

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2.5 % of existing infrastructure needs to be rehabilitated or replaced each year

(207 million ha)

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Sept 2005 Recycling Irrigation Supply using Pumps

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Sprinklers for rice in Brazil

Water use reduced to one quarter (¼) cf. flood irrigation

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SystemsSystems

Improving O&MImproving O&M


LESS LESS DROPDROP

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Control Room

Better operation to reduce losses

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• Comparing and assessing scheme’s performance

• Improve weaknesses

• Learn, borrow, adapt best management practices

Benchmarking Benchmarking

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SystemsSystems


Cost RecoveryCost Recovery


LESS LESS DROPDROP

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• Wastage because of little or no water recovery cost from farmers

• Where available, quantum low and inadequate

• Need adequate and appropriate charges, with measurement system


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Control and Measuring

Structures to reduce

operational losses

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SystemsSystems



ModernisationModernisation


LESS LESS DROPDROP

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“Irrigation Modernisation is a process of

technical and managerialupgrading of irrigation scheme

combined with institutional reforms

with the objective to improve resource utilisation

(labour, water, economic, environmental)

and water productivity”

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• Wider stakeholders’ participation

• Water user groups, Farmers Associations

• Turnover programs

• Dialogues

• Capacity building

Institutional Reforms Institutional Reforms

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2. Improving Water Use Efficiency3. Rain-fed Areas


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World World -- AreaArea

World World -- FoodFood

40%40%

17%17%

IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

NONNON--IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

Ref: Postel

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60%60%83%83%

RAINRAIN--FEDFEDNONNON--IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

Ref: Postel

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• Represents 87 % of cropped land

• Small improvement large impact

• Subjected to risk of water related hazards

• Providing basic infrastructure

• Small scale projects

Rain-fed Areas Rain-fed Areas

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2. Improving Water Use Efficiency

3. Rain-fed Areas

4. Technology

Meeting The ChallengesMeeting The ChallengesW

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• R&D

Technology Technology

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• Water use efficiency

• Waste water treatment

• Improved Hydraulic structures

• Decision support systems

• Unconventional water (eg. desalinization)

• Renewable energy

R & DR & D

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• R&D

• Improvements to systems and processes


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Sept 2005 Telemetric water level station

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Agro-climatic station

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• R&D


• Field application / best practices


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New High Yielding Variety

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• R&D



• Better management models


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GROUND DATA COLLECTIONGROUND DATA COLLECTION

Pest, weed etcPest, weed etc

BASIC LAYERSBASIC LAYERS

MODELLING for optimum input and MODELLING for optimum input and outputoutput

ACTION MAP for optimum inputACTION MAP for optimum input

Soil MapSoil MapYield MapYield MapLand Use MapLand Use MapCadastralCadastral MapMap

Remote Sensing DataRemote Sensing DataWeather DataWeather DataSocioSocio--EconomicEconomic

Objective:Objective:

Development and integration of remote Development and integration of remote sensing, GIS, GPS and related technologies for sensing, GIS, GPS and related technologies for efficient and precision plantation management efficient and precision plantation management to increase national rice and oil palm to increase national rice and oil palm production and quality of environmentproduction and quality of environment

Use of Technology - Precision Farming

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Control Room

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• R&D



• Better management models

• Capacity building, humanware, TOT


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Training of Farmers

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3. Rain-fed Areas

4. Technology5. Integrated Approach


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3rd World Water Forum, Kyoto

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LOOK BEYOND THE CANAL (& DRAIN)

LOOK BEYOND THE CANAL (& DRAIN)

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• Role of Irrigated Agriculture goes beyond commodity production

Looking Beyond The CanalLooking Beyond The Canal

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Irrigation scheme Product

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Product Food, Income

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Product Food, Income

Food, Income

Quality of life, Contribution

to GDP

29

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• Role of Irrigated Agriculture• Externalities


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• Irrigated agriculture will always generate externalities

• Eliminate or compensate by internalisingthe externalities

ExternalitiesExternalitiesW

ater

and

Lan

d

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• Role of Agriculture in economy

• Externalities

• Multiple roles Multi-functional roles of irrigated agriculture, including providing environmental services


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Aesthetic - Landscape

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Sept 2005 Groundwater recharge

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Sept 2005 Groundwater recharge

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80-90 percent of NO3-N is removed when contaminated water passes

through paddy field

Water Purification

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Flood control

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200 27.6 oC

180 27.4

160 27.2

140 27.0

120 26.8

100 26.6

80 26.4

60 26.2

0 15 30 45 60 (m)

