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USA QuizUSA Quiz
1)1) How many states are in the USA?How many states are in the USA?
2)2) What is the capital of America?What is the capital of America?
3)3) What is the person called that runs What is the person called that runs the country? (not their name-their the country? (not their name-their title)title)
4)4) Who are the federal government?Who are the federal government?
5)5) Why did black people come to Why did black people come to America?America?
1)1) 50 states50 states
2)2) Washington D.CWashington D.C
3)3) The PresidentThe President
4)4) Make laws for the whole countryMake laws for the whole country
5)5) Forced to as slaves.Forced to as slaves.
Collect a copy of the USACollect a copy of the USA– Colour the Northern states one colourColour the Northern states one colour– Colour the Southern states a different Colour the Southern states a different
colourcolour
– Include a Key beside your map.Include a Key beside your map.
How the United How the United States is Governed?States is Governed?
The United States of The United States of America (USA) is made America (USA) is made up of 50 separate up of 50 separate states. The state states. The state governments are run governments are run by a set of rules called by a set of rules called ‘The Constitution’. ‘The Constitution’.
The Constitution The Constitution makes clear to makes clear to Americans:Americans:– how their country is how their country is
governedgoverned– what individuals can what individuals can
and cannot do.and cannot do.
The President of the United States is in charge The President of the United States is in charge of the Federal Government. The Federal of the Federal Government. The Federal Government runs things that affect all of the Government runs things that affect all of the states within the USA.states within the USA.
The Constitution gives most power to the 50 The Constitution gives most power to the 50 separate states. separate states.
Each state runs its own affairs. Each state Each state runs its own affairs. Each state also has ‘States Rights’. This means each also has ‘States Rights’. This means each state can make laws that affect the people state can make laws that affect the people who live there.who live there.– Eg. Casinos are legal in Nevada but illegal in Eg. Casinos are legal in Nevada but illegal in
Washington State. Washington State.
Any change to the American Constitution is Any change to the American Constitution is called an ‘amendment’.called an ‘amendment’.
Explain what the following words are:Explain what the following words are:
– ConstitutionConstitution
– AmendmentAmendment
– PresidentPresident
SLAVERY 1600s - 1865SLAVERY 1600s - 1865
4 million black slaves 4 million black slaves work southern cotton work southern cotton plantations by 1860 plantations by 1860
Most northern states Most northern states outlawed slaveryoutlawed slavery
By 1860 southern By 1860 southern states prepared to fight states prepared to fight to defend their slave to defend their slave economy!economy!
US CIVIL WAR 1861-65US CIVIL WAR 1861-65
South loses the war South loses the war and the slaves are and the slaves are freed.freed.
All slavery is All slavery is outlawed by the outlawed by the Emancipation Act Emancipation Act 1863 and the 131863 and the 13thth Amendment 1865.Amendment 1865.
Emancipation Act 1863Emancipation Act 1863
President Abraham President Abraham Lincoln declares Lincoln declares Emancipation for 1Emancipation for 1stst January 1863January 1863
"That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, "That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of the United executive government of the United States, including the military and naval States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom”. they may make for their actual freedom”.
Did life improve for Blacks?Did life improve for Blacks?
Many former slaves had nowhere to go but Many former slaves had nowhere to go but back to old jobs and conditionsback to old jobs and conditions
The army could only offer limited protection The army could only offer limited protection to ex-slavesto ex-slaves
Most southern state governments began Most southern state governments began passing Jim Crow laws designed to keep passing Jim Crow laws designed to keep blacks in poverty and servitude.blacks in poverty and servitude.
Laws said blacks without work could be Laws said blacks without work could be arrested and heavily fined (prison if fail to arrested and heavily fined (prison if fail to pay).pay).
In prison they worked like virtual slaves againIn prison they worked like virtual slaves again
Blacks were prevented from buying land and Blacks were prevented from buying land and denied fair wages for their work.denied fair wages for their work.
Laws prevented blacks going to white schools, Laws prevented blacks going to white schools, resturants, theatres, hotels and public baths. resturants, theatres, hotels and public baths.
Trains and buses were segregated.Trains and buses were segregated.
Progress?Progress?
1868 141868 14thth Amendment gave blacks Amendment gave blacks equal rights in law (but did not give equal rights in law (but did not give them a vote)them a vote)
1870 151870 15thth Amendment gave all blacks Amendment gave all blacks the votethe vote
Between 1868-70 blacks won seats in Between 1868-70 blacks won seats in congress. congress.
