Usaha Log Book 3

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MENJAGA, MENYIMPAN PISAU & PARANG

Safety Rules and Precautions:1) Ensure the weapon is in good condition and sharp enough to be used.2) Wear shoes when using a parang to chop wood or bamboo.3) Remove anything that may get in the way, e.g. tie, loose shirt, pendent, scarf.4) Get yourself into a comfortable and well balanced position.5) Keep others away at 6ft distance.6) Keep your eyes on the targeted object.7) If the handler is loose, stop using it.8) Do not be over confident or careless while using a knife or parang.9) Do not chop onto the ground.10)Do not leave the parang or knife on the ground.11)Do not throw the weapon.12)If tired or not feeling well, do not use the weapon.

Proper maintenance of Knife and Parang:1) Always keep it clean, dry and sharp.2) Keep it off the ground as moisture and dirt will make it rusty.3) Remove all rust immediate and grease the blade.4) The keener the edge, the safer it is to use the knife or parang. A blunt weapon is

dangerous because it does not bite into the wood properly and thus it is difficult to be controlled. In addition, a blunt blade needs extra work to complete the job.

5) Sharpen the blade with a honing stone, angled at 30o.6) Never use it on things that will blunt the blade, e.g. stone, metal.7) Do not use hard metal to hammer the back of the knife or parang.8) Do not abuse the weapon by using it for a hammer, wedge, screwdriver, digger, or

pry.9) Keep it out of fire or anything that is very hot. Heat will damages the temper of the

steel and makes the edges soft.10)Wipe clean the blade after every use and then oil or grease it before keeping it.11)Keep the knife or parang in its cover when not using.12)Hang high or keep the weapon out of reach from children.


Sharpening:1) Sharpen with “Batu Asain” or “Sharpening Stone”.2) First use the rough surface to remove burrs, and then

use the smoother side to get a fine edge.3) Sharpening method - hold the handle in the right hand,

then use a clockwise circular motion and apply steady pressure on the blade with fingertips of left hand as you push away.

4) Keep the sharpening angle constant (20o-30o), and keep the stone wet.5) To obtain a finer edge, apply less pressure.6) Never drag the blade toward you under pressure, as this will produce burrs.7) Work anti-clockwise for the other side of the blade.

Useful Gadget made by Knife or Parang:1) Pegs of a tent.2) Spoon or chop stick made of bamboo.3) Wooden or Bamboo woggle.4) Shoe rack or weapon rack.5) Clothes hanger.6) Staff for hiking.

Using a Knife or Parang:1) The best knife for outdoor use has one or two folding blades for cutting, and special

blades for opening cans, driving screws, and punching holes. 2) Always keep the blades closed except when you are using them.3) Do not cut towards yourself.4) A white-handled knife is preferred as it is more readily found if dropped on the

ground or in the water.5) Carry a little whetstone or a small file to keep your weapon in good shape.6) Always assume that the knife or parang is going to slip, therefore, whittle it in a way

that it can do no damage when it does slip.

Carrying and Passing a Knife or Parang:1) Do not carry a knife with an open blade; always keep it inside its cover.2) Hang the knife at the belt and ensure the cover buckle is lock.3) Try to keep the knife or parang in the bag while traveling with it.4) When walking with the parang, hold the handle reverse way with the blade facing

outward and supported with elbow.5) Close the blades before you pass a camping knife to someone else.6) Passing a parang to someone with both hands; face the blade toward him and one

hand holding the handle and the other hand holding the face of the blade.7) Receive a parang with both hands; one hand on handle and one hand on the face

of the blade.8) Quickly rest the parang on the elbow position after receiving it.


SIMPULAN & IKATAN

Simpul Himpit (Fisherman’s Knot)1) Digunakan untuk menyambung dua tali yang sama besar.2) Digunakan untuk menyambung dua tali yang licin, khasnya tali pancing.