Wind

Asphalt Paddy Potato Soybean Asphalt

Fig.1: Two-dimensional air temperature profiles above paddy fields

(Oue, 1994)

HeightAbove ground (cm)

Redistribution of Solar Energy above Paddy Fields

Air cooling effect

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• Role of Agriculture in economy

• Externalities

• Multiple roles

• An integrated approach

Looking Beyond The CanalLooking Beyond The CanalW

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• Holistic view

Integrated Approach Integrated Approach

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Society

•Population•Life style•Culture•Rural-urban migration

Environment

•Water•Hydrosphere•Land•Biosphere•Minerals

Food Security

•Food production•Affordibility•Distribution•Agriculture•Industry•Services

Impacts

Impacts Impacts

Food Security and Society

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• Holistic view

• Hardware & software


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HardwareInfrastructureTechnology

Integrated Approach

SoftwareInstitutions, laws

Governance

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• Holistic view


• Integration within scheme


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Irrigation & Drainage Water StructuresW

ater

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• Holistic view



• Integration within river basin


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Irrigation & Drainage System Irrigation & Drainage System -- EgyptEgypt

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• Holistic view



• Integration within river basin

• Irrigation and Drainage as a component of IWRM


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Hea

lth

Wat

er Q

ualit

y

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Floo

ds/D

roug

hts

Ener

gy

Agric

ultu

re

Indu

stry

Pollu

tion

Prev

Coa

stal

Mgt

.

Ecos

yste

m M

gt.

Activity Sectors (water uses)

Social

Development

Economic

Development

Env.

ProtectionObjectives

Governance

Management Institutions

Fe

The IWRM Process

Feed

back

Ref: GWP

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IWRM PERSPECTIVE

Structure

EconomicEfficiency Equity Environmental

Sustainability

ManagementInstruments

EnablingEnvironment

InstitutionalFrameworks

Balance ‘Water for Food’ and ‘Water for Nature’

Principles

Ref: GWP

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A Schematic model

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Introduction to THE

DRAINFRAMEAPPROACH


2. Describe changes in air, water, soil, flora, fauna

3. Describe secondary and higher-order changes

4. Determine geographical and time range of changes

5. Identify affected landscape(s)

6. Identify affected functions and their stakeholders; assess impacts on economic, social and ecological values

7. Acceptabilityof impacts?

Implementation

9. Mitigation measures

1. Describe the Drainage Intervention

No Yes

iteration IMPACT ASSESSMENT& DECISIONMAKING

Discussion and negotiation of tradeoffs

8. Define alternative solutions


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3. Rain-fed Areas

4. Technology

5. Integrated Approach

6. ICID Strategies for Food Security


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ICID Strategies For Global Food Security

* Categories of countries arranged from Deficiency to Surplus food self-sufficiency.

Category I : Many countries in Sub-Saharan AfricaCategory II : Saudi Arabia, Japan etc.Category III : India, China etc.Category IV : USA, Canada etc.

Category

ofcountries*

Food SelfSufficiency

EconomicStatus(GNP)

Population Status ofWRD Governance Strategies

I Deficient Low High Low DeficientAid, Investment, Develop WaterResources, Improve Efficiency,Population Control

II Deficient High Low Adequate Adequate Virtual Water - Import

III SufficientLow and

Low

MiddleHigh Medium Evolving

Investment, Develop WaterResource, Improve Efficiency,Population Control

IV Surplus High Low Adequate Adequate Trade - Export

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

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• Food Security - Pressing problems to be solved

ConclusionConclusion

• Population growth• Food production needs• Water issues• Environmental issues

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• Irrigation and Drainage Significant factor in meeting challenges


• Enabling role to achieve required production increase

• Small scale infrastructure Significant improvement to rain-fed areas

• Need to be more environment friendly

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• Need to improve on water use efficiency


• More Crop Less Drop

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• Need to improve on water use efficiency

• Holistic approach Look beyond the canal / drain


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Use of Water and Land for Food Security and

Environmental Sustainability

35

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Dujiangyan Irrigation System

Celebrated 2260th anniversary in 2004

Truly irrigation and drainage can be sustainable !!

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Documents

Use of Water and Land for Irrigation Food Security and ... · Datuk Ir. Hj. Keizrul bin Abdullah President International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage ICID 15 September 2005