Meanwhile the Ku Klux Klan were burning black Meanwhile the Ku Klux Klan were burning black schools and murdering black teachers to prevent schools and murdering black teachers to prevent
blacks learning how to readblacks learning how to read..
The American DreamThe American Dream
By the end of today you will be By the end of today you will be able to:able to:
Identify reasons why people came to Identify reasons why people came to AmericaAmerica
Describe what the American Dream is.Describe what the American Dream is.
Give reasons why America’s view of Give reasons why America’s view of immigrants changed over time.immigrants changed over time.
What is the American Dream?What is the American Dream?
Draw a spider diagram describing the Draw a spider diagram describing the American Dream.American Dream.
AMERICAN DREAM
Many Americans believe:Many Americans believe:
They are all born equalThey are all born equal They live in a democratic country.They live in a democratic country. The USA is full of wealth and The USA is full of wealth and
opportunity.opportunity. Anyone can be successful and wealthy Anyone can be successful and wealthy
is they work hard.is they work hard.
What are the main ethnic groups in What are the main ethnic groups in America?America?
Take the heading Ethnic groups in Take the heading Ethnic groups in America. Write down as many as you America. Write down as many as you can think of.can think of.
Salad BowlSalad Bowl Some think that Some think that
American Society is like American Society is like a salad bowla salad bowl
Mix the ingredients, but Mix the ingredients, but you can still pick out you can still pick out the individual itemsthe individual items
So the different ethnic So the different ethnic groups mix but still groups mix but still retain their individual retain their individual identityidentity
Melting PotMelting Pot Others feel that when Others feel that when
the ingredients of the ingredients of society are mixed you society are mixed you cannot pick out the cannot pick out the differencesdifferences
Once people have been Once people have been in America for a while in America for a while they become American they become American and lose their and lose their individual identityindividual identity
ImmigrationImmigration
America had an ‘open door’ policy.America had an ‘open door’ policy.
By 1919 this ‘open door’ was closing.By 1919 this ‘open door’ was closing.
Why?Why?
In pairsIn pairs come up with as many reasons come up with as many reasons as you can think of.as you can think of.
Homer Plessey 1896Homer Plessey 1896
Things got worse 1896 when the Things got worse 1896 when the Supreme Court backed Louisiana having Supreme Court backed Louisiana having laws to segregate balcks from whites on laws to segregate balcks from whites on transporttransport
The Supreme Court ruled:The Supreme Court ruled: Laws which keep the races apart do Laws which keep the races apart do
not mean that one race is better or worsenot mean that one race is better or worse
Segregation was upheld but was Segregation was upheld but was equality?equality?
Homer Plessey had in 1892 sat on Homer Plessey had in 1892 sat on railway seat reserved for whites only.railway seat reserved for whites only.
He refused to move to the black He refused to move to the black section of the trainsection of the train
He was arrested and went to Louisiana He was arrested and went to Louisiana court then the Supreme Courtcourt then the Supreme Court
Separate but Equal DecisionSeparate but Equal Decision
The Supreme Court agreed with 14The Supreme Court agreed with 14thth Amendment Amendment that blacks equal but didn’t see this stopping that blacks equal but didn’t see this stopping segregationsegregation
William Brown established the legality of segregation William Brown established the legality of segregation as long as facilities were kept ‘separate but equal’as long as facilities were kept ‘separate but equal’
This became known as the: ‘separate but equal This became known as the: ‘separate but equal decision’decision’
Only 1 Supreme Court judge, John Harlan, disagreed Only 1 Supreme Court judge, John Harlan, disagreed with the decisionwith the decision
Stopping the Black VoteStopping the Black Vote As early as 1867 some blacks given the vote and all As early as 1867 some blacks given the vote and all
in 1870 with 15in 1870 with 15thth Amendment Amendment
By 1900 few blacks in South actually vote!By 1900 few blacks in South actually vote!
States could demand a high tax before being States could demand a high tax before being registration - only whites could afford.registration - only whites could afford.
States ran literacy tests involving reading in front of States ran literacy tests involving reading in front of whites before being allowed to votewhites before being allowed to vote
Some blacks were threatened to scare them away Some blacks were threatened to scare them away from votingfrom voting
Black People and Black People and
the Right to Votethe Right to Vote
The Facts:The Facts: Black men were allowed to vote as early Black men were allowed to vote as early
as 1867.as 1867. By 1900 southern states managed to stop By 1900 southern states managed to stop
blacks voting so that there was no chance blacks voting so that there was no chance of them electing anyone to oppose Jim of them electing anyone to oppose Jim Crow Laws.Crow Laws.