Simpul Pulih (Sheep Shank)1) Digunakan untuk memendekkan tali tanpa memotongnya.2) Digunakan untuk menguatkan tali pada tempat yang reput dan hendak putus.3) Digunakan untuk menegangkan tali yang kendur setelah kedua-dua hujungnya

diikat.

Simpul Bunga Geti Berganda (Double Sheet Bend)1) Digunakan bagi menyambung dua utas tali yang tidak sama besarnya.2) Digunakan untuk menyambung dua tali yang licin atau yang basah. 3) Digunakan mengikat tali flag. Cara menggunakan dua lilitan adalah lebih selamat.

Lilit Balak (Timber Hitch)1) Digunakan untuk mengikat hujung tali pada tiang atau pokok dengan mudah, untuk

menarik balak atau kayu, dan untuk memulakan ikat serong.2) Digunakan untuk memula ikatan serong.


SIMPULAN & IKATAN

Lilit ‘Taut-Line’ (Taut-Line Hitch)1) Digunakan untuk mengikat tali khemah ke pancang atau tali ke tiang supaya ia

dapat dikendurkan atau ditegangkan.

Ikat Seraya (Square Lashing)1) Digunakan untuk mengikat dua batang kayu/buluh yang bersilang 90o.

Ikat Serong (Diagonal Lashing)1) Digunakan untuk merapatkan dan mengikat dua batang kayu/buluh yang bersilang.2) Digunakan untuk mengikat dua batang kayu yang bersilang sempit.


UNDANG-UNDANG LALULINTAS JALANRAYA


UNDANG-UNDANG LALULINTAS JALANRAYA


MEMILIH TAPAK PERKHEMAHAN

Choosing a site1) If on high, exposed ground go down to find a sheltered spot. 2) When on low, wet ground seek higher shelter. 3) Look for somewhere sheltered from the wind, on rising ground that has no risk of

flooding, and no risk of rockfalls/avalanches.4) Remember that hot air rises, cold air sinks. Valley bottoms often contain pockets of

colder air, and can be areas for frost and damp mist.5) Ideally should be near a good, clean water supply (although not too close. Pitching

camp near the water will be invaded by insects!). 6) On river banks look for the high water mark, and be wary of flash floods in mountain

ranges where streams can suddenly turn into 5m of water with almost no warning!7) Choose ground that is reasonably flat and free of rocks and roots.8) Don't forget to check above your head too. Look for dead wood in trees that could

fall, bee's and hornet's nests are not very nice neighbours either. 9) Keep away from solitary trees as they attract lightning. 10)In forested areas keep to the edges of the forest. 11)Take careful note of any tracks, including those made by game. You will not want

unwelcome animal visitors in the night.

Do NOT camp at the following; 1) Hilltops exposed to wind (move down and look for shelter on the leeside) 2) Valley bottoms and deep hollows. They could be damp and more liable to frost. 3) Hillside terraces where the ground holds moisture 4) Spurs which lead down to water (often routes to animals watering holes).

Preparing Campsite:1) Once you have decided where to place your tent you will need to clear the area. 2) Remove any obstructions at all, all stones and twigs. 3) Chosen a flat site, with no roots or boles to sleep on that will stay relatively dry.4) Prepare a large area than just the canvas will take up in order to place your

guylines/ boundary. 5) Check which way round have you put your tent, where is the door going to be, are

you going to stormlash the tent.6) Check overhead as well. You do not want any fallen branches crashing into your

tent, or any lightning strikes hitting the tent!7) Lay a ground sheet out to put the tent on if the ground is wet. Try not to let the tent

get wet at all. 8) If the weather is bad, erect a temporary shelter to pitch the tent under.



Faktor-Faktor Membuat Tempat Perkhemahan Sesuai:1) Ada bekalan air yang bersih dan mencukupi.2) Ada bekalan kayu api yang mencukupi (untuk menghidupkan api dan memasak).3) Ada bekalan atau buluh (untuk kegunaan Membina gajet dan mendirikan khemah).4) Ada tempat lapang untuk (dapat bergerak dengan bebas):

a) Perhimpunanb) Pertunjukan atau malam kebudayaanc) Bermesyuarat

5) Mudah Membuat perhubungan dengan luar dalam masa kecemasan.6) Ada tempat khas untuk beribadat.

