•US unprepared for war.

•Failed invasion into Canada.

•Blockade hurt US economy…

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

• US military victory led by General William H. Harrison– Tecumseh was killed during this battle

Naval BattlesNaval Battles

• The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war – After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry

declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” • Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on

Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat • US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

highlights

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent

• War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814

• Peace commissioners in Ghent devised the following terms of peace– A halt to the fighting– The return of all conquered

territory to the prewar borders– Recognition of the prewar

boundary between Canada and the United States

• Treaty was ratified by the Senate

Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:

•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy

•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade

around the Atlantic coastline of US•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the

war•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform:

•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress

•restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states

could be admitted and war could be declared.•Abolish 3/5 clause, limit presidents to one term,

prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state

The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy

• U.S. gained the respect of other nations • U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a

part of the British Empire • The Federalist party came to an end as a national

force • Talk of nullification and secession in New England

set a precedent that would later be used by the South

• Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe

The War’s LegacyThe War’s Legacy

• Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west.

• More U.S. factories were built

• War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would eventually become

Presidents.

• Growth of American nationalism

• Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of Good Feelings”

The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,

“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat

with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell

the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they

have always proved.

1. Served two terms: 1817 to 1825 Called the Called the Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

2. Unite the nation---1816---”promote nationalism” American SystemAmerican System --- link the country together Expansion of US

Rush/Bagot Treaty Adams/Onis Treaty or Florida Purchase

Treaty

3. Self Defense Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine, 1823

4. Sectional differences Missouri Compromise---1821

““National National oneness” = oneness” = NationalismNationalism

UP CLOSE AND UP CLOSE AND PERSONALPERSONAL

•Born in Virginia in 1758, •Attended the College of William and Mary, •Fought with Continental Army•Practiced law in Virginia.•Elected United States Senator•Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. •Elected President in 1816 and served from 1817 to 1825.•Era of Good Feelings

President James Monroe

President James Monroe

Congress’s attempt to unite the US •National transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers.•1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation---

Henry Clay’s American System

Provide economic growth •Americans buying American goods •American self-sufficiency.

Protective Tariff to promote infant industry•Tariff of 1816

2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy•Rechartered in 1816

Spirit of Nationalism in USpatriotism or national onenessCountry is united, confident, and growing1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.

One political party---Republican partyRespect from EuropeMonroe first president to visit all states.Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began.

But, time period was not free of problems.

• Cultural Nationalism – Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society

from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism

• Economic Nationalism– Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political

movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEMAMERICAN SYSTEM

• Political Nationalism– Movement to bring about the support for national

government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

• National Transportation system– Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal

improvements to unite the US– the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.– 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of

transportation– 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added

• The Land Act of 1820 – gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase

80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; – the West demanded transportation.

The Land Act of 1820The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre

in cash; the West demanded transportation

The Land Act of 1820The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre

in cash; the West demanded transportation

The Panic of 1819 • Largely the fault of the Second Bank of the

United States’ tightening of credit in an effort to control inflation– Many state banks closed– The value of money fell– There were large increases in unemployment,

bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt• Depression was most severe in the West• The economic crisis changed many

Western voters’ political outlook

•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and

the infant industry….

•Because of the British

blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for

internal transportation improvements.

• Population shift from the east to the West• Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands

• Land easy to obtain • Economic pressures

• Improved transportation • Immigration

New Questions and Issues • Greatest importance to western states were:

– “Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the United States

– Land made available at low prices by the government

– Improved transportation

• Westerners could not agree whether to permit slavery or exclude it

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)–Treaty with Great Britain

• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years

• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel

–US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel–GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)–Treaty with Great Britain

• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years

• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel

–US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel–GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

Rush-Bagot Treaty of

1818 with Great Britain

49th Parallel

Agreed to joint occupation

• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had

difficulty governing Florida

– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border

• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had

difficulty governing Florida

– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border

•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders

–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs

–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders

–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs

–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1818)–Spain turned over

• western Florida along with all to the east

• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.