They could not ban blacks just because of They could not ban blacks just because of their race so they made up a series of their race so they made up a series of rules (Voting qualifications) that made it rules (Voting qualifications) that made it difficult for blacks to vote.difficult for blacks to vote.
Eg. Eg. One state made a qualification rule that an One state made a qualification rule that an
adult could only vote adult could only vote if his grandfather had before 1867 -> if his grandfather had before 1867 ->
Impossible.Impossible. In other states they could be asked ‘How In other states they could be asked ‘How
many bubbles are in a bar of soap?’many bubbles are in a bar of soap?’
The Task:The Task:
In groups you have to come up with a short In groups you have to come up with a short play to perform in front of the class. play to perform in front of the class.
This play will be based on black people and This play will be based on black people and the right to vote.the right to vote.
You will need a script, actors and maybe You will need a script, actors and maybe props.props.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
First Klan 1866First Klan 1866It began as an organisation to help widows and It began as an organisation to help widows and
orphans of Confederate soldiers.orphans of Confederate soldiers.
1870 - Fifteenth Amendment vote to black men. 1870 - Fifteenth Amendment vote to black men.
Outraged the Klan and it turned into a paramilitary Outraged the Klan and it turned into a paramilitary group.group.
White supremacist group, WASP organisationWhite supremacist group, WASP organisation
Anti-black, Catholic, Jew and homosexualAnti-black, Catholic, Jew and homosexual
THE KLAN TRANSFORMED INTO…
18711871
Congress outlawed the Klan as a terrorist group - Congress outlawed the Klan as a terrorist group - hundreds were arrested and jailed.hundreds were arrested and jailed.
Decline of KlanDecline of Klan
Not because of Not because of government crackdowngovernment crackdown
Southern governments Southern governments were regaining power and were regaining power and had segregation in place.had segregation in place.
1915 21915 2ndnd Klan Formed Klan Formed
Inspired by 1915 Inspired by 1915 film ‘The Birth of a film ‘The Birth of a Nation’ Nation’
ANDAND
lynching of accused lynching of accused rapist Leo Frankrapist Leo Frank
22ndnd KKK KKK Founded by William Founded by William
Simmons 1915Simmons 1915
Well organised with Well organised with groups all over USAgroups all over USA
Men paid to set up Men paid to set up klavernsklaverns
Millions joinMillions join
Popularity falls with Popularity falls with Scandals, Depression Scandals, Depression and WWIIand WWII
March in WashingtonMarch in Washington
Mississippi Mississippi lynch moblynch mob
StructureStructure
Grand WizardGrand Wizard
Klaverns Klaverns KlavernsKlaverns Klaverns Klaverns
WASP members (16+)WASP members (16+)
2020thth Century KKK Century KKK PeakedPeaked in 1924 – estimated 5 million members. in 1924 – estimated 5 million members.
Unemployment and black movement to north Unemployment and black movement to north fuelled supportfuelled support
Any politician expecting to win an election had to Any politician expecting to win an election had to be a memberbe a member
1950s saw renewed support and a campaign of 1950s saw renewed support and a campaign of violence, bombings and lynchingviolence, bombings and lynching
US Civil Rights Act 1964US Civil Rights Act 1964
When did the Klan re-emerge and When did the Klan re-emerge and why?why?
After WWI – Poor whites blamed blacks After WWI – Poor whites blamed blacks for their economic problems, lack of for their economic problems, lack of jobs etc. Also movement to north.jobs etc. Also movement to north.
Who were members of the KKK?Who were members of the KKK?
KKK PostersKKK Posters
Why do you think the Klan held a public event?
According to the poster, who is invited? In reality, who would have been welcome?
What does the language and the public posting of this flyer reveal about the nature and power of the Klan?
Pressures for ChangePressures for Change
1918-19451918-1945
How Do Blacks Tackle Inequalities After 1896?How Do Blacks Tackle Inequalities After 1896?
Blacks face two spheres of challenge:Blacks face two spheres of challenge:1) the legal battle for equality1) the legal battle for equality2) the social/attitude battle for 2) the social/attitude battle for
equalityequality How do they battle?How do they battle?
Should they FIGHT for equality?Should they FIGHT for equality?Should they REASON for equality?Should they REASON for equality?Should they LEAVE the USA?Should they LEAVE the USA?