Ciri-ciri tempat yang sesuai:1) Jauh dari tanah runtuh.2) Dalam hutan tetapi jauh dari bawah pokok (kemungkinan dahannya boleh patah

dan menimpa khemah).3) Terjamin selamat dari binatang liar yang merbahaya, rombakan dan bencana alam.4) Janganlah berkhemah di puncak bukit atau gunung yang tidak terlindung dari angin

puncak.5) Tanah Tinggi dari aras air, apabila berkhemah di tepi/dekat sungai atau di tepi laut.6) Kawasan Bukit (pastikan ada tempat khemah yang rata).7) Khemah hendaklah didirikan di kawasan tanah agak rata (penting bagi

mengekalkan kestabilan edaran darah keseluruhan tubuh anda). Jangan tidur kaki lebih tinggi daripada aras kepala kerana pengedaran darah menjadi kurang stabil.

8) Kawasan yang didirikan khemah seharusnya lebih tinggi sedikit dan bersih daripada batu, lubang, tunggul kayu, sarang semut dan sebagainya.

9) Jangan dirikan khemah di kawasan berhampiran rumput dan lalang yang panjang serta pokok renek. Tempat ini kemungkinan terdapat binatang bias seperti kala jengking, ular, semut dan sebagainya.

10)Anda seharusnya meneliti cuaca, arah matahari dan tiupan angin. Apabila mendirikan khemah tiada pintu, anda seharusnya mengelakkan cahaya matahari terus memancar ke dalam khemah.

11)Apabila berkhemah di musim hujan, anda perlu mendirikan khemah berlawanan arah tiupan angin. Ini bertujuan mengelakkan angin yang bertiup membawa air hujan ke dalam khemah.

12)Apabila berkhemah di musim kemarau, khemah seharusnya didirikan menghadap tiupan angin. Ini bertujuan supaya udara yang nyaman bertiup ke dalam khemah.

Contoh-contoh Tempat Perkhemahan di Malaysia a) Taman Rimba Templerb) Tanah Tinggi Cameronc) Tanjung Bidarad) Taman Negarae) Kem Kota Rayaf) Kem Sardon Jubir



Ideal Campsite: (Try create you own with some of the following items)

Gate way, Flag pole, Notice board, Assembly area, Sleeping tent x 3, First Aid tent, Praying tent/area, Stores tent, Camp larder, Clothes drying rack, Shoe rack, Weapon rack,

Dining shelter c/w table & chair, Food preparation table, Fireplace/Kitchen table, Wood pile, Wet pit, Dry pit, Washing stand, Changing compartment


