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Use of Maps for Identifying Regulated Wetlands in Vermont
Comments by
Ralph Tiner
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Basic Questions
Does the State want to regulate all wetlands or only a subset deemed “significant”?
If latter, what wetlands should really be classified as “significant” from a function and value perspective?
Should size and connectivity be considered? If so, is there any concern about vernal pools and other small wetlands (e.g., bog or fen)?
Comments re: Maps
If the State wants to regulate all wetlands, then maps would be strictly for guidance as it is virtually impossible to map all wetlands.
If regulating the “significant” subset, need to know criteria for determining significance…would help in identifying best approach for mapping them.
Options for Using Maps for Regulatory Purposes1. Show “official boundaries”
2. Show “significant wetlands” with boundaries refined on-the-ground
3. Use as guidance only to show locations of areas that may be regulated
Option 1 Maps show official boundaries with minimal
changes in the field Best if only looking to regulate wetlands that can
be readily mapped through remote sensing How does that relate to “significant” criteria? Best done with large-scale photography (or digital
imagery) but expensive (photography, interpretation, and field verification costs)
Still many wetlands will be difficult to delineate with precision
Option 2
Show “significant” wetlands and refine boundaries on-the-ground May be current practice Informs public on where regulatory wetlands are (generally) Workable, but issues of connectivity and actual boundaries
require field resolution Maps need improvement, probably should be liberal as
they serve to target areas where project-specific determinations/delineations would be required
Need to update maps based on field inspections (GPS)
Option 3 Use maps for guidance only
Basic federal regulatory approach All mapped wetlands are potentially significant, need to
determine “significance” on a case-by-case basis Will areas not mapped be regulated if they meet
“significance” criteria? How and who determines this? Alerts the public to potential areas of jurisdiction, but
questions remain as to whether wetland is significant or not, and whether areas not mapped are regulated
How does one evaluate program effectiveness?
Improved Maps
Regardless of proposed use, maps must be improved Outdated Source data limited by scale and image quality
and late 1970s knowledge of wetlands Shallow water wetlands were not transferred in
preparing the Vermont significant wetlands maps
Goals for Improving Maps
Reflect current-day conditions Identify more “significant” wetlands More accurate boundaries Produce wetland data in digital form for easy
updating in future Add Vermont stream locations Make data available online
Option 1
Add hydric soil map units and shallow water wetlands to existing Vermont significant wetland inventory (VSWI) maps
Short-term fix doesn’t bring data up-to-date Too generalized Will include many areas where wetlands don’t
exist
Option 2
Use updated NWI data when available to improve VSWI maps
Half of state already updated with NWI Will show more wetlands What “significant” wetlands are missed? No schedule for updating NWI maps for rest of
state (State can fund remainder) Can be accomplished in one to two years (if
funding is available) Data could be made available online
Option 3
Use updated NWI + “undeveloped” hydric soil map units to improve VSWI maps Shows wetlands and potential wetlands (lands with
potential for regulation) Add Vermont stream data (connectivity) Half of state already updated with NWI Will show more wetlands What “significant” wetlands are missed? No schedule for updating NWI maps for rest of state (State
can fund remainder $440K) Can be accomplished in two years if funding is available Also can update NWI with Vermont 2003 1-m digital
imagery or newer photography (added $s)
Option 4
Prepare town-by-town or county-by-county maps Most detailed maps depending on source imagery Town participation (could add to town master
plans?) Costly and time consuming State project management and oversight Will take several to many years to complete
Option 5
Update NWI statewide and do detailed mapping in specific areas as needed (combination of Options 3 and 4) Could have statewide 2003-era mapping finished in two
years ($700K) Produce detailed data where needed as time and funding
permits Can update NWI with newer photography as needed Should do pilot study to compare detailed vs. NWI to
understand the difference (product/$).
Option 6
Produce “zoning” maps showing areas where wetlands may occur and where wetland determinations/delineation will need to be performed Like Option 3 but can be broader Shows public where regulations apply Field evaluations (determinations/delineations)
required for any “regulated activity” in the designated zone
Possible Short-term Solution to Improving VSWI Mapping Within one year:
Combine updated NWI maps with “undeveloped” hydric soil map units and identify “significant” wetlands
For other areas, take original NWI data, add “undeveloped” hydric soil map units and identify “significant” wetlands
Later Finish updating NWI statewide and bring data up
to 2003/4 era and determine if more detailed mapping is required in some areas