NAACPNAACP
National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (1909)Advancement of Coloured People (1909)
Leader W.E.B. Du Bois Leader W.E.B. Du Bois (first black to graduate from Harvard)(first black to graduate from Harvard)
Campaigns using REASONCampaigns using REASON
& LAW to redress housing; & LAW to redress housing;
employment; voting and educationemployment; voting and education
Booker T WashingtonBooker T Washington
A Black teacher who A Black teacher who REASONS Blacks should REASONS Blacks should accept their inferiority accept their inferiority for now and aim to for now and aim to improve through hard improve through hard work and education. work and education.
Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey
Argued all Blacks should Argued all Blacks should LEAVELEAVE for Africa and start for Africa and start their own self-governing their own self-governing country. By 1920s his UNIA country. By 1920s his UNIA (Universal Negro (Universal Negro Improvement Association) Improvement Association) had over 2 million members. had over 2 million members. They had their own They had their own steamship company, the steamship company, the Black Star Line to provide Black Star Line to provide transport. However, Garvey transport. However, Garvey was jailed for fraud in 1925, was jailed for fraud in 1925, but his ideas would live on.but his ideas would live on.
The Great Migration NorthThe Great Migration North Many Blacks begin to move from the Jim Crow Many Blacks begin to move from the Jim Crow
South to the less repressive NorthSouth to the less repressive North North offers better wages and less fear and North offers better wages and less fear and
intimidationintimidation This migration increased dramatically 1910-25. This migration increased dramatically 1910-25.
About ½ million migrate in period attracted to About ½ million migrate in period attracted to unskilled factory jobs available in WW1.unskilled factory jobs available in WW1.
Migration increased again in WWII, 1 million Migration increased again in WWII, 1 million move during the war.move during the war.
By 1950 one third of all Blacks live in NorthBy 1950 one third of all Blacks live in North By 1960s 6 million Blacks in North from SouthBy 1960s 6 million Blacks in North from South
Northern OppressionNorthern Oppression
Whites in North begin to resent Blacks moving Whites in North begin to resent Blacks moving in as they compete for jobs and housingin as they compete for jobs and housing
North has no Jim Crow but begins segregation North has no Jim Crow but begins segregation through housing areas.through housing areas.
Blacks live in ghettosBlacks live in ghettos Riots break out with white police Riots break out with white police
sympathising with white rioterssympathising with white rioters Federal troops often brought in to restore Federal troops often brought in to restore
orderorder
Northern RiotsNorthern Riots East St Louis 1917 RiotEast St Louis 1917 Riot after blacks shoot after blacks shoot
two white police. Riot leaves 50 deadtwo white police. Riot leaves 50 dead Chicago Riot 1919Chicago Riot 1919 lasts 5 days with 38 lasts 5 days with 38
dead and 537 injureddead and 537 injured Detroit Riot (1940s)Detroit Riot (1940s) 34 dead 34 dead Harlem Riot 1943Harlem Riot 1943 5 blacks die 5 blacks die 75 lynchings reported during WWII75 lynchings reported during WWII
The riots show racism not just Southern The riots show racism not just Southern problemproblem
Northern FreedomNorthern Freedom
Some argue North Some argue North still better for Blacks still better for Blacks and positive images and positive images do emerge in Black do emerge in Black music, jazz, art and music, jazz, art and culture. The Harlem culture. The Harlem Renaissance. Renaissance.
However this also However this also happening in New happening in New OrleansOrleans
Dr Philip RandolphDr Philip Randolph
President of the President of the Brotherhood of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Sleeping Car Porters, a black trade uniona black trade union
1940 threatened 1940 threatened mass Black rally in mass Black rally in Washington unless Washington unless discrimination in discrimination in defence jobs and defence jobs and armed forces endedarmed forces ended
19411941 Randolph meets President Randolph meets President
Roosevelt with list of demands, Roosevelt with list of demands, asking President to issue asking President to issue Executive order to:Executive order to:
1) end segregation and 1) end segregation and discrimination in federal discrimination in federal government jobsgovernment jobs
2) end segregation in armed 2) end segregation in armed forcesforces
3) Presidential support to end all 3) Presidential support to end all employment discriminationemployment discrimination
Executive Order 8802Executive Order 8802
Roosevelt keen to show Hitler as racist Roosevelt keen to show Hitler as racist and recruit Blacks into army to fightand recruit Blacks into army to fight
Also fears strikes or demonstrations in Also fears strikes or demonstrations in Washington so gives in:Washington so gives in:
““There shall be no discrimination in the employment of There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers defence industries and in government, workers defence industries and in government, because of race, creed, color or national origin”because of race, creed, color or national origin”
Executive Order 8802Executive Order 8802
Roosevelt also established Fair Roosevelt also established Fair Employment Practices Committee to Employment Practices Committee to investigate any allegations of investigate any allegations of discrimination.discrimination.