KEPERLUAN PERIBADI UNTUK BERKHEMAH

Patrol:S/n Penyataan Description Picture

1. Khemah Tent

2. Tikar lantai Ground sheet/mat

3. Fly Sheet Fly sheet

4. Alat Pertolongan Cemas First Aid kit

5. Bendera Flag

6. Tali raffia Raffia string

7. Kapak Axe

8. Parang Knife

9. Gergaji Saw

10. Penggali Spade

11. Tukul Hammer

12. Tali Rope

13. Lampu Tekanan/Gas Pressure/Gas lamp

14. Baldi Pail

15. Basin Basin

16. Sulfur Sulfur

17. Minyak tanah & Alcohol Kerosene & Spirit

18. Koil Nyamuk Mosquito coil

19. Lilin Candle

20. Mancis Matches



Dapur:S/n Penyataan Description Picture

1. Periuk Pot

2. Kuali Frying pan

3. Cerek Kettle

4. Senduk Frying spoon

5. Pisau Knife

6. Pembuka tin Can opener

7. Pinggan Plate

8. Mangkuk Bowl

9. Kain bersihan Cleaning cloth

10. Berus membersih Cleaning brushes

11. Sabun mencuci Washing liquid

12. Dapur Tekanan/Gas Pressure/Gas stove

13. Beg sampah Garbage bag

14. Pemula api Fire starter

15. Mancis Matches

16. Minyak masakan Cooking oil

17. Garam Salt

18. Gula Sugar

19. Kicap Source

20. Makanan Food



Sendiri:S/n Penyataan Description Picture

1. Pakaian seragam Uniform

2. Baju T T-shirt

3. Seluar pendek Short

4. Seluar panjang Long pants

5. Baju sejuk Jacket

6. Baju dalam Underwear

7. Tuala Tower

8. Baju renang Swim suit

9. Baju hujan Rain coat

10. Kain tangan Handkerchief

11. Sarong kaki Stoking

12. Kasut Shoes

13. Selipar Slippers

14. Sikat Comb

15. Berus gigi Tooth brush

16. Ubat gigi Tooth paste

17. Sabun badan Soap

18. Sabun rambut Shampoo

19. Lampu suluh Torchlight

20. Bateri Battery

21. Kompas Compass

22. Peta Map


S/n Penyataan Description Picture

23. Beg tidur Sleeping bag

24. Beg khemah Haversack

25. Buku Log Log book

26. Alatan tulis Stationeries

27. Wang Money

28. Kad Pengenalan Identification Card

29. Ubat persendirian Personal medicine

30. Alatan jahit Sewing kit

31. Pisau serbarguna Pen knife

32. Tali pengakap Scout rope

33. Jam/ jam tangan Clock/ watch

34. Alat tiup bunyi Whistle

35. Kertas tandas Toilet paper

36. Sudu & Garpu Spoon & Fork

37. Cawan Cup

38. Mangkuk billy Mass tin (billy can)

39. Air botol Water bottle

HEAVY – Metal, Tent

MEDIUM - Food

CLOTHES

LIGHT – Sleeping bag

First Aid kit

Torchlight, battery,

Stationary &

logbook

Water bottle,

Toiletries

First Aid kit

Rain coat, S

lipper

Water bottle,

Toiletries


ALATAN PERTOLONGAN CEMAS PERIBADI

1) Cotton wool / pads – to cleaning wounds

2) Plaster – to cover minor /small cuts

3) Roller bandage – to bandage wounds

4) Crepe bandage – to bandage wounds

5) Gauze – to apply dressing for the wound

6) Triangular bandage – to bandage fractured bones

7) Scissors – to cut bandage

8) Safety pin – to pin on triangular bandage

9) Tape – to secure gauze / small bandage

10)Twesser – to remove small particles from the wound

11)Magnifying glass – to observe small particles

12)Thermometer – to take temperature

13)Coins – to make emergency calls

14)Pen and note book – to jot any important details

15)First-aid book – to refer

16)Whistle – to call for help

17)Salt – to remove leaches bite, poison

18)Water purifying tablets – to purify water

19)Magnesium milk – to neutralized alkali, poison or acid

20)Malaria tablets – to prevent malaria

21)Antiseptic lotion / cream – to clean wounds / kill bacteria

22)Medicated oil/ Minyak angin – to cure headache / insects bite

23)Smelling salt – to treat faint

24)Sun block lotion – to prevent sun-burn

25)Gentian violet (purple solution) – to apply on cuts/ wounds

26)Baking soda – to neutralized bee sting

27)Medicine / cream

a) Panadol – fever / headache

b) Actal – gastric

c) Dioralyte – diarrhea

d) “Poh Chai” pills – stomach not well

e) Deep heat Rub – cramps / muscle pain

f) Burnal – cuts / burns

g) Mopikol – insect / mosquito bite


MENGHIDUPKAN API

Fire Lighting Preparation:1) Preparation is vital. Take plenty of time to prepare the fire and materials before you

even think of lighting the fire.2) Fuel should be graduated into piles from kindling through to main fuel and logs.3) Tinder should be dry and as fine as you can get it.4) There should be ample fuel to keep the fire going for many hours before you light

the first match. 5) Make sure you have the right materials that are stored neatly and dryly to hand.6) Make sure you know what type of fire and method of lighting you are going to use.7) Choose a suitable location for fire lighting. Dry land with no grass around.8) Observe the wind direction, landscape and surrounding before starting to arrange

the wood.9) Make sure you can have a comfortable position to start and taking care of the fire.10)If possible, get protected from sun shine, falling object and rain.

