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US in World War II. Page 56 NCSCOS Goal 10. U.S. Prepares for War. -” Cash and Carry” policy begins U.S. will sell arms to countries who pay cash and can transport them on their own (help France and Britain) - Axis Powers formed Japan, Italy, Germany form alliance - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 56
NCSCOS Goal 10
U.S. Prepares for War
-”Cash and Carry” policy begins
• U.S. will sell arms to countries who pay cash and can transport them on their own (help France and Britain)
-Axis Powers formed
• Japan, Italy, Germany form alliance
-Selective Service begins draft process
-Roosevelt seeks third term
• Four Freedoms: Speech, Religion,
Want, Fear
-Lend-Lease policy begun to help supply allies-Arsenal of Democracy
• The U.S. must defend Britain or we will fall to Hitler next
• U.S. will give Allies supplies
-Atlantic Charter signed between U.S. and Britain
• Freedom of seas, mutual protection
resembles 14 points of Wilson
The three Axis nations—Germany, Italy, and Japan—were a threat to the entire world. They believed
they were superior and more powerful than other nations,
especially democracies. By signing a mutual defense pact, the Axis powers believed the U.S. would never risk involvement in a two-
ocean war. In response, the Allied nations enter into the Lend-Lease policy and Atlantic Charter with
the U.S.
In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon
four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression--everywhere
in the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way--everywhere in the
world.
The third is freedom from want--which, translated into universal terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation
a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear--which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in
such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical
aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.
That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is
the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with
the crash of a bomb.”
— Franklin Delano Roosevelt –
Hitler’s Mistake
-Battle of Britain has stalled
• Hitler turns his attention to U.S.S.R.
-June 1941 Germany attacks Russia
• Breaks non-aggression pact and begins invasion; U.S. sends lend/lease aid to USSR
-early success but then stalemate
• Germans halted at Stalingrad
-Russian winter sets in and halts advance
• Germans not used to the winter, cannot get supplies or reinforcements
-Now war is on two fronts
• Hitler’s forces divided
• Eventually pushed out of USSR
U.S. enters the War
-U.S. has embargo on Japan for actions in the Pacific
• Japan invading lands in Indochina; U.S. cuts off essential oil trade
-U.S. had warning of a possible Japanese attack somewhere
• Did not know where (could be any Pacific Island)
• -Dec. 7th, 1941 Pearl Harbor is attacked
“day that will live in infamy”
• 2400 dead, 1200 wounded; destroyed nearly the entire Pacific fleet
-U.S. declares war on Japan and then Germany, Italy declare war on U.S.
“It was a mess. I was working on the U.S.S. Shaw. It was on a floating dry dock. It was in flames. I started to go down into
the pipe fitter’s shop to get my toolbox when another wave of Japanese came in. I
got under a set of concrete steps at the dry dock where the battleship
Pennsylvania was. An officer came by and asked me to go into the Pennsylvania and
to try to get the fires out. A bomb had penetrated the marine deck, and…three
decks below. Under that was the magazines: ammunition, powder, shells. I
said, “There ain’t no way I’m gonna go down there. It could blow up any minute.
I was young and 16, not stupid.”
Japanese Zero Plans Taking off in the Pacific
Overview Map of Pearl Harbor
The Bombing of Pearl Harbor
"A military man can scarcely pride himself on having 'smitten a sleeping enemy'; it is more a matter of shame, simply, for the one smitten. I would rather
you made your appraisal after seeing what the enemy does, since it is certain that, angered and
outraged, he will soon launch a determined counterattack."
Isoroku Yamamoto
Americans in the Service
-millions volunteered and millions more were drafted
• 5 million volunteered, needed more
• 10 million drafted
-GI’s went to basic training for 8 weeks
• Government Issue
-Women’s Auxiliary Corps
• Jobs women could do better than men
thousands volunteered
• Worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, pilots (noncombatant positions)
-Minorities served in segregated units
Tuskegee Airmen
“The civilian went before the Army doctors, took off his clothes, feeling silly; jigged, stooped, squatted, wet into a bottle; became a soldier. He learned how to sleep in the mud, tie a knot, kill a man. He learned the
ache of loneliness, the ache of exhaustion, the kinship of misery.