However many white employers still However many white employers still manage to find ways around these manage to find ways around these laws.laws.
Segregation continued in the armed Segregation continued in the armed forces until the 1950s.forces until the 1950s.
Beginnings Of Civil RightsBeginnings Of Civil Rights WWII planted seeds of the Civil Rights WWII planted seeds of the Civil Rights
MovementMovement 1942 CORE (Congress of Racial 1942 CORE (Congress of Racial
Equality)Equality) Nation of Islam (refuses to serve in Nation of Islam (refuses to serve in
Armed Forces – believe in segregation Armed Forces – believe in segregation like Garvey)like Garvey)
Trueman ends segregation in armed Trueman ends segregation in armed forces in 1950s but law to make forces in 1950s but law to make lynching a Federal Crime – REJECTED!lynching a Federal Crime – REJECTED!
By 1945 Civil Rights needed to address By 1945 Civil Rights needed to address Civil WrongsCivil Wrongs
Civil Rights before 1945Civil Rights before 19451918-19501918-1950
In 1919In 1919 Jim Crow laws segregated black from white. Jim Crow laws segregated black from white. Lynching and KKK terror were common.Lynching and KKK terror were common.
Between 1900 and 1950Between 1900 and 1950 thousands of black thousands of black Americans migrated to the northern cities to find a Americans migrated to the northern cities to find a better life but they still suffered discrimination and better life but they still suffered discrimination and persecution.persecution.
Before 1950Before 1950, the National Association for the , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) campaigned Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) campaigned to improve the lives of black Americans. There were to improve the lives of black Americans. There were several other ‘black improvement’ groups but they several other ‘black improvement’ groups but they were divided in their aims and methods. Little was were divided in their aims and methods. Little was achieved.achieved.
Main Events in 1950’sMain Events in 1950’s
1954 - Brown v Topeka Board of Education.
1955 - Montgomery Bus Boycott.
1957 - Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas.
Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott 19561956
Rosa ParksRosa Parks
December 1955 Rosa Parks (42yrs) December 1955 Rosa Parks (42yrs) refused to give up her seat in bus.refused to give up her seat in bus.
One white man needed a seat so driver One white man needed a seat so driver ordered 4 blacks to give up seats in ordered 4 blacks to give up seats in black section (white not expected to sit black section (white not expected to sit beside or opposite another black)beside or opposite another black)
Rosa refused and was arrestedRosa refused and was arrested
NAACPNAACP
Rosa was no ordinary Alabama black Rosa was no ordinary Alabama black womanwoman
Secretary of local NAACP Secretary of local NAACP (National Association for (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Founded 1909 by WEB du Boisthe Advancement of Colored People) Founded 1909 by WEB du Bois
The local NAACP planned such a caseThe local NAACP planned such a case 50 Black leaders met in Montgomery 50 Black leaders met in Montgomery
church on her arrest church on her arrest (including Martin Luther King)(including Martin Luther King)
They agreed a black boycott of the city They agreed a black boycott of the city busesbuses
Success!Success!
Boycott soon hurt bus Boycott soon hurt bus company as 70% company as 70% passengers were blackpassengers were black
Boycott lasted a year – Boycott lasted a year – blacks pooled cars and blacks pooled cars and local police tried to local police tried to stop car sharing!stop car sharing!
King inspired King inspired boycottersboycotters
‘‘tired of being kicked about by the brutal feet of oppression’tired of being kicked about by the brutal feet of oppression’
Courts Back BlacksCourts Back Blacks
NAACP takes Montgomery to CourtNAACP takes Montgomery to Court Bus Company had choice: desegregate Bus Company had choice: desegregate
buses or go bust! They start buses or go bust! They start desegregating. desegregating.
Courts decide in December 1956 – Courts decide in December 1956 – segregation of Montgomery’s buses segregation of Montgomery’s buses was against the US Constitutionwas against the US Constitution
First time Blacks shown their First time Blacks shown their political/economic powerpolitical/economic power
Black VictoryBlack Victory Montgomery Bus Boycott was;Montgomery Bus Boycott was;
a legal victorya legal victorya political victorya political victoryan economic victoryan economic victoryvictory over KKK victory over KKK (40 cars of KKK sent to Black areas in (40 cars of KKK sent to Black areas in Montgomery on day of court decision, Montgomery on day of court decision, Blacks came out and just waved)Blacks came out and just waved)
But But NOTNOT a social victory a social victory
Other forms of segregation remained, there were Other forms of segregation remained, there were white only theatres, pool halls and bars.white only theatres, pool halls and bars.