Technique:

1) Dig a shallow pit and make a bed of tinder in it2) Then form a “wigwam” of kindling around it, starting with the lowest grade.3) Leave a small gap for the match to reach to the tinder.4) One match should light the tinder, and then the kindling will catch.5) Then gradually and carefully add higher and higher grades of wood to build up the

fire.6) For windy or light rainy days, lay a stack of kindling up against a log.7) A slightly better way is to form bundle of sticks, no larger then a match, light these

first and then place them in the kindling (see the firestick below).

Wood Grade: (low to high grades)

tinder -> kindling -> twig -> branches -> small -> medium -> large -> log


Firestick

A firestick is made by shaving a stick with shallow cuts to 'feather' it. This can be used as kindling and will catch light freely and quickly create a fire.

“Fuzz-Stick” or Fire-lighter

It use as firestick withgreater results if madeof right type of wood,very dry wood.

MatchesMatches are the easiest way to start a fire. I think that the non-safety 'strike anywhere' matches are the better type. Always carry some to camp (and when hiking etc.). Keep them in a waterproof container (make sure they cannot rub against anything).

Damp matches can be a problem. If you have dry, non-greasy hair try rolling them in it (Static electricity will 'dry' the match). Try striking damp matches by stabbing at an angle onto the striker strip instead of pulling the match across it.

Whenever you strike a match, light a candle. You can then light many things from the candle, save matches. The candle could even be put into the kindling to start fire.

Using a Lens

You can use a lens (not all lenses!) to focus strong sunlight to a point. Given enough direct sunlight it should produce enough heat to ignite the tinder. You may have to be patient. This is indeed how some accidental fires are caused by the sun shining through broken bottles and such like. A magnify glass is the best known example for this technique but a telescope or camera lens could be used as well.


Flint & Steel

Often found in 'survival kits' the flint & steel can be a useful method, as it can be tried many times unlike the 'one-strike' match. Flint is actually found in many parts of the world (look at the top of chalk escarpments). When you strike the flint and steel together, with effort, sparks are produced which can ignite decent, dry tinder.

Most often they come as a 'kit' with a flint bloke, and a steel saw attached by a cord. Simply draw the saw across the block whilst holding it close to the tinder so that the sparks can fall on it.

Depending upon the quality of your tinder and the weather, you may have to be patient to get any result.

Fire Bow

This is a friction method that requires a lot of practice but can be surprisingly useful. It consists of a hardwood spindle being rotated on a softwood base. This will first produce tinder, and then will ignite the tinder.

Useful woods are Balsa, pine, bamboo for the soft wood. Oak, ash and beech for the hard wood. They must all be perfectly dry.

Carve a small depression at one end of the base block and cut a cavity below it (in which to put the tinder). Make an even, cylindrical spindle from the hardwood. Make a bow from a pliable wood (hazel, bamboo with string made from bootlaces, hide or twine). Have a block of stone or wood on which can push down the spindle.

First, wind the bowstring around the spindle. The place the spindle in the depression and push down upon it with the stone. With the other hand move the bow backwards and forwards. As the spindle spins, increase the speed until it starts drilling through the wood. Just as it enters the cavity push down hard and go for it and 'bow' harder! With a little luck, the tip of the spindle will 'ignite' like a small coal and drop onto the tinder. Then tend the tinder carefully and blow on it, shall be able to start a fire.


Hand Drill

This is basically a variation on the fire bow method. You will need a hardwood base with a v-shaped notch, and a spindle of hollow soft wood.