–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain

• to give up any territorial claims to Texas

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1818)–Spain turned over

• western Florida along with all to the east

• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.

–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain

• to give up any territorial claims to Texas

Rush-Bagot Treaty of

1818 with Great Britain

Adams-Onis Treaty of

1819 with Spain

49th Parallel

Texas

Map expansion

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

________________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment

NORTHEASTNORTHEAST

•Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster

_______________

•Wanted Tariffs

•Backed internal improvements

End to cheap public land

•Increasingly nationalistic

•Against Slavery and believed the U.S.

Govt. must abolish it.

SOUTHSOUTH

•Cotton-growingJohn C. Calhoun

_______________

•Opposed tariffs and government

spending on American System

•Increasingly supportive of states’ rights

•Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

WESTWEST

•Frontier agricultureHenry Clay

______________

•Supported internal improvements and American System.

•Wanted cheap land

•Loyal to the U.S. Govt.

•Against slavery but some supported

letting the people decide the slavery

issue

U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest.each trying to promote their self-interest.

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

NORTHEASTNORTHEAST•Business and Business and

ManufacturingManufacturingDaniel WebsterDaniel Webster________________________

•Wanted TariffsWanted Tariffs•Backed internal Backed internal

improvementsimprovements•Wanted end to Wanted end to

cheap public cheap public landland

•Increasingly Increasingly nationalisticnationalistic

•Against Slavery Against Slavery and believed the and believed the U.S. Govt. must U.S. Govt. must

abolish it.abolish it.

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

SOUTHSOUTH•Cotton growingCotton growing

•John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun

__________________________•Opposed tariffs Opposed tariffs and government and government

spending on spending on American American

SystemSystem•Increasingly Increasingly supportive of supportive of states’ rightsstates’ rights

•Pro-slavery and Pro-slavery and opposed any opposed any

steps of the U.S. steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and Govt. to try and

abolish it.abolish it.

WESTWEST•Frontier Frontier

agricultureagriculture•Henry ClayHenry Clay

__________________________•Supported Supported

internal internal improvements improvements •Wanted cheap Wanted cheap

landland•Loyal to the Loyal to the

U.S. Govt.U.S. Govt.•Against Against

slavery but slavery but some supported some supported

letting the letting the people decide people decide

the slavery the slavery issueissue

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

____________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmenGovernmen

tt

In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states

– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed

at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block

it in the Senate.

In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states

– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed

at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block

it in the Senate.

– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

– Maine was to be admitted as a free state

– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

– Maine was to be admitted as a free state

– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

After months of heated debate in Congress,

Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that

represented a compromise

•In 1819, Missouri became the first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

–Threatened the balance of power in Congress

•11 free states

•11 slave states

•After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise

–Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

–Maine was to be admitted as a free state

–In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

•In 1819, Missouri became the first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

–Threatened the balance of power in Congress

•11 free states

•11 slave states

•After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise

–Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

–Maine was to be admitted as a free state

–In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

• Born in Virginia, 1755• Served as an officer with General

Washington during the Revolution• Attended College of William and

Mary and became a practicing attorney.

• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.

• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states.

• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.

Evolves As A Federalist

1. US troops suffer at Valley Forge• Need a strong govt. to tax

which AOC could not2. Merchants refused to pay

debts to British• Need strong to govt. to

demand obedience AOC could not3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy”

•Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not

Marshall Evolves As A Federalist

4. French Revolution• Importance of US Govt to maintain order

5. Controversial: Neutrality/Whiskey Rebellion• Individuals should respect the office of the presidency

even if one disagrees with decisions6. XYZ Affair

• US Govt needed to be powerful enough to command respect from other nations.

7. Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions• States not the final authority over law but SC

8. Appointed as Chief Justice• Increase powers of SC and national govt.

9. Republicans took control of US Congress.• As chief justice, implements Federalist principles.

JUDICIAL AUTHORITYSupreme Court has the power to declare a law

unconstitutional with the principle of judicial review.

NATIONALISMThe National Government is over the states.

PROPERTY RIGHTSPrivate property is sacred and contracts

legal.

• Marbury vs. Madison, 1803– Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight

appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission.

– Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission.

– Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review” and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of declare laws of Congress Congress unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

•Prior to this case, the Supreme CourtSupreme Court had been the weakest of the three branches of government.

•Earlier, the belief was the states could nullifynullify a law •1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the

final arbitrator (authority)(authority) of the meaning of the Constitution and its position of equality.

•By setting a precedent for judicial reviewjudicial review or the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not

the states or Congress.•It also “sent the messagesent the message” that the National

Government is the last authority thus reinforcing Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over

the states.

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– Case: involved Georgia legislature, bribed, granted 35 million

acres in the Yazoo River, Mississippi to private speculators. Next legislature cancelled transaction. Appealed to the Supreme Court.

– Decision/Reason: SC concluded a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract thus protecting property rights against popular pressures. State law cannot impair contracts violates Constitution

– Significance: Overturned a state decision because the legislative grant was a contract and national govt. is over the states.

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819– Case: Involved a law of NH that changed Dartmouth College

from a privately chartered college into a public institution

– Decision/Reason: SC struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. Upheld the sanctity of contracts and private property.

– Significance: Decision was important in assuring economic development and encouraging investment in corporations. In addition, it set a precedent for the Supreme Court’s overturning acts of state legislatures and state courts.

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)– Case: The state of MD tried to collect a tax from the Second

Bank of the United States

– Decision/Reason: Using a loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal government had the implied power to create the bank (which was in question)

– Significance: A state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and that federal laws are supreme over state laws

• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)– Case: In VA, the Cohens were convicted of selling

Washington, D.C. lottery tickets authorized by Congress

– Decision/Reason: Marshall and the Court upheld the conviction. Case established the principle that the SC could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government

– Significance: Solidified the belief that the Supreme Court has the last and final say in law.

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)– Case: NY state granted a monopoly to a steamboat

company that conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress

– Decision/Reason: Marshall ruled NY monopoly was unconstitutional, establishing the federal govt’s broad control of interstate commerce. Congress regulates commerce.

– Significance: The decision secures the concept of a common market and prevents states from impeding (disrupting) commerce.

Shaping the GovernmentShaping the Government

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)– The Supreme Court established the

principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

JUDICIAL AUTHORITYMarbury vs. Madison

NATIONALISMMcCulloch vs. Maryland

Gibbons vs. OgdenCohens vs. Virginia

PROPERTY RIGHTSDartmouth College vs. Woodward

Fletcher vs. Peck

•In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,

Monroe Doctrine.•Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her

former Latin American colonies.

•In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,

Monroe Doctrine.•Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her

former Latin American colonies.

monroe doctrine

•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western

Hemisphere.•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-

conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western

Hemisphere.•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-

conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our

principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of

the British man-of-war." •Monroe accepted Adams's

advice.

•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our

principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of

the British man-of-war." •Monroe accepted Adams's

advice.

monroe doctrine

•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific

coast. ". . . the American continents," •He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be

considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."

•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific

coast. ". . . the American continents," •He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be

considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."

Western Hemisphere or the Americas.

•New Latin American

countries were formed from successful revolutions.

•US protector of new democracies

in the Western Hemisphere

•New Latin American

countries were formed from successful revolutions.

•US protector of new democracies

in the Western Hemisphere

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and

isolationist policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas

off-limits to Europe

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and

isolationist policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas

off-limits to Europe

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US will stay out of European

affairs

US will stay out of European

affairs

Monroe Doctrine

US recognized existing

European Colonies

US recognized existing

European Colonies