Protest The Way ForwardProtest The Way Forward
Montgomery had shown Blacks what Montgomery had shown Blacks what could be achieved through organised could be achieved through organised protest.protest.
Non-violent protestNon-violent protest Martin Luther King became a leader in Martin Luther King became a leader in
the emerging Civil Rights Movementthe emerging Civil Rights Movement 1957 SCLC was formed (Southern 1957 SCLC was formed (Southern
Christian Leadership Conference)Christian Leadership Conference)
Segregation at Segregation at SchoolSchool
NAACP Tackles Schools NAACP Tackles Schools 19541954
Schools very poor for blacks in Schools very poor for blacks in the Souththe South
Most black school buildings were Most black school buildings were badly maintained, poorly badly maintained, poorly equipped, few teachers and over equipped, few teachers and over large classeslarge classes
Tiny number of top schoolsTiny number of top schools Many whites believe Blacks not Many whites believe Blacks not
interested in education or interested in education or incapable of it. This was incapable of it. This was politicians excuse for providing politicians excuse for providing poor schools.poor schools.
What do you think?What do you think?
Which Black leaders argued Which Black leaders argued for education as a means of for education as a means of black advancement?black advancement?
Du Bois (NAACP)Du Bois (NAACP) Booker WashingtonBooker Washington
Linda Brown, Topeka, Linda Brown, Topeka, KansasKansas
Argument about which Argument about which school Linda had to go toschool Linda had to go to
Linda Brown’s father Linda Brown’s father thought it wrong she had to thought it wrong she had to go to black school further go to black school further away than nearby white away than nearby white schoolschool
With NAACP help Linda With NAACP help Linda Brown’s father took Topeka Brown’s father took Topeka school board to court and school board to court and eventually the Supreme eventually the Supreme Court.Court.
NAACP Court Challenge NAACP Court Challenge 1954 1954 NAACP challenged segregation NAACP challenged segregation
laws in schools. The Supreme laws in schools. The Supreme Court decided separate Court decided separate education was harmful to black education was harmful to black children (May 17, 1954)children (May 17, 1954)
SaysSays “separate educational “separate educational facilities are inherently unequalfacilities are inherently unequal””
Supreme Court fails to give date Supreme Court fails to give date for Segregation to endfor Segregation to end
South Reaction?South Reaction?
Southern whites form group to Southern whites form group to try and reverse Courts decisiontry and reverse Courts decision
Some schools changed entrance Some schools changed entrance qualifications to bar blacksqualifications to bar blacks
By 1956 not one black attended By 1956 not one black attended a desegregated schoola desegregated school
Most southerns thought Most southerns thought Supreme Court out of touch with Supreme Court out of touch with reality, even President reality, even President Eisenhower thought the decision Eisenhower thought the decision was unrealwas unreal
Violent ReactionsViolent Reactions Most southern white officials try to Most southern white officials try to
ignore Supreme Court decisionignore Supreme Court decision KKK attacks black students at schools KKK attacks black students at schools
that do desegregatethat do desegregate Schools were even blown up!Schools were even blown up!
Little Rock, Arkansas Little Rock, Arkansas 19571957 At capital city of Arkansas At capital city of Arkansas
Central High School decided to Central High School decided to have 9 black students Sept 1957have 9 black students Sept 1957
Governor, Orval Faubus, was Governor, Orval Faubus, was against integration, he sent against integration, he sent state soldiers to surround school state soldiers to surround school and refuse entry to black and refuse entry to black studentsstudents
This photograph shows first This photograph shows first black student trying to get black student trying to get through blockade of soldiers and through blockade of soldiers and angry whites. Her name was angry whites. Her name was Elizabeth Eckford (15yrs)Elizabeth Eckford (15yrs)
President President Eisenhower Eisenhower intervened. He intervened. He refused to let states refused to let states ignore federal law.ignore federal law.