Roll the spindle between your hands, running your hands down the spindle with each burst of spinning. When the friction makes the tip glow red, blow gently to ignite the tinder.

Fire Plough

Fire PloughThis is yet another friction method. Cut a small groove in a soft wood base and then 'plough' along the groove with the tip of a hardwood shaft, up and down the groove. This will produce fine shavings at first that will collect at the end, this is your tinder. Eventually the friction will ignite the tinder (with a lot of hard work!).

ChemicalsThere are a few examples where common 'household' chemicals can be used to start a fire. As always care should be taken with all these types of methods. The most common way to use them is to grind them between rocks, or place them near the friction points for the above friction methods.

Battery FirelightingA spark from a battery can start a fire, even torch and radio batteries have enough power to do this. Take two lengths of wire and connect them to the terminals. Slowly bring the bare ends of the two pieces together. Just before they touch a spark will be produced which you must catch on your tinder.

Soaking the tinder in a flammable liquid will help this along, although care should be taken.


MENDIRI DAN MENURUNKAN KHEMAH KECIL

Tent PitchingPitching a tent is the process of putting the tent up correctly. Bear in mind following few points before erecting the tent:

The first rule in pitching a tent is to always face the tent door down hill. This is to keep flood water from entering the tent through the door. This rule should be followed even if the weather forecast does not call for rain.

Tents shall nicely arrange in row. Distance between tents must be at least 8ft.

Look out for the prevalent wind direction to make sure the wind will not be blowing into the tent all the time (except perhaps in hot weather where this can help cool you down!). Also ensure the store/cooking area is away from the tent door to avoid smoke blow into the tent.

If the weather is particularly bad or to protect the tent, erect a simple shelter over the tent. Placing a simple shelter (e.g. a tarpaulin or flysheet) over the site can help keep the tent dry in the most severe of weathers and can be useful in bad weather allowing you to pitch the tent in the dry. Drain must be dig around the tent to divert the rain water away.


MENDIRI DAN MENURUNKAN KHEMAH KECIL

Parts of a modern tentThe tent fabric or tent inner comprises the roof, walls, and (if one exists) the sewn-in groundsheet of the tent.

The poles provide structural support. They may be collapsible for easy storage. Some designs use rigid poles, typically made of metal, or sometimes wood. Other designs use semi-rigid poles, typically made of fiberglass, or sometimes of special metal alloys.

The rain fly, outer, or flysheet, is a sheet of fabric that is attached over the top of the inner. It is designed to make minimal contact with the tent fabric itself, and sometimes has a small pole of its own. The flysheet fabric is usually waterproof and may be made of canvas, nylon, or a more modern breathable material. Minimizing contact keeps the inner dry even if the outer is wet, and provides a layer of insulation.

Stakes or pegs are used to fasten the tent to the ground. Some are attached to ropes (guys) that pull outward on the flysheet to give the tent additional stability. Others are used to anchor the bottom edge of the flysheet and inner to the ground.

BACKPACKING TENT DOME TENT

NAMMAT TENT MILITARY TENT

http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Structure

http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Insulation

http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Alloy

http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Fiberglass

http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Wood

http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Metal


BERKHEMAH SEKURANG-KURANGNYA SATU MALAM

Report and record of camp in a tent/poncho for at least one night:

Camp name: Recruit camp

Camp purpose: To train the recruit scout

Date: 17 March – 19 March, 2006

Venue: Back of Block D, SMK Taman S.E.A.

Participant: Recruit Scout and Junior Scout of 17th Petaling

Camp chief: Chan Yee En

Scouter in-charge: Vincent Lim and Tan Zong Liang

Duration use to build the tent: 8:00pm – 8:50pm (50mins)

Activity in camp: a) Marchingb) Backwoodsman Cookingc) Rope Climbingd) Gadget – Tripod Stand & Shoes’ Racke) Fire Lightingf) Test Takingh) Knots and Lashing


ARAH MATA ANGIN & MENGENALI PETA TOPO

Identifying Wind Direction:1) Use of anemometer. Anemometer is commonly used to determine the wind speed.2) Use of weather vanes. This is commonly use by household to determine the wind

direction. 3) Use of weather sock. This is commonly found in airports, seaports and open areas

to determine the wind direction.4) Determine the North by using compass or judge from sunrise or sunset, then

observe the direction the tree is swinging towards, and the opposite will be the direction the wind is coming from.