He learned that men make the same queasy noises in the morning,
feel the same longings at night; that every man is alike and that
each man is different.”
A few weeks after the bill to establish the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps
(WAAC) had become law, Oveta Culp Hobby, a Texas newspaper executive and
the first director of the WAAC, put out a call for
recruits. More than 13,000 women applied on the first day. In all, some 350,000 women served in this and other auxiliary branches
during the war.
The WAC remained a separate unit of the army until 1978, when male and
female forces were integrated. In 2001, almost 200,000 women served in
the U.S. armed forces.
Women’s Auxiliary Corps
Among the brave men who fought in Italy were the
pilots of the all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron—the Tuskegee Airmen. In Sicily, the squadron
registered its first victory against an enemy aircraft
and went on to more impressive strategic strikes against the
German forces throughout Italy. The Tuskegee
Airmen won two Distinguished Unit
Citations (the military’s highest commendation)
for their outstanding aerial combat against the
German Luftwaffe.
Life on the Home Front
-War Production Board
industries were retooled to make war materials
• Industries turn to war production, esp. shipyards and defense plants
-Scientists are mobilized
radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb (Manhattan Project)
• Einstein warns Roosevelt of Germany’s intention to create atomic bomb
• U.S. rushes to build one first
-women stepped into many war jobs
“Rosie the Riveter”
• 6 million women working; symbolized women workers in the U.S.
-Entertainment propaganda – make Americans hate Germany
-newsreels
Life on the Home Front
-War Production Board
industries were retooled to make war materials
-Scientists are mobilized
radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb (Manhattan Project)
-women stepped into many war materials jobs
“Rosie the Riveter”
-Entertainment propaganda
Life on the Home Front
-War Production Board
industries were retooled to make war materials
-Scientists are mobilized
radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb (Manhattan Project)
-women stepped into many war materials jobs
“Rosie the Riveter”
-Entertainment propaganda
-War Production Board
industries were retooled to make war materials
-Scientists are mobilized
radar, sonar, penicillin, atomic bomb (Manhattan Project)
-women stepped into many war materials jobs
“Rosie the Riveter”
-Entertainment propaganda
Government Control
-Inflation controlled by price freezes
• Could not increase prices
-many products rationed to conserve resources
• Ration books with coupons
-income taxes increased
• Government wanted people to have less money to spend to conserve consumer products
-War Bonds sold
-Japanese Internment
• Executive Order 9066 – all persons of Japanese descent living in the West sent to “relocation centers”
Korematsu v. United States
• Justified internment as a mode of national defense
discriminatory policy???
On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed an order requiring the removal of people of Japanese
ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona. Based on strong recommendations from the military, he justified this
step as necessary for national security, In the following weeks, the
army rounded up some 110,000 Japanese Americans and shipped them to ten hastily-constructed,
remote “relocation centers,” euphemisms for prison camps. No
specific charges were ever filed against the Japanese Americans,
and no evidence of subversion was ever found. Faced with expulsion, terrified families were forced to sell
their homes, businesses, and all their belongings for less than their
true value.
After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League pushed the government to compensate those sent to the camps for their lost
property. In 1965, Congress authorized the spending of $38 million for that purpose—less than 1/10 of Japanese Americans’ actual losses. In 1978, the JACL called for the payment of reparations to each individual that suffered internment. A decade later, Ronald Reagan signed a bill that promised $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation
camp. When they were mailed in 1990, a letter from George Bush accompanied them. In them he stated, “We can never fully right the
wrongs of the past. But we can take a clear stand for justice and recognize that serious injustices were done to the Japanese Americans
during World War II.”