He ordered He ordered Governor to remove Governor to remove his state soldiers, his state soldiers, and sent 1000 US and sent 1000 US soldiers to guard soldiers to guard blacksblacks
The soldiers The soldiers guarded the blacks guarded the blacks for a year, even for a year, even patrolling school patrolling school corridorscorridors
Events like this Events like this attracted world attracted world media attention for media attention for the Civil Rights the Civil Rights MovementMovement
James Meredith & James Meredith & MississippiMississippi
1962 Meredith attempted to 1962 Meredith attempted to enter Mississippi Law Schoolenter Mississippi Law School
Authorities tried to ban him from Authorities tried to ban him from the university, but Federal the university, but Federal Government said he could attendGovernment said he could attend
Sept 1962 riots break out at Sept 1962 riots break out at campus on his first day and a campus on his first day and a number of federal law enforcers number of federal law enforcers shotshot
Two journalists are killed and Two journalists are killed and President Kennedy has to send President Kennedy has to send 16,000 troops to restore order.16,000 troops to restore order.
SummarySummary
Orval Faubus eventually used Orval Faubus eventually used law to close Central Highlaw to close Central High
1964 only 2-3% of blacks go to 1964 only 2-3% of blacks go to desegregated schoolsdesegregated schools
NAACP won huge propaganda NAACP won huge propaganda victory. Most public in US victory. Most public in US sympathetic toward Civil Rightssympathetic toward Civil Rights
Civil Rights in 1960’s AmericaCivil Rights in 1960’s America MAIN EVENTS:MAIN EVENTS: Sit-in Campaigns & Freedom Rides were Sit-in Campaigns & Freedom Rides were
taking place throughout 1960’staking place throughout 1960’s
1962 – James Meredith and Mississippi riots1962 – James Meredith and Mississippi riots
1963 – Birmingham, Alabama1963 – Birmingham, Alabama
August 1963 – March on WashingtonAugust 1963 – March on Washington 1964 – Civil Rights Act1964 – Civil Rights Act 1965 – Selma March1965 – Selma March
What was life like in 60’s What was life like in 60’s America?America?
By 1960 Americas concerned aboutBy 1960 Americas concerned about– Soviet Leadership in TechnologySoviet Leadership in Technology– Time ofTime of
Baby BoomersBaby Boomers Americans get richerAmericans get richer Social ActivitismSocial Activitism Sexual RevolutionSexual Revolution Traditional Values - rejectionTraditional Values - rejection High TechnologyHigh Technology ExperimentationExperimentation TelevisionTelevision
Sit Ins & Freedom RidesSit Ins & Freedom Rides
1957 Civil Rights Act1957 Civil Rights Act
After Montgomery and Little Rock, US After Montgomery and Little Rock, US government brings in Civil Rights Actgovernment brings in Civil Rights Act
President Eisenhower is sceptical:President Eisenhower is sceptical:
““I personally believe if you try to go too far and involve the emotions I personally believe if you try to go too far and involve the emotions of so many millions of Americans, you’re making a big mistake”of so many millions of Americans, you’re making a big mistake”
Act provides: 1. Civil Rights CommissionAct provides: 1. Civil Rights Commission 2. Federal Justice 2. Federal Justice
DepartmentDepartment((supports Blacks going to court over voting supports Blacks going to court over voting restrictions)restrictions)
Opinion divided on importance of Civil Opinion divided on importance of Civil Rights Act.Rights Act.
Shows Federal Govt no longer willing to let Shows Federal Govt no longer willing to let South ignore race relation lawsSouth ignore race relation laws
Blacks dissapointed at weak powers of ActBlacks dissapointed at weak powers of Act By 1959 not one new black voter added to By 1959 not one new black voter added to
registerregister King will tackle voter registration in 1960sKing will tackle voter registration in 1960s
Four Events 1960sFour Events 1960s
Believing in non-violent protest King forces Believing in non-violent protest King forces President JFK to pass new Civil Rights Laws President JFK to pass new Civil Rights Laws through 4 events:through 4 events:
1.1. Sit-in campaignsSit-in campaigns
2.2. Freedom ridesFreedom rides
3.3. Protests in BirminghamProtests in Birmingham
4.4. March on WashingtonMarch on Washington
Sit-InsSit-Ins Segregation continues in the south despite Segregation continues in the south despite
Montgomery and Little Rock successesMontgomery and Little Rock successes
1 Feb 1960 four black students order coffee and 1 Feb 1960 four black students order coffee and doughnuts at ‘Whites-Only’ diner in Greensboro, doughnuts at ‘Whites-Only’ diner in Greensboro, North Carolina.North Carolina.
The teenage students were ordered to move but they The teenage students were ordered to move but they refused and returned the next day with 80 more refused and returned the next day with 80 more Black and White protesters. They sat-in all day Black and White protesters. They sat-in all day despite insults and attacks.despite insults and attacks.
