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Use of Treated Sludge (KALA Fertilizer) to Improve Water Productivity
Ahmed Al-Busaidi
Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering,College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos
University, Omane-mail: [email protected]
Sectoral Water Use in the Sultanate
7%
0.6%
2.4%
90%
Total Demand = 1657 MCM/Yr
Domestic
Industrial
Agricultural
Municipal
(1491 MCM/Yr)
(117 MCM/Yr)
(9 MCM/Yr)
(40 MCM/Yr)
Water Balance in the Sultanate (MCM/Yr)
Supply
Demand
Deficit
1267390
1657
Soil Suitability of the Sultanate
S1 - most suitableS2 - marginally suitableNS - non-suitable
92.93%
2.52% 4.55%
Total area = 31,426,466 ha
(1,430,000 ha)
(29,204,610 ha)
(792,000 ha)
Objectives
Conduct research 1. To assess the performance of the tested crops
under different fertilizers. 2. To determine the changes in physicochemical
properties of the soil treated by different fertilizers.
3. To monitor characteristics and yield components of crops grown and treated by different fertilizers.
Objectives3. To quantify water productivity and water saving potential of Kala compost and its ability to improve water use efficiency. 4. To understand the impact of Kala compost on plant growth and heavy metal accumulation. 5. To evaluate the impact of Kala compost to soil microorganisms and crop diseases. 6. To explore the economic feasibility of reducing water supply and inorganic fertilizers.
To Evaluate and Assess KALA Fertilizer Application in Agriculture
Microbial Analysis Report تقرير التحليل الميكروبيولوجي للعينات
للحدود الميكروبيولوجيا 1089/2000مطابقة للمواصفة القياسية العمانية رقم المالحظات: : تعتبر العينة
للسلع والمواد الغذائية الجزء األول يعتمد،،،
توقيع المحلل: ك . م قيس بن سليمان الكشري مدير إدارة الشؤون الصحية
:Reference no 3939 رقم العينة:
:Submitted by الجهة المرسلة: جامعة السلطان قابوس
:Date received 23/3/2013 تاريخ اإلرسال:
:Type of sample 1 بطاطس نوع العينة:
:Trade mark -االسم التجاري:
:.Country of manuf بلد المنشأ:
:Date of manuf.: Expir تاريخ اإلنتاج: - تاريخ اإلنتهاء : -
:Number of samples 1عدد العينات:
:Date of report 27/3/2013تاريخ التقرير:
:Remarks مالحظات أخرى:
RESULTS TYPE OF TEST
- Total aerobic plate count
- Coliform bacteria
Nil E. coli
- Staphylococcus aureus
Nil Salmonella spp.
- Yeast & mould
- Others
Lab work: Biological test
0
10
20
30
40
50
Control NPK NPK KALA KALA Pure Kala
Org
anic
Mat
ter (
%)
Treatment
Soil samples
Treatment g/cm3
Kala 1.81
NPK 2.07
Soil bulk density
Soil samples
0.008
1.1641.285
1.629
2.593
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
Control NPK MIX KALA P. Kala
Soil
Nitr
ogen
(%)
Treatment
02468
1012
NPK KALA MIX
Tota
l Car
bon
(%l)
Treatment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
NPK15 NPK30 MIX15 MIX30 KALA15 KALA30 Control Kala 1:5 Pure Kala
Soil
EC &
pH
Treatment
EC(dS/m) pH
Soil electrical conductivity and pH at the beginning of the study
End of the study
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
NPK15 NPK30 NPK45 MIX15 MIX30 MIX45 KALA15 KALA30 KALA45
Soil
Salin
ity (d
S/m
)
Treatment
Soil Salinity
Plant samples
00.20.40.60.811.21.41.6
02468
1012141618
NPK MIX KALA
Cuc
umbe
r wei
ght
(Kg/
plan
t)
Num
ber o
f fru
its/p
lant
Treatment
No. of Fruits/plant
Weight (Kg)/plant
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.4
NPK MIX KALA
Tom
ato
wei
ght
(Kg/
plan
t)
Treatment
Average production for fruit plants (cucumber and tomato)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
NPK MIX KALA
Lettu
ce w
eigh
t (K
g)
Treatment
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
NPK MIX KALA
Cab
bage
wei
ght (
Kg)
Treatment
Average production for leaf plants (lettuce and cabbage)
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
NPK MIX KALA
Car
rot w
eigh
t (K
g)
Treatment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
NPK MIX KALA
Pota
to w
eigh
t (K
g)
Treatment
Average production for root plants (carrot and potato)
Cucumber Tomato Lettuce Cabbage Carrot Potato
NPK 200.74
c
1122.89
a
529.33
c
1421.21
a
109.83
c
1872.02
c
MIX 830.24
a
1269.27
a
1100.60
a
1808.64
a
729.08
a
4496.77
a
KALA 759.04
a
1402.64
a
1322.43
a
1334.73
a
601.71
a
3990.02
a
Statistical analysis for plant production under different treatments
Metal concentrations at soil samples (ICP data)
Element
At the beginning of the
study
At the end of the study
Sodium (Na) S S
Calcium (Ca) S N
Magnesium (Mg) S S
Potassium (K) S N
Phosphorus (P) S N
Arsenic (As) N N
Beryllium (Be) N N
Cadmium (Cd) N S
Cobalt (Co) S N
Chromium (Cr) N N
Copper (Cu) S S
Iron (Fe) S S
Lithium (Li) N N
Manganese (Mn) N S
Molybdenum (Mo) S N
Nickel (Ni) S N
Lead (Pb) N S
Antimony (Sb) S N
Strontium (Sr) N N
Titanium (Ti) N S
Vanadium (V) S N
Zinc (Zn) N N
Thallium (Tl) N N
Silicon (Si) S S
Boron (B) S S
NO of Significance14 10
Heavy metals concentrations in the soil at the beginning of the study
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