5) In a cloudy day, after determining the North, observe the direction which the could is moving and a rough idea of the wind direction can be noticed.

6) Hold some small and light object (hair, grass or pieces of paper), throw them up into the air at an open area (field, roof top or open air car park), and observe the direction these objects fly to determine the wind blowing direction at this height.

7) The simplest way is wet an index finger, face the wet part at all direction, if the finger feel cold, means the wind blow from that direction. Reason because wind help water evaporate, and it bring heat away from the finger. However, this is not that accurate as finger feeling maybe wrong.

Utara (North)

Selatan (South)

Timur (East)

Barat(West)

Barat Laut(North West)

Tenggara(South East)

Timur Laut(North East)

Barat Daya(South West)

22½o

67½o

45o

247½o

202½o157½o

112½o

337½o

292½o

90o

315o

270o

360o / 0o

180o

135o225o

UTL(NNE)

UBL(NNW)

ST(SSE)

SBD(SSW)

BBD(WSW)

BBL(WNW)

TT(ESE)

TTL(ENE)


8) ARAH MATA ANGIN & MENGENALI PETA TOPO



Identifying North:

Shadow Stick

1) A time consuming method; mark the first shadow tip in the morning.

2) Draw a clean arc at exactly this distance from the stick, using the stick as a centre point.

3) As midday approaches the shadow will shrink and move.

4) In the afternoon, as the shadow lengthens again, mark the EXACT spot where it touches the arc.

5) Join the two points to give east and west. West is the morning mark.

Watch

1) A traditional watch with two hands can be used to find direction with it is set to true local time.

2) The nearer the Equator you are the less accurate this method will be, for with the sun almost directly overhead it is very difficult to determine its direction.

Northern Hemisphere

Hold the watch horizontal. Point the hour hand at the sun. Bisect the angle between the hour hand and the 12 mark to give a north- south line.

Southern Hemisphere

Hold the watch horizontal. Point 12 towards the sun. A mid-point between 12 and the hour hand will give you the north-south line.



Improvised Compasses

1) Stroked a piece of ferrous metal wire (or a sewing needle) repeatedly in one direction against silk. will become magnetized and can be suspended so that it points north.

2) Suspend the needle in a loop of thread, so that it does not affect the balance.

3) The magnetism will not be strong and will need regular topping up.

4) A suspended needle will be easier to handle on the move but in camp or when making a halt a better method is to lay the needle on a piece of paper, bark or grass and float it on the surface of water.

Electricity/Razor Blade

1) Use the current of a power source of two volts or more (a small dry battery) to magnetize a metal.

2) Coil a short length of insulated wire around the 'needle':3) Attach the ends of the wire to the terminals of the battery for

five minutes. 4) Or use a thin flat razor blade to make a good improvised

compass.5) Apart from stroking it with a magnet, it can be magnetized

simply by stropping WITH CARE against the palm of the hand.

Wind Direction

1) If the wind direction of the prevailing wind is known it can be used for maintaining direction - there are consistent patterns throughout the world but they are not always the same the whole year round.

2) Where a strong wind always comes from the same direction plants and trees may be bent in one direction, clear evidence of the wind's orientation.

3) But plants are not the only indication of wind direction: birds and insects will usually build their nests in the lee of any cover and spiders cannot spin their webs in the wind.

4) Snow and sand dunes are also blown into distinctive patterns by a prevailing wind which blows from the outside of the high central ridges.



The Moon1) If the moon rises BEFORE the sun has set the

illuminated side will be on the west.2) If the moon rises AFTER midnight the illuminated

side will be in the east. 3) The moon is use as a rough east-west reference

during the night.

Plough (Big Dipper)

1) The plough is the central feature of a very large constellation, the Great Bear (Ursa Major).

2) It wheels around the Pole Star. 3) The two stars Dubhe (x) and Merak (y) point

almost exactly to the Pole Star about four times further away than the distance between them (beyond Dubhe).

Orion

1) Orion rises above the Equator and can be seen in both hemispheres.

2) It rises on its side, due east, irrespective of the observer's latitude, and sets due west. Mintaka (a) is directly above the Equator.

3) Orion is easy to spot by the three stars forming his belt, and the lesser stars forming his sword.

Southern Sky

1) There is no star near the South Celestial Pole bright enough to be easily recognized.

2) Instead a prominent constellation is used as a signpost to south: the Southern Cross (Crux) a constellation of five stars which can be distinguished from two other cross shaped groups by its size - it is smaller - and its two pointer stars.

3) One way to find the Southern Cross is to look along the Milky Way, the band of millions of distant stars that can be seen running across the sky on a clear night.

4) In the middle of it there is a dark patch where a cloud of dust blocks out the bright star background, known as the Coal Sack. On one side of it is the Southern Cross, on the other the two bright pointer stars.



Topography Map Symbol:


ISYARAT SULIT PENGAKAP

Making of Wood Craft Sign:



Meaning of Wood Craft Sign:

WAIT

GO HOME ALREADY

BAD PEOPLE

REST 5 MINS

CAMP AHEAD

HEADQUARTER

SCOUT MASTER

JUNIOR SCOUT

SENIOR SCOUT

WAR

PEACE

DANGER, BROKEN GLASSES

DANGER

CAMPFIRE



NIGHT

SUNSET

SUNRISE

MEETING

AFTER MEETING

RAIN

THERE IS A DOG IN THE GARDEN

MONTH

CAREFUL

BE PREPARE

SUNSHINE

LOOK

THIS WAY TO GET WATER

CLEAN WATER, CAN DRINK

POISON WATER, CANNOT DRINK

HIDDEN LETTER, 12 STEPS FROM HERE

SHORT CUT

DAY



FOLLOW THIS DIRECTION

GO THIS WAY

DON’T FOLLOW THIS DIRECTION

GO TO THIS POINT

PATH NOT TO BE FOLLOWED

GO AND TURN TO THE RIGHT

CROSS THE RIVER

FOLLOW THE RIVER

WALK PASS OBSTACLES

GO BACK FROM SAME DIRECTION

GO STRAIGHT WITHOUT BE SEEN

SPLIT TO 2 GROUP

MEET TOGETHER

SHORT WAY TO GO

LONG WAY TO GO

SNOW

FOLLOW THIS ROAD AS FAR AS IT GOES

PLACE SMALL STONE ON THE SIDE FOR TURN LEFT


MENGEMBARA 6 KM

1. Sebelum pengembaraan, sediakan alat pertolongan cemas, compass, peta dan keperluan peribadi.

2. Semasa perjalanan, gunakan compass mengambil darjah serta mengira langkah kaki mengukur jarak perjalanan.

3. Catatkan apa-apa kejadian atau benda-benda yang menarik semasa dalam perjalanan.

4. Catatkan apa yang dilihat, cuaca dan masa peristiwa berlaku sepanjang perjalanan.5. Buatkan peta kasar semasa perjalanan dengan tanda-tanda khas (land mark) dan

mencatat darjah hala perjalanan and ukuran jarak yang diambil.6. Meyelesaikan tugas yang diarahkan oleh pemimpin pengakap bagi pengembaraan

ini.7. Pastikan mengikut segara peraturan keselamatan and undang-undang lalulintas

semasa perjalanan. 8. Apabila selesai pengembaraan, buatkan sebuah buku log mengandungi karangan

pendek mengenai pengembaraan 6km itu dan peta sepanjag perjalanan.

Contoh Kad Catatan Perjalanan:

Draft map:

Documents

Usaha Log Book 3