Soon the idea spreads across the South. By late 1960 Soon the idea spreads across the South. By late 1960 70,000 protesters had taken part in sit-ins70,000 protesters had taken part in sit-ins
Night after night the TV showed Night after night the TV showed protesters being beaten up or bitten by protesters being beaten up or bitten by dogs on arrest.dogs on arrest.
King was happy to see southern jails King was happy to see southern jails clogged with protesters.clogged with protesters.
Jails soon clogged and diners and cafes Jails soon clogged and diners and cafes lost business, by mid 1960 nearly all lost business, by mid 1960 nearly all segregated diners had disappearedsegregated diners had disappeared
Despite success in towns where Despite success in towns where students protested, everyone knew students protested, everyone knew this would not be enough to win full this would not be enough to win full Civil Rights, but sit-ins did empower Civil Rights, but sit-ins did empower individuals to take a stand for change.individuals to take a stand for change.
1960 Supreme Court bans segregation 1960 Supreme Court bans segregation in public facilitiesin public facilities
Freedom RidesFreedom Rides
CORE (Congress for Racial Equality) CORE (Congress for Racial Equality) wanted to test the new law outlawing wanted to test the new law outlawing segregation in public facilitiessegregation in public facilities
May 1961 13 members travel from May 1961 13 members travel from Washington to New Orleans using Washington to New Orleans using Whites Only facilities at each stop.Whites Only facilities at each stop.
White ResistanceWhite Resistance
Whites knew the route the protesters Whites knew the route the protesters were takingwere taking
KKK stopped the buses at Anniston, KKK stopped the buses at Anniston, Alabama and burned them. Alabama and burned them.
Passengers who tried to get off were Passengers who tried to get off were beaten.beaten.
The CORE students then got on another bus which The CORE students then got on another bus which again was stopped and burned and some students again was stopped and burned and some students were severely beaten with sticks and chains.were severely beaten with sticks and chains.
King horrified at the violence tried to persuade the King horrified at the violence tried to persuade the students to stopstudents to stop
President Kennedy sent an observer who on arrival President Kennedy sent an observer who on arrival was beaten up too!was beaten up too!
Police escorts were employed and FBI but the Police escorts were employed and FBI but the violence continuedviolence continued
TV broadcast the horror across the USATV broadcast the horror across the USA
Finally inter-state bus companies desegregated Finally inter-state bus companies desegregated their facilities. The US Govt also ordered same in their facilities. The US Govt also ordered same in airports and rail stations by 1961.airports and rail stations by 1961.
Opinion is divided on how useful the Opinion is divided on how useful the freedom rides were.freedom rides were.
Like the sit-ins before them they did Like the sit-ins before them they did force a change in the law and federal force a change in the law and federal involvementinvolvement
However, the changes were policed However, the changes were policed and legal but the social attitude of the and legal but the social attitude of the South remained hostile and defiantSouth remained hostile and defiant
James Lawson, writing in Southern James Lawson, writing in Southern Patriot newspaper 1961:Patriot newspaper 1961:
““The Freedom Rides won concessions but The Freedom Rides won concessions but not real changes. Police help keep the peace not real changes. Police help keep the peace and let us use interstate rest rooms but and let us use interstate rest rooms but there will be no revolution until we see there will be no revolution until we see Negro faces in powerful positions in this Negro faces in powerful positions in this country.”country.”
The Fight for Civil RightsThe Fight for Civil Rights
1964-1968 – Split1964-1968 – Split
Many black leaders rejected:Many black leaders rejected:– integration in favour of Black separatism.integration in favour of Black separatism.– Non-violent protest in favour of self Non-violent protest in favour of self
defence and even aggression.defence and even aggression.
Martin Martin Luther KingLuther King
Malcolm XMalcolm X Stokely Stokely CarmichaelCarmichael
Non-ViolenceNon-Violence Guns to defendGuns to defend Take FreedomTake Freedom
IntegrationIntegration SeparationSeparation Separation – Whites Separation – Whites expelledexpelled
DesegregationsDesegregations Africa/Separate StateAfrica/Separate State Separate black politics Separate black politics and lifeand life
MarchesMarches Marches/Rallies/MediaMarches/Rallies/Media Protest gun gangsProtest gun gangs
SCLCSCLC Nation of IslamNation of Islam SNCCSNCC
Law and SocialLaw and Social Forget legal reformForget legal reform Black PowerBlack Power
Assassinated 1968Assassinated 1968 Assassinated 1965Assassinated 1965 - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