As Be Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Ti V Zn Tl Si B
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
C NPK 15 NPK 30 KALA 15 KALA 30
Heavy metals concentrations in the soil at the end of the study
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
As Be Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Ti V Zn Tl Si B
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
NPK15 NPK30 NPK45 KALA15 KALA30 KALA45
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Chloride Nitrite Phosphate Total alkalinity
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
NPK15 Kala15
Soil anions at the beginning of the study
Trt.Phosphate (ppm/5ml)
NPK15 0.13
Kala15 0.31
Soil anions at the end of the study
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Chloride Nitrite Phosphate Total alkalinity
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
NPK15 NPK30 NPK45 Kala15 Kala30 Kala45
Trt.Phosphate (ppm/5ml)
NPK15 0.28NPK30 0.54NPK45 0.23Kala15 1.75Kala30 0.2Kala45 0.2
Metal concentrations at plant samples (ICP data)
ElementTomato Cucumber Cabbage Lettuce Carrot Potato
Sodium (Na) N S N N S N
Calcium (Ca) S N N N S N
Magnesium (Mg) N N N N S S
Potassium (K) S N N S S S
Phosphorus (P) N S S N S S
Arsenic (As) S N N S N N
Beryllium (Be) N N N N N N
Cadmium (Cd) N N S S N S
Cobalt (Co) N N N N S S
Chromium (Cr) N N N N N S
Copper (Cu) N N S N S S
Iron (Fe) N N S N N N
Lithium (Li) N N N N N S
Manganese (Mn) N N N N S S
Molybdenum (Mo) N S N N N N
Nickel (Ni) N N N N S N
Lead (Pb) N N N S S N
Antimony (Sb) N S N N N S
Strontium (Sr) S N N N S S
Titanium (Ti) N N N N N N
Vanadium (V) N N S N S S
Zinc (Zn) N S S S S S
Thallium (Tl) S N N S N N
Silicon (Si) N S S S S S
Boron (B) N S N S S N
NO. of Significance 5 7 7 8 15 15
Statistical analysis for metal concentrations at plant samples of different treatments (NPK, KALA, MIX)
0.8703
1.2349
2.579
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
NPK MIX KALA
Cuc
umbe
r Nitr
ogen
(%)
Treatment
Nitrogen content in cucumber fruits
Heavy metals concentrations in cucumber
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
As Be Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Sr Ti V Zn Tl Si B
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
Kala NPK
Heavy metals concentrations in tomato
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
As Be Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Sr Ti V Zn Tl Si B
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
NPK KALA
Heavy metals concentrations in cabbage
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
As Be Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Sr Ti V Zn Tl Si B
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
NPK KALA
Heavy metals concentrations in lettuce
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
As Be Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Sr Ti V Zn Tl Si B
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
NPK KALA
Heavy metals concentrations in carrot
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
As Be Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Sr Ti V Zn Tl Si B
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
NPK KALA
Heavy metals concentrations in potato
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
As Be Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Li Mn Mo Ni Pb Sb Sr Ti V Zn Tl Si B
Con
c. (m
g/l)
Element
NPK KALA
Biological Analysis
Microbial Analysis Reportتقرير التحليل الميكروبيولوجي للعينات
للحدود الميكروبيولوجيا للسلع 1089/2000المالحظات: : تعتبر العينةمطابقة للمواصفة القياسية العمانية رقم والمواد الغذائية الجزء األول
يعتمد،،،
قيس بن سليمان الكشري توقيع المحلل: ك . م
مدير إدارة الشؤون الصحية
3932 رقم العينة: Reference no:
:Submitted by الجهة المرسلة: جامعة السلطان قابوس
:Date received 16/3/2013تاريخ اإلرسال:
1نوع العينة: طماطم Type of sample:
:Trade mark االسم التجاري: -
:.Country of manuf بلد المنشأ:
:Date of manuf.: Expir تاريخ اإلنتاج: - تاريخ اإلنتهاء : -
1عدد العينات: Number of samples:
20/3/2013تاريخ التقرير: Date of report:
:Remarks مالحظات أخرى:
RESULTS TYPE OF TEST
Nil Total aerobic plate count
Nil Coliform bacteria
Nil E. coli
- Staphylococcus aureus
Nil Salmonella spp.
- Yeast &mould
- Others
Water Productivity
Water productivity factor can be calculated by comparing water used in this study with plant production
Water productivity = Total fruit weight (Kg) / water applied (m3)
• Kala compost was a good media for plant growth.• Chemical analysis did not show any problem of
heavy metal accumulation either in soil or plant samples.
• Biologically, all crops grown in this study were free from any harmful bacteria that could affect human health.
The finding of this year must be confirmed by second and third years studies.
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Thank you for all co-investigators for their continuous support during the study.
Special thanks to Haya Water for